MBOU "Secondary School No. 25"
Research
Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Rostovtseva Juliana
Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, a higher privileged closed educational institution in pre-revolutionary Russia for children of nobles; was intended to train mainly senior government officials. Founded in 1810 in Tsarskoe Selo. It was opened on October 19, 1811 near the capital in Tsarskoe Selo with the aim of preparing children of nobility for public service. The initiative to create a privileged university belonged to the Minister of Public Education A.K. Razumovsky and comrade (deputy) Minister of Justice M.M. Speransky. Was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, since 1882 - the military department. The lyceum accepted children 10-12 years old, the number of pupils ranged from 30 (in 1811-17) to 100 (since 1832). Initially, the building of the Lyceum housed palace premises, built at the end of the 18th century according to the project of I.V. Neelova. And in 1811, the outstanding Russian architect Stasov rebuilt the palace premises of the wing and adapted them to the needs of the school.
Lyceum director
Internal management in the Lyceum was carried out by the director, whose candidacy was approved by the emperor. Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky, a Russian educator and diplomat, was appointed the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Malinovsky tried to educate his pets useful to the Fatherland
Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky
Teachers
The educational process at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was organized by the director, seven professors, two associates, one priest - a teacher of the law of God, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastic exercises, three overseers and three tutors.
In addition, the staff of the Lyceum included a doctor, an accountant, two hairdressers, a doorman, five scribes, several watchmen, cooks, laundresses and other auxiliary workers.
Particular attention was paid to the selection of professors who headed the departments.
Among the first professors were well-known Russian and foreign teachers.
Lyceum students
Of fundamental importance was the acquisition of the Lyceum, where the best representatives of noble origin were admitted. In August 1811, 38 applicants were selected by 30 young men who completed the first course.
The first issue is famous for the names of the great Russian public figures and future Decembrists Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, Anton Delvig, Alexander Gorchakov, Fedor Matyushkin, Vladimir Volkhovsky and, of course, Alexander Pushkin.
He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal -
Unwavering, free and carefree
It grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
Wherever fate throws us,
And happiness wherever it takes
We are all the same: the whole world is a foreign land for us;
Fatherland to us Tsarskoe Selo.
Cases from the life of lyceum students
The lyceum years of Pushkin and his comrades are years of serious study. Suffice it to say that the final examinations in 1817 included 15 subjects.
The life of the boys was strictly determined by the order, even during the holidays, which lasted only one month a year, they could not leave the walls of the Lyceum.
Like all boys, they played pranks, made fun of each other, quarreled, made peace. There have been various amusing incidents.
"Yes, monsieur"
On the opening day of the Lyceum on October 19, 1811, after a solemn ceremony, the Empress Mother came to the dining room to see how the boys were fed.
She was of German origin and did not speak Russian very correctly. Approaching the smallest - Kornilov, she asked: "Karosh soup?"
The boy, out of confusion, replied in French: "Oui, monsieur" (yes, monsieur). Some of the lyceum students snorted, and the queen, smiling, walked on.
And for years Kornilov retained the nickname - "Monsieur".
Nicknames
They began to appear from the first days, this was not only with Kornilov.
Pushkin, for example, immediately began to call "Frenchman", because even before coming to the Lyceum, he already knew this language perfectly. Later, because of his liveliness and restlessness, another nickname appeared - "Egoza".
Prince Gorchakov paid a lot of attention to how he looks, for which he was named Frant. The brave, desperate and pugnacious Ivan Malinovsky received the nickname Cossack, and the large and lazy Danzas - the Bear. For the dreams of the sea, the future Admiral Fyodor Matyushkin was called "I want to swim". Affectionately, but with a viper - Olosenka, they called Alexei Illichevsky.
Everyone had nicknames. Some did not even need explanations: Ivan Pushchin - Big Jeannot or Ivan the Great, Anton Delvig - Tosya, Tosenka, Kuchelbeker - Kyukhlya, Myasoedov - Myasozhorov or Massin.
Lyceum Literature
The Lyceum was fond of writing. They wrote poetry, prose, the so-called "national", that is, lyceum songs, fables, epigrams.
"And the amazed nations do not know what to do:
Go to bed or get up. "
Working methods of teachers
The faculty was free to choose the methods of their work.
However, at the same time, the main principle of education was strictly observed - lyceum students were not supposed to be in an idle state.
For each section of the training program, certain methodological rules were established, which were strictly followed. In the Lyceum, they taught to think consciously, to reason, to argue about the truth. Scientists, lawyers, philologists did not leave the walls of the Lyceum; graduates received encyclopedic education; acquired a humanistic outlook, respect for the individual, regardless of the class of the person.
The number of classes depended on the knowledge of the students. It was not determined strictly according to some document, but was established after the recruitment of pupils, when their level of training was already known. Each new course had its own number of lessons.
Imperial Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum Pushkin
The teachers helped the pupils achieve their goals. So, Alexander Gorchakov, while still in the Lyceum, decided to devote himself to diplomatic activity, which is why the teachers obtained for him genuine diplomatic materials from the Foreign Collegium. And Fyodor Matyushkin dreamed of becoming a navigator. The Lyceum graduates did not get into the fleet, but the director Engelhardt helped his pupil Matyushkin to obtain the assignment to the Kamchatka sloop, which was commanded by V.M. Golovin. Sometimes the wisdom of the professors was that they simply did not interfere with the development of their student's talent. The professor of mathematics Kartsov did not try to force Pushkin to know his subject, he saw the poet's talent and, jokingly, said: "With you, Pushkin, everything in my class ends with zero. Sit down and write poetry."
Lyceum students were brought up in an atmosphere of impossibility to encroach on the dignity of another person. In the Lyceum, any person, regardless of their social status, had the right to respect. Lyceum students were forbidden to scold the ministers, even if they were serfs. There was no corporal punishment in the Lyceum.
Each pupil had his own small room where he could retire. The lyceum was kept clean, the air temperature was kept up to a degree. The premises were ventilated, and in order for the air to circulate correctly, the partitions in the rooms of the lyceum students did not reach the ceiling. The classrooms were beautiful and spacious.
All life in the Lyceum was aimed at ensuring that the pupils develop correctly, successfully acquire knowledge and not indulge in laziness. Six days a week were taught. The training lasted a whole year, with the exception of August, the month of vacations. At the same time, the classes were properly organized, study alternated with rest and walks, so that the pupils did not feel overwhelmed.
Freedom of communication reigned between lyceum students and teachers. Together they were a family. The special relationship between lyceum students and teachers is evidenced by the fact that a lot of cartoons of teachers have survived. The students were not afraid of their mentors and considered it possible to play a trick on them. This was not the case in other educational institutions of that time. Most often, the buildings of educational institutions were poor and could hardly accommodate pupils, classrooms were cramped, bedrooms were poorly ventilated. For the most part, other educational institutions were distinguished by grueling discipline, constant cramming.
Everything was different at the Lyceum. Relations between the lyceum students were regulated by certain rules, which said that "all pupils are equal, ... pupils should live peacefully and amicably among themselves." Thanks to these rules and the efforts of the teachers, the spirit of camaraderie and solidarity reigned in the Lyceum. No one ever betrayed the guilty person, if he himself did not confess to what he had done.
The daily routine of lyceum students
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a closed university, and its pupils were at full boarding school. Leaving the Lyceum during the school year was prohibited. All lyceum students were subject to a strict daily routine, which was overseen by the principal, staff overseers, and teachers.
6.00 - rise, prayer
7.00 - 9.00 - training sessions
9.00 - tea with a white bun
9.00 - 10.00 - walk
10.00 - 12.00 - classes
12.00 - 13.00 - walk
13.00 - lunch
14.00 - 15.00 - calligraphy and drawing
15.00 - 17.00 - doing homework
17.00 - tea and a walk
20.30 - dinner
Lyceum uniform
A distinctive feature of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a uniform form of clothing. The uniform of the Lyceum consisted of a caftan of dark blue cloth with a standing collar of red cloth and the same cuffs, with gold and silver embroidery. The buttons were smooth, gilded, and the lining was blue. Camisole and underwear - white cloth .
First issue and imperial
In 1817, the first graduation of the pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum to the public service took place.
