10% aqueous solution ammonia . The concentration of the active substance in a liter of solution is 440 ml.
As an auxiliary component, the composition of the preparation includes purified water (in a volume of up to 1 liter).
Release form
Solution for inhalation and external use 10%. Available in 10 ml dropper bottles, 40 and 100 ml bottles.
It is a clear, volatile liquid, colorless and with a pungent odor.
pharmachologic effect
annoying , antiseptic , analeptic , emetic .
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
The agent has an irritating effect on the exteroreceptors of the skin and provokes a local release prostaglandins , kinins and histamine . Acts as a liberator in the spinal cord enkephalins and endorphins , which block the flow of pain impulses from pathological foci.
When it enters the upper respiratory tract, it interacts with the endings of the trigeminal nerve and reflexively excites the respiratory center. A concentrated solution causes colliquation (softening and dissolution) of microbial cell proteins.
With any method of administration, it is quickly eliminated from the body (mainly by the bronchial glands and lungs). It reflexively affects the tone of the vascular walls and the activity of the heart.
At the site of application, when applied externally, it dilates blood vessels, improves tissue regeneration and trophism, and also stimulates the outflow of metabolites.
When the skin is irritated, it causes similar reflexes in the segmentally located muscles and internal organs, contributing to the restoration of impaired functions and structures.
It suppresses the focus of excitation, which supports the pathological process, reduces muscle tension, hyperalgesia, relieves vasospasm, thus providing a distracting effect.
With prolonged contact, it burns the mucous membranes and skin, which is accompanied by tissue hyperemia, the development of swelling and soreness.
Reception per os in small concentrations stimulates the secretion of the glands, acting on the vomiting center, reflexively increases its excitability and causes vomiting.
The drug does not enter the bloodstream.
Indications for use
Inhalation is used to stimulate breathing during fainting.
Ingestion is indicated to stimulate vomiting (in diluted form).
It is used externally to disinfect the hands of a doctor before a surgical operation, in the form of lotions for neuralgia, insect bites, and myositis.
Contraindications
Intolerance.
Topical application is contraindicated in skin diseases.
Side effects: the effect on the human body of vapors and ammonia solution
In the case of taking the solution in undiluted form, it is possible alimentary canal burns (esophagus and stomach). Inhalation of the drug in high concentrations can provoke reflex respiratory arrest.
Ammonia solution: instructions for use
The instructions for use of ammonia indicate that the dose of the drug is selected individually, depending on the indications.
In surgical practice, as a handwash, the solution is used according to the Spasokukotsky-Kochergin method, diluting 50 ml of the solution in 1 liter of boiled water (warm).
When used to stimulate breathing, the solution is applied to gauze or cotton. For insect bites, it is used in the form of lotions.
The use of ammonia in horticulture
The use of ammonia for plants is quite diverse: it is used for aphids, for processing onions from onion flies, for feeding plants.
Ammonia from aphids is used at the rate of 2 tbsp. spoons for 10 liters of water. A little washing powder should also be added to the bucket - this will provide better adhesion. The solution is used for spraying plants.
Ammonia as a fertilizer: in this case, 50 ml of solution should be taken per 4 liters of water. The tool is not only a good top dressing for indoor and garden plants, but also allows you to get rid of midges and mosquitoes.
For watering onions, dilute 1-2 tbsp. spoons of ammonia. It is recommended to water the plants with such a remedy from the moment of planting until the end of June.
How to clean gold?
There are several ways to clean gold with ammonia.
You can mix 1 teaspoon of alcohol with a glass of water and 1 tbsp. spoon of any detergent, or you can add to water (200 ml), ammonia (1 teaspoon), (30 ml), half a teaspoon of liquid detergent.
In the first case, the jewelry is placed in a cleaning solution for an hour or two, in the second - for 15 minutes. After cleaning, the gold should be rinsed in water and wiped dry with a napkin.
How to clean silver?
To clean silver, ammonia is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:10 (1 part alcohol to 10 parts water). Silver items are left in the solution for several hours, then rinsed in water and wiped with a soft cloth.
For regular cleaning of silver, a soapy solution is used, to which a small amount of ammonia is added.
Ammonia from cockroaches and ants
To combat ants, 100 ml of the solution is diluted in a liter of water and furniture in the kitchen is washed with this product. To get rid of cockroaches with ammonia, wash the floor.
Ammonia for heels
As a means to soften rough skin of the feet, ammonia is mixed with glycerin (1: 1). The product is applied to the feet before going to bed, and socks are put on top.
Overdose. Effects of ammonia vapor on the human body
An overdose causes an increase in the manifestations of adverse reactions. So, the effect on the human body of a high dose of ammonia solution when taken orally is manifested:
- vomiting with a characteristic smell of ammonia;
- diarrhea with tenesmus (false painful urge to defecate);
- swelling of the larynx;
- runny nose;
- cough;
- arousal;
- convulsions;
- collapse .
In some cases it is possible fatal outcome (patient dies when taking 10-15 g ammonium hydroxide ).
