September 29th, 2016 , 07:02 pm
The Bolsheviks, having come to power, “scrambled” the alphabet, removed the “yat” and fita and Izhitsa, but did not touch the letter Yo. It was under Soviet rule that the dots over yo in order to simplify typing disappeared in most words. Although formally no one forbade or abolished it.
The situation changed dramatically in 1942. Supreme Commander-in-Chief Stalin received German maps on the table, in which German cartographers entered the names of our settlements to the point. If the village was called "Demino", then Demino (and not Demino) was written in both Russian and German. The Supreme appreciated the enemy's meticulousness. As a result, on December 24, 1942, a decree was issued requiring the mandatory use of the letter Yё everywhere, from school textbooks to the Pravda newspaper. Well, of course, on the cards. By the way, no one has ever canceled this order!
Often the letter "e", on the contrary, is inserted into words in which it is not needed. For example, "scam" instead of "scam", "being" instead of "being", "guardianship" instead of "guardianship". The first Russian world chess champion was actually called Alexander Alekhin and was very indignant when his noble surname was spelled incorrectly, “commonly” - Alekhin. In general, the letter "ё" is contained in more than 12 thousand words, in about 2.5 thousand names of citizens of Russia and the former USSR, in thousands of geographical names.
The categorical opponent of the use of this letter when writing is designer Artemy Lebedev. For some reason she didn't like him. I must say that on the computer keyboard it is really located inconveniently. Of course, it is possible to do without it, as, for example, the text will be understandable, even if it does not contain all glans bkv. But is it worth it?
In recent years, a number of authors, in particular Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Yuri Polyakov and others, some periodicals, as well as the scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia" publish their texts with the obligatory use of the discriminated letter. Well, the creators of the new Russian electric car gave their brainchild a name from this one letter.
Some statistics
In 2013, the letter Yoyo turns 230 years old!
She stands at the 7th (lucky!) place in the alphabet.
In Russian, there are about 12,500 words with the letter ё, of which about 150 words begin with it and about 300 words end with ё!
For every hundred characters of text, there is an average of 1 letter ё. .
There are words in our language with two letters Ё: “three-star”, “four-bucket”.
In Russian, there are several traditional names in which the letter Y is present:
Artyom, Parmen, Peter, Savel, Seliverst, Semyon, Fedor, Yarem; Alena, Matryona, Thekla and others.
Optional use letters ё leads to erroneous readings and the inability to restore the meaning of the word without additional explanations, for example:
Loan-loan; perfect-perfect; tears-tears; sky-sky; chalk-chalk; donkey donkey; merry merry...
And, of course, a classic example from "Peter the Great" by A.K. Tolstoy:
Under such a sovereign take a break!
It was meant - " let's take a break". Feel the difference?
And how do you read "We'll Sing"? Do we all eat? Do we eat everything?
And the name of the French actor will be Depardieu, not Depardieu. (see Wikipedia)
And, by the way, A. Dumas has the name of the cardinal not Richelieu at all, but Richelieu. (see Wikipedia)
And it is necessary to pronounce the name of the Russian poet correctly Fet, not Fet.
For a long time in the Russian language there was no famous letter "ё". But this letter can boast that the date of its birth is known - namely, November 29, 1783. The "mother" of the letter is Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, an enlightened princess.
Let's take a look at the details of this event...
In the house of Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, who at that time was the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, a meeting of the Academy of Literature, created shortly before this date, was held. Present at that time were G. R. Derzhavin, D. I. Fonvizin, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, Metropolitan Gabriel, and others.
And somehow, during one of the meetings, she asked Derzhavin to write the word "Christmas tree." Those present took the offer as a joke. After all, it was clear to everyone that it was necessary to write “iolka”. Then Dashkova asked a simple question. Its meaning made academics think. Indeed, is it reasonable to designate one sound with two letters when writing? The proposal of the princess to introduce into the alphabet a new letter "e" with two dots on top to denote the sound "io" was appreciated by connoisseurs of literature. This story happened in 1783. And then off we go. Derzhavin began to use the letter "ё" in personal correspondence, then Dmitriev published the book "my knick-knacks" with this letter, and then Karamzin joined the "yo-movement".
The image of the new letter was probably borrowed from the French alphabet. A similar letter is used, for example, in writing the car brand Citroën, although it sounds completely different in this word. Cultural figures supported the idea of Dashkova, the letter took root. Derzhavin began to use the letter ё in personal correspondence and for the first time used it when writing a surname - Potemkin. However, in print - among the typographic letters - the letter ё appeared only in 1795. Even the first book with this letter is known - this is the book of the poet Ivan Dmitriev "My knick-knacks". The first word, over which two dots were blackened, was the word “everything”, followed by the words: light, stump, etc.