By an imperial decree of March 18, 1822, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was transferred to the department of the Chief Director of the Pages and Cadet Corps.
Lyceum under Nicholas I
After the accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas I, by decree of February 23, 1829, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum switched to training pupils only for civil service.
The organizational structure of the Lyceum has also changed. Instead of two classes of 3 years each, the pupils began to study in four classes of 1.5 years each.
Under the new regulation, the sons of noblemen aged 12-14 years, who were necessarily baptized and in good health, could enter the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
Moving Lyceum from Tsarskoe Selo
In 1843, the Lyceum left Tsarskoye Selo. On November 6, 1843, Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree "On the introduction of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum into the general structure of civil educational institutions." By this decree, the Lyceum passed under the direct supervision of the monarch and moved from Tsarskoye Selo to St. Petersburg to the building of the Alexander Orphanage.
After that, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was renamed the Imperial Alexander Lyceum.
200th anniversary of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
October 19, 2011 - Lyceum Student Day. This day is inextricably linked with the name of A.S. Pushkin, with the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum and the history of all Russian education. It was on this day that the legendary educational institution opened in Tsarskoe Selo 200 years ago.
Education and upbringing of the younger generation has always been a socially important topic. Time could only change the goals and tasks facing teachers, while teaching itself has always remained an urgent task of society. This is the case in our time. Education in Russia is now undergoing very strong changes. The GIA and the Unified State Exam have become mandatory, the primary school is already working according to new standards, the secondary school has yet to switch to them, a system of bachelor's and master's degrees has appeared in higher education. You can criticize or welcome these changes - only time will tell the result. And today we want to remember one of the best educational institutions in the country. It was from here that the best people of Russia came to life: A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Delvig, V.K. Kuchelbecker, I.I. Pushchin, A.M. Gorchakov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and others.
The lyceum was a closed educational institution, so the pupils had no right to leave it. The first director of the Lyceum, V.F. Malinovsky. The director believed that children could be "harmful" at home and sought to isolate children from this. Such a system made it possible to exclude unnecessary parental care, spoiledness, outside influence on the formation of lyceum students. They lived and studied at the Lyceum. And it was here that they became individuals. Here their worldview took shape. From the walls of the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, a whole galaxy of wonderful people left their mark on history. Therefore, when thinking about modern reforms in education, it is useful to remember the unique experience of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
Speaking about the great Russian poets, selfless Decembrists, we will talk about the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. We will talk about it as the first privileged educational institution, in which young men were prepared for the most important public service, as a freedom-loving "lyceum republic" that revealed the names of Delvig, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker and, of course, Pushkin to the world.
Tutoring
Need help exploring a topic?
Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Send a request with the indication of the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.
October 1811 went down in the history of our country with the opening of the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo. It was the first lyceum in Russia. The purpose of this educational institution was "the education of youth, especially those destined for important parts of the public service." The author of its project M. M. Speransky, adviser to Emperor Alexander I in the first half of his reign, called the new school the Lyceum. This time, when the sovereign was under the influence of educational ideas, the time of projects of transformations, hopes and expectations, Pushkin called "the days of the Alexandrovs a wonderful beginning." The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum became the brainchild of this wonderful time. According to Speransky, who was working at that time on plans for the transformation of the Russian state, the new school was supposed to prepare young people for the implementation of these plans and work in the reformed Russia. Speransky believed that the graduates of the Lyceum should have a breadth of knowledge, the ability to think, love Russia and work for its good. According to the historian Voyensky, "The Lyceum was affirmed with bright hopes to create an estate of state people who should lead Russia along the path of enlightenment and common benefit."
The curriculum developed by M.M.Speransky allowed twelve-year-old boys who entered the Lyceum to receive an education equivalent to a university one in six years. However, there was no specialization in lyceum education. The pupils were introduced to all the most important branches of human knowledge. One of the tasks of lyceum education is to develop the individual abilities of the student. "The inclinations and knowledge acquired here will decide which path then it (the youth) should choose to celebrate themselves as the true sons of the fatherland." It so happened that the first to glorify the Lyceum was not a statesman, but a poet. The lyceum became the cradle of Pushkin's poetry and entered the poet's work together with the first poems. Until the end of his days, Pushkin glorified the school that raised him, and the poem "October 19" (1825) became a real hymn to the Lyceum. All pupils of subsequent generations considered it their duty to know this poem by heart.
One of the most beautiful views of Tsarskoye Selo opens from the side of Sadovaya Street - the palace church with domes, a slender arch with three spans and the Grand Ducal wing of the Catherine Palace. Erected at the end of the 18th century by I.V. Neyolov, the wing was transferred to the Ministry of Public Education in 1811 to accommodate the Lyceum. The architect V.P. Stasov rebuilt the building and adapted it for the needs of the educational institution. According to the recollections of Ivan Pushchin, here "all the comforts of home life were combined with the requirements of a public educational institution." On the ground floor there was an economic department, on the second - a canteen, a hospital with a pharmacy. In the third, there is a recreation hall, classrooms, a physical office, a room for newspapers and magazines, and a library.
In 1843, the Lyceum from Tsarskoe Selo was transferred to St. Petersburg. The building was rebuilt and used as a residential building for a century. In 1899, a memorial plaque was installed on the building: “Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was brought up here. 1811-1817 ". The second board, which appeared on the facade in 1912, testified: "In this building from 1811 to 1843 the Imperial Lyceum was located." The Memorial Lyceum Museum was opened in 1949 and initially occupied only part of the building. In subsequent years, its historical layout and architectural and decorative furnishings were restored. On June 6, 1974, on the poet's birthday, the Lyceum appeared before visitors as it was in Pushkin's time.
Among the revived premises is the Great Hall. Called gymnastic or recreational in Stasov's documents, it was intended for free time. The hall was unusually beautiful: light, spacious, with large windows, in the piers there were mirrors in gilded frames. The walls are painted in pink marble and the ceiling is decorated with paintings. All the most important events in the life of the educational institution took place in this hall. The very first celebration was the opening of the Lyceum on October 19, 1811. On this day, the educational institution was presented with the Highest granted diploma containing the Charter of the Lyceum. Today the Diploma takes its historical place in the Great Hall. On the opening day, the names of thirty first-year students presented to the sovereign were first heard here. Three years will pass, and the same names will sound in the hall again - at the transfer exam during the transfer of pupils to the final course. This exam will bring first glory to one of the pupils. On January 8, 1815, at the exam in Russian literature, Alexander Pushkin read his poem "Memories in Tsarskoe Selo" to the patriarch of Russian poetry G.R.Derzhavin who was present at it. Derzhavin was delighted. He named the young poet his successor. The poet will express the excitement of this day many years later: "I read my 'Memories in Tsarskoe Selo", standing two steps from Derzhavin. I cannot describe the state of my soul: when I came to the verse where I mention the name of Derzhavin, my voice is adolescent rang, and my heart beat with delightful delight. "
Next to the hall is a small room called the Newspaper. She is remembered by all pupils in connection with the events of the Patriotic War of 1812. “Our lyceum life merges with the political epoch of Russian folk life: the storm of 1812 was being prepared. These events had a strong impact on our childhood, ”Ivan Pushchin recalled. At this alarming time, the most noisy and crowded premises in the Lyceum became Gazetnaya, where "Russian and foreign newspapers were read with incessant rumors and debates." These days, the communication of pupils with mentors becomes especially close - together they follow the course of hostilities, read and discuss reports, orders for the army, appeals to the people. For the first time, the words "people" and "Fatherland" sounded in a special way for the pupils of the Lyceum. They felt like one family, lived with only thoughts, with only feelings.
Through the entire arch, connecting the Lyceum with the Catherine Palace, there is a double-height gallery, which housed the library. As in the days of Pushkin, today there are six large bookcases in mahogany. They contain more than seven hundred original books of the Lyceum library. Works by English and German authors, books on history, theology, art, travel descriptions, legislative acts, and moralizing works coexist with editions of French enlighteners. A selection of books testifies to the encyclopedism of lyceum education. A manifestation of Alexander I's concern for the students of the school he created was permission to use the books of his youth library in the Alexander Palace. In a separate cabinet there are works by Russian poets and writers of the 18th - early 19th centuries, including V.A.Zhukovsky. The library collected the first editions of almost all Russian authors of that time.
The lyceum charter prescribed to create an atmosphere in the educational institution in which the pupils would never be idle. This was accomplished: in the Lyceum, respect for mental labor and mental pursuits reigned. What mental activities can do without reading? During his apprenticeship, A. Illichevsky argued about the benefits of reading: "Reading nourishes the soul, forms the mind, develops abilities." Later, recalling the lyceum education, M. Korf noted: "We did not study much in the classroom, but more in reading and conversations with incessant friction of minds." “Reading is the best teaching,” says Pushkin.
Two arched passageways from the Great Hall lead into two small rooms intended for post-class activities. In these rooms, each pupil had a separate office. Today, in one of the rooms, there is a mahogany desk from the late 18th century as a model. On it, among the autographs of Pushkin's lyceum poems - "Memories in Tsarskoe Selo". Many years after the death of G.R.Derzhavin, analyzing the poet's archive, J.K. Grot will find this Pushkin's autograph in his manuscripts. Groth believed that this manuscript was used by Pushkin to read his poem at the translation exam. There is one correction in the neatly rewritten poem, and in the very first line: "The cover of a gloomy night is hanging." The word for night has been corrected to the Old Church Slavonic "nights". However, the correction was not made by Pushkin; it is believed that Derzhavin himself made this amendment.
From the study rooms you can go to the classroom, which looks like a university lecture hall. In the classroom there are six semicircular tables, located one above the other, in an amphitheater, at each of which there were five pupils. The department for the teacher has been raised by three steps. Lyceum students were seated in accordance with their academic success: the lower the student's academic performance, the further from the department he had to sit. It is impossible to establish a definite place where Pushkin was sitting: the poet occupied different places with different professors. However, in the lessons of Russian literature and French rhetoric, Pushkin was invariably among the first. “At the very beginning, he is our poet,” recalled I. Pushchin. - As I see now that afternoon class, when, having finished the lecture a little earlier than the appointed hour, the professor said: “Now, gentlemen, we will try the feathers: please describe to me a rose in verse.” Our poems did not stick at all, and Pushkin instantly read two quatrains that amazed us all. "
After lectures in physics and mathematics, lyceum students for practical training moved from the classroom to the nearby physics room. Today, the physics room contains physical and mathematical instruments of the Pushkin era. This was the time of the humanities, and the exact sciences sometimes caused despondency and annoyance. "Oh, Uranya's dark child, / Oh, immense science, / O, incomprehensible wisdom, / Immeasurable depth! .." - wrote Alexey Illichevsky about mathematics. However, there is no doubt that classes in physics and mathematics broadened the horizons of lyceum students, prompted them to learn the secrets of the Universe. In one of the Lyceum letters of the future navigator Fyodor Matyushkin, one can read the following lines: "If it were possible for a mortal to ascend above the earth and see the structure of nature, the source of the Suns, what knowledge and pleasure he would acquire from this ..." Just a few years later scientifically -technical discoveries will change ideas about the world and arouse great interest in the exact sciences. And Pushkin's brilliant lines will appear: "Oh how many wonderful discoveries we have / The spirit of enlightenment is preparing, / And experience, the son of difficult mistakes, / And a genius, friend of paradoxes ..."
At the beginning of the 19th century, mastering the art of drawing was a must for educated people. The "drawing teacher" S. G. Chirikov applied the academic teaching system, focusing on drawing. After acquiring the first skills, the pupils began to copy antique busts, fragments of engravings, and later tried their hand at the art of portraiture. The teacher paid a lot of attention to the choice of originals for drawing. According to I.-V. Goethe, acquaintance with works of art should begin with perfect samples, since taste should be formed only on selected objects of art.
According to the degree of talent, the "drawing teacher" divided all his students into four categories: "excellent talents", "good talents", "great talents", "average talents". Pushkin was included by Chirikov in the first category.
More than thirty drawings of freshmen have come down to us, two of which belong to Pushkin. In these drawings - antique heads, rural landscapes, scenes from biblical times, images of flowers, birds, animals. Some of them (in copies) can be seen in the classroom.
The next room was occupied by the Singing class. Music and singing were among the pupils' favorite activities. Instrumental music was taught in the form of private lessons during free hours. The violin was played by Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, Mikhail Yakovlev, Sergei Komovsky; Nikolay Korsakov - piano and guitar. Korsakov and Yakovlev tried their hand at composing. Pushkin's poems were set to music in the Lyceum years by his comrades and were popular not only in the Lyceum, but also in Tsarskoe Selo. Since 1816, lyceum students began to study singing under the guidance of L.-W. Tepper de Ferguson. A musician and composer, he not only taught singing, but also composed sacred concerts for the pupils, changing the concerts of D. Bortnyansky with different variations. Often in the Singing class, classes were held, which were attended by both courses of the Lyceum - senior and junior. The youngest left a description of the class: “There is a philharmonic hall here, and music lovers here often captivate lyceums with their singing. Sometimes, in a noisy chorus, with the whole cathedral, citizens sing their national songs ... "Today, in the classroom, on an old piano, there is an edition of the Farewell Song of 1835, undertaken by the former director of the Lyceum, EA Engelgardt. Engelhardt published the Farewell Song in connection with the 25th anniversary of the opening of the Lyceum, which took place in 1836. Engelgard sent copies of "Song" to his former pupils, among whom was the "state criminal" I. I. Pushchin. In a letter to him in Siberia, Engelhardt regretted that Pushchin would not hear the melody of the lyceum song. But the old director was wrong. Pushchin's comrades in imprisonment learned the Song and, with the help of the wives of the Decembrists Maria Volkonskaya and Camilla Ivasheva, performed it for Pushchin.
A wide corridor runs through the entire fourth floor. On both sides of it are the pupils' rooms. Each lyceum student had a separate room. This showed respect for the personality of the pupil and care for his health. Above thirty doors are attached black metal plaques with the room's number and the name and surname of its owner. Pushkin's room No. 14 turned out to be smaller than the others: on one side it had a main wall. The poet often called his narrow room "cell", Lyceum - a monastery. This perception was facilitated by the neighborhood of two churches, a strictly regulated way of lyceum life, a six-year stay in Tsarskoe Selo. But how the "student cell" was transformed when Pushkin felt like a poet! He confessed to his comrades that he sees poetry even in a dream. At night, when everyone fell asleep, conversations were conducted in an undertone across the partition with the "first friend" Ivan Pushchin, who occupied room No. 13. Often the talk was about the relationship between Pushkin and his comrades, which did not always work out easily. The comrades wondered why Pushkin, who was in many ways ahead of them, who read books they had no idea about, who remembered everything they read, was not at all proud of all this and did not even appreciate it. “It happened to be exactly surprised at the transitions in him: you see, it happened, he was absorbed beyond his years into thoughts and readings, and then suddenly leaves his studies, enters into some kind of fit of rage because another, incapable of anything better, ran or dropped all the pins with one blow. " Perhaps the explanation for this contradiction in the behavior of young Pushkin was given in a conversation with N.V. Gogol by V.A.Zhukovsky, who noticed that when Pushkin was eighteen years old, he thought like a thirty-year-old man that his mind had matured much earlier than his character, and this often amazed him when Pushkin was still at the Lyceum. When the comrades realized that Pushkin was a poet; the attitude towards him has changed. “May God grant him success - the rays of his glory will shine in his comrades,” writes Illichevsky. These words turned out to be prophetic.
A literary exposition is displayed on the second floor of the Lyceum building. Its opening took place on June 25, 2010, during the celebration of the 300th anniversary of Tsarskoye Selo. The exposition complements the memorial premises on the third and fourth floors and at the same time is independent. The history of the Lyceum is not limited to the years of education of the pupils of the famous first graduation. It has more than a hundred years of existence and ends after the revolution, when the Lyceum, as a "harmful institution", was closed. Visitors have the opportunity to get acquainted with the entire history of the Lyceum, which is usually divided into two periods - Tsarskoye Selo and St. Petersburg. In Tsarskoe Selo, an educational institution existed from 1811 to 1843. On November 6, 1843, by decree of Nicholas I, it was renamed the Imperial Alexander Lyceum and transferred to St. Petersburg. Two large sections of the exposition tell about Tsarskoye Selo and Alexander Lyceums. The third section is devoted to the history of the Lyceum building in Tsarskoe Selo and the creation of a museum in it.
In a spacious, bright room dedicated to the Tsarskoye Selo period, portraits of mentors and pupils, lyceum relics, personal belongings of pupils, views of Tsarskoye Selo from the first quarter of the 19th century are presented. The materials tell about the fate of the lyceum students after graduation. Its first-born brought true glory to the Lyceum. The first issue entered our history with the names of A.S. Pushkin, poets A.A. Delvig and V.K.Kyukhelbeker, navigator Admiral F.F. Pushchin, generals V. D. Volkhovsky and K. K. Danzas, director of the Imperial Public Library M. A. Korf. The exposition also tells about the fate of those who came to the Lyceum to replace the Pushkin edition. These are the satirist M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin, the poets L. A. Mey, V. R. Zotov, M. D. Delarue; scientists Ya. K. Grot, KS Veselovsky, N. Ya. Danilevsky; N. V. Petrashevsky, founder of the Utopian Socialist Society; ministers A. V. Golovnin, D. A. Tolstoy, D. N. Zamyatnin, M. Kh. Reitern, N. K. Girs.
A significant part of the exposition is devoted to the St. Petersburg period of the Lyceum's existence. The Alexandrovsky Lyceum was distinguished by respect for the past, the preservation of the best lyceum traditions. The role of the educational institution in perpetuating the memory of A.S. Pushkin is great. Lyceum students were the initiators of the construction of the first monument to Pushkin. Within the walls of the Alexander Lyceum, the first Pushkin Museum in Russia was created, and the Pushkin Lyceum Society was opened. A separate hall is devoted to the theme "Pushkin and the Alexander Lyceum" in the exposition. It presents materials collected by lyceum students and previously stored in the Pushkin Museum of the Alexander Lyceum. In the center of the hall there is a model of the monument to A.S. Pushkin by the sculptor A.M. Opekushin, opened in Moscow on June 6, 1880. This model belonged to the former Lyceum student, Minister of Public Education A.V. Golovnin, and after his death it was donated to the Lyceum by his sisters.
In the same room, part of the interior of the Pushkin Museum of the Alexander Lyceum has been recreated from surviving photographs. On the wall is the famous painting by I. Ye. Repin "Pushkin at the Lyceum examination in Tsarskoe Selo on January 8, 1815". To the right and to the left of the painting are commemorative plaques with the names of first-year students. One of them bears the names of lyceum students who entered the civil service. Alexander Gorchakov opens the list; Alexander Pushkin is on the same list. On the other board - the names of those who entered the military service; here the first is the name of Vladimir Volkhovsky. The painting was painted by Repin by order of members of the Pushkin Lyceum Society for the 100th anniversary of the Lyceum, celebrated on October 19, 1911. Accepting the lyceum order, Repin enthusiastically set to work. The artist was familiarized with the full list of the exam participants, provided portraits of some of them for work, information about the costumes of that era, the hall where the exam took place. For Repin, an exam was staged at the Alexander Lyceum, in which the pupils, the director, teachers and educators took part. During the staging, photographer Karl Bulla captured this interesting and important moment for the creation of the picture. Today the photograph is displayed in the display case below the painting.
Another relic that was once kept in the Pushkin Museum-Lyceum is a folder-case in which Pushkin's friend from the Lyceum M.L. Yakovlev presented the school with an autograph of A. Pushkin's poem "October 19" (1825) ... On the cover of the case there is an inscription: “October 19. Autograph of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Mikhailovskoe 1825. From the co-educator of the poet Mikhail Lukyanovich Yakovlev, donated to the Lyceum on March 2, 1855. " The autograph itself is kept at the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushkin House).
The section of the exposition about the Alexander Lyceum is continued by the hall, which tells about the Lyceana Museum, dedicated to the history of the educational institution and its students. The museum was housed in "Kamenka", a room in which the stone from the foundation of the building of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was kept, transported to St. Petersburg as a sign of the continuity of the best lyceum traditions and the inextricable connection of Tsarskoye Selo and Alexander Lyceums. Just like today in the exposition, on the walls of Kamenka there were photographs of courses, portraits of famous graduates; here was kept a library, consisting of the works of lyceum pupils, archives of courses, lyceum relics. In "Kamenka" the last ceremony of farewell of graduates to the educational institution took place. Having laid on the Tsarskoye Selo stone the faithful companion of the Lyceum life - the course bell, which summoned the Lyceum students "to prayer and study", they broke it, and pieces of the bell were distributed to all members of the course in memory of the course unity, about comrades, about their native school. They were set in gold, and they served as key rings, which no one else had. The same hall tells about the celebration of the centenary, about the participation of the Lyceum students in the First World War, about the last days of the Lyceum, about the fate of its pupils who left abroad after the revolution, and the tragic events in the life of the Lyceum students who remained in Soviet Russia.
The windows of the last halls of the exposition overlook the Znamenskaya Church and the Lyceum Garden. The Church of the Sign is the first stone building in Tsarskoye Selo. Here was kept the shrine of the city - the ancient ancestral icon of the Romanovs' house - the image of the Sign of the Mother of God. The church was a parish church, but among the parishioners one could often see lyceum students.
Today it is impossible to imagine the lyceum garden without a monument to A.S. Pushkin. The opening of the monument took place on October 15, 1900. Funds for its creation were collected by subscription, organized among the inhabitants of Tsarskoe Selo. The author of the monument is academician R.R.Bach, a resident of Tsarskoe Selo. The sculptor depicted the young poet in lyceum uniform, shortly before graduation from the Lyceum, sitting on a cast-iron bench, of which there were many in Tsarskoye Selo parks at that time. The poet I. Annensky took an active part in the staging of the monument. He selected lines from the works of Pushkin, carved on three sides of the granite pedestal. Before the opening, Annensky was very worried. Waking up at night, he thought that one of the quotes had been knocked out inaccurately: instead of "in the spring, when the swans cried," they wrote "in the spring when the swans cried." At five o'clock in the morning, he ran to the lyceum garden and made sure that they wrote correctly. When the poet told his acquaintances about this, one of them exclaimed: "What's the difference!" “The difference, - answered Annensky, - a whole century!”. The art critic E. F. Hollerbach, who was present at the unveiling of the monument, recalled: “The minute the tarpaulin slid down, I was suffocating with excitement. I was overwhelmed with such delight, as if they showed me a living Pushkin. " Here, at the monument to the poet, in February 1937, a meeting of the city's workers was held, at which it was announced that Tsarskoye Selo was named after Pushkin. The monument to the poet in the lyceum garden has become one of the symbols of the city that bears his name.
ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ARTICLE:
V. A. Zmeev
Imperial Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum
In the system of higher education in imperial Russia, the Imperial Lyceum occupied a special place. This higher educational institution was opened on October 19, 1811 near the capital in Tsarskoe Selo with the aim of preparing noble children for public service. The initiative to create the lyceum belonged to the Minister of Public Education A.K. Razumovsky and Comrade (Deputy) Minister of Justice M.M.Speransky.
The decree on the Lyceum, approved by Emperor Alexander I (of August 12, 1810), equated it in rights and advantages with Russian universities. Physically healthy boys aged 10–12 years old were admitted to study after preliminary tests in basic knowledge of Russian, French and German, arithmetic, physics, geography and history.
The training was designed for 6 years and consisted of two courses of 3 years each.
The first course was called initial and included the following subjects: grammatical study of languages (Russian, Latin, French and German), moral sciences (God's law, philosophy and the foundations of logic), mathematical and physical sciences (arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, algebra and physics ), historical sciences (Russian history, foreign history, geography and chronology), the initial foundations of graceful writing (selected passages from the best writers and the rules of rhetoric), fine arts and gymnastic exercises (drawing, calligraphy, dancing, fencing, horse riding, swimming) ...
The second course (final) covered the sections: moral, physical, mathematical, historical, literature, fine arts and gymnastic exercises. Throughout the course, pupils were given an idea of civil architecture.
Of fundamental importance was the acquisition of the Lyceum, where the best representatives of noble origin were admitted. In August 1811, out of 38 applicants, 30 young men were selected who completed the first course. The first list of students was approved by the emperor.
Internal management in the Lyceum was carried out by the director, who was approved by the emperor. The first director was State Councilor V.F. Malinovsky, a graduate of Moscow University. The director was obliged to permanently reside in the building of the Lyceum and be aware of all matters. He was personally responsible for each pupil.
It should be noted that the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was under the patronage of the Emperor of Russia. In addition, Count A. K. Razumovsky was officially named the head of the Lyceum with the title of its commander-in-chief. He knew by the name and surname of each lyceum student, attended classes and took part in examinations.
The educational process at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was organized by the director, seven professors, two associates, one priest - a teacher of the law of God, six teachers of fine arts and gymnastic exercises, three overseers and three tutors.
Particular attention was paid to the selection of professors who headed the departments. Among the first professors were well-known Russian and foreign teachers.
Russian language and literature was taught by a graduate of Moscow University, Doctor of Philosophy and Free Sciences, Professor N. F. Koshansky. An additional duty of Nikolai Fedorovich was teaching the lyceum students the Latin language. Graduates of the Lyceum freely read the works of Cicero, Virgil and other world classics in the originals. Professor DI de Boudry, invited from Switzerland, taught French language and literature. Lessons on this subject were conducted daily, in addition, lyceum students were recommended to read French literature in the originals in their free time. The director of the Lyceum demanded that the pupils turn to the teachers and communicate with each other in French.
The German language and literature of the lyceum students was taught by professor F.-L. De Gauenschild, native of Transylvania. He was distinguished by methodological skill, discipline and exactingness to his students. Honored Professor I.K. Kaidanov from 1811 to 1841 taught history at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. He was the author of several textbooks and manuals for lyceum students.
Professor of moral sciences was A.P. Kunitsyn, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute. He read logic, psychology, morality, various branches of law, political economy and finance. Professor Kunitsyn was among the best teachers of his time.
Ya. I. Kartsev founded the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, set up physical and mineralogical classrooms. According to the curriculum, mathematics at the Lyceum was divided into pure and applied, and physics - into theoretical and technical. In addition, Professor Ya. I. Kartsev taught lyceum students courses in some sections of military sciences (artillery, fortification, naval affairs, and others).
The main specialist in military sciences was Professor A.M. Pushkin, who lectured on field fortification and other subjects. After his death in 1821, Captain A. V. Ustinov was offered the post of professor of military sciences. Lyceum students who chose a military career additionally studied weapons, tactics, strategy and history of wars, military topography and drawing plans, an overview of military art, and so on.
The faculty was free to choose the methods of their work. However, at the same time, the main principle of education was strictly observed - lyceum students were not supposed to be in an idle state. Teachers were forbidden to dictate new material for school subjects. They had to conduct classes so that none of the pupils lagged behind in their studies. Teachers paid special attention to less prepared students, and also worked with them additionally. All lessons, especially in the first months of training, were accompanied by reports of students in oral or written form. Professors, adjuncts and teachers did not move on to working out new material until all lyceum students had mastered the previous one. For each section of the training program, certain methodological rules were established, which were strictly followed.
The lyceum students studied fine arts and gymnastic exercises with great interest. Calligraphy was taught by the teacher F. P. Kalinich, drawing by S. G. Chirikov, and music and singing by F. B. Galtengof. Dance lessons were given by II Eberhardt and other foreigners specially invited to the Lyceum. A foreigner Valville was also a fencing teacher from 1812 to 1824.
Teaching young men to ride horseback began in 1816, and the first teacher in this subject was the colonel of the Life Hussar Regiment A.V. Krekshin. Classes were held three times a week in shifts. The horses were regimental and were under the supervision of a breeder (instructor in horse dressage and riding).
Swimming lessons began in the summer of 1817 and were conducted by specially appointed two or three sailors. The place for exercise was a large bath in the royal garden. After swimming, medical control was carried out. A reasonable combination of mental and physical exertion had a beneficial effect on the development of lyceum students.
The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a closed educational institution; leaving the Lyceum during the school year was prohibited. All lyceum students were subject to a strict daily routine, which was overseen by the principal, staff overseers, and teachers.
A distinctive feature of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a uniform form of clothing. The uniform of the Lyceum consisted of a single-breasted caftan of dark blue cloth with a standing collar of red cloth and the same cuffs, with gold and silver embroidery. The buttons were smooth, gilded, and the lining was blue. The camisole and underwear are made of white cloth.
The pupils wore two buttonholes on each side of the collar: the younger ones were embroidered with silver, and the older ones - with gold.
For the needs of the Lyceum, during its formation, a new four-story wing of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace was allocated as a room for a hospital, a kitchen and other household needs, as well as for the residence of officials. By the decree of the emperor dated February 3, 1811, the buildings intended in Tsarskoe Selo for the Lyceum, with all the accessories, were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education.
The lower floor of the wing housed the board of the lyceum and the hospital, the second floor was for the junior year, and the third for the senior year; the upper floor was occupied by bedrooms. The ceremonial hall was on the third floor. The library occupied a two-story gallery that formed an arch over the street. Next to the palace, in a separate building, there was a service block and the apartment of the director of the Lyceum. There was a church in the courtyard, and behind it was a large garden.
In the main hall of the Lyceum there was expensive furniture, there were many paintings, the room was lit by crystal chandeliers, there were curtains on the windows (velvet, silk, fringe, tassels). In classrooms, tables were covered with scarlet cloth. In the dining room, the dishes were English faience, the sets were from the St. Petersburg Gostiny Dvor. The pupils used silver cutlery and lace napkins.
Each lyceum student relied on a class table (desk), a chest of drawers and an iron bed, polished with copper ornaments, covered with canvas.
Its library, created in 1811, was of great importance in the life of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It was headed by a distinguished librarian, who was supposed to purchase books and manuals necessary for the educational process, describe newspapers and magazines, monitor their safety and issue them to readers.
Initially, the collection of the Lyceum library was formed from books donated by the owners of the Alexander Palace (1670 items). Then practically all the best Russian and foreign books began to enter the library. The following periodicals were subscribed to for the readers: "Vestnik Evropy", "Military Journal", "Friend of Youth", "Historical and Statistical Journal", "Russian Invalid", "Son of the Fatherland", "Christian Readings" and others. Teaching aids by the staff professors of the Lyceum were in the greatest demand in the library.
Unremitting attention was paid to the religious education of young men, the organizer of which was the presbyter N.V. Muzovsky. In addition to planned studies according to the law of God, the pupils read the Bible on their own. On Sundays and holidays, lyceum students attended services. All the students attended spiritual singing classes and studied it with great diligence.
The Table of successes, diligence and talents of pupils of the Lyceum, which was drawn up on the basis of statements submitted by professors, adjuncts and teachers every six months, had a significant educational value. The Table noted the successes and shortcomings of each student in their studies, which became the subject of general discussion.
On January 8, 1815, the first transfer tests of junior lyceum students took place. The great poet G.R.Derzhavin and other lovers of education came to the exam in Russian literature.
Already at the first recruitment of pupils to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, it was obvious that the initial level of training of young men was significantly different. Significant efforts of professors and teachers were required for additional classes in certain subjects with those lyceum students who lagged behind in mastering the curriculum. In order for those entering the Lyceum to have approximately the same general education level, it was necessary to open a preparatory educational institution.
In 1817, the first graduation of the pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum to the public service took place. With the rank of IX class, 9 people were released, with the rank of X class - 8 people, 7 people became officers of the Guard and 5 - officers of the army. In subsequent years, the lyceum students' interest in military service remained. Suffice it to say that for 33 years of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, 52 of the 286 who completed the full course (14.6%) graduated from officers. Officers who graduated from the Lyceum were granted the rights of graduates of the Corps of Pages, which made it possible to quickly advance in military service.
By an imperial decree of March 18, 1822, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was transferred to the department of the Chief Director of the Pages and Cadet Corps. Thus, the direct supervision of the Lyceum passed to Adjutant General P.V. Golenishchev-Kutuzov. A new stage in its history began.
The accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas I had serious consequences for the Russian system of public education. By decree of February 23, 1829, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum began training students only for civil service. The Department of Military Sciences was closed, and instead of its subjects, logic, psychology, statistics and geography began to be introduced. The organizational structure of the Lyceum has also changed. Instead of two classes of 3 years each, the pupils began to study in four classes of 1.5 years each. On June 28, 1832, the Regulation on the native pupils of the Lyceum was approved. To the 50 state-owned pupils there were added 50 self-employed ones with a fee of 2,000 rubles a year for each. Both categories of trainees had the same rights. The state-owned pupils retained the privilege of receiving cash benefits upon graduation.
Under the new regulation, the sons of noblemen aged 12-14 years, who were necessarily baptized and in good health, could enter the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The following entrance examinations were envisaged: the law of God, the Russian language, Latin, German or French, mathematics, geography and history. The new regulation made it possible to improve the quality characteristics of the trainees and to increase their number.
In subsequent years, the attention of the emperor and the highest dignitaries to the Lyceum did not wane. From year to year, more and more sums were allocated for the needs of pupils, professors and officials. Lyceum students received new benefits and privileges: certificates of honor and gifts for academic success, the inscribing the names of the best students on the marble boards of honor, permission for 4th grade pupils to wear small swords, an increase in cash benefits upon graduation and other benefits.
On November 6, 1843, Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree "On the introduction of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum into the general structure of civil educational institutions." This meant transferring the lyceum under the direct supervision of the monarch, moving it from Tsarskoe Selo to St. Petersburg (to the building of the Alexander Orphanage) and renaming it the Imperial Alexander Lyceum. Significant changes began in the organizational, personnel and educational spheres, which turned the Lyceum into an elite world-class institution of higher education 6.
ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ARTICLE:
PEDAGOGICAL SYSTEM AND METHODS OF EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING AT THE TSARSKOSELSK LYCEUM (B / A)
In the first years of its existence, the Lyceum was a progressive educational institution. It had freedom of creative, educational and educational activities. Here they taught to consciously think, reason, argue about truth, about justice and virtue. The motto of the Lyceum under the first director VF Malinovsky is “For the common good”. It was this idea that formed the basis of training at the Lyceum. This was also the motto under the second director, E. A. Engelhardt. The teachers tried to develop the individuality of each student, to reveal their best spiritual qualities, in each student they saw and respected the personality. Scientists, lawyers, philologists did not leave the walls of the Lyceum; graduates received encyclopedic education; acquired a humanistic outlook on life, respect for the individual, regardless of the class of the person.
The training lasted six years and was divided into two courses. The first course gave an education equal to the amount of material studied in the upper grades of the gymnasium. The second course gave a higher, university education. After the first year, they passed the transition exams, and after the second, graduation exams. Public examinations were held every six months by all professors in the presence of the director. Those who excelled in these exams received awards and accolades. Every year there were open tests at a special invitation. Pupils who did not cope with the test were not transferred to another class until they were corrected.
At the first stage of training, preference was given to verbal sciences over technical ones. The largest number of hours per week was devoted to grammar, history and verbal, especially foreign languages. Foreign languages were taught at least 4 hours a day. In their free time, there were days when they spoke French or German. It was believed that first one must study the sciences that require simple memorization, and then study the sciences that require a mature mind. The study of mathematical and physical sciences was limited to the initial information. This was done in order to leave the opportunity and time to study verbal sciences in depth.
In the senior year of study, preference was given to the moral, physical and mathematical sciences, while foreign languages continued to be intensively studied.
The number of hours depended on the knowledge of the students. It was not determined strictly according to some document, but was established after the recruitment of pupils, when their level of knowledge was already known. And for each new course, it was slightly different. For example, in 1812, lyceum students per week studied 10 hours of French, 6 hours - Latin, 10 hours - German, 3 hours - Russian, 4 hours - mathematics, 3 hours - geography, 3 hours - history, 3 hours - calligraphy and 2 hours - drawing. In total, there were 47 teaching hours per week.
The professors had to make sure that the material they had learned was mastered, and only then teach further. It was recommended to pay special attention to those who are not able to work. The study of the material became more complicated gradually. So, for example, while studying Latin, lyceum students first studied grammar, then made translations, then wrote essays in Latin. In high school, they were engaged in analytical reading of the classics and translation into Russian of the best passages from the works of these writers. Many lyceum students, as adolescents, chose their own path in life and strove persistently towards their dreams.
Pushkin's abilities were so obvious that no one doubted his vocation. V. Volkhovsky wanted to become a military man and with perseverance prepared himself for his future profession. He not only studied the best, but also tempered his will. He led a Spartan lifestyle: he got up before everyone else, wiped himself with cold water, slept on boards without a mattress, thick dictionaries served as his pillows. This is how Vladimir Volkhovsky raised his will. For this, his comrades called him "Suvorochka".
The teachers helped the pupils achieve their goals. So Alexander Gorchakov, while still at the Lyceum, decided to devote himself to diplomatic activity, which is why the teachers obtained for him genuine diplomatic materials from the Foreign Collegium. And F. Matyushkin dreamed of becoming a navigator. He was fired up with the idea of seeing the world and achieved it. Graduates of the Lyceum did not get into the fleet, but the director E. A. Engelhardt helped F. Matyushkin to get the assignment to the sloop "Kamchatka", commanded by V. M. Golovin. So Matyushkin got on a ship that was going on a round-the-world trip. For pupils who dreamed of military service, military training classes were organized.
Sometimes the wisdom of the professors was that they simply did not interfere with the development of their student's talent. Professor of mathematics Kartsov did not try to force Pushkin to know his subject, he saw the poet's talent and, jokingly, said: “With you, Pushkin, everything in my class ends in zero. Sit down in your seat and write poetry. "
Not only ideas were progressive in this institution. Here ideas were brought to life. Lyceum students were brought up in an atmosphere of impossibility to encroach on the dignity of another person. For the nobles, this was the truth among the people of their class. In the Lyceum, however, any person, regardless of their social status, had the right to respect. Lyceum students were forbidden to scold the ministers, even if they were serfs. There was no corporal punishment in the Lyceum.
Each pupil had his own small room where he could retire. The lyceum was kept clean, the warmth of the air was observed in degrees. The premises were ventilated, so that the air could circulate correctly, the partitions in the rooms of the lyceum students did not reach the ceiling. The classrooms were beautiful and spacious.
The children lived according to a strict schedule: 6 hours - getting up, packing, prayer; 7-9 hours - lessons; 9-10 hours - tea, walk; 10-12 hours - lessons; 12-13 hours - walk; 13 hours - lunch; 14-15 hours - calligraphy or drawing; 15-17 hours - lessons; 17 hours - tea; up to 18 hours - a walk; 18–20.30 hours - repetition of lessons and auxiliary classes (on Wednesdays and Saturdays - dancing or fencing); 20.30 - dinner; up to 10 pm - recreation; 22 hours - prayer and sleep. Bathhouse every Saturday.
All life in the Lyceum was aimed at ensuring that the pupils develop correctly, successfully acquire knowledge and not indulge in laziness. Six days a week were study days. The training lasted for a whole year, except for the month of August, when there was a vacation. But the classes were properly organized, study alternated with rest and walks, so that the pupils did not feel overwhelmed. Illichevsky wrote about this: “… at least freedom reigns here (and freedom is a golden thing), there is no boring place to sit in places… in the summer we spend our leisure time walking. In the winter, when we read books, sometimes we imagine the theater, we deal with the bosses without fear, and we joke with them, we laugh. "
In the classroom, the professors not only forced themselves to listen, they tried to force the pupils to think, to understand the main thing. In the Lyceum, it was possible to recount the material covered in your own words, and not to memorize it. It seems to us that this is natural, but for that time it was new and was not practiced in other educational institutions.
The family of lyceum students turned out to be international. Broglio was Italian, Gorchakov, Danzas, Matyushkin, Delvig, Korf had German roots, and Kuchelbecker was German on both sides. But the Lyceum raised all students in the spirit of love for Russia.
The students were of different denominations. So, Matyushkin was a Lutheran, and Danzas was a Catholic. But the Lyceum did not attach much importance to this.
The teachers treated the pupils as adults. They addressed them on "you" and necessarily added the word "master" to the surname. Only the director, E. A. Engelhardt, addressed the students as “you,” but this was a sign that the student was his friend. The lyceum students were not offended by this, but, on the contrary, knew that if the director began to tell them "you", it means that they were guilty of something.
There was freedom of communication between lyceum students and teachers. Together they were a family. Professor of Moscow University SP Shevyrev wrote: "The Lyceum was an institution in a completely Western way: here they received Western magazines for pupils who, in their games, arranged chambers among themselves, spoke speeches, published magazines, etc., in general there was a lot of freedom."
The special relationship between lyceum students and teachers is evidenced by the fact that there are many cartoons of teachers. The disciples were not afraid of them and considered it possible to play a trick on them.
This was not the case in other educational institutions of that time ...
Relations between the lyceum students were regulated by certain rules, the text of which was posted in the corridor of the 4th floor. It said that "all pupils are equal, like children of one father and family, and therefore no one can despise others or be proud of others, whatever, ... pupils should live peacefully and amicably among themselves." Thanks to these rules and the efforts of the teachers, a spirit of camaraderie and solidarity lived in the Lyceum. No one has ever betrayed the guilty, if he himself did not confess to what he had done.
VN Kokovtsev, who already studied at the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, wrote about this special relationship between lyceum students: “I have always considered the distinguishing feature of our“ lyceum connection ”- the complete absence of any differences on the basis of external material and other advantages of some over others. This feature was fully supported by all our bosses, both lower and higher, and it was felt literally at every step. " “Among us, for all six years of our life at the Lyceum ... there has never been a chance to curry favor with the authorities, to acquire any kind of exclusive favor for ourselves, especially to the detriment of someone from the course. This was called in the language of lyceum students "sycophancy" and from the very first days of admission it was ridiculed in advance and doomed to merciless condemnation. The immediately narrated cases of "fiscalism" or complaints to the educator about an insult inflicted by any of the comrades were eliminated by an absolutely indisputable verdict - retribution from the whole class ... from the very first steps of our common life in the new situation it became obvious by itself. "
Particular attention was paid to reading in the Lyceum. It had its own library, made up of the best books. The books were bought by the director and professors, they did not spare money to purchase them. But all the same, there were not enough books, so the director E.A. The library was transferred at the end of 1818, when the first course had already completed its studies.
They tried to follow the reading of the lyceum students. So, for first-year students, only educational and classical books were released from the library. When the pupils grew up, the books were given out according to the professor's note and at the discretion of the warden. At the Lyceum, pupils were taught that without reading books, a person cannot take place as a free creative person. It was here that the concept was formed that not reading books, not being interested in books means not being an intelligent person ...
The Lyceum did not teach acting, as they did in the St. Petersburg Gentry Corps, the Institute of Noble Maidens or at the Moscow Noble University Boarding School. However, already in the first year of training, the pupils acted out plays of their own free will. Lyceum students attended the performances of the serf theater of Count Bartholomew Tolstoy, who lived in Tsarskoe Selo.
The Minister of Education banned the theater in the Lyceum, as he believed that it distracts from studies and makes the Lyceum similar to the educational institutions that existed at that time. But theatrical performances were staged by lyceum students, despite the minister's dissatisfaction. The Lyceum director understood that theater is a means of improvement in oratory, it allows you to learn to freely control your body, culture of gesture, posture, and also teaches you to feel at ease in any situation. The theater entered the life of the Lyceum, as did the balls at which the lyceum students learned the customs of light. Over time, not a single holiday could do without theatrical performances. E. A. Engelgardt, despite his duties as director, managed to write small plays and stage them with his students.
Initially, performances were performed for pupils and administration. All female roles in the play were changed to male roles. But gradually they began to stage not only comedies and vaudeville, but also serious dramas. Female roles were preserved, they were performed by lyceum students in disguise and make-up. Guests, parents, residents of Tsarskoye Selo began to be invited to the performances. Newspapers of St. Petersburg gave a detailed account of the holidays in the Lyceum.
The Lyceum had its own system of punishments and rewards. So, the guilty students sat on the back desks in the classroom and during meals, wrote on a special black board ... Lyceum students could be deprived of a common table and put on bread and water, but such a punishment could last no more than two days. For special offenses, they could be put in a punishment cell, where the director came to the lyceum student and made him a suggestion. Such a severe punishment could last no more than three days. It was used extremely rarely in this educational institution.
Sometimes lyceum students could punish the guilty themselves. Nikolai Nikolaevich Fige, a graduate of the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, the son of a former lyceum student, recalled it this way: “The sense of camaraderie, honor of uniform, corporate spirit was very developed in all of us. From the very first days of our entry, we all considered ourselves members of one family ... Traditions in the Lyceum played a huge role, and the unwritten law was much stronger than the written one. All the Lyceum authorities had to reckon with him. The class had the right, and in some cases, to remove from its midst an unwanted pupil, and, consequently, from the Lyceum, unsuitable comrades. One of the most severe punishments was excommunication from the class, when, by order of the class, all the comrades ceased not only to speak, but also to have any kind of communication with an individual pupil. Such measures were usually taken against pupils who committed an act that was difficult to qualify according to the official scale of sins. He usually touched upon the field of comradeship and decency and was a response to such actions, which, in the opinion of our young heads, were unworthy of the title of lyceum student. "
Yu. N. Tynyanov has one more type of lyceum punishment, which was the most effective for lyceum students. This is the deprivation of the Lyceum uniform for the day and the putting on of the clothes in which the pupil came from home.
Distinguished pupils were encouraged. Their name was written on a special white board in gold letters. Students who were successful in a particular science were given books signed by the director and professor of the science in which the student showed success. At the end of the training, graduates received medals and certificates of honor. It was established to give one large gold medal, one small gold medal and silver medals. Often, teachers listened to the opinion of lyceum students when awarding graduates. So, at the first graduation, Gorchakov and Volkhovsky completed their studies in the same way, but a large gold medal was awarded to Volkhovsky at the request of fellow students, since he was more diligent, diligent and modest.
The lyceum was a closed educational institution, so the pupils had no right to leave it. The first director of the Lyceum, V.F. Malinovsky, insisted on this. The director believed that children could be "harmful" at home and sought to isolate children from this. He wanted to sever the students' ties with their families, everyday life, and the entire system of social unfair relations. He wrote: “... arrogance, impatience, and lowly baseness and servility - from upbringing, life and dealing with slaves. A person learns, on the one hand, to unlimited will, on the other, to obedience and blind obedience. Self-righteousness and fear are the fruits of slavery. "
Lyceum students were allowed to visit home only during the Christmas holidays in 1817. This system made it possible to deprive parents of the opportunity to pamper their children, to exclude the influence on the formation of lyceum students from outside. They lived and studied at the Lyceum. Here they became individuals. Here their worldview took shape 7.
In the city of Pushkin (until 1918 - Tsarskoe Selo), the former suburban residence of the Russian emperors, people now come to get acquainted with local sights - the Catherine Palace and the park, to take a tour of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, which will take a little more than half an hour. The Pushkin Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo is a special place that every tourist should visit.
Popularity of the place
Considering that the number of those wishing to visit the royal chambers never decreases, it is better to buy tickets in advance, but so that before that you can walk through the famous educational institution, fond memories of which can be found in one of the works of the great poet and writer.
The Pushkin Lyceum Museum in Tsarskoe Selo invites visitors to plunge into the old way of life and see the desk at which one of the most talented people in Russia was sitting.
A bit of history
He accepted his first students in 1811. Thus, the date of its foundation falls on the period of the era of liberalism of Alexander I. Parents of very noble noble families brought their children of 12-14 years old to study, since the educational institution was faced with a very difficult task - the graduate must be ready for “important parts of the sovereign’s service. ".
The first entrants were not even warned at first that they would have to stay within the walls of the Lyceum for six whole years without the opportunity to go home. They were given a surprise only at the end of the day of admission, when the children ate their evening dessert. The Pushkin Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo was of particular importance for high-ranking people of that time. Everyone wanted to send their children to be educated by professional teachers.
Construction plan of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Between the buildings of the Lyceum and the Catherine Palace, a connecting arch was erected with the altar part (choirs) of the court church. The building of the educational institution has 4 floors, each of which had its own functional purpose:
- The lowest floor was used as living quarters in which inspectors, officials, employees and tutors lived.
- On the next floor there was a conference room with a nearby office, a hospital and a pharmacy, a canteen where employees and students ate. The Pushkin Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo is very popular among tourists. Photos of the museum can be viewed in this article.
- On the floor above, in two classes, the educational process took place. In one of them, classes were held after lectures. Also on the third floor there was a physical office, and inside the arch, which was discussed above, there was a room for periodicals - magazines and newspapers. In the assembly hall on the same floor on October 18, 1811, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened in a solemn atmosphere. And in 1815 another historical event took place - the Lyceum student Pushkin, who then turned 15 years old, recited his poem "Memories in Tsarskoe Selo" during the exam, making the elderly Derzhavin cry.
- Students lived on the fourth floor. According to Pushkin, the rooms resembled very narrow "cells", which, as for the offspring of noble families, were furnished rather modestly, in a Spartan style, with a minimum of amenities. The furniture did not shine with luxury and was represented only by a mirror, an iron bed, a chest of drawers, a desk and a table for washing. In one of these rooms, at number 14, Lyceum student Pushkin lived and spent his leisure time. The years of study were so imprinted in the memory that some time after completing his studies, Alexander Sergeevich, who managed to become famous, at the end of each of the letters addressed to his friends-lyceum students, put the signature "No. 14".
The daily routine of the lyceum student
Children of the nobility had to live in Spartan conditions; the room had a far from comfortable air temperature - within 17 degrees. The Pushkin Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo was an example of discipline. Lyceum students had to adhere to the following order of the day:
- Every morning we get up, like in the army, at 6.00.
- Strictly one hour was allotted in order to wake up and wipe his eyes, consistently perform the actions brought to automatism: morning toilet, dressing, prayer, repetition of lessons.
- Classes start at 7.00. Two of them were held before lunch for two hours with some break. During the first break, the lyceum students had breakfast with tea and a white roll, the rest of the time before the next two-hour classes they devoted to a short walk.
- Then the next two hours of classes, after which they were allowed to take a walk, and then they had to repeat the lessons.
- 13.30 - lunch, which usually consisted of three courses.
- The afternoon three hours of classes were held in a classroom with three rows of desks.
- and compulsory physical activity.
- Lyceum students had dinner at 20.30.
The Pushkin Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo was respected, parents liked the strict rules that children had to adhere to. In total, I had to study seven hours a day. The academic year began on August 1 and ended on July 1 of the following calendar year. In Tsarskoe Selo, the pupils were supposed to stay even during the holidays, which lasted a whole month. The six-year study period consisted of two parts: the first three years were the elementary department, and the next three years were the final department. During this time, the pupils managed to get not only secondary, but also higher education. The curriculum was almost inconsistent with that taught at the Faculty of Law and Philosophy. Moreover, lyceum graduates were equated with university graduates.
Prices and opening hours
In addition to Pushkin, many other famous personalities graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, such as Pushchin, Delvig, Kuchelbecker, Korf, Gorchakov, and others.
Be sure to visit the Pushkin Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo. Opening hours - from seven in the morning to eleven in the evening. The ticket price is 120 rubles, children under 18 pass free of charge. Discounts are also offered to pensioners; a ticket to the museum will cost them 30 rubles.
If you came to Pushkin (Tsarskoe Selo) with a desire to visit the Catherine Palace and Park, choose 40 minutes to visit the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum Museum. Most likely, you will not buy tickets to the Catherine Palace for the near future, since there are a great many who want to visit the imperial chambers, and you will have time to visit the educational institution praised by Pushkin.
Tsarskoye Selo Museum-Lyceum is located 30 meters from the ticket office of the palace, in a four-story wing.
At the entrance there is information about the cost of tickets:
adult ticket - 150 rubles;
a ticket for schoolchildren - 70 rubles;
ticket for students - 90 rubles;
ticket for pensioners - 50 rubles.
Photographing in the museum - 200 rubles. (In the museum, you can take pictures without using a flash for free).
The museum is open from 10-30 to 17-00. Closed on Tuesday.
The last Friday of the month is a cleaning day.
The museum is allowed in groups. Therefore, approach the porch near the entrance to the Lyceum and wait for at least 15 people to gather. You will then be escorted to the ticket office to buy tickets. Literally a few minutes later, in the hall where the monument to young Pushkin is located, a guide approaches and the excursion begins.
You will be told about the creation of the lyceum in 1811, about the first 30 pupils, among whom was the 14-year-old Pushkin.
Children from noble families, under the patronage of famous Russian figures, were taken to the Lyceum at the age of 12 to 14 years. It is interesting that the first pupils learned that they would stay for six years without a break in the educational institution only in the evening on the day of admission, after the evening dessert. Imagine the reaction of very young children to this news.
Although all the students were nobles, the Lyceum had Spartan living conditions. The rooms were kept at a temperature of 14-17 (!) Degrees. The children got up every morning at six in the morning. Within an hour, there was a morning toilet, dress, prayer, and review of yesterday's lessons.
The first two hours of classes began at seven in the morning. Then breakfast ("tea with a white roll") and a short walk. Two hours of lessons, a walk and a repetition of lessons. Three course lunch at half past one afternoon.
Afternoon 3 hours of classroom lessons. In the evening walk again and exercise and dinner at half past nine.
The young pupils studied for at least seven hours every day.
The study lasted from August 1 to July 1. Lyceum students also spent a month of vacations in Tsarskoe Selo.
In the Lyceum it was established that at each lesson the most successful students sat closest to the teacher. Young Pushkin could boast of the first desk in the lessons of Russian and French literature.
Also, Alexander Sergeevich, thanks to his innate activity, succeeded in swimming, fencing, horse riding, ice skating.
Despite the difficult program, the students managed to publish their own newspaper, where they wrote their epigrams, poems, stories by hand and drew harmless caricatures of their friends.
Many pupils used one free hour from nine to ten in the evening for reading and learning foreign languages. The remarkable library was located in the archway to the imperial palace.
In the lyceum, in the classroom, they taught French, German and Latin. There were days when it was possible to speak only in the language specified by the teachers.
Pupils were given marks according to the European system. The best mark - 1, unsatisfactory - 4. It is interesting that if the student "did not show any interest in the subject", he was given "0" and was not forced to learn the subject through force. Once Alexander Pushkin received a "0" in algebra, but the teacher just waved his hand: "Go better write your poetry."
Students of the Lyceum together with all their souls worried about the fate of the fatherland in 1812. Under the arch connecting the Catherine Palace and the Lyceum wing, the grenadier regiments marched into the war. According to the recollections of the lyceum students themselves, they cried, ran after, baptized the leaving soldiers and officers.
In 1815, the first public examination was held, which was attended by Derzhavin. Pushkin's poem "Recollection of Tsarskoe Selo" awakened the slumbering Derzhavin. Pushkin himself saw the reaction to his verse, became agitated, ran away, hid. On that day, Derzhavin's request to bring the young poet to him for an embrace was not fulfilled. Subsequently, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was blessed by Gavrila Romanovich as his successor and successor to Russian poetry.
Each course at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum came up with a motto at the general meeting, which he carried through all the years of study. The motto of the Pushkin course "For the common good" is still considered the best in the history of the Lyceum until 1918.
In the curriculum, a lot of time was devoted to describing the life of the great people of the past. The teachers believed that a living historical example should motivate young men to desire to become better. Corporal punishment was prohibited in the lyceum - this was directly written in the charter. From the first days the lyceum students were equal in spite of their titles, merits of their ancestors and religion (in the first edition there were half of Orthodox Christians, the rest were Catholics and Lutherans). You couldn't shout at the serfs who took care of the students.
Perhaps all this influenced the fact that all the graduates of the first issue of the Imperial Lyceum glorified Russia. Of the most known to us: Major General Vladimir Dmitrievich Volkhovsky, Chancellor of the Russian Empire Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov, Decembrist Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin.
Room number fourteen, in which he lived for 2060 days, studied, composed Pushkin, looks like a closet. Small in size, two walls do not reach the ceiling, a bed, a desk and a table for washing.
Thanks to the restorers who recreated the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum for the 150th anniversary of the Great Russian poet. Thanks to the guides for a fascinating story about the Lyceum and its first graduates with quotations from the poems of Alexander Sergeevich.
... Wherever fate has thrown us,
and happiness wherever it takes
We are all the same: the whole world is a foreign land for us;
Fatherland to us Tsarskoe Selo.