Treatment for overdose is symptomatic.
Sometimes people are interested in what will happen if you drink ammonia. You should be aware that oral administration of the solution in its pure form can provoke severe burns of the digestive canal.
Symptoms of ammonia poisoning
Human exposure to ammonia by inhalation of its vapors manifests itself in the form of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. In this case, the intensity of irritation depends on the concentration of the gas.
Signs of ammonia poisoning:
- profuse lacrimation;
- salivation;
- shortness of breath;
- increased sweating;
- hyperemia of the face;
- feeling of heaviness and tightness in the chest;
- chest pain;
- whooping cough;
- sneezing
- runny nose;
- swelling of the larynx and spasm in the vocal cords;
- anxiety;
- suffocation;
- convulsions;
- loss of consciousness.
With prolonged exposure, ammonia vapors provoke severe muscle weakness, blood circulation is disturbed in a person, symptoms appear that indicate respiratory distress, as well as soreness, severe burning and swelling of the skin.
Regularly repeated exposure to ammonia leads to systemic disorders that manifest themselves eating disorders , deafness , catarrh of the upper respiratory tract , heart failure , death .
To protect against the harmful effects of ammonia, rinse the face and unprotected skin with plenty of water and cover the face with a respirator (gauze bandage or gas mask) as soon as possible. It is good if the respirator or bandage used is soaked in water with citric acid (2 teaspoons per glass of water).
Be aware that liquid ammonia causes severe burns. For this reason, it is transported in yellow-painted steel cylinders, special tankers, road and rail tankers.
What to do in the event of an ammonia release?
Upon receipt of information about the leakage of ammonia, you should protect your skin and respiratory organs and leave the emergency area in the direction that will be indicated in the message on radio or television.
From the zone of chemical damage, you need to go to the side perpendicular to the direction of the wind.
In case of fire, it is forbidden to approach the source of ignition. Ammonia containers should be cooled from as far away as possible. For extinguishing use air-mechanical foam or sprayed water.
If there is no way to get out, an emergency sealing of the room should be made. Having got out of the danger zone, they take off their outer clothing (things are left on the street), take a shower, rinse the nasopharynx and eyes with water.
In case of an accident, take cover in the lower floors of the building.
First aid for poisoning
In case of poisoning, the victim should be taken out of the affected area. In cases where this is not possible, provide access to oxygen.
The mouth, throat and nasal cavity are washed with water for 15 minutes, the eyes are instilled with a 0.5% solution and, if necessary, additionally covered with a bandage. For greater effectiveness of rinsing, glutamic or citric acid can be added to the water.
Even with a slight degree of poisoning over the next 24 hours, the patient should be provided with absolute rest.
If a substance enters an open area of the body, it is abundantly washed with water and covered with a bandage.
If ammonia enters the alimentary canal, it is necessary to wash the stomach.
Poisoning of any degree requires an appeal to a medical facility and - if the doctor deems it necessary - subsequent hospitalization.
After completion of the course of treatment, the patient may retain certain neurological disorders, for example, loss of memory of individual events and facts, tics with various clinical manifestations, hearing loss and pain threshold. A frequent outcome is clouding of the lens and cornea of the eye.
Ammonia: ways of neutralization in the body
The main route of substance binding is urea biosynthesis, which occurs in the ornithine cycle in liver cells. As a result of this synthesis, urea - a substance that is not harmful to the body.
Ammonia is also transported in the blood as glutamine , which is a non-toxic neutral compound and easily passes through cell membranes.
Another of its transport forms is formed in the muscles alanine .
Interaction
Neutralizes the action of acids.
Terms of sale
Non-prescription drug.
Storage conditions
Stored under normal conditions.
Best before date
24 months.
special instructions
What is ammonia? Characteristics, physical and chemical properties of ammonia
Ammonia or hydrogen nitride (NH3) is a colorless gas (like hydrogen, ether, oxygen). The substance has a sharp irritating odor and is released into the atmosphere with the formation of smoke. The name of the substance in Latin is Ammonium.
The molar mass is 17.0306 g/mol. MPC r.z. is 20 mg/m3. Given this parameter, ammonia is classified as a low-hazard substance (hazard class IV).
NH3 is extremely soluble in water: at 0°C, about 1.2 thousand volumes of this substance dissolve in one volume of water, and about 700 volumes at a temperature of 20°C.
It has the properties of alkalis and bases.
Used as a refrigerant for refrigeration equipment. R717 is marked, where R stands for “refrigerant” (Refrigerant), “7” indicates the type of refrigerant (in the specific case, that ammonia is not an organic substance), the last 2 digits are the molecular weight of the substance used.
In liquid hydrogen nitride, the molecules form hydrogen bonds. The dielectric constant, conductivity, viscosity and density of liquid NH3 are lower than those of water (the substance is 7 times less viscous than water), the boiling point of the substance tbp is -33.35°C, it begins to melt at a temperature of -77.70°C
Like water, liquid NH3 is a highly associated substance due to the formation of hydrogen bonds.