A well-known new letter yo became thanks to the historian N.M. Karamzin. In 1797, Nikolai Mikhailovich decided to replace two letters in the word “sl io zy" for one letter e. So, with the light hand of Karamzin, the letter "e" took its place under the sun and was fixed in the Russian alphabet. Due to N.M. Karamzin was the first to use the letter ё in the printed edition, which was published in a fairly large circulation, some sources, in particular, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it is he who is erroneously indicated as the author of the letter ё.
In the first book of the poetic almanac “Aonides” (1796) published by him, he printed the words “dawn”, “eagle”, “moth”, “tears” and the first verb with the letter ё - “drip”. But, oddly enough, in the famous "History of the Russian State" Karamzin did not use the letter "e".
In the alphabet, the letter fell into place in the 1860s. IN AND. Dahl placed ё together with the letter "e" in the first edition of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. In 1875, L.N. Tolstoy in his "New ABC" sent it to the 31st place, between the yat and the letter e. But the use of this symbol in typographic and publishing was associated with some difficulties due to its non-standard height. Therefore, officially the letter ё entered the alphabet and received serial number 7 only in Soviet times - on December 24, 1942. However, for many decades publishers continued to use it only in case of emergency, and even then mainly in encyclopedias. As a result, the letter “e” disappeared from the spelling (and then the pronunciation) of many surnames: Cardinal Richelieu, philosopher Montesquieu, poet Robert Burns, microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur, mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev (in the latter case, the place of stress even changed: Chebyshev; exactly the beets became beets). We speak and write Depardieu instead of Depardieu, Roerich (who is pure Roerich), Roentgen instead of the correct Roentgen. By the way, Leo Tolstoy is actually Leo (like his hero, the Russian nobleman Levin, and not the Jew Levin).
The letter ё also disappeared from the spellings of many geographical names - Pearl Harbor, Koenigsberg, Cologne, etc. See, for example, the epigram on Lev Pushkin (authorship is not exactly clear):
Our friend Pushkin Lev
Not devoid of reason
But with champagne fat pilaf
And duck with milk mushrooms
They will prove to us better than words
that he is healthier
The power of the stomach.
The Bolsheviks, having come to power, “scrambled” the alphabet, removed the “yat” and fita and Izhitsa, but did not touch the letter Yo. It was under Soviet rule that the dots over yo in order to simplify typing disappeared in most words. Although formally no one forbade or abolished it.
The situation changed dramatically in 1942. Supreme Commander-in-Chief Stalin received German maps on the table, in which German cartographers entered the names of our settlements to the point. If the village was called "Demino", then Demino (and not Demino) was written in both Russian and German. The Supreme appreciated the enemy's meticulousness. As a result, on December 24, 1942, a decree was issued requiring the mandatory use of the letter Yё everywhere, from school textbooks to the Pravda newspaper. Well, of course, on the cards. By the way, no one has ever canceled this order!
Often the letter "e", on the contrary, is inserted into words in which it is not needed. For example, "scam" instead of "scam", "being" instead of "being", "guardianship" instead of "guardianship". The first Russian world chess champion was actually called Alexander Alekhin and was very indignant when his noble surname was spelled incorrectly, “commonly” - Alekhin. In general, the letter "ё" is contained in more than 12 thousand words, in about 2.5 thousand names of citizens of Russia and the former USSR, in thousands of geographical names.
The categorical opponent of the use of this letter when writing is designer Artemy Lebedev. For some reason she didn't like him. I must say that on the computer keyboard it is really located inconveniently. Of course, it is possible to do without it, as, for example, the text will be understandable, even if it does not contain all glans bkv. But is it worth it?
In recent years, a number of authors, in particular Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Yuri Polyakov and others, some periodicals, as well as the scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia" publish their texts with the obligatory use of the discriminated letter. Well, the creators of the new Russian electric car gave their brainchild a name from this one letter.
Some statistics
In 2013, the letter Yoyo turns 230 years old!
She stands at the 7th (lucky!) place in the alphabet.
In Russian, there are about 12,500 words with the letter ё, of which about 150 words begin with it and about 300 words end with ё!
For every hundred characters of text, there is an average of 1 letter ё. .
There are words in our language with two letters Ё: “three-star”, “four-bucket”.
