Birth: Russia" Kostroma region" Kostroma, 11/22/1825 - 9/26
Alexey Pleshcheev - famous Russian writer, poet, translator; literary and theater critic. Born on November 22, 1825. A large number of works by Alexei Pleshcheev were included in anthologies, as well as school textbooks on literature. In addition, the poetry of Alexei Pleshcheev formed the basis for many songs and romances.
Alexey Nikolaevich comes from an old noble family, in which there were few writers (including the famous writer S.I. Pleshcheev at the end of the 18th century). Pleshcheev's father was a provincial forester in Nizhny Novgorod from 1926. From 1839, Alexey lived with his mother in St. Petersburg, studied in 1840-1842 at the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, and in 1843 entered the Faculty of History and Philosophy of St. Petersburg University in the category of Oriental Languages.
Since 1844, Pleshcheev published verses (mainly in the journals Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski, and also in the Reading Library and Literary Newspaper), varying the romantic-elegiac motifs of loneliness and sadness. Since the mid-1840s, in Pleshcheev’s poetry, dissatisfaction with life and complaints about one’s own powerlessness are pushed aside by the energy of social protest and calls for struggle (At the Call of Friends, 1945; nicknamed the Russian Marseillaise Forward! Without fear and doubt... and According to feelings, you and I are brothers , both 1846), which for a long time became a kind of anthem of revolutionary youth.
In April 1849, Pleshcheev was arrested in Moscow and taken to the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg; On December 22 of the same year, together with other Petrashevites, he waited on the Semyonovsky parade ground for execution, which at the final moment was replaced by 4 years of hard labor. Since 1852 in Orenburg; for distinction in the assault on the Kokand fortress Ak-Mosque, he was promoted to non-commissioned officer; from 1856 officer. During these years, Alexey Nikolaevich became close to other exiles T.G. Shevchenko, Polish rebels, and also with one of the creators of the literary mask of Kozma Prutkov A.M. Zhemchuzhnikov and revolutionary poet M.L. Mikhailov. Pleshcheev’s poems from the period of exile, moving away from romantic clichés, are marked by sincerity (love lyrics dedicated to his future wife: When your meek, clear gaze..., My days are only clear for you..., both 1857), occasionally with notes of fatigue and doubt (Reflections , In the steppe, Prayer). In 1857, Pleshcheev was returned to the title of hereditary nobleman.
In May 1858, the poet came to St. Petersburg, where he met N.A. Nekrasov, N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Dobrolyubov. In August 1859 he settled in Moscow. He publishes a lot (including in Russian Bulletin, Vremya and Sovremennik). In 1860, Pleshcheev became a shareholder and member of the editorial board of the Moskovsky Vestnik, attracting the most prominent literary figures to cooperation. In the 1860s, Nekrasov, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Pisemsky, Rubinstein, Tchaikovsky, and actors from the Mkumachov Theater attended literary and musical evenings at his house.
In the 1870-1880s, Pleshcheev was mainly engaged in poetic translations from German, French, English and Slavic languages. He also translated (often for the first time in Russia) fiction and scientific prose. The melody of Pleshcheev’s original and translated poetry attracted the sensitivity of many composers; more than 100 of his poems were set to music. As a prose writer, Pleshcheev acted in line with the natural school, turning mainly to provincial life, denouncing bribe-takers, serf owners and the pernicious power of money. Close to the theatrical environment, Pleshcheev wrote 13 original plays, mostly lyrical and satirical comedies from provincial landowner life, small in volume, entertaining in plot, shown in the leading theaters of the country (Service, Every cloud has a silver lining, both 1860; The Happy Couple, Commander, both 1862; What often happens, Brothers, both 1864, etc.).
In the 1880s, Pleshcheev supported young writers V.M. Garshina, A.P. Chekhova, A.N. Apukhtina, I.Z. Surikova, S.Ya. Nadson; talked with D.S. Merezhkovsky, Z.N. Gippius and others.
In 1890, Pleshcheev came to the family estate near the village. Chernozerye of the Mokshansky district of the Penza province, now the Mokshansky district for accepting the inheritance, lived in Mokshan. In 1891 he donated money to help the starving people in the province. Until 1917, there was a Pleshchev scholarship at the Chernozersky School. Alexey Nikolaevich died in Paris on September 26, 1893; buried in Moscow.