The substance practically does not pass electric current and dissolves many organic and inorganic compounds.
In solid form, NH3 has the form of colorless crystals with a cubic lattice.
The decomposition of hydrogen nitride into nitrogen and hydrogen becomes noticeable at temperatures exceeding 1200-1300°C, in the presence of catalysts - at temperatures above 400°C.
In air, ammonia does not burn, under other conditions, namely in pure oxygen, it ignites and burns with a yellow-green flame. When a substance is burned in an excess of oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor are formed.
The combustion reaction of ammonia is described by the following equation: 4NH3 + 3O2= 2N2 + 6H2O.
The catalytic oxidation of NH3 at a temperature of 750-800°C makes it possible to obtain nitric acid (the method is used for the industrial production of HNO3).
Process steps:
- catalytic oxidation with oxygen to NO;
- conversion of NO to NO2;
- absorption of a mixture of NO2 with O2 by water (dissolving nitric oxide in water and obtaining acid);
- purification of gases escaping into the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides.
The reaction of ammonia with water produces ammonia hydrate (ammonia water or caustic ammonia). The chemical formula of the hydrate is NH3 H2O.
How is caustic ammonia obtained in industry? In industry, the synthesis of an ammonia solution with a concentration of 25% is carried out by saturating water with ammonia, which is formed as a result of coal coking in a coke oven, or with synthetic gaseous ammonia.
What is ammonia water used for? Nitrogen fertilizers, soda, dyes are obtained from aqueous solutions of ammonia.
Ammonia: obtained from nitric acid in the laboratory
To obtain NH3 from HNO3, place the test tube in a tripod in an almost horizontal position, but in such a way that acid does not flow out of it.
A few drops of HNO3 are poured into the bottom of the test tube and a few pieces of zinc or iron filings are put into it with tweezers. At the opening of the test tube, the reduced iron should be placed in this way (in such a way that it does not come into contact with nitric acid).
The test tube must be closed with a stopper with a drain tube and slightly heated. Heating will increase the rate of release of ammonia.
What does ammonia react with?
Ammonia reacts with organic substances. The reaction products of ammonia with α-chlorosubstituted carboxylic acids are artificial amino acids.
As a result of the reaction, hydrogen chloride (HCl gas) is released, which, when combined with an excess of ammonia, forms (or ammonia NH4Cl).
A large number of complex compounds contain ammonia as a ligand.
Ammonium salts are colorless solids with a crystal lattice. Almost all of them are soluble in water, and they have the same properties as the metal salts known to us.
The product of their interaction with alkalis is ammonia:
NH4Cl + KOH = KCl + NH3 + H2O
The reaction described by the formula, if indicator paper is additionally used, is a qualitative reaction to ammonium salts. The latter interact with acids and other salts.
Some ammonium salts evaporate (sublimate) when heated, while others decompose.
NH3 is a weak base, therefore, the salts formed by it in an aqueous solution undergo hydrolysis.
Weaker bases than ammonia are aromatic amines, derivatives of NH3, in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydrocarbon radicals.
Reactions of ammonia with acids
Adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to a solution of NH3 is accompanied by the formation of white smoke and the release of ammonium chloride NH4Cl (ammonia).
The reaction of sulfuric acid and ammonia produces white crystals of (NH4)2SO4 - ammonium sulfate.
If nitric acid is added to NH3, white ammonium nitrate NH4 NO3 is formed.
When chloroacetic acid reacts with NH3, the chlorine atom is replaced by an amino group, and as a result, aminoacetic acid is formed.
If NH3 is passed through hydrobromic acid, ammonium bromide is formed (the reaction is described by the formula - HBr + NH3 = NH4Br).
Ammonia: heavier or lighter than air?
Compared to air, NH3 has almost half the density, so its vapor always rises. However, under certain conditions, an ammonia aerosol can form - a suspension of droplets of this substance in a gas. This aerosol is usually heavier than air and therefore more dangerous than NH3 gas.
Is hydrogen nitride a complex or simple substance?
Hydrogen nitride is formed by atoms of different elements, therefore it is a complex inorganic compound.
Molecular structure of ammonia
Ammonia is characterized by a crystal lattice of polar molecules, between which the so-called van der Waals forces . There are 3 chemical bonds in the hydrogen nitride molecule; they are formed according to the covalent polar mechanism.
The molecule looks like a trigonal pyramid, on top of which there is a nitrogen atom (the oxidation state of nitrogen in NH3 is “-3”).
Industrial method for obtaining ammonia
Getting ammonia in industry is an expensive and labor-intensive process. Industrial synthesis is based on the production of NH3 from nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure, in the presence of a catalyst and at high temperatures.
Sponge iron activated by aluminum and potassium oxides is used as a catalyst in the production of NH3 in industry. Industrial plants in which synthesis is carried out are based on the circulation of gases.
The reacted gas mixture, which contains NH3, is cooled, after which NH3 condenses and separates, and hydrogen and nitrogen that have not reacted with nitrogen with a new portion of gases are again fed to the catalyst.
There was also a presentation on the joint production of ammonia and methanol in industry.
Current GOSTs, in accordance with which hydrogen nitride is produced:
- technical liquid ammonia, anhydrous ammonia - GOST 6221-90;
- aqueous ammonia - GOST 3760-79;
- technical ammonia water - GOST 9-92.
The ammonia synthesis reaction can be characterized as follows: ammonia is formed as a product of a compound reaction occurring in the gas phase - direct, catalytic, exothermic, reversible, redox.
Substance disposal
NH3 is disposed of in a selective way to recover valuable substances for recycling, and in a way that allows the use of waste waste as a raw material for the production of other materials.
What is ammonia? Chemical formula of ammonia
Ammonia is a 10% aqueous ammonia solution. The formula of the substance is NH4OH. The Latin name is Solutio Ammonii caustici seu Ammonium causticum solutum.
Ammonia has found application in everyday life as a stain remover, a means for cleaning coins, dishes, plumbing, furniture, jewelry made of silver and gold. In addition, it is used for dyeing fabrics, fighting aphids, onion secretive proboscis, onion flies, ants and cockroaches, washing windows, and caring for rough skin on the feet.
The reaction of ammonia with allows you to get a very unstable adduct, which has the form of dry crystals, which is often used as a spectacular experiment.
Ammonia is ammonia?
Some believe that ammonia and ammonia are one and the same. However, this opinion is erroneous. Ammonia solution is ammonia or, in other words, an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide.
A ammonia is an ammonium salt, a slightly hygroscopic, white and odorless crystalline powder that vaporizes hydrogen nitride (ammonia) when heated. Its formula is NH4Cl.
Wikipedia indicates that the substance is used as a fertilizer (it is applied as a top dressing to alkaline and neutral soils under crops that are weakly responsive to excess chlorine - rice, corn, sugar beet), as a food additive E510, flux for soldering, electrolyte components in galvanic cells and fast fixer in photography, smoke generator.
In the laboratory, ammonia is used for lysis erythrocytes , use in medicine is advisable to enhance the action diuretics and removal of edema of cardiac origin.
Precautionary measures
Topical application is possible only on intact skin.
In case of accidental contact with the mucous membrane of the eye, the eyes are washed with plenty of water (at least 15 minutes) or a solution of boric acid (3%). Oils and ointments in this case are contraindicated.
In the case of taking the Ammonia Solution inside, you should drink fruit juices, water, warm milk with soda or mineral water, a solution of citric (0.5%) or acetic (1%) acid until it is completely neutralized.
In case of damage to the respiratory organs, fresh air and warm water inhalations with the addition of citric acid or vinegar are indicated, in case of suffocation - oxygen.
What do the smell of ammonia in the urine and the ammonia smell of sweat indicate? .
You should know about serious evidence of the smell of ammonia from the mouth.
In women, odorous discharge is possible during menopause and pregnancy (if the pregnant woman drinks little fluid and / or takes various medications and supplements).
If your sweat smells like ammonia, it could be , , urinary incontinence, liver problems, the presence of bacteria that can provoke peptic ulcer. Another possible cause of body odor is a high protein diet.
Everyone knows how ammonia smells, so if a characteristic smell appears (especially if the urine smells like a child) or an ammonia taste in the mouth, you should consult a doctor who will accurately determine the cause of this phenomenon and take the necessary measures.
For kids
In pediatrics, it is used from the age of 3.
During pregnancy
During pregnancy and lactation, the use is allowed only in situations where the benefit to the woman's body outweighs the potential risk to the child.
In most cases, pregnant women try not to use ammonia in any form. Paint for pregnant women should also not contain this substance. The following ammonia-free hair dyes can be included in the list of the most suitable products for pregnant women:
- Igor Schwarzkopf (Schwarzkopf Igora Vibrance);
- paints from the Garnier palette (Garnier Color & Shine);
- Estelle paint, the palette of which has 140 shades;
- paint without ammonia from the Matrix Color Sync palette;
- paint Kutrin.
A lot of good reviews about L'Oreal ammonia-free paint (L'Oreal Professionnel LUO COLOR). However, there are women who continue to use ammonia hair dye during pregnancy.
Ammonia- NH3, hydrogen nitride, under normal conditions - a colorless gas with a pungent characteristic odor (smell of ammonia)
This is the so-called Haber process (German physicist, developed the physico-chemical foundations of the method).
The reaction occurs with the release of heat and a decrease in volume. Therefore, based on the Le Chatelier principle, the reaction should be carried out at the lowest possible temperatures and at high pressures - then the equilibrium will be shifted to the right. However, the reaction rate at low temperatures is negligible, and at high temperatures, the rate of the reverse reaction increases. Carrying out the reaction at very high pressures requires the creation of special equipment that can withstand high pressure, and hence a large investment. In addition, the equilibrium of the reaction, even at 700 °C, is established too slowly for its practical use.
The use of a catalyst (porous iron with Al2O3 and K2O impurities) made it possible to accelerate the achievement of an equilibrium state. Interestingly, in the search for a catalyst for this role, more than 20 thousand different substances were tried.
Taking into account all the above factors, the process of obtaining ammonia is carried out under the following conditions: temperature 500 ° C, pressure 350 atmospheres, catalyst. The yield of ammonia under such conditions is about 30%. Under industrial conditions, the principle of circulation is used - ammonia is removed by cooling, and unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are returned to the synthesis column. This turns out to be more economical than achieving a higher reaction yield by increasing the pressure.
To obtain ammonia in the laboratory, the action of strong alkalis on ammonium salts is used.
Ammonia is usually obtained in the laboratory by weak heating of a mixture of ammonium chloride and slaked lime.
To dry ammonia, it is passed through a mixture of lime and caustic soda.
Very dry ammonia can be obtained by dissolving sodium metal in it and subsequently distilling it. This is best done in a system made of metal under vacuum. The system must withstand high pressure (at room temperature, the saturated vapor pressure of ammonia is about 10 atmospheres). In industry, ammonia is dried in absorption columns.
Consumption rates per ton of ammonia
For the production of one ton of ammonia in Russia, an average of 1200 nm³ of natural gas is consumed, in Europe - 900 nm³.
Ammonia in medicine
For insect bites, ammonia is applied externally in the form of lotions. A 10% aqueous ammonia solution is known as ammonia.
Side effects are possible: with prolonged exposure (inhalation use), ammonia can cause reflex respiratory arrest.
Topical application is contraindicated for dermatitis, eczema, other skin diseases, as well as for open traumatic injuries of the skin.
In case of accidental damage to the mucous membrane of the eye, rinse with water (for 15 minutes every 10 minutes) or a 5% solution of boric acid. Oils and ointments are not used. With the defeat of the nose and pharynx - 0.5% solution of citric acid or natural juices. In case of ingestion, drink water, fruit juice, milk, preferably 0.5% citric acid solution or 1% acetic acid solution until the contents of the stomach are completely neutralized.
Interaction with other drugs is unknown.
Interesting Facts
Vapors of ammonia can change the color of flowers. For example, blue and blue petals become green, bright red - black.
Do not smell store? Treat them with ammonia. From its vapors, many buds begin to smell fragrant. Although, the smell of ammonia itself is quite harsh.
Ammonium chloride and urine vapors come to mind. The most sensitive to ammonia are asters. Their aroma is enhanced by about 6 times.
You can also change the color of the buds. So, from the vapors of the reagent, the petals are blue and turn green, and blacken.
Florists, as they say, take note. But, ammonia useful in other areas of activity. We learn the rest of the properties of the substance, get acquainted with the ways of its application.
Properties of ammonia
When working with ammonia vapor, you should be careful. At a certain concentration, the mixture of the reagent with air is explosive.
Plus, the gas is toxic. "Communication" with him is fraught with nervous disorders, hearing loss, partial memory loss, clouding of the lenses. These symptoms are observed in people working in ammonia production.
Ammonia vapor always rushes up, because the gas is lighter than air. A substance is a gas under normal conditions. Ammonia is liquefied for transportation and sale.
This requires high pressure. Get anhydrous concentrate. For him, there is 6221-90 GOST.
Liquefied ammonia in vessels, nevertheless, it has a gaseous phase. Under pressure, both states of matter are in equilibrium.
In this case, the temperature must be below the critical one, as well as the pressure. If there are more than 132 degrees and 11 megapascals, the balance will be disturbed.
The coefficient of volumetric compression of a substance is several times less than its coefficient of expansion.
If the vessel is filled to the top, an increase in temperature can result in a pressure of 52 megapascals.
This is enough to break the metal seams of the containing vessel. Accordingly, there will be an explosion.
From ammonia concentrate you can get ammonia solution any intensity. Although, the waterless version also comes in handy for humanity.
For example, it is one of the fertilizers. In addition, only hydrogen is present in the substance. The last 3 atoms, that is, the gas formula is as follows: - NH 3.
This hydrogen content is the reason for the excellent solubility of ammonia in water. Other gases cannot boast of this.
Strong hydrogen bonds form between ammonia and water. The more saturated the solution, the greater its dissolving properties.
According to them, the substance competes with ethyl alcohol, with the only difference being that the latter is of organic origin.
So, aqueous ammonia, as well as a concentrate, are capable of dissolving metals of alkali and alkaline earth groups.
The reaction results in dark blue liquids. This is the result of valence electron ionization and solvation.
The latter concept denotes an electrostatic contact between the molecules of dissolved metals and ammonia.
From ammonia smell of ammonia comes out of nowhere. The agent is an aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide.
That is, ammonia is ammonia alcohol. Ammonium hydroxide is also found in urine, as well as in organic decomposition products.
That is why, for example, rotting masses from the bottom of swamps smell unpleasant. They decompose the remains of plants, fish,.