In Russian, there are several traditional names in which the letter Y is present:
Artyom, Parmen, Peter, Savel, Seliverst, Semyon, Fedor, Yarem; Alena, Matryona, Thekla and others.
Optional use letters ё leads to erroneous readings and the inability to restore the meaning of the word without additional explanations, for example:
Loan-loan; perfect-perfect; tears-tears; sky-sky; chalk-chalk; donkey donkey; merry merry...
And, of course, a classic example from "Peter the Great" by A.K. Tolstoy:
Under such a sovereign take a break!
It was meant - " let's take a break". Feel the difference?
And how do you read "We'll Sing"? Do we all eat? Do we eat everything?
And the name of the French actor will be Depardieu, not Depardieu. (see Wikipedia)
And, by the way, A. Dumas has the name of the cardinal not Richelieu at all, but Richelieu. (see Wikipedia)
And it is necessary to pronounce the name of the Russian poet correctly Fet, not Fet.
Why, yo-my, you don’t write “Yo” anywhere?
Recently there has been an amazing transformation of the Russian language. Reforms in the field of word formation and stress have already led to the fact that coffee has become an indefinite gender, and the letter “Yo” is being completely eliminated from the alphabet.
200 year "war"
The first discrepancies associated with "Ё", the youngest letter in the Russian alphabet, began more than 220 years ago. In 1783, it was invented by Ekaterina Dashkova, an associate of Catherine II, a princess and head of the Imperial Russian Academy. At an academic meeting, Ekaterina Romanovna asked Derzhavin, Fonvizin, Knyazhin and other letter scholars whether it was legal to write “iolka” and whether it would be more reasonable to replace the digraph “io” with one letter “Ё”.
Already in 1795, the letter “Yo” began to appear in print, but linguistic conservatism still prevented the young letter from moving to the masses. For example, Tsvetaeva basically wrote "devil", Andrei Bely - "yellow", and the Minister of Education Alexander Shishkov, for example, leafed through volume after volume of his books, erasing two hated points from them. In all pre-revolutionary Primers, "Yo" was not after "E", but at the very end of the alphabet.
The appearance of "Yo", according to its opponents, is the result of the arbitrariness of one person, Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Allegedly for the sake of external effect, in 1797 he used the European umlaut, the Latin “E” with two dots, in the Russian-language text. Opponents of "Yo" are still trying by hook or by crook to get rid of the hated letter. And what, in the end, leads us to an extra, in my opinion, “disinfection”?
On a computer keyboard, it is “exiled” to the upper left corner, and on a phone, it is often completely absent. Sending a telegram, we insistently ask you to send "more money." Many of us are sure that the great Dumas wrote not about Cardinal Richelieu, but about Richelieu, the beloved French actor's name is not Depardieu, but Depardieu. And our countryman Fet, once became Fet.
And how many legal problems arise for me, an honest citizen of the Russian Federation, because of negligent passport officers, nurses, secretaries, ignoring the letter “Yo” in my last name. It turns out that, according to my passport, I am one person, according to a driver’s license, another ... Literary critics and letter critics say correctly: “So we live, as if in our alphabet there are 32.5 letters.”
Hard facts:
- the letter Yo stands on the sacred, "happy" 7th place in the alphabet;
- in Russian there are about 12,500 words with "Yo". Of these, about 150 begin with "Yo" and about 300 end with "Yo";
- the frequency of occurrence of "Yo" - 1% of the text. That is, for every thousand characters of text, on average, there are ten “yoshkas”;
- in Russian surnames "Yo" occurs in about two cases out of a hundred;
- there are words in our language with two and even three letters "Yo": "three-star", "four-bucket", "Berolekh" (a river in Yakutia), "Berögyosh" and "Kögelyon" (male names in Altai);
- in Russian there are 12 male and 5 female names, in the full forms of which there is "Yo". These are Aksen, Artyom, Nefyod, Parmen, Peter, Rorik, Savel, Seliverst, Semyon, Fedor, Yarem; Alyona, Maple, Matryona, Thekla, Flena;
- in Ulyanovsk, the hometown of the inveterate "yofikator" Nikolai Karamzin, there is a monument to the letter "Yo".
By the way:
In Russia, there is an official Union of Russian Yofikators, which is engaged in the struggle for the rights of "de-energized" words. Thanks to their tireless activity in besieging the State Duma, now all the Duma documents (including laws) are completely “official”. "Yo" - at the suggestion of the chairman of the Union Viktor Chumakov - appeared in some all-Russian newspapers, in television credits and in books.