- “What I wouldn’t give to be able to get away from journalism...”
And Lexey Pleshcheev became known in the 1840s as the author of revolutionary hymns. He also wrote satirical stories in which he ridiculed officials and provincial landowners. The writer was a member of the Petrashevites circle and spent part of his life in exile. Later, Pleshcheev worked as a journalist and art critic in the publications Otechestvennye zapiski and Severny Vestnik. There he helped Anton Chekhov, Semyon Nadson, Vsevolod Garshin and other young writers publish.
Studying at the university and first poems
Alexey Pleshcheev was born on December 4, 1825 in Kostroma into an old noble family. His father, Nikolai Pleshcheev, was an official on special assignments under the Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Olonets governor-general. Two years after the birth of his son, he transferred to serve as a provincial forester in Nizhny Novgorod.
When Pleshcheev was six years old, his father died. The writer's mother Elena Gorskina raised her son alone. Together with him, she moved to the small town of Knyaginin near Nizhny Novgorod (now the city of Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod region). Pleshcheev later described it in his poem “Childhood”:
“I remembered distant childhood years
And that town where I grew up
The parish church has gloomy vaults,
There are green birch trees around him"
Until the age of 13, Pleshcheev studied at home. His mother hired him teachers in foreign languages, literature, and history. Since childhood, the future writer read a lot, even tried to independently translate from a German poem by Johann Wolfgang Goethe. His favorite poet was Mikhail Lermontov.
In 1840, Alexey Pleshcheev, at the request of his mother, entered the St. Petersburg School of Guards Ensigns. However, history and literature were hardly taught there, and the emphasis was on military affairs and combat training. Already in the first year of study, Pleshcheev asked his mother to take him away from there, but she refused. The writer studied at school for three more years. In his third year, he did not return to school after the dismissal that students received on weekends. He was expelled; the official reason given in the order was illness.
Over the next few months, Pleshcheev prepared for university exams. In the same year, he entered the eastern department of the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University. From the first courses, the poet wrote poems, including “Unaccountable Sadness”, “Dachi” and “Desdemone”. At the beginning of 1844, Pleshcheev sent his works to the editor of the Sovremennik magazine, Pyotr Pletnev. Pletnev wrote about the poet to his friend philologist Yakov Grot: “He has obvious talent. I called him to me and caressed him.". In the same year, Pleshcheev’s poems were published in Sovremennik under the general title “Night Thoughts.” His translations from German were also placed there.
“Marseillaise of the 1840s Generation”: poems and stories by Alexei Pleshcheev
Alexey Pleshcheev attended literary evenings, meetings of the philosophical circle of the Beketov brothers, where he met writers Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ivan Goncharov, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin. Dostoevsky became a close friend of Pleshcheev. He dedicated his early story “White Nights” to the poet.
In the second half of the 1840s, Pleshcheev became interested in socialist ideas. He read the works of philosophers Charles Fourier and Henri Saint-Simon. Soon the poet joined the circle of Mikhail Butashevich-Petrashevsky, which, besides him, included 23 more people, including Fyodor Dostoevsky. After this, Pleshcheev decided to leave the university.
“I would quickly like to get rid of the university course, firstly, in order to be free to study the sciences to which I decided to devote myself, living sciences and requiring mental activity, and not mechanical, sciences close to life and to the interests of our time. History and political economy are the subjects that I exclusively decided to study."
In the summer of 1845, Pleshcheev was expelled. He focused on literature. In 1846, the poet's first collection was published. It included the poems “Forward! without fear and doubt..." and "We are brothers according to feelings", which later became revolutionary anthems. Critic Nikolai Dobrolyubov wrote: "Among<...>the poems contained this bold call, full of such faith in oneself, faith in people, faith in a better future.”. Pleshcheev's poems became popular among revolutionary-minded youth. They were called "Marseillaise of the 1840s generation". Critics praised Pleshcheev's poems for their elaboration of images and social significance. However, in their opinion, the poet used the same type of plots in his works. In the magazine "Finnish Bulletin" in 1846 they were called "non-independent" And "monotonous".