In the same ponds, ammonia naturally mixes with water. An OH group is present in the solution.
This means that the mixture is capable of an alkaline reaction, is a weak base. Dissolves the hero and alcohol. Ammonia not accidentally mixed with it in ammonia.
In concentrated form, hydrogen nitride strongly refracts light, that is, changes the direction of its rays.
Another curious property of the hero of the article is boiling at sub-zero temperatures. Should be around 34 below zero.
If you lower the temperature to 78 degrees, the liquid will completely harden. It turns out whitish flakes, similar to snow. substances have a regular, symmetrical shape.
Ammonia mining
Ammonia production reduced to 100,000,000 tons annually. Approximately the same amount of chlorine is extracted. At the same time, ammonia is less toxic.
In the specified ammonia volume includes a substance extracted from natural sources of nitrogen, and synthesized under conditions.
The industrial method is based on the combination of hydrogen and nitrogen. Ammonia of them is obtained at a temperature not lower than 500 degrees Celsius.
Another condition: - pressure of 350 atmospheres. You can't do without a catalyst. It accelerates a sluggish reaction without entering into it itself.
The role of the catalyst is usually performed by spongy. Of the more expensive assistants, oxide is chosen, or.
The final yield of the product during the interaction of simple substances is approximately 30-35%.
This is the maximum, subject to the lowest possible temperature and highest pressure. It is this duet that ensures the effectiveness of the reaction.
However, at the lower temperature bar, the process speed decreases. If you turn on the heat, you will partially remain without ammonia but you will get it faster.
The synthetic method for the production of ammonia leaves practically no chance for its extraction in nature from the decay products of organic matter. This process is long.
Ammonia formed, but quickly volatilizes. Gas rarely enters the traps of the earth's crust.
Usually, ammonia evaporates little by little, which makes natural deposits illiquid.
Application of ammonia
Application substances in the agricultural sector have already been mentioned. Now, let's move on to the beauty industry, remembering about ammonia for hair.
Here we recall that the solution of a substance is a weak alkali. Hence the appointment: - to provide alkaline Ph paints, in the region of 10.
Such an environment contributes to the swelling of the hair, which triggers the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide.
The latter is a clarifier, therefore, it is necessarily used in shades of blond.
Exists ammonia free paint. However, manufacturers are partially cunning. Instead of a pure substance, its derivatives are used.
They also raise Ph to an alkaline level, but are more expensive. Accordingly, and ammonia-free hair dye requires costs.
However, consumers are ready for them in order to save their hair. The fact is that pure ammonia opens the pores of the hair more strongly.
They begin to resemble a sponge, the surface of which can only be smoothed out with expensive silicone cosmetics that fill voids.
From food expressed alkali -. For its manufacture, also directed ammonia synthesis.
It is also produced to obtain nitrogen acids. Ammonia converted to nitric oxide.
The latter is oxidized to dioxide. Then, the oxides are absorbed by water. That's how they get it.
Ammonia formula, as already mentioned, underlies the creation of explosive substances.
The substance is also needed in the production of refrigeration equipment. Its action is based on the evaporation of liquefied gas. At the same time, a lot of heat is absorbed, which, in fact, provides coolness.
In jewelry, ammonia was also involved. It is used to clean products from after polishing with paste.
Mankind's need for ammonia reflects the trend in its production. Even 30 years ago, 70,000,000 tons of reagent were formed per year.
Now, as mentioned in the “Production” chapter, it is 100,000,000. Only the leaders of production have not changed. This is still the USA and, now,.
In reference books of past years, naturally, the USSR appears. That the cost of the substance has changed, and there is no need to guess. Let's get acquainted with the current price tag for ammonia.
Ammonia price
buy ammonia can be wholesale and retail. Large deliveries are carried out, as a rule, in tons.
For 1000 kilograms they ask from 19,000 rubles. Small enterprises are ready to sell by the kilogram, asking for about 30 rubles.
At retail, kilograms are rarely offered, tons are not offered at all. Let's study the price list of pharmacies, paying attention to ammonia.
Usually, it is poured into bottles of 40 milliliters. Such a volume costs from 15 to 31 rubles.
Interestingly, if there are bottles of 25 and 100 milliliters, they cost about the same, from 13 to 55 rubles.
At the same time, it is worth considering that the alcohol solution is 10 percent. Liquefied ammonia on wholesale deliveries is concentrated.
Therefore, industrialists have to think about the correct transportation of goods. There are special semi-trailers with tanks.
The age of containers should not exceed 30 years. The composition for tanks is also important, because ammonia dissolves many metals.
It is also necessary to take into account the pressure in the tank, the temperature. Therefore, next to the advertisements for the sale of the reagent, as a rule, there are also offers for the sale and rental of semi-trailers. You can't do without them.
ammonia. The molecules of this gas have the shape of a pyramid, at one of the vertices of which there is a nitrogen atom. They are formed by hydrogen bonds and are characterized by strong polarity. This explains the unusual ammonia: its melting point is about -80 degrees. It is highly soluble in water, alcohols and other organic solvents.
Application of ammonia
Ammonia plays an important role in industry. With its help, nitrogen fertilizers used in agriculture, nitric acid and even explosives are obtained. Ammonia, widely used by physicians, is also produced using ammonia. The pungent smell of this gas irritates the nasal mucosa and stimulates respiratory functions. Ammonia is used for fainting or alcohol poisoning. There is also an external use of ammonia in medicine. It is an excellent antiseptic, which surgeons treat their hands before operations.
Ammonia, as a decomposition product of ammonia, is used in soldering metals. At high temperatures, ammonia is obtained from ammonia, which protects the metal from the formation of an oxide film.
Ammonia poisoning
Ammonia is a toxic substance. Often at work, poisoning with this gas occurs, which is accompanied by suffocation, delirium and strong excitement. How can you help someone who is in this situation? First you need to rinse his eyes with water and put on a gauze bandage previously moistened with a weak solution of citric acid. Then it is necessary to remove it from the zone where a high concentration of ammonia is observed. Poisoning is possible at a concentration of about 350 mg/m³.
If ammonia comes into contact with the skin, immediately wash the affected areas with water. Depending on the amount of ammonia on the skin, severe redness or chemical burns with blisters may occur.
Plants that produce ammonia have stringent fire safety measures in place. The fact is that the mixture of ammonia and air is highly flammable. Containers where it is stored can easily explode when heated.
Chemical properties of ammonia
Ammonia reacts with many acids. As a result of this interaction, various ammonium salts are obtained. When reacting with polybasic acids, two types of salts are obtained (depending on the number of moles of ammonia).
In everyday life, ammonia is often used, but they call it both ammonia and ammonia, remaining in full confidence that this is the same thing.
In fact, these are different substances that differ from each other in their origin, state of aggregation and chemical formulas. These three different substances are related only by a sharp ammonia smell.
The smell is the same, but the substances are different
In order to once and for all be convinced that ammonia and ammonia are one and the same, it is enough to turn to the history of their origin and look at their chemical formulas.
Ammonia is hydrogen nitride, a gas with a molar mass of 17 g/mol, the chemical formula is NH3.
Ammonia or ammonia is a liquid with the chemical formula NH4OH.
Ammonia is a salt with the chemical formula - NH4Cl.
Origin of ammonia
The history of the discovery of natural gas ammonia has two legends. According to the first legend, near the temple of the Egyptian god Amon, where religious rites were performed, people sniffed a pair of camel excrement, from which they fell into a trance. These pairs were named "ammonia".
According to the second legend, in northern Africa, in the area of the oasis of Ammon, there was a crossroads of caravan routes. A huge number of animals passed there, the road was littered with their feces and plentifully watered with urine, which evaporated and released a gas that was called "ammonia".
As for the scientific discovery of a gas with the name "ammonia", it dates back to 1785. The chemical formula of the gas, NH3, was determined by the French scientist C. L. Berthollet and named it "ammonia".
But back in 1774, the English scientist D. Priestley received an identical gas, which he gave the name "alkaline air", but he could not deduce the chemical composition.
Ammonia (ammonia in Latin) is a colorless gas with a specific smell, lighter than air, chemically active, liquefies at a temperature of -33 C; dissolves well in water, has an alkaline reaction; interacts with hydrochloric acid and forms an ammonium salt: NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl, which decomposes when heated: NH4Cl = NH3 + HCl.
Ammonia is obtained in two ways - industrial and laboratory. In the laboratory method, ammonia is obtained by heating alkalis and ammonium salts:
- NH4Cl + KOH = NH3 + KCl + H2O;
- NH4 + + OH - = NH 3 + H2O.
In industrial conditions, ammonia is first produced in gaseous form, and then it is liquefied and brought to a 25% aqueous solution, which is called ammonia water.
The synthesis of ammonia is a very important chemical production, since ammonia is a fundamental element for many other chemical technologies and industries. Thus, ammonia is used in industrial refrigeration as a refrigerant; is a bleach in the processing and dyeing of fabrics; indispensable in the production of nitric acid, nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium salts, synthetic fibers - nylon and capron.
The industrial method for the synthesis of ammonia was invented in 1909 by the German chemist Fritz Haber. In 1918, for his discovery in chemistry, he received the Nobel Prize. The first ammonia plant was launched in 1913 in Germany, and in 1928 ammonia production was already established in Russia.
Origin of ammonia
Ammonia (Hammoniaci P. Sal) is a salt, the chemical formula is NH4Cl (ammonium chloride).
Ammonium chloride is of volcanic origin; found in hot springs, groundwater evaporation, in deposits of guano and native sulfur; Formed by burning coal seams or debris accumulations. It has the appearance of sagging, earthy deposits, crusts or massive skeletal crystalline accumulations, clusters and dendrites.
Pure ammonia is colorless or white, with a glassy sheen. Depending on the impurities present in it, the color can be all shades of yellow, brown, gray, different shades of red, brown.
When heated, ammonia is released from ammonia, it dissolves well in water. The solution tastes burning caustic - salty, the smell is sharp ammonia.
Ammonium chloride has been known to people since very ancient times and was used in ritual ceremonies, in the production and dyeing of fabrics, as well as by alchemists for soldering metals and melting gold.
In the Middle Ages, they learned how to get artificial ammonia from the horns and hooves of cattle, which was called the "spirit of a deer horn."
Origin of ammonia
Liquor ammonia caustici is its Latin name.
This is a 10% ammonia water solution with the chemical formula NH4OH; colorless transparent homogeneous mixture that can evaporate; with a specific smell of ammonia, which persists when frozen.
The mention of its use by Eastern alchemists dates back to the 8th century, and by European alchemists to the 13th century. Their records of the recipes they used have survived to this day.
Nowadays, they receive in an industrial and simple household way:
- in an industrial way, the synthesis is carried out from the gaseous state of hydrogen, nitrogen and air using certain catalysts, and then a water-alcohol solution is obtained, which has a sharp ammonia smell;
- a simple household method is based on diluting 25% ammonia water to a 10% solution.
Areas of use
The scope of ammonia and ammonia alcohol is wide, it is used in almost all spheres of human activity, from technological processes to medicine and domestic needs.
Application of ammonia
Ammonia is widely used as a refrigerant in various household and industrial equipment.
It is one of the most important products used in the chemical industry . In particular, it is used in the production of:
- ammonia;
- additives in building materials for use in frosty conditions;
- polymers, soda and nitric acid;
- fertilizers;
- explosives.
Use of ammonia alcohol
Ammonia alcohol is used in medicine and in everyday life.
Application in medicine is indicated in the following cases:
Use in everyday life consists in degreasing and cleaning various household utensils.
Alcohol solution at the rate of 2 tsp. for 2 cups of water and 1 tbsp. l. any dishwashing detergent can perfectly clean silverware, silver and gold jewelry (you cannot clean products with pearls with ammonia, it will become gray and cloudy). To do this, place silverware or jewelry in the solution, hold for 1 to 2 hours, then rinse in water and wipe dry.
It is good at removing blood, urine and sweat stains from wool, silk and lycra. A 50% solution is used as a stain remover. In concentrated form, it can remove pencil marks on clothes.
From carpets, upholstery and car covers, the heel can be removed with a solution of 1 tbsp. l. pure ammonia and 2 liters of hot water. To do this, clean the pollution and allow to dry. If necessary, you can re-clean.
Window glass, mirrors and faience can also be cleaned with a solution of 1 tbsp. l. pure ammonia and 3 tbsp. water. The surface will be clean and shiny.
Ammonia water 1 tbsp. l. in a mixture with 4 liters of water, stone deposits in the bath and washbasin can be cleaned. To do this, clean them with a solution, and then rinse with hot water.
Alcohol can be used in horticulture to control onion flies and aphids, and as a fertilizer for garden and indoor plants in acidic soil conditions.
Impact on a person
When using ammonia and ammonia, remember that that these are highly toxic substances and when using them, the dosage should be strictly observed and adhere to the terms of use.
If you intend to use ammonia, you must purchase it exclusively in pharmacies and carefully read the attached rules for using “Ammonia solution. Instructions for use".
Exceeding dosages can cause poisoning and serious health problems, as well as chemical burns. The rooms where it is used must be well ventilated.
In addition to toxicity, ammonia vapors are explosive. This happens when they are mixed with air in a certain proportion, so when working, special safety rules must be observed when working with explosives.
The first symptoms of poisoning may be:
- the appearance of red spots on the face and body;
- rapid breathing;
- general excitement.
Further signs of the development of poisoning are:
- the appearance of acute pain behind the sternum;
- convulsions;
- swelling of the larynx;
- spasm of the vocal cords;
- muscle weakness;
- circulatory disorders;
- semi-conscious state, up to loss of consciousness.
When ingesting ammonia water in excess doses, you may experience:
- diarrhea with false painful urges; burns of the esophagus, stomach and initial sections of the intestine;
- cough, lacrimation, salivation and sneezing;
- respiratory arrest of a reflex nature;
- vomiting with the smell of ammonia;
- taking ammonia alcohol in an amount of 10 to 15 grams. threatened with death.
If a person has an individual intolerance to the smell of ammonia, then even a slight ingestion of it through the respiratory tract or inside can immediately lead to the most adverse consequences.
If a person has a violation of the skin on the body in the form of weeping ulcers, eczema or dermatitis, then the use of lotions can lead to an even more extensive allergic reaction and burns of the skin.
First aid for poisoning
In cases of the first signs of poisoning with these substances, it is urgent to start providing first aid to the victim.
First aid measures include:
In case of more severe forms of poisoning, it is urgent to call an ambulance.
Ammonia alcohol is mandatory in first aid kits in first aid kits and should be at hand at the right time.
How much can it cost in pharmacies? The answer is very inexpensive. Get it, use it, but be extremely careful.
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