Russian programmers have created "etator" - a computer program that automatically arranges a letter with dots in the text. And the artists came up with "epiraite" - a badge for marking official publications.
On December 24, 1942, by order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR Vladimir Potemkin, the use of the letter "ё" was introduced in school practice. From that day on, this letter, which still causes a lot of talk and controversy around itself, officially entered the Russian alphabet. And she took an honorable 7th place in it.
"RG" gives a number of interesting and little-known facts about the letter "Yo" and its history.
Christmas tree princess
The “godmother” of the letter “e” can be considered Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. On November 29 (18), 1783, one of the first meetings of the Russian Academy of Sciences took place, at which the princess was present among the respected poets, writers and philosophers of that time. The project of a 6-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Academy" was discussed. The academicians were about to go home when Ekaterina Romanovna asked those present if anyone could write the word "Christmas tree". The academicians decided that the princess was joking, but she, having written the word "olka" she had uttered, asked: "Is it right to represent one sound with two letters?" And she suggested using the new letter "ё" "to express words and pronunciations, for example, such as" matriy", "іolka", "іozh". St. Petersburg Gabriel.Thus, November 29 (18), 1783 can be considered the birthday of "yo".
One of the first to use "yo" in personal correspondence was the poet Gavriil Derzhavin. In the printed edition, the letter first appeared in the late 90s of the 18th century - in the book of the poet Ivan Dmitriev "And my trinkets", printed in 1795 at the Moscow University Printing House. There are the words "everything", "light", "stump", "immortal", "cornflower". However, in the scientific works of that time, the letter "ё" was still not used. For example, in the "History of the Russian State" by Karamzin (1816-1829), the letter "e" is absent. Although many researchers and philologists credit the writer-historian Karamzin with the introduction of the letter "e". Among her opponents were such famous figures as the writer and poet Alexander Sumarokov and the scientist and poet Vasily Trediakovsky. Thus, its use was optional.
Not without Stalin
On December 23, 1917 (January 5, 1918), a decree was published, signed by People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky, which ordered "all government and state publications" from January 1 (according to the old style) 1918 "to be printed according to the new spelling." It also said: “To recognize as desirable, but optional, the use of the letter“ ё.
There is a legend that Stalin personally had a hand in this. On December 6, 1942, the manager of the Council of People's Commissars, Yakov Chadaev, brought an order for signature in which the names of several generals were printed with the letter "e" and not "e". Stalin was furious, and the very next day, December 7, 1942, the letter "ё" appeared in all articles of the Pravda newspaper. However, publishers at first used the letter with two dots at the top, but in the 1950s they still began to use it only when necessary. The selective use of the letter "ё" was enshrined in the rules of Russian spelling in 1956.
To write or not to write
In accordance with the letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 03.05.2007 "On the decisions of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language" it is required to write the letter "e" in cases where a misreading of the word is possible, for example, in proper names, since ignoring the letter " e" in this case is a violation of the Federal Law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
According to the current rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, the letter "ё" is written in the following cases:
When it is necessary to prevent incorrect reading and understanding of a word, for example: "we learn" in contrast to "we learn"; "all" as opposed to "all"; "perfect" (participle) as opposed to "perfect" (adjective), etc.;
- when it is necessary to indicate the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: the Olekma river.
- In special texts: primers, school textbooks of the Russian language, orthoepy textbooks, etc., as well as in dictionaries to indicate the place of stress and correct pronunciation.
According to the same rules, in ordinary printed texts, the letter "e" can be used selectively. But at the request of the author or editor, any text or book can be printed with the letter "ё".
Especially if rarely used, borrowed or compound words are found there: for example, "gyozy", "surfing", "fleur", "harder", "slit". Or you need to indicate the correctness of the stress: for example, "fable", "brought", "carried away", "condemned", "newborn", "filler" (the letter "e" is always stressed).
Leo instead of Leo
The optional use of the letter "ё" has led to the fact that today names are written without it:
Philosopher and writer Montesquieu;
- X-ray physics;
- physics of Anders Jonas Angstrom, as well as the unit of length angstrom, named after him;
- microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur;
- artist and philosopher Nicholas Roerich;
- Nazi leaders Goebbels and Goering;
- the writer Leo Tolstoy (the writer himself pronounced his name in accordance with the old Moscow speech tradition - Lev; members of his family, close friends and numerous acquaintances also called Tolstoy).
