Biblical phraseology. Phraseologisms from holy sources

The article presents some biblical phraseological units - both well-known and those whose meanings can not explain everything. The Bible is by far one of the greatest books of all time. Its comprehension is an endless process that has been going on for many centuries. Today there are many schools whose representatives study this book, explain its content.

The Bible as a monument of literature

It must be said that the Bible is not only the banner of Christianity, “Holy Scripture”, a set of life rules. It is also a historical record and a great literary monument. The Bible (its ancient Greek text), translated into Old Church Slavonic, was known to our distant ancestors. The modern reader gets acquainted with the text already in Russian translation. However, both Russian and Old Slavonic variants are sources of stable combinations and aphorisms of the modern language.

Mythological and biblical phraseological units have firmly entered our life. Today in the Russian language there are more than 200 fixed expressions that are associated with the text of the holy book of Christians. Many biblical phraseological units were borrowed mainly from the Gospel. The adoration of the Magi, the parables of the foolish and clever virgins, the prodigal son, the beheading of I. the Baptist, the Judas kiss, the denial of Peter, the resurrection of Christ - this is not a complete list of fragments from the main holy book of Christians that are in everyday usage. Biblical phraseological units associated with these subjects are widespread; and their meaning and origin are known even to people far from religion. After all, these stories have been rethought by many writers, poets, artists, directors, etc. They left a big mark on world culture.

Let's take a look at some biblical phraseological units. You will find out what is the meaning and origin of each of them.

Beads to throw

Biblical phraseological units, examples of which are presented in the article, are used not only in oral speech. They are often referred to by quotations from the works of writers and poets, and sometimes the titles of the works themselves. For example, one of the novels of Hermann Hesse - This work was first published in 1943, and in 1946 the author received the Nobel Prize for him and other achievements in literature.

Surely the title of the novel makes you associate with the expression "throwing beads." It means "to pay attention to unworthy people, to be humiliated". If you show your innermost feelings and thoughts to those who are not able to appreciate, accept and understand them. The origin of this phraseological unit is biblical. We meet him in the Gospel of Matthew when it speaks of Christ's conversations with followers. In the Sermon on the Mount, which is considered “programmatic” in Christianity, it is said that you should not give “holy things to dogs”, and also you should not throw pearls in front of pigs, otherwise they will trample it with their feet and tear you to pieces.

You may ask: "Why beads and not pearls?" The fact is that small river pearls were called beads in Russia. It was mined by our ancestors in the northern rivers. After a while, beads began to call any small bone, glass and metal beads that were used for embroidery. Pearls were drilled, then strung on threads and used to decorate clothes. This is how one more expression (not biblical) appeared - "a beaded pattern".

To participate

This is what they say, in particular, about a person who has taken an active part in any business. This expression is evangelical in origin. One of the parables tells about a poor widow who put only 2 small coins while collecting donations. The word "coins" in Greek sounds like "mites". Despite the apparent modesty, her donation turned out to be more important and more than many rich gifts. After all, it was made from a pure heart. One who, without committing noticeable and grandiose deeds to everyone, makes his contribution to the common cause, acts honestly and sincerely.

Other biblical phraseological units are also very curious. The examples and their meaning will surely interest many. We offer you to get acquainted with one more expression.

Voice in the wilderness

From ancient times this expression came to us, denoting calls that were in vain and remained unanswered. The Bible talks about the prophet Isaiah. He cried out (cried out) to the Israelites from the wilderness, warning that God was coming, so a way had to be prepared for him. His words were then repeated by John the Baptist. He said them just before Jesus Christ came to him. In the Bible, therefore, this expression had a slightly different meaning than it does now. It was a call to heed the voice of truth, to listen.

People don't do this often. Therefore, the emphasis in circulation over time began to be placed on the futility and hopelessness of a call to someone.

Antediluvian times

In Russian, there are many expressions to denote prehistoric, ancient times: in time immemorial, under King Peas, a long time ago, during it... Another thing came from the Bible - in antediluvian times.

Of course, we are talking about the flood that God, angry with people, sent to the earth. The heavenly abyss opened and it began to rain. It lasted for 40 days and 40 nights, as the Bible says. The earth was flooded up to the highest mountains. Only Noah and his family managed to escape. This righteous man, by order of God, built Noah's ark - a special ship, where he placed all the birds and animals in pairs. After the flood ended, the earth was again populated by them.

Bury talent in the ground

This expression is used when talking about a person who does not develop natural abilities. He neglects what he is gifted with. Did you know that the word "talent" in this expression originally meant a monetary unit?

The Gospel parable tells how one man went to distant lands and distributed money to his slaves. He gave one of them 5 talents, the other 3, and the last one only. Returning from a journey, this man called his slaves and asked them to tell how they disposed of the gifts. It turned out that the first and the second made a profit by investing talents in the business. And the third slave just buried him in the ground. Of course, he saved money, but did not increase it. Needless to say who was condemned and who was praised by the owner?

Today this expression reminds us that we should use talents, gifts, reveal them. They must not perish within us without bearing fruit.

We have already examined 5 biblical phraseological units. Let's move on to the next one.

Egyptian executions

This expression is also found in the Bible when it tells how the Egyptian pharaoh for a long time did not agree to give freedom to the people living in the position of slaves in his country. According to tradition, God was angry with him for this. He sent 10 harsh punishments that consistently fell on the Prilion country. In Old Church Slavonic, "punishment" is "execution." They were as follows: the transformation of the water of the Nile into blood, the invasion of toads and various reptiles on Egypt, a lot of midges, the arrival of "dog" flies (especially evil), the death of livestock, a terrible epidemic that covered the entire population with boils, hail, which was interrupted by fiery showers. This was followed by darkness, which lasted for many days, the death of the first-born, not only among people, but also among livestock. Pharaoh, frightened by these calamities, allowed the enslaved people to leave Egypt. Today, "Egyptian execution" refers to any torment, grave calamity.

Manna from heaven

In modern Russian there is another interesting expression - wait like manna from heaven... It means to wait passionately and for a long time, while hoping only for a miracle. Indeed, the manna from heaven turned out to be a miracle. Thanks to her, a whole nation was saved from hunger.

The Bible tells us that the famine came when the Jews wandered in the wilderness for many years. People would have been doomed to death if manna from heaven had not suddenly begun to pour from heaven. What is it? It resembled modern semolina. The latter was named so in memory of the manna, which was given to the chosen people by God.

However, scientists today have established that there is an edible lichen in the desert. When it ripens, it cracks and then rolls up into balls. Many nomadic tribes used this lichen for food. Probably the wind brought these edible balls, which were described in the legend from the Bible. Despite this explanation, until now the expression "manna from heaven" means wonderful help, unexpected luck.

We continue to describe biblical phraseological units and their meanings. The origin of the next one is no less interesting.

Burning bush

Most likely, this beautiful image was borrowed by our ancestors from Hebrew traditions. In the Bible, "the burning bush" is a bush of thorns that burned without burning, since God himself appeared to Moses in his flame. We rarely use this image today. One of the options for its application is when you need to portray a person who is “on fire” in any business (for example, at work), but does not lose strength, becomes more active and cheerful.

Thirty pieces of silver

Judas Iscariot is considered the most despicable traitor in history. He was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. This man betrayed the teacher for only 30 pieces of silver, that is, for 30 silver coins. That is why such an expression in our time is understood as "the price of blood", "the price of betrayal." Many other allegorical words and phraseological units of biblical origin are based on the same legend. The very name "Judas" is used to denote a traitor. And "the kiss of Judas" refers to the concept of treacherous affection, hypocritical and insidious flattery.

These biblical phraseological units and their meanings have long been used in fiction. When Saltykov-Shchedrin, a famous Russian satirist, endowed one of his characters, Golovlev Porfiry Vladimirovich, with all sorts of negative traits - a predator, a hypocrite, a hypocrite, a rhetoric, a torturer, etc. - it was clear that the prototype of this hero was Judas Iscariot. It is no coincidence that Golovlev was nicknamed Judas and his own brothers.

There is an opinion that the phrase "shakes like an aspen leaf" is associated with stories about this biblical character. Repented, the traitor hanged himself on the branch of this particular tree. So it was defiled. Now the aspen is supposedly destined to tremble forever.

From Pontius to Pilate

This expression is one of many ancient ones based on error. According to legend, when Jesus was captured and put on trial, neither Herod (the Jewish king) nor Pontius Pilate (the Roman governor) wanted to take responsibility for the execution. On several occasions they directed Jesus to each other under different pretexts. One could put it in such a way that Christ was "driven from Herod to Pilate." However, our ancestors were confused by the fact that Pontius Pilate was like the names of two Romans, although such names were quite natural. There were such historical characters as Julius Caesar, Septimius Sever, Sergius Catilica. In the heads of our ancestors, Pilate was divided into 2 people - “Pilate” and “Pontius”. And then the story itself was confused. This gave rise to the idea that Christ was passed on "from Pontius to Pilate." Today, these words act as a derisive definition of red tape, when people are driven from boss to boss, instead of solving the case.

doubting Thomas

We have already described 10 phraseological units of biblical origin. Many of those that we did not talk about are worthy of attention, but only a few can be presented within the framework of one article. The following expression simply cannot be missed - it is widely used, and its origins are quite interesting.

Very often we hear the phrase: "Oh, you, unbelieving Thomas!" It has become so familiar that we sometimes do not pay any attention to it when we say it ourselves or hear from someone. Have you ever wondered where it came from? Do you know who Thomas is? It is believed that we are talking about one of the 12 apostles whom Jesus Christ chose for himself. Thomas stood out for being distrustful of everything and everyone.

However, there are not one, but two initial versions of the origin of this expression. The first of these appeared in ancient Jerusalem even before Jesus chose Thomas as his apostle.

Thomas had a brother named Andrey. He once saw Jesus walking on water and told Thomas about it. As the future apostle did not believe him. Then Andrew invited him to go with him and ask Jesus to walk on the water again. They went to Christ. He repeated his miracle. Foma had no choice but to admit his own wrong. It was from this time that he began to be called Thomas the unbeliever.

The second version is considered more significant. After the crucifixion of Jesus and his subsequent resurrection, as stated in the Bible, Thomas was not there when Christ appeared to the apostles. Those, having met him, told him what had happened. However, Thomas did not believe it. He said that he would not believe until he saw the nail wounds on Jesus' hands himself and put his finger in those wounds. The second time, when the Savior appeared before his apostles already in the presence of Thomas, Christ invited him to do this. You probably guessed that Thomas after this believed in the resurrection.

The meaning of biblical phraseological units

Of course, these are not all biblical phraseological units. There are a great many of them, we have told only about a few of them. Phraseologisms of biblical origin, as you can see, are still widely used in the language. And this is not surprising, because the Bible is one of the most important books in the history of mankind. She greatly influenced the development of many areas of life. The language did not stand aside either. It includes numerous phraseological units of biblical origin. Examples and their meaning are still being studied by linguists. And writers and poets draw inspiration from biblical stories. For example, a collection that includes poems about revolution and war is called "The Burning Bush".

Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Gogol, Anton Chekhov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Alexander Pushkin ... Mythological and biblical phraseological units are found in the works of each of them. Probably, there is no such Russian writer in whose works it would be impossible to find a single biblical phrase.

What other phraseological units do you know of biblical origin? You can leave examples of them in the comments to this article.

MBOU "Alekseevskaya OOSh"

Bavlinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan

Research topic:

"Phraseologisms,

come into the language from the Bible "

Completed

8th grade students

Gerasimova Milena

Zinnatshina Anastasia

supervisor

teacher of Russian language

and literature

Osipova Svetlana Nikolaevna

2018 year

Introduction

I.

1.1. What are phraseological units

1.2. Groups of phraseological units

1.3. Sources of phraseological units

II. Practical part

III... Conclusion

IV... Literature

Introduction

Relevance of the topic, goal, object, subject, hypothesis, research objectives.

The Russian language is very rich in fixed expressions, phraseological units. They make our speech brighter, more precise, emotional and expressive. Phraseologisms are living witnesses of the past, their knowledge enriches our mind, makes it possible to better comprehend the language and use it more consciously.

Understanding of stable expressions, as well as their correct use in speech, is considered one of the indicators of the perfection of speech skills and a high level of language culture.The richer a person's vocabulary, the more interesting and vividly he expresses his thoughts

Mastering phraseology is a prerequisite for profound mastery of the language, its secrets and wealth.

The sooner we begin to comprehend the secrets of our native language, the faster and deeper we will be able to master and comprehend the national culture. Hto achieve fluency in the language, you must have a sufficient vocabulary, of which phraseology is a part.Hence the interest in research in this area.

Research problem:

The concept of phraseological units as a stable combination of words, the frequency of use of phraseological units in modern speech, the emergence of phraseological units (the Bible as one of the sources).

Object of study:

Section of the Russian language dealing with the study of phraseological units. The Bible as one of the sources of phraseological units and their use in the works of Russian writers.

Hypothesis:

It is assumed that the concept of "phraseological unit", knowledge about the origin of phraseological expressions and their types are not familiar to many 7th grade students. Despite this, phraseological units are used quite often in speech.

Research objectives:

Study the concept of phraseological unit (definitions from dictionaries, textbooks, other sources);

To study the types of phraseological units (opinions of different scientists linguists);

Consider the issue of the emergence of phraseological units (the history of the origin of phraseological units: where? When? Who first applied it and for what reason);

Study the meaning of some phraseological units from the Bible.

Practical part:

A) analysis of examples from literary works (The use of phraseological units in the works of Russian and foreign writers);

B) questionnaire "The meaning of the concept of phraseological units and the use of phraseological units in oral and written speech";

C) presentation “Use of phraseological units. Lexical meaning of phraseological units ”.

Phraseologisms that came to language from the Bible

1.1 What are phraseological units

When starting research in the field of phraseology, it is necessary to define the concept of phraseological unit. We reviewed several sources: dictionaries, textbooks, Internet portals.

This is the definition given in the "Humanitarian Dictionary" (2002)

Phraseologism (phraseological unit, phraseological turnover) - a stable phrase that has a certain lexical meaning, constant component composition and the presence of grammatical categories. Phraseologism arises and develops in the language by rethinking specific word combinations.

The Bible is one of the greatest books on earth. Comprehending it is an endless process that has lasted for many centuries. There are many schools that study the Bible and explain its content,

The Bible is not only “sacred scripture,” the banner of Christianity, a set of life rules, “a manifestation of the highest spiritual value,” but also a historical record, an outstanding literary monument. The ancient Greek text of the Bible was translated into Old Church Slavonic. The text of the Slavic Bible is already known to the modern reader in Russian translation. But both the Old Church Slavonic and the Russian variants are in parallel sources of phraseological units, stable combinations, aphorisms of the modern Russian literary language.

These are lexical units known to many:if the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed; you need to eat in order to live, not live in order to eat; the dog barks - the wind carries; no matter how feed the wolf, it still looks into the forestand etc.

In modern Russian, more than two hundred stable expressions are known, one way or another connected with the text of the Bible. There are especially many phraseological units from the New Testament, especially from the Gospel. The Annunciation and the Nativity of Christ, the adoration of the Magi, the beheading of John the Baptist, the parable of the prodigal son, the clever and stupid virgins, the healing of Lazarus and the casting out of demons, the story of the feeding of thousands with a few loaves of bread, The Last Supper, Judas kiss, 30 pieces of silver, the denial of Peter, the way of the cross and the crucifixion, the resurrection and ascension of Christ - this is not a complete list of those fragments from the Holy Scriptures that are in our everyday usage.

Here and there we hear:

stumbling block,

many are called, few are chosen.

Judas kiss

sing Lazarus

foundation stone,

not of this world

salt of the earth,

stones cry

and many others

What do these phraseological units mean, what meaning do they carry? Let's try to figure it out.

1.2 Groups of phraseological units

Phraseologisms of biblical origin have three sources, according to which they can be divided into three groups:

New Testaments borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, more precisely from the version of the New Testament, which has been in circulation since the introduction of Christianity in Russia to this day. These phraseological phrases are quotes from the Gospels, the Acts of the Holy Apostles and other books of the New Testament, written in the Old Church Slavonic language. This is a fairly numerous group of phraseological units, such as, for example, hungry and thirsty (truth); choose the good part; into flesh and blood; faith without works is dead; demanding hail; power and those who hold, at the forefront, in many words there is no salvation, to the doctor! he himself was healed, every good deed, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, burnt tombs, may this cup pass from me, his anger prevails for the day; hedgehog letters, letters; a sign of the times, etc.

proper Russian New Testaments, which are quotations from the Biblical texts. Phraseological turns from the New Testament relating to this group are quotations from the Russian text of the Bible. These are such phraseological units as: to throw a stone (at someone); he who takes a sword with a sword will die; painted coffins; reaps where he did not sow; from Nazareth, can there be anything good ?; what is Caesar's to Caesar (but God's to God); With what measure you measure, it will be measured to you also; to whom little is forgiven, he loves little, etc.

This group includes numerous phraseological phrases that have arisen in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations by rethinking them. Such, for example, are the turnovers of the barren fig tree; the Babylonian harlot; prodigal son; log in the eye; faith moves mountains (moves); whoever comes to us with a sword will perish by the sword; to participate; the widow's mite; Wolf in sheep's clothing; by letter and spirit; lost sheep; bury (your) talent (in the ground); a book sealed with seven seals; go but Golgotha \u200b\u200b(to the cross); massacre of the innocents; expel from the temple; end of the world; dead letter; carry (your) cross, etc.

1.3. Sources of the emergence of phraseological units

Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language. Already from the end of the 18th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (catch phrases, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings). Even MV Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for the dictionary of the Russian literary language, pointed out that it should include "phrases", that is, turns, expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

Until the 40s of the 20th century in the works of Russian linguists. The creation of a basis for the study of stable word combinations in the modern Russian literary language belongs to Academician V.V. Vinogradov. The name of Vinogradov is associated with the emergence of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in Russian science. Currently, phraseology continues to develop.

Sources of phraseological units.

The emergence of phraseological units of the primordially Russian character is closely connected with the life of the people, its history, way of life, beliefs, and the general development of the nation.

A number of Russian phraseological units are associated with the way of life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. A vivid example of phraseological units of the named type can serve as phraseological units: to bring to the surface (whom) - “to expose, to solve a crime”; as if dropped into water - “a dull, sad person”; went through fire, water and copper pipes - "about an experienced, experienced person." These phraseological units go back to the following custom of the ancient Slavs: people suspected of crimes were tested by fire and water; the above-mentioned expressions were kept in the language about these tests. Oral folk art is also one of the sources of the appearance of phraseological units.

Of fabulous origin, such, for example, phraseological units: the beaten unbeaten is lucky, Kashchei the Immortal. Many phraseological units were formed from proverbs: grandmother said in two (Grandmother wondered and said in two: either rain, or snow, or it will or not), bite elbows (close an elbow, but you won’t bite), chase two hares (chase two hares - you won't catch a single one), the wolf regretted the mare - “about imaginary pity” from the proverb: The wolf took pity on the mare, left his tail and mane; without a king in the head - "a frivolous person" from the proverb: Svoy.mind - a king in the head.

A significant layer of Russian phraseology are expressions associated with Russian ancient crafts. So, for example, the phraseological units “without a knot, without a hitch,” to remove shavings, etc., from the carpenters, are derived from the cobblers.

The speech of fishermen and hunters was reflected in the phraseological units “to catch a fish in troubled water”, “to fall for the bait” and others. So, marine phraseological unit to give the ends - "to sail from the coast" began to be used in the meaning of "to leave, to leave."

Russian phraseology also reflected the details of Russian life, for example: to sip soup with bast shoes, not eating salty. From Russian games the phraseological units “play hide and seek”, “they don’t beat the lying one” originate.

The works of Russian writers also contributed a lot to Russian phraseology.

Quite a lot of phraseological units came to us from the fables of I.A. Krylov. Here are some of them: “but things are still there”, “and Vaska listens and eats”, I didn’t notice the elephant (I. Krylov) - “not to notice the main thing”; monkey labor (I. Krylov) - "vain, fussy labor";

Over time, some phraseological units leave the language, that is, they become obsolete, others come to replace them. For example, earlier the phraseological unit was often used to shave the forehead, which meant “to take into the army, into the soldiers”. In our time, young people are also drafted into the army, but “they don’t shave their foreheads,” therefore the phraseological unit is outdated.

New phraseological units reflect the events of our life. Each significant event in life is reflected in Russian phraseology: for example, the development of space flights gave birth to the phraseological unit "to enter orbit" - "to achieve success."

The meaning of some phraseological units.

Words live and live separately from each other, and each word has its own lexical meaning. And at some point, these words merge into one indivisible combination, the words suddenly lose their former meanings, becoming a phraseological unit.Many phraseological units were born and are actively used in literary works of great Russian poets, writers, works of oral folk art.

The forbidden fruit is something tempting, desirable, but forbidden and inaccessible.

It arose from the biblical story about the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, the fruits of which God forbade Adam and Eve to eat. Adam's apple - A hard eminence on the throat of people, especially prominent in men, the upper part of the Adam's apple. According to the biblical legend about the fall of the first created people: a part of the forbidden fruit (apple) was stuck in Adam's throat. Cain's Seal (Brand)- the stigma of the crime; imprint, trace, external signs of crime. According to the biblical legend about the eldest son of Adam and Eve, who killed his brother and whom God cursed and put a sign so that none of the people would kill him. Dove of peace - From the story of the Flood. The dove, released by Noah from the ark, brought him an olive leaf, as evidence that the flood was over, dry land appeared, God's wrath was replaced by mercy. Since then, the dove with an olive branch has become a symbol of reconciliation. Golden Taurus - The omnipotent power of money.While Moses communicated with God in seclusion on Mount Sinai, some believers betrayed their leader. They made a calf for their new idol, which they themselves cast out of pure gold. But when the prophet returned, a cruel punishment awaited the apostates. Phrase "Lost sheep" denotes a good person who accidentally went astray. There is a parable in the Bible that a man had a flock of sheep, one of them got lost and disappeared. The owner, who was dear to every animal, left the herd and went to look for her. Finding it, he brought her home on his shoulders. Later this expression “lost sheep” became allegorical. So they began to call people who have gone astray from the righteous path. Bury talent in the ground- talk about a person who could not use the abilities given to him and develop them. According to the biblical legend, talent was called a coin, or rather, a measure of the weight of precious metals. The Gospel parable says that when leaving, one man left money for his slaves. Two slaves put the money into business, but the third buried his talent in the ground. The owner returned. Then the first slave gave him 10 talents, the second gave 4 talents, and the third gave the same 1 talent. Since then, the expression has gone to bury talent in the ground. Regardless of faces- regardless of someone else's position, to perform certain actions. This is a call not to be hypocritical, not to grovel (to grovel) in front of superiors. The ancient Greeks, among other gods, worshiped Themis - the goddess of order and justice. She was always depicted with a blindfold over her eyes, symbolizing the impartiality with which she judges the accused: whoever appears before the goddess, she will judge her judgment fairly, impartially, that is, regardless of faces. Valaam's donkey-a silent and submissive person who suddenly spoke up, protested.The expression arose from the biblical story of Balaam, whose donkey once spoke in human language, protesting against the beatings. Scapegoat - ha person who is responsible for the guilt of others. According to the biblical tradition, the ancient Jews had a ritual: on a special day of forgiveness, the high priest laid his hands on the head of a living goat, thereby transferring the sins of his people to it. After that, the goat was driven into the desert.

Manna from heaven - something good, desired, as a rule, expected for nothing, for free.Food that God fed Moses and his fellow tribesmen during 40 years of wanderings after the Exodus from Egypt. When the Jews ran out of all the bread they had taken with them from Egypt, God sent them food that looked like little white grains or looked like small hail. Manna covered the ground around the Jewish camp in the morning during their journey every day except Saturday. To participate-make a contribution that you can. Lepta is a small copper coin. The Gospel describes a case when Jesus made a special mention of the donation of a poor widow, which was two mites: “... and said: Truly I say to you that this poor widow gave the most; for all those out of their abundance put it as a gift to God, but out of her poverty she put in all her food that she had. " Wolf in sheep's clothing- a person who hides evil goals under the guise of virtue.Often evil and cunning people pretend to be good and good in order to confuse the gullible and use this weakness for their own purposes.
The Gospel of Matthew contains the following words: "Beware of false censurers: they come to you in sheep's clothing, but inside they are ravening wolves." Bury your talent in the ground -and nopely - to leave knowledge, experience, abilities, talent unused; do not develop, do not apply them, do not use them.

The expression passed into our speech from the biblical parable (moralizing story) about a certain slave who, having received a talent from his master (the ancient peoples called the largest monetary unit), did not use it, but buried it in the ground. When the master asked the slave what he had used his talent for, the slave replied: “Master! I knew you that you are a cruel man: you reap where you did not sow and gather where you did not scatter, and fearing, went and hid your talent in the ground; here's yours! "

In modern language, the word "talent" has acquired a new meaning: talent, ability.

Beat the thumbs - mess around. Where did this expression come from? It turns out that initially it meant "to split, break an aspen block into thumbs (lumps) for making spoons, ladles out of them, that is, to perform very simple work."
It is written with a pitchfork on the water - unlikely, doubtful, hardly possible event.In Slavic mythology, pitchforks were called mythical creatures living in reservoirs. They supposedly could predict fate by recording it on the water. According to another version, pitchfork in some Russian dialects means “circles”. During divination by water, pebbles were thrown into the river and, according to the shape of the circles formed on the surface of the water, their intersections and sizes predicted the future. And since the predictions rarely came true, then “it was written on the water with a pitchfork” began to talk about an unlikely event.
Ivan, not remembering kinship , - a person with no beliefs or traditions.
Now it is difficult to meet a person who would not remember his name and surname. But in Russia there was a time when this was covered. Serfs who fled from the landowner, fugitives from penal servitude and other "passportless vagabonds", falling into the hands of the police, preferred not to give their name and origin. To all questions, they answered that their name was Ivan, and they did not remember the relationship. The officials wrote them down in books, sometimes giving the surname "Besfamilny". Lawyers have even developed such a term: "not remembering kinship", and among the people all who renounced their relatives, friends and old connections, began to be called "Ivans who do not remember kinship."
Nick down - good to remember... Not quite a pleasant procedure, is it? In this case, the nose is a wooden stick that illiterate people carried as a "notebook". When they wanted to remember something, they made special notches on this stick.
Kazan orphan - a person who pretends to be unhappy in order to arouse the sympathy of pitiful people.The expression is similar to 1552, when Tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered the Kazan kingdom. The rich Kazan began to cross over to his side, converting to Christians in order to preserve their wealth. The tsar welcomed this, rewarded richly and took it with him to Moscow. The people mockingly called such people “Kazan orphans”: at court they were poor, trying to get as many awards and “salaries” as possible.
Shout at all Ivanovskaya - screaming very loudly.This expression is associated with the Moscow Kremlin. The square in the Kremlin, on which the Ivan the Great bell tower stands, was called Ivanovskaya. On this square, special people - clerks - announced decrees, orders and other documents concerning the inhabitants of Moscow and the entire people of Russia. So that everyone could hear well, the clerk read very loudly, shouted throughout Ivanovskaya.
It is written on the forehead. If they say about a person that it is written on his forehead, then it is usually implied that nothing good can be written there. This expression appeared under Elizaveta Petrovna, who in 1746 ordered the foreheads of criminals to be branded, so that they "would be different from other kind and unsuspecting people." This is the origin of the expressionstigmatize and hardened criminal .
Unsolonally slurping - to be deceived in their expectations, hopes, not to achieve what they want.

Stay with your nose - be left with nothing... The nose has a completely different meaning - from the word burden, to carry. A person was left with a nose if his offering (usually a bribe) was not accepted.
Wash the bones - discuss a person.The expression is known to everyone from childhood and is interesting because it is, perhaps, one of the most ancient idioms of the Russian language. In this case, we are talking about a forgotten rite of reburial: three years after the death of the deceased, they were removed from the grave, cleared of decay from the bones and buried again. This action was accompanied by memories of the deceased, an assessment of his character, deeds and actions. This rite was well known back in the XII century, as evidenced by the lines from "The Lay of Igor's Campaign": "Who will wash your relics?" ("Lament of Yaroslavna").
Pull the wool over someone's eyes - create a false impression of their capabilities.

Side burn - superfluous, unnecessary, not directly related to anyone or anything.

Ate the dog - characteristic of a person who has rich experience in any business.In fact, this expression initially bore a pronounced ironic character, since is the first part of a sayinghe ate the dog, and choked on his tail.That is, she was talking about a person who did a difficult job, and stumbled over a trifle.
Down the sleeves - work poorly, carelessly, reluctantly.Old Russian clothing had long sleeves that went down to the ground. Therefore, during work, I had to pick them up, roll them up. This is where the expression “work with your sleeves rolled up,” that is, good, came from here.
Filkin's certificate - invalid document... The expression appeared under Ivan the Terrible. This is how the tsar called the incriminating messages of his enemy, Metropolitan Philip Kolychev.
Inside out - quite the opposite, inside out.These are harmless words at present. And there was a time when they associated with shameful punishment. The caught thief was dressed in clothes turned inside out and led in this form to account. At the time of Ivan the Terrible, the guilty boyar, wearing an inverted fur coat, was put on a horse, facing the tail. In this form, the punished boyar was taken throughout the city. This explains the saying: "All topsy-turvy and backwards - in front."

Description of the practical part of the study

Results of the questionnaire on the topic "Phraseologisms in our speech"

After studying the theoretical part, it was very interesting to find out whether the pupils of 6-9 grades of our school and their parents are familiar with the concept of "phraseological unit", what phraseological units they know, whether they use them in speech. We have developed questionnaires for students in grades 6-9 and their parents (see Appendix). 21 students took part in the survey.

To the question: "Do you know what phraseological units are?" answered:

- "yes" - 17 students (85%);

- "no" - 4 students (15%).

To the question: "What phraseological units do you know?" 16 people (76%) listed more than one stable word combination. The expressions most often called “slipshod "- 14 students (60%), "To beat the thumbs up" -11 study (56).

19 students use phraseological units in their speech (90%). The following phraseological units were listed: neither light nor dawn, hungry as a wolf, get up on the wrong foot, make an elephant out of a fly, rack your brains, etc.

Thirteen parents of students took part in the survey.

To the question: "What phraseological units do you know?" answered 10 people (76%). They named from three to ten phraseological units.

To the question: "What phraseological units do you often use in your speech?" 3 people (22%) answered that they do not use; 10 people (88%) named more than two phraseological units. Examples of commonly used phraseological units:like a fish on ice, get out of the water dry, an apple has nowhere to fall, like snow on its head, fell from the moon, was born in a shirt, seven Fridays a week, wash dirty linen out of the hut, make porridge, the devil will break his leg, etc.

In this way, we found that most of the survey participants (82%) know phraseological units and use them in their speech (74%) (see.Diagram 1)

Diagram 1. Results of the survey

At the same time, the survey showed that there are guys who are not familiar with the concept of "phraseological unit", some students cannot name them or know very few stable word combinations and, as a result, do not use them in speech. However, students in grades 6, 7 in their answers did not name a single phraseological unit of a biblical nature.

Conclusion

In general, we can conclude , that the Russian language actively borrows expressions from the Bible, regardless of whether they are used in a direct or metaphorical sense. The consciousness of the Russian person accepts them ready-made or rethinks them, giving them new meanings. We have already mentioned some cases of such rethinking. Other examples can be cited.

List of used literature and Internet resources

1. Molotkov A.I. Fundamentals of Russian phraseology. - L .: Nauka, 1977 .-- 248p.

2. Vvedenskaya, L. A., Baranov, M. T. "Russian word". - M: "Education", 1983. - p. 122 - 140.

3. Zhukov, A. V., Zhukov, V. P. “School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language”. - "Education", 1989.

4. Ozhegov, S. I. "Dictionary of the Russian language". - M: "Russian language", 1984.

5. Plenkin, N. A. "Stylistics of the Russian language in high school." - M: "Education", 1975. - p. 40 - 41.

6. Textbook N.M. Shansky "The degree of semantic fusion of phraseological turns" (1985, pp. 56-65).

7. Russian language : A great reference book for schoolchildren and those entering universities / O. F. Vakurova, T. M. Voteleva, K. A. Voilova et al. - M.: Drofa, 2004) 8. Brief reference book of the Russian language (edited by Lecant), pp. 377-378.

10.Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M .: Soviet encyclopedia, 1966 .-- 607 p.

11.Vartanyan E.A. From the life of words. - M .: Detgiz. 1960 .-- 240 p.

12. Phraseological dictionary. Edited by A.I. Molotkov. - M. "Russian language", 1986 - 543 p.

13. Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist. Compiled by M.V. Panov.-M: Pedagogy, 1984.-352 p., Ill.

Attachment 1

Questionnaire "Phraseologisms in our speech" (for students)

Do you know what "phraseological units" are? well no

What phraseological units do you know? __________

What phraseological units do you use in of his speech?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questionnaire "Phraseologisms in our speech" (for parents)

Dear Parents! We are conducting research on the topic

"Phraseologisms".

Please answer the questionnaire.

What phraseological units do you know? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What phraseological units do you often use in of his speech?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thank you very much for participating in the survey!

MBOU Secondary School No. 13 named after E. D. Baltin in Smolensk

Russian language and literature teacher

Lebed Oksana Stanislavovna

Open lesson in grade 6 on the topic

"Phraseologisms

biblical

origin "

Objectives:

To acquaint students with some phraseological units of biblical origin, with their history, with their modern sound and meaning, use in speech.

To develop skills of oral speech, expressive reading, skills of independent work with literature, generalization skills.

To foster attention and interest in the Bible, spiritual literature, to the cultural and spiritual heritage of ancestors, to foster the best moral qualities on the example of biblical heroes, to foster and develop an aesthetic feeling.

Equipment: audio cassette with bell ringing, stand "Christian motives in language and literature", "Phraseologisms of Biblical origin", stand with illustrations from the Old Testament and the New Testament, map of the "Kingdom of the world in the time of Christ", the Bible and other spiritual literature.

DURING THE CLASSES

Teacher's introduction (about the tasks and purposes of the lesson), a few words about the Bible.

Work on mastering the topic

Teacher's word:

There are many words, expressions that we use in everyday speech. But we don't even know how ancient they are, that they came from the depths of centuries, and the age of some of them is about two thousand years. Many words and phrases have biblical roots, and it is often difficult to guess their original meaning. Let's remember that phraseological units are stable turns of language, which, like words, are not created, but reproduced in speech. Today we will talk about phraseological units of biblical origin. There are several dozen of them. Some of them are familiar to everyone, some we learn about for the first time. Here are twelve phraseological units that we will be working with today. They need to be guessed by completing the task: name the second part of the expression (the teacher calls the first part, the children remember the second), write down in a notebook in a column.

The last four expressions are not named.

Then, after writing in notebooks, the children check what was written on the stand (the teacher opens the previously closed entry, but leaves the last four expressions closed)

Teacher: Once upon a time all phraseological units had a direct meaning, were associated with biblical subjects, and now they have acquired a secular meaning, sometimes even ironic.

For example, the expression "Manna from heaven".

Checking students' homework and collective work on mastering phraseological units.

The disciple's story about the expression is heard (parable "Manna from Heaven": about how the Lord endowed the Israelites who followed him with heavenly bread, similar to semolina. Manna was given to people without difficulty. But in reality, manna (cereal or flour) was produced by the plant. Manna was suitable for making bread). Students' recording of the meaning of the expression (Manna from heaven is a kind of blessing that was given without difficulty).

Why does the expression now have a somewhat ironic meaning?

Teacher. Nothing is given to us now just like manna from heaven used to be, but for Christ it cost nothing to give this food to people, to those who followed him, believing him, listening to his instructions, teachings, parables. Here is one of them.

Reading to prearranged students the parable of the house built on sand.

The expression after listening must be indicated (Holy gospel from Matthew, chapter 7, verse 24-27)

If children find it difficult, we turn to a drawing depicting a crumbling house that stands on the sand.

An expression record is also opened at the stand. We write down the expression itself and its meaning in a notebook, which we try to explain collectively. ("House (built) on the sand" - doing a doomed deed in advance, an unsuccessful, empty deed).

Teacher: And let nothing in your life be a house on the sand, as well as not a single word of God, parental, teacher. After all, no word will remain powerless with God (referring to the saying of the New Testament, written on the stand).

This is what Christ wanted, so that his word would not be powerless, but this is what the powerful of that world feared, fearing the overthrow of the government. Therefore, Christ was seized, brought to Caesar, the famous Pontius Pilate, and an interrogation took place - a conversation.

Listening to two boys (about the dialogue between Pilate and Christ, who said that he did not want to destroy the temple of God, but to build the temple of Truth, that for this he was sent by his heavenly father, that he is not of this world).

Teacher: What expression that became winged did Christ utter. What does it mean now?

Writing a phraseological unit (its meaning) (“not of this world” - to be different from everyone, to be different from everyone, to feel aloof).

We often call people that step ahead of everyone, see more, understand more deeply. Usually such people are not understood by their contemporaries.

Do you think it is good or bad to be out of this world?

And in the time of Christ, this became the reason for the death penalty. Pontius Pilate, after a conversation with Christ, pronounced such a sentence. We do not know for sure what he was thinking, how he spoke, but there is a work of art by Mikhail Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”, where we can read about it. It seemed to Bulgakov that everything happened exactly as he wrote in his two chapters of the novel. He writes that Pilate passed the death sentence by washing his hands. (Referring to the drawings of the stand "Christian motives in language and literature"). Caesar literally washed (washed) his hands in a container of water; thereby showing that he disclaims responsibility for the deed.

Writing down the meaning of the expression ("Wash your hands" - to relieve yourself of responsibility, to distance yourself from something important).

Should I do this?

Of course not, even if it is very difficult to do something, you have to "bear the cross."

What does this phraseological unit mean?

Recording: "Carry the cross" - to go to the end along a difficult path, not to withdraw, to fulfill the mission.

How did this expression come about?

The disciple's story about Christ's journey to the place of execution, about carrying the cross, on which he was crucified.

Teacher: Now, after 2 thousand years, we are horrified by what happened then, on Calvary, we think how it was possible to allow such a thing, how it was possible not to believe Christ.

Was it easy to believe?

Who was he, Jesus Christ?

The carpenter's son, who promised freedom and did not give it (he spoke of a completely different freedom), nailed to the pillory by the Holy Synod along with 2 more robbers (referring to the picture of the stand "Christian motives ...")

Among the unbelievers there were also disciples of Christ, for example, a certain Thomas.

The disciple's story about Thomas, the Apostle, who did not believe in the risen Christ, who wanted to put his fingers into his wounds in order to believe how the risen Christ appeared before him, and doubts were resolved.

And the expression "Thomas the unbeliever" remains, we use it when we talk about a person who does not take anything for granted, doubts the obvious (writing the meaning in a notebook). You yourself think whether it is good to be such Thomas, whether you will offend your loved ones with this.

These were expressions directly related to the Bible, with the life of Jesus Christ. But phraseological units of biblical origin are also called those expressions that were found in the speech of the inhabitants of the time of Christ, could be heard and used by the inhabitants, for example, Torah, Nazareth, etc. (the teacher names the areas on the Kingdom of the World map of the time of Christ).

Here is one such expression. It must be named after looking at the scene that could occur between two noble lords, the rulers of the regions.

Two students play up the expression "eat a pound of salt" when one comes to another and gives one of his lands as a sign of peace and harmony (shows on the map). As a sign of the completion of the transaction, they eat a pinch of salt, since their consent is long, unbreakable, like salt, which does not spoil. They made a lot of contracts and ate a pound of salt at the same time.

Write down the expression in notebooks after opening by the teacher at the stand, write down the meanings.

("Eat a pood of salt" - to do a lot, to succeed in something, overcoming difficulties)

Teacher: You can only eat a pound of salt with a very faithful person. I wish everyone that everyone has such a friend with whom you can eat a pound of salt.

This was an expression from the 2nd group of phraseological units of biblical origin. Also, expressions of this kind can be attributed to such winged words that arose later than the biblical stories, when the faith of Christ spread, the divine service in churches was established, accompanied by bells.

Listening to audio recordings with bell ringing. After listening to the teacher reading the lines:

The bells are singing, the bells

I listen to the sound of ringing and fear

Heals the sounds of the soul, and is light

The burden of sorrow, and the earth is warm ...

The bells are singing, the bells ...

Teacher: The bells were really sung before 1917 in Russia. More than 1 million bells sounded. Moscow came to hear ringing sounds from other countries. There were artisan bell-ringers.

There was a proverb: "Whoever offends the bell ringer will offend God." This indicates that the bell has long been the voice of the Lord for believers. Special significance was attached to the bell. Bells rang at all important events, told the time, cured some diseases, helped from storms, lightning, devilish intrigues.

And also the expression that has become winged, we use in connection with this. Guessing tearing it off at the stand, writing in notebooks ("Ring (beat) all the bells" - sound the alarm, persistently remind)

These expressions are actively used by us orally, they are often found in works of art.

An excerpt from the story of Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Lord Golovlevs" is heard from the teacher

(Chapter 1 "Family Court") "Porfiry was known in the family under three names: Judas, the bloodthirsty and the outspoken boy ...

(About Porfiry Golovlyov, who was often called Judas in the house.) To this day, they say this about a very bad person, a traitor.

III... Generalization, analysis of homework.

Why do we, modern people use these expressions in our speech?

Teacher: They help to remind about the life of Christ, about the Bible, about the life of those people, correlate with our life, our values, look at ourselves from the outside, well, make the speech brighter. So (referring to the stand "From the New Testament") "Drink pure milk from words, so that from it you may grow to salvation" (words of St. Peter)

Why do we look to the Bible at all? Reading out some of the answers to this question from the notebooks of fifth-graders who have just finished getting to know the Bible (that the Bible helped to understand a lot of good things, teaches to love loved ones, life, told a lot about life, helped to understand the need for repentance and correction). Summing up, a few words should be said about the need for the Bible, urgently, about its significance, eternity.

All of you, of course, have heard such expressions:

"Behave like a boor", "behave like a boor", "a real boor", etc. Have you ever wondered why we say this and who is Ham? It turns out that these expressions are based on the following biblical legend:

SIM, HAM, JAFET in the Bible are the sons of Noah, from whom after the worldwide flood "the whole earth was inhabited." Ham was cursed by Noah for laughing at the nakedness of his drunken father, and was doomed to slavery. Shem and Japheth, who showed filial piety and covered their father with clothes, were blessed by Noah. In the biblical genealogy Shem, Ham, Japheth, their sons and grandsons are represented by the ancestors-eponyms of large groups of peoples: Semitic (from the eponym "Shem", the peoples of Elam, Mesopotamia, Syria, Jews, etc.), Hamitic (from "Ham", peoples Africa, etc.) and Japhetic ("Japhetids", from "Japheth"), identified with Indo-European peoples.

Currently, the word "ham" has acquired a slightly different connotation. Now this is how they call a rude, arrogant person (Dictionary of Russian language)

Let's try to do so that no one would ever want to name you and me hamami!

Homework.

Have students complete one of four assignments:

1) express (in writing) your opinion about the role the Bible plays in our life;

2) make sentences with all the considered phraseological units;

3) find the history of the remaining pending expressions (in the entry) and explain what they mean now:

Babylonian pandemonium -

Solomon's solution -

To bury talent in the ground -

The scapegoat

The task is to choose from.

In the strongest class, you can offer to complete all three tasks.

V. Assessment of all those who participated in the lesson, summing up the event, familiarity with the literature to help students with homework.

There are many phraseological units that came to us from scripture - from Bible... Such phraseological units capture important stories, traditions and legends, related not to one person, but to the whole world... Phraseologisms of biblical origin are distinguished by imagery and corresponding language - they often include obsolete words, obsolete forms of declension and conjugation, biblical terminology, etc.

Voice in the wilderness - that's what they call a call that goes unanswered... The biblical story says that one of the prophets asked the Israelites to prepare the way for God. But the request of the prophet, unfortunately, remained the voice of one crying in the wilderness.

Expression "Before the second coming" is used by us quite often. It is synonymous with the expression "Before the carrots of the spell" and it means “ indefinitely". Phraseologism "Before the second coming" comes from Christian teachings about the secondary appearance of Christ on Earth, i.e. about his second coming. Phraseologism "Before the carrots of the spell" contains the word characteristic of the church sphere "Spell"which means the last day before fasting, on which believers were allowed to eat dairy and meat food.

Suspecting someone of petty self-interest, we say that this person did something "For a lentil stew"... Expression "For a lentil stew" originates in biblical the story of Esau... The story goes that Esau ceded the seniority to his brother Jacob for a stew of lentils.

ABOUT a person who has gone astray, you can hear that he The lost sheep... This expression came to us from the Gospel tradition of a man who, having gathered all the flock, was missing one sheep. The owner went to look for the lost animal and, having found it, brought it home on his shoulders.

The story of Christ's betrayal is one of the most famous stories; it is repeatedly mentioned in literature, is actively used in theater, fine arts, cinema, etc. The famous legend introduced two expressions into the language - "Thirty pieces of silver" and "Judah's kiss"... Phraseologism "Thirty pieces of silver" denotes the price of betrayal, the price of blood. Phraseologism "Judah's kiss" (synonym - crocodile tears) means enie " hypocritical, treacherous flattery". Judas Iscariot is not only the most famous openly low traitor, but also one of the most popular literary and artistic characters.

Biblical legend about Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar gave rise to the expression "Colossus with feet of clay"... According to legend, the king saw in a dream a metal idol on feet of clay, which was destroyed by a stone that fell from the mountain. Since a colossus with feet of clay call anything in not very majestic, but weak in essence.

ABOUT something extremely important, necessary and long-awaited say "Manna from heaven"... This phraseological unit was born in one of the biblical legends, where heavenly mannanamed food falling from heaven for the Jews traveling in the desert. Over time, phraseological units "Manna from heaven" a second meaning appeared: “ unlikely help, support from outside; something dubious, hardly feasible».

Expression "For the coming sleep" comes from a church expression that refers to the one who reads a prayer before going to bed. Phraseologism "For the coming sleep" has the meaning " before bedtime».

From the gospel the flood story went expression "The heavenly abysses were opened (opened)"which means “ rain poured". Obsolete word "Opened up" has the meaning " opened wide", And the word "Abyss" – « abyss», « depth».

The parable of the resurrection of Lazaruswe know, if not from the Bible, then from the novel by F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" - for sure. And what does phraseological unit mean "To sing Lazarus"? This expression has two meanings: 1. Pretend to be unhappy in order to pity someone; complain about your fate; 2. Get what they deserve, "will remember." Phraseologism came to us from e vangel's story of the beggar Lazaruswho was sick and begging for alms.

Creation mythhas left its mark on the language through expression "In its own image and likeness", i.e. following the pattern and example of someone else.

In addition, there are a large number of phraseological units that in one way or another affect the religious sphere of human life. Spark of godcalled talent, natural gift, as well as noble impulses of feelings, high aspirations. Expression "As God puts on the soul" means " as carelessly as necessary, as it happens, as you please". Phraseologism "on the seventh sky" goes back to the religious idea that there are seven heavens, of which the seventh is the highest... In other words, be in seventh heaven – be on top of bliss.

Still have questions? Don't know where the expression came from « manna from heaven » ?
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In the turns of our everyday speech, there are many stable expressions, phraseological units, many of which come from the texts of Holy Scripture. We have prepared for you a small dictionary of the most used biblical phraseological units that decorate and enrich our speech.

Adam's apple- larynx protrusion, Adam's apple. According to the biblical story about the fall of Adam and Eve (Gen. 3). The meaning is motivated by the folk-poetic interpretation of the Old Testament plot: a part of the forbidden fruit (apple) got stuck in Adam's throat.

Prodigal son - used in two meanings: 1) characterizing a dissolute, immoral person; 2) speaking about a repentant sinner or simply about a person who has repented of his delusions. It comes from the parable of Christ, which tells the story of a young man who squandered his entire fortune, leading a dissolute lifestyle, and on the verge of death returned to his father, who received him with love and joy (Luke 15: 11-32).

Babel - noise, disorder, confusion. Comes from the book of Genesis, from the story about the construction of a high tower (Gen. 11: 1-9), for which the Lord punished the builders by mixing their languages \u200b\u200bso that they no longer understood each other.

Valaam's donkey - iron. a silent and submissive person who suddenly spoke up and protested. The book of Numbers also goes back to the episode describing how the sorcerer Balaam, on the orders of the Moabite king Balak, goes to Palestine to curse the Israelites. Seeing the Angel of the Lord, the donkey stops under him and lies down, and when Balaam begins to beat her, he asks him: "What have I done to you that you have beaten me for the third time?" (Num 22: 27-28)

To participate - to take an active part in something. Comes from the story of a poor widow found in the Gospels of Luke (21: 1-4) and Mark (12: 41-44). Jesus sat opposite the treasury and watched the tribute being brought. The poor widow gave all the food that she had - two mites, He said about her: "This poor widow put more than all those who went to the treasury, for everyone put in out of their excess, but she out of her poverty put in everything that she had."

The Forbidden fruit is sweet) - tempting, desirable, but forbidden or inaccessible. Goes back to the book of Genesis, to the commandment of the Lord: "From every tree in the garden you will eat, but from the tree of good and evil you do not eat from it, for on the day you eat of it, you will die a death" (Genesis 2: 16- 17).

Bury talent- do not use your abilities, knowledge, skills; not worry about developing your talent. This expression came from the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 25: 13-30), from the parable of Christ about a man who, going to a foreign country, gave his slaves different amounts of money (talents), and two of them gave money in growth, and the third - buried the learned talent so as not to lose it. Returning, the master praised the first two slaves, and to the third he said: "A crafty and lazy slave!"

Golden Taurus- wealth, the power of money. It comes from the book of Exodus, chapter 32, an episode where Aaron makes a deity of gold for the Jews wandering in the desert. Moses turns to God: “O Lord! This people have committed a great sin: they have made themselves a golden god. "

Manna from heaven - something necessary, very desirable, often unattainable. Phraseologism takes its roots in the book of Exodus, in the episode when the people of Israel, brought out of Egyptian captivity by Moses, begin to murmur in the wilderness, and the Lord sends bread from heaven to feed his people. In the morning, when the dew rose, they saw “on the surface of the desert something small, grainy, small, like frost on the ground. And the children of Israel saw and said one to another: What is this? For they did not know what it was. And Moses said to them: This is the bread which the Lord gave you to eat ”(Ex.16: 14,15). The word "manna" comes from Heb. "Mann hu" ("what is this?").

Parable by the town- something widely known; what is on everyone's lips. From the book of Deuteronomy: “And you will be horror , a parable and a laughingstockatof all nationsto which the Lord will lead you [if a person serves idols] ”. (Deut 28:37) Yazytsy - nations, nationalities.

Gnashing your teeth - to feel anger, indignation, hatred. The turnover goes back to the text of Psalm 111, in which the righteous and the wicked are contrasted. This is what it says about the latter: “The wicked will see this and will be annoyed, gnash his teeth and melt away” (Psalm 111: 10).

Weaker vessel - something fragile, weak, fragile. It can be used in relation to a person, especially a woman. Comes from the text of 1 Epistle to Ap. Peter, in which he says how husbands should treat their wives: “as with the weakest vessel, showing them honor, as joint heirs of a grace-filled life” (1 Pet. 3: 7).

Trumpet of Jericho - disapproves. about a very loud, ringing voice. Goes back to the Book of Joshua, chapter 6, to the story of the Jewish siege of Jericho. The siege lasted six days, but the city was well fortified. And on the seventh day a miracle happened: the priests began to go around the city, blowing trumpets, and the walls collapsed from this sound.

Boorish brat, boor - a rude, ill-mannered person. From the book of Genesis (9: 21-27), where Noah cursed the son of Ham for disrespect.