Pleshcheev was one of the first poets in Russia to respond to the 1848 revolution in France. He wrote the poem "New Year":
“The hour of the final battle is near!
Let's boldly move forward -
And God will hear your prayers,
And he will break the shackles"
To deceive the censors, Pleshcheev added the subtitle “Cantata from Italian” to the poem. The poet wrote: “I wrote it a long time ago and not at all about Italy. I just took advantage of the circumstances and changed two lines... I put it from Italian for censorship.”. He sent the poem to the editor of Otechestvennye Zapiski Nikolai Nekrasov. He agreed to publish the work, but the censor still did not let it through.
During these same years, Alexey Pleshcheev began writing stories, which were also published in the magazine Otechestvennye zapiski. Among them is “Raccoon coat. The story has a moral”, “Protection. An experienced story”, the story “Prank”. In prose, the writer continued the traditions of Nikolai Gogol. He satirically portrayed officials and townsfolk, ridiculed the townsfolk.
Member of the Petrashevites circle, political exile
Pleshcheev remained a member of the Petrashevites circle. Meetings were held at his home at which the works of socialist philosophers, including those banned in Russia, were discussed. In March 1849, Pleshcheev arrived in Moscow. There he took out and sent Dostoevsky a notebook with “Belinsky’s Letter to Gogol.” It could not be distributed in Russia due to calls for “awakening among the people a sense of human dignity, lost for so many centuries in dirt and captivity”. Dostoevsky read the letter at a meeting of the Petrashevites on April 15, 1849. However, members of the Petrashevsky circle and visitors to their meetings were under surveillance. Already on April 23, 43 people who were in St. Petersburg were arrested. On April 28, Nicholas I signed and sent a secret order to Moscow “about the immediate and sudden arrest of the writer Pleshcheev”. The poet was detained, taken to St. Petersburg and placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The investigation lasted for about six months. Pleshcheev was interrogated several times. Investigators believed that the writer specially went to Moscow to get prohibited literature for the Petrashevites. Pleshcheev claimed that he went there because “I’ve long had a desire to see my aunt who lives in Moscow, whom I haven’t seen for about nine years”.
In December 1849, Alexei Pleshcheev and other Petrashevites were sentenced to death. They were accused of distributing prohibited literature and revolutionary ideas. On December 22, the Petrashevites were brought to the Semyonovsky parade ground. There, the verdict was read personally to each of them, and then it was announced that the death penalty had been abolished.
“There they read out the death sentence to all of us, gave us to venerate the cross, broke our swords over our heads and arranged our death toilet (white shirts). The three were then put at the stake to carry out the execution. I stood sixth, they called three at a time, therefore, I was in the second line and I had no more than a minute to live<...>I also managed to hug Pleshcheev and Durov, who were nearby, and say goodbye to them. Finally<...>Those tied to the stake were brought back, and they read to us that His Imperial Majesty would grant us life. Then came the real sentences."
Pleshcheev was sentenced to four years of hard labor, and then the sentence was changed again. He was sent to serve as a private in Uralsk in the Separate Orenburg Corps. For the next four years, the poet almost did not engage in literature and did not receive vacations. He wrote about Orenburg: “This boundless steppe distance, expanse, callous vegetation, dead silence and loneliness are terrible”.
In Orenburg, Pleshcheev met the poets Taras Shevchenko, Mikhail Mikhailov and Alexei Zhemchuzhnikov, and the Polish revolutionary Sigismund Sierakowski, whose circle he joined. Journalist Bronislaw Zaleski wrote about the meetings of this association: "One exile supported another<...>After the drill, friendly discussions often took place. Letters from home, news brought by newspapers, were the subject of endless discussion.".
In the 1850s, Alexey Pleshcheev took part in the Turkestan campaigns of the Russian army to conquer Central Asia. In 1853, the poet submitted a petition for voluntary participation in the assault on the Ak-Mosque fortress of the Kokand Khanate. So he hoped to get a promotion. After the capture of the fortress, Pleshcheev was given the rank of non-commissioned officer, and then ensign. Soon the poet switched to civil service "with renaming to collegiate registrars". He served in the Orenburg Border Commission, and then in the office of the Orenburg governor.
Pleshcheev got married in Orenburg. His wife was the daughter of the overseer of the Iletsk salt mine, Elikonid Rudnev. The poet wrote to her: “Your love alone is capable of healing my painful nature, which became this way only because I had many different adversities.”. Pleshcheeva and Rudneva had three children. The poet and his wife lived in marriage for seven years - until Rudneva’s death in 1864.
At the end of the 1850s, Alexey Pleshcheev again began to engage in literature. His poems, stories and translations of those years were published in Mikhail Katkov’s magazine “Russian Messenger”. On the recommendation of the poet Mikhail Mikhailov, Nikolai Nekrasov published some of them in Sovremennik. In 1858, a second separate collection of Pleshcheev’s poems was published. The epigraph to it was a line from Heinrich Heine’s poem “I was unable to sing...”. Critic Nikolai Dobrolyubov wrote about him: “The force of circumstances did not allow the development of convictions in the city of Pleshcheevo, quite definite and even<...>It is impossible in them [Poems – Approx. ed] not to notice traces of some kind of reflection, some kind of internal struggle, the consequence of a shocked thought that has not yet had time to settle again.”.
“We need to say a new word”: Alexey Pleshcheev in Moscow
Portrait of Alexey Pleshcheev on the frontispiece of the publication of his poems. St. Petersburg: Printing house A.S. Suvorina, 1898
In 1859, Alexei Pleshcheev was allowed "under the strictest supervision" settle in Moscow. Soon he became an employee and shareholder of the Moskovsky Vestnik newspaper, in which he published his stories and poems. At his request, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, and Ivan Turgenev brought their works to the newspaper. Sometimes Pleshcheev published his reviews of new literature in Moskovsky Vestnik, although he did not consider himself a professional in this field: “To be an out-of-the-ordinary critic, you must have<...>vocation<...>I<...>I don’t feel I have the talent or knowledge to do this...".
In the early 1860s, Pleshcheev wanted to open his own publication. First, he suggested that Mikhail Mikhailov create the journal “Foreign Review”. Then, together with Saltykov-Shchedrin, the poet developed a project for the publication “Russian Truth”. However, Pleshcheev did not receive permission from the government to create magazines due to "political unreliability". He was followed by police officers who suspected that the poet was a member of secret revolutionary societies, including the populist “Land and Freedom,” and financed an underground printing house.
In the 1860s, Pleshcheev wrote about the liberal reforms of Alexander II taking place in Russia - land, judicial, educational. The poet did not approve of the abolition of serfdom in 1861. He believed that the government was giving away “a poor man to be a victim of bureaucratic robbery”. In poems of this period, Pleshcheev called for a revolution in Russia modeled on France. He also supported student protests. In the poem “To the False Teachers,” he supported the revolutionary youth. The reason for writing this work was a lecture by Moscow University professor and lawyer Boris Chicherin, who called for fighting "anarchy of minds".
Pleshcheev’s lyrics of these years were influenced by the work of Nikolai Nekrasov - the poet turned to the theme of the people. In the poem “Rural Song” he wrote about the problem of peasant education:
“If I harness the oxen wrong,
I have no way for farming,
If I bother you in the hut,
Go to school, dear, let me go"
Among Pleshcheev’s works there were also landscape lyrics, including the poems “A Boring Picture”, “Spring” (“Again the smell of spring came through my window”), “Clouds”.
Pleshcheev continued to write prose. In stories and short stories, he wrote about the hard life of the urban poor and the arbitrariness of landowners. In 1860, a collection of the writer’s prose works in two parts, “Tales and Stories by A. Pleshcheev,” was published in Moscow. Critics noted the social significance of the topics that Pleshcheev raised, but reproached him for being old-fashioned.
“Well, did this mass of printed paper say anything, does this dozen large and small stories have anything to do with what is now occupying our public attention? Or is this story just for exercise while reading?<...>The stories of Mr. Pleshcheev cannot in any way be classified in the last category. The social element constantly penetrates them and this distinguishes them from many colorless stories of the thirties and fifties.<...>Now, for the time being, the stories we are talking about are being read, although not with the same interest as fifteen years ago. But even now there are demands that the heroes of such stories are absolutely unable to satisfy.”
Nikolai Dobrolyubov, article “Good intentions and activity” (Sovremennik magazine, 1860)
Pleshcheyev was also reproached for "uncertainty". The poet tried to develop his own political position and in his works often supported opposing points of view. He wrote to Dostoevsky: “We need to say a new word, but where is it?”.
Secretary of "Domestic Notes"
Due to money problems, in 1864 Alexey Pleshcheev entered the public service - he became an auditor of the Moscow Chamber of Control. Over the next few years, the poet almost did not engage in literature. The magazines “Epoch”, “Sovremennik”, “Russian Word”, where he published, were closed. Pleshcheev’s friends Mikhail Mikhailov, Nikolai Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Chernyshevsky died. The poet wrote to Nikolai Nekrasov: “It seems to me that my literary career is completely over. Sometimes, however, there is a strong desire to work, to write, but all this is only in impulses...”.
In 1866, Pleshcheev married a second time. His wife was Ekaterina Danilova. Even before marriage, they had a daughter, Lyubov. Literary critic Nikolai Kuzin wrote about the poet’s second wife: “The kindness and affection of his new friend could not in any way make up for the feeling that, apparently, the unforgettable Elikonida Alexandrovna forever took with her to the grave.”. Soon after his marriage, the poet wrote the poems “When you feel harsh silence...” and “Where are you, it’s time for fun meetings...”, which he dedicated to his first wife.
Two years later, Nekrasov invited Pleshcheev to become secretary of the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski. Pleshcheev agreed and soon moved to St. Petersburg.
“Dear Nikolai Alekseevich! I have just received your letter and am in a hurry to answer you. Of course, I am at your complete service. It seems that you could not doubt that I consider being an employee of the magazine edited by you not only a special pleasure, but also an honor. I will send you everything that is written... After all, really, my hands were taken away - there was no desire to work when there was not a single tolerable magazine..."
Soon Alexey Pleshcheev was offered cooperation by the editor of the Vestnik Evropy magazine, Mikhail Stasyulevich. The writer's translations from German and French were published there. It was also published in the newspaper Birzhevye Vedomosti.
Since the 1870s, Pleshcheev, at the invitation of the Moscow office of the Imperial Theaters, was among the examiners present at the entrance examinations to the theater school. The poet was also a member of the Artistic Circle, an association of art lovers who advocated the creation of private theaters in the Russian Empire. He was also a member of the Society of Russian Dramatic Writers and Opera Composers. Impressed by his meeting with students at a meeting of the Artistic Circle, Pleshcheev wrote the poem “Toasts”:
“Our first toast is to science!
And for the young man - second.
Let the light of knowledge burn for them
Guiding Star"
Pleshcheev dedicated many of his poems to his friends. In 1877, the poet wrote “I walked quietly along a deserted street...”. The addressee of this poem was Vissarion Belinsky. In 1882, his work “In Memory of N.A. Nekrasov” was published in the “Foundations” magazine.
After the death of Nikolai Nekrasov, Alexey Pleshcheev was the editor of the poetry department of Otechestvennye Zapiski, selecting works for publication. This work took a lot of the writer’s time, but he did not give up his studies in literature. In the 1870s, Pleshcheev began writing poetry for children. In 1878, the collection “Snowdrop” was published. In “Domestic Notes” they wrote about him: “If in our time it is difficult to be a poet in general due to the well-known features of our era, then writing poetry for children is almost even more difficult. Pleshcheev understands this difficulty... He warmed the images he created with “his own inner feeling”. A few years later, composer We are celebrating the New Year.
We know: human suffering
He, as before, will not stop..."
In 1884, Otechestvennye zapiski was closed by a special government decree. It wrote: “The government cannot allow the continued existence of a press organ that not only opens its pages to the dissemination of harmful ideas, but also has among its closest employees persons belonging to secret societies.”. Pleshcheev’s financial situation worsened after this. He mortgaged the Knyaginino estate, which he inherited from his mother. Due to tightening censorship, the writer’s works were almost never published in major publications. They were published only by the small-circulation Weekly Review and Theater World.
A year later, publicist Anna Evreinova created the literary magazine “Northern Herald”. She invited Pleshcheev to the position of editor of the fiction department. The writer agreed. In the Northern Messenger he published excerpts from his monograph “The Public and Writers in England in the 18th Century” and translations of poems by the English poet Thomas Moore. Pleshcheev helped aspiring writers. On his recommendation, Severny Vestnik published poems by Semyon Nadson and stories by Vsevolod Garshin.
In 1866, Pleshcheev celebrated the fortieth anniversary of his creative activity. He reported this event to his friend, writer Alexander Gatsisky: “People from all camps were at the anniversary... Now it’s time to die. There will be nothing else like this in life. The youth treated me especially warmly and sympathetically.”. At the solemn meeting, more than a hundred people congratulated the poet. Pleshcheev was given an anonymous letter from the editor of the underground Narodnaya Volya publication “Echoes of the Revolution.” In it, the writer was called a teacher of revolutionaries.
In 1887, Alexey Pleshcheev met Anton Chekhov. Writer Ivan Leontyev recalled: “Less than half an hour passed when dear A.N. [Pleshcheev – Approx. ed] was in complete “spiritual captivity” with Chekhov and was worried.”. Pleshcheev invited Chekhov to collaborate with Severny Vestnik. The writer agreed. He created the story “Steppe” especially for the magazine. Pleshcheev praised Anton Chekhov: “This is such a delight, such an abyss of poetry that I can’t tell you anything else and can’t make any comments except that I’m incredibly delighted. This is an exciting thing, and I predict a great, great future for you...”. He decided to publish “The Steppe” in the new issue of Severny Vestnik. However, part of the magazine’s editorial staff, including the editor of the critical and scientific departments Nikolai Mikhailovsky, spoke out against it. Mikhailovsky believed that Chekhov was coming “on the road we don’t know where and don’t know why”. As a sign of protest, he and some of the employees of the critical and scientific departments left the publication.
In the spring of 1890, Pleshcheev also left the editorial board of Severny Vestnik. Anna Evreinova stopped funding the magazine.
Anna Mikhailovna decided to close Severny Vestnik<...>For the finale, I broke up with this lady - and whether or not a magazine will be published under her editorship, I am not an employee of it. She was so impudent, she allowed herself to speak to me in such an impudent tone that it took me great effort not to scold her. I restrained myself, however, although I told her two or three rather serious harsh words.<...>You can imagine what an enviable position I am in now, having lost my main resource. How and with what I will exist, I don’t know yet.”
Pleshcheev found himself in a difficult financial situation and lost his main income. His only income came from translations and biographical essays for small publications. Pleshcheev wrote to Chekhov: "Oh! What I wouldn’t give to be able to get away from journalism...”.
A few months after the closure of Severny Vestnik, Alexey Pleshcheev received an inheritance from a distant relative, millionaire Alexey Pavlovich Pleshcheev. The poet received about two million rubles, an estate, five thousand dessiatinas (more than five thousand hectares) of black earth land. In the same year, Pleshcheev went to Paris, where he settled in the expensive Mirabeau Hotel. He became involved in charity work. The writer established foundations named after Chernyshevsky and Belinsky to pay scholarships to low-income students, donated money for the publication of the magazine “Russian Wealth”, and paid for foreign trips for his friends.
In the last years of his life, Pleshcheev traveled extensively throughout Europe. He visited Switzerland and Germany. In 1891, in the Swiss city of Lucerne, the poet fell ill. For some time he could not walk. Pleshcheev wrote to Chekhov: “I can’t walk a lot or walk soon. I'm getting tired. Although I still walk with a stick". Pleshcheev went to Nice several times for treatment. On the way there on October 8, 1893, the poet died. His body was transported to Moscow and buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Pleshcheev Alexey Nikolaevich a brief biography of the Russian writer, poet, translator, literary and theater critic is presented in this article.
Brief biography of Pleshcheev
A writer was born December 4, 1825 in the city of Kostroma in the family of an official. His father died when Alexei was 2 years old. The poet's mother raised her son alone. Pleshcheev spent his childhood in Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1839, the family moved to the city of St. Petersburg, where Pleshcheev entered the school of cavalry cadets and guards ensigns. After 2 years he left the school, and in 1843 he entered St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of History and Philology. During this period, Alexey Pleshcheev became interested in socialist ideas, political activities and reforms in the country.
In 1845 he also left the university. By this period, Alexey Nikolaevich was actively involved in literary activities - he wrote poetry and acted as a prose writer. In 1849, Pleshcheev was arrested through connections with the Petrashevites. He was accused of distributing prohibited literature and sentenced to death by firing squad. But it was decided to replace the sentence with 4 years of hard labor and deprivation of wealth. But, having softened the sentence even more, he was redirected to the Orenburg region to serve as border guard. There Alexey Nikolaevich received the rank of non-commissioned officer, then ensign, and soon he transferred to the civilian service.
In 1857, the writer tied the knot. Two years later, Pleshcheev received permission to move to Moscow, where he began to fully engage in what he loved - creativity. In the city of Pleshcheev he began collaborating with the Sovremennik magazine, published in magazines and newspapers. Engaged in writing critical articles, giving feedback on the political and social life of Russia.
In 1863, they tried to accuse the writer of anti-government activities. It was withdrawn due to lack of any evidence.
In 1864, the poet’s wife dies and later Pleshcheev marries a second time. To provide for his family, he re-enters the service, while at the same time trying to earn a living by publishing his works.
In 1872, Pleshcheev moved to St. Petersburg and began working in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. He constantly struggles with poverty and works extremely hard to provide a decent standard of living for his family.
And fate rewarded the poet for many years of work - he receives an inheritance at the end of his life, which allowed him to live comfortably while being creative.
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Biography of Alexey Nikolaevich Pleshcheev The work was carried out by Olga Aleksandrovna Rudikova
Alexey Nikolaevich Pleshcheev (1825 - 1893) poet, translator, prose writer, playwright, critic
Alexey Nikolaevich Pleshcheev was born on November 22, 1825 in Kostroma into the family of a provincial official. Father and mother belonged to the old noble nobility. However, the Pleshcheev family did not live richly. The poet spent his childhood in Nizhny Novgorod. The family's financial situation became especially difficult after the death of their father. Nevertheless, the mother managed to give her son an excellent education at home.
In 1839 in St. Petersburg he became a cadet at the School of Guards ensigns and cavalry cadets. The situation at the military school depressed him and a year later he entered the university, but two years later he left the university. During his student years, Pleshcheev's circle of acquaintances expanded significantly and his sphere of interests was determined: literary and theatrical hobbies were combined with history and political economy. He wrote poetry, and in the second half of the 40s, Pleshcheev also performed quite successfully as a prose writer. His work as a translator covered his entire creative career. He translated prose and poetry.
In 1849 he was arrested and some time later sent into exile, where he spent almost ten years in military service. Upon returning from exile, Pleshcheev continued his literary activity; Having gone through years of poverty and hardship, he became an authoritative writer, critic, publisher, and at the end of his life, a philanthropist.
The favorite poet of Russian youth of the 1840s, after exile he turns into an excellent children's poet. Children's poems will be collected by the poet in Moscow in his collection “Snowdrop”.
Contemporaries remembered Pleshcheev as an exceptionally delicate, gentle and friendly person, always ready to help a writer, especially a beginner. However, life was not easy for Pleshcheev himself: after his exile, he was under police surveillance for many years. All his life he struggled with poverty and, in order to support his family (his wife died in 1864, he later married again, and had children from both marriages), he was forced to decide to serve, without leaving his literary pursuits.
For the last three years of his life, Pleshcheev was freed from worries about earning money. In 1890, he received a huge inheritance from a Penza relative, Alexei Pavlovich Pleshcheev, and settled with his daughters in Paris. The poet contributed a significant amount to the Literary Fund and established funds named after Belinsky and Chernyshevsky to encourage talented writers.
In 1893, already seriously ill, A. N. Pleshcheev once again went to Nice for treatment and on the way, on October 8, 1893, died of apoplexy. His body was transported to Moscow and buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.
Where did Alexey Nikolaevich Pleshcheev spend his childhood? NIZHNY NOVGOROD
3. Famous children's collection of the poet?
4. Where did Alexey Nikolaevich Pleshcheev live after receiving the inheritance and until his death?
5. Where is the poet buried?
Sources ru.wikipedia.org/ wiki / Pleshcheev,_Alexey_Nikolaevich
Russian writer, poet, translator; literary and theater critic.
He comes from an old noble family, which included several writers (including the famous writer S.I. Pleshcheev at the end of the 18th century). Pleshcheev's father was a provincial forester in Nizhny Novgorod from 1826. From 1839, Alexey lived with his mother in St. Petersburg, studied in 1840–1842 at the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, and in 1843 entered the Faculty of History and Philosophy of St. Petersburg University in the category of Oriental Languages.
Since 1844, Pleshcheev published poems (mainly in the magazines Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski, as well as in the Library for Reading and Literary Newspaper), varying the romantic-elegiac motifs of loneliness and sadness. Since the mid-1840s, in Pleshcheev’s poetry, dissatisfaction with life and complaints about one’s own powerlessness have been pushed aside by the energy of social protest and calls for struggle (“At the Call of Friends,” 1945; nicknamed the “Russian Marseillaise,” “Forward! Without fear and doubt...” and “According to feelings, we are brothers,” both 1846), which for a long time became a kind of anthem of the revolutionary youth.
In April 1849, Pleshcheev was arrested in Moscow and taken to the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg; On December 22 of the same year, together with other Petrashevites, he waited at the Semenovsky parade ground for execution, which at the last moment was replaced by 4 years of hard labor. Since 1852 in Orenburg; for distinction in the assault on the Kokand fortress Ak-Mechet, he was promoted to non-commissioned officer; from 1856 officer. During these years, Alexey Nikolaevich became close to other exiles - T.G. Shevchenko, Polish rebels, as well as with one of the creators of the literary mask of Kozma Prutkov A.M. Zhemchuzhnikov and revolutionary poet M.L. Mikhailov. Pleshcheev’s poems from the period of exile, moving away from romantic clichés, are marked by sincerity (love lyrics dedicated to his future wife: “When your meek, clear gaze ...”, “My days are only clear for you ...”, both 1857), sometimes with notes of fatigue and doubts (“Thoughts”, “In the Steppe”, “Prayer”). In 1857, Pleshcheev was returned to the title of hereditary nobleman.
In May 1858, the poet came to St. Petersburg, where he met N.A. Nekrasov, N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Dobrolyubov. In August 1859 he settled in Moscow. He publishes a lot (including in Russky Vestnik, Vremya and Sovremennik). In 1860, Pleshcheev became a shareholder and member of the editorial board of Moskovsky Vestnik, attracting the most prominent literary figures to cooperation. In the 1860s, Nekrasov, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Pisemsky, Rubinstein, Tchaikovsky, and actors from the Maly Theater attended literary and musical evenings at his house.
In the 1870–1880s, Pleshcheev was mainly engaged in poetic translations from German, French, English and Slavic languages. He also translated (often for the first time in Russia) fiction and scientific prose. The melody of Pleshcheev’s original and translated poetry attracted the attention of many composers; more than 100 of his poems were set to music. As a prose writer, Pleshcheev acted in line with the natural school, turning mainly to provincial life, denouncing bribe-takers, serf owners and the corrupting power of money. Close to the theatrical environment, Pleshcheev wrote 13 original plays, mostly lyrical and satirical comedies from provincial landowner life, small in volume, entertaining in plot, shown in the leading theaters of the country (“Service”, “Every cloud has a cloud”, both 1860 ; “The Happy Couple”, “The Commander”, both 1862; “What often happens”, “Brothers”, both 1864, etc.).
In the 1880s, Pleshcheev supported young writers - V.M. Garshina, A.P. Chekhova, A.N. Apukhtina, I.Z. Surikova, S.Ya. Nadson; talked with D.S. Merezhkovsky, Z.N. Gippius and others.
In 1890, Pleshcheev came to the family estate near the village. Chernozerye of the Mokshansky district of the Penza province, now the Mokshansky district for accepting the inheritance, lived in Mokshan. In 1891 he donated money to help the starving people of the province. Until 1917, there was a Pleshchev scholarship at the Chernozersky School. Alexey Nikolaevich died in Paris on September 26, 1893; buried in Moscow.