The surnames Khrushchev, Gorbachev are also written without "e".
Other interesting facts
In 2005, in Ulyanovsk, by decision of the mayor's office, a monument was erected to the letter "ё" - a triangular prism made of granite, on which a lowercase "ё" is engraved.
There are about 12.5 thousand words in Russian with "e". Of these, about 150 begin with "ё" and about 300 end with "ё".
In Russian, words with several letters "yo" are also possible, usually these are compound words: "three-star", "four-vehicle".
More than 300 surnames differ only in the presence of "e" or "yo" in them. For example, Lezhnev - Lezhnev, Demina - Demina. The correct spelling of such surnames in personal documents and various property and inheritance cases is especially important. A mistake can deprive a person, for example, of an inheritance. So, for example, the Elkin family from Barnaul reported that in the 1930s their ancestor lost his inheritance due to the fact that it was issued to the Elkins. And a resident of Perm, Tatyana Tetyorkina, almost lost her Russian citizenship due to the incorrect spelling of her last name in her passport.
There is a rare Russian surname Yo of French origin, which in French is written with four letters.
The surname of the famous Russian poet Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (Foeth - German by origin) was distorted during the printing of his first book. He gained fame already under the name Fet. At the same time, he spent part of his life under the surname Shenshin.
On November 29 (November 18, according to the old style), 1783, one of the first meetings of the newly created Russian Academy was held at the house of the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, which was attended by the poet Gavriil Derzhavin, playwrights Denis Fonvizin and Yakob Knyazhnin and others. The project of a complete explanatory Slavic-Russian dictionary, later famous 6-volume Dictionary of the Russian Academy, was discussed.
Dashkova suggested that those present at the meeting introduce a new letter "e" instead of two letters "io" to depict the corresponding sound on the letter. For the "lower" letter in the Russian alphabet, they did not invent a new sign: they used the existing letter e, putting two dots above it - an umlaut. The innovative idea of the princess was supported by a number of leading cultural figures of that time. Gabriel Derzhavin was the first to use the letter "ё" in personal correspondence. In November 1784, the new letter received official recognition.
Replication of the letter by the printing press took place in 1795 at the Moscow University Printing House with the publishers Ridiger and Claudius during the publication of the book "And my trinkets" by Ivan Dmitriev. The first word printed with the letter "ё" was the word "everything". Then followed the words "light", "stump", "immortal", "cornflower". In 1796, in the same printing house, Nikolai Karamzin in his first book "Aonid" with the letter "e" printed the words "dawn", "eagle", "moth", "tears" and the first verb - "drip". In 1798, Gavriil Derzhavin used the first surname with the letter "ё" - Potemkin.
In 1904, the Spelling Commission was established at the Imperial Academy of Sciences, which included the largest linguists of that time. The proposals of the commission, finally formulated in 1912, were to simplify the graphics on the basis of the phonemic principle (the elimination of letters that did not denote any sounds, for example, "ъ" at the end of words, and letters that denoted the same sounds as other letters - "yat "," and decimal", "fita", "izhitsa"). In addition, the commission recognized the use of the letter "ё" as desirable, but not mandatory.
On January 5, 1918 (December 23, 1917 according to the old style), a decree was published, signed by the Soviet People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky, who introduced the reformed spelling as mandatory, and also recommended the use of the letter "e".
In Soviet times, the letter "ё" was "officially recognized" in 1942, after the issuance of the order "On the introduction of the mandatory use of the letter "ё" in school practice." A year later, a guide to the use of the letter "ё" was published. In 1956, the Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR approved and then published the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" with paragraphs on the use of the letter "e". However, in practice its use continued to be optional.
The Russian Federation regulates the use of the letter "ë" in title documents. In a letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated May 3, 2007, authorities that issue official documents of state standard to citizens are instructed to use the letter "ё" in proper names.
A letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated July 20, 2009 recommends using the letter "ё" in school textbooks.
Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Dmitry Livanov, the rules for the use of the letters "e" and "e" should be fixed at the legislative level.
Now the letter "ё" is contained in more than 12.5 thousand words, in at least 2.5 thousand surnames of citizens of Russia and the former USSR, in thousands of geographical names of Russia and the world, and in thousands of names and surnames of citizens of foreign countries.
In 2005, the letter "e" was installed in Ulyanovsk. The author of the monument, Ulyanovsk artist Alexander Zinin, depicted an exact enlarged copy of the letter that was used in the almanac "Aonides", where Nikolai Karamzin first published a poem with a new letter.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources