Verbs change according to moods. The mood of the verb indicates how the action named by the verb relates to reality, that is, whether it actually happens, or only supposedly. Consider three verb forms:
asked, would ask, ask
First form - asked denotes an actual action already committed by someone. Second form - would ask denotes a supposedly possible action that could have happened but did not. Third form - ask denotes a supposedly possible action that has not yet taken place. These differences in the meanings of verbs divide them into three declensions: indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative.
Indicative
Indicative mood of the verb denotes an action that actually happened, is happening or will happen, for example:
puppy gnawed toy
puppy gnaws toy
puppy will gnaw toy
Consequently, verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses, that is, they can take the form of the present, past and future tenses:
ran- past tense
I run- present tense
I will run- future
In the past tense in the singular, verbs change by gender, for example:
he ran- masculine
she ran- feminine gender
it ran- neuter gender
In the indicative mood, verbs change in person and number, for example:
we run- 1st person plural number
you run- 2nd person one. number
she is running- 3rd person is one. number
Conditional (subjunctive) mood
Conditional (subjunctive) mood denotes actions that can occur under a certain condition, that is, possible actions, for example:
I would read if the book is interesting.
If it's sunny, we'd go to the beach.
Conditional verbs can denote actions that are desired, that is, actions that want to happen, without any conditions:
I would drink tea.
We would sunbathe.
The conditional mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). As in the past tense, verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender.
Particle would (b) written separately from the verb. It can stand after the verb, before it, and can also be separated from the verb by other words, for example:
I would drink tea.
We would sunbathe .
I would with pleasure went down to the cinema.
With two or more conditional verbs, there can be one particle would, for example:
We would rest And had fun .
Imperative mood
Imperative verb denotes the actions to which the speaker encourages his listener or interlocutor. Imperative verbs can mean:
- orders:
sit down, get up, go
- adviсe:
go down better in movies. Better contact to the doctor.
- permission:
sit down, go
- wishes:
Let's go to the park? let's eat on ice cream?
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change in tenses, but change in numbers. To form the plural form, the ending is added to the singular form -those, for example:
sit down - sit down those
write write those
play - play those
To indicate politeness when referring to one person, plural verbs are used, compare:
pass - pass those
To soften a request or order, a particle is added to the form of the imperative mood -ka:
swear - swear - ka, pass - pass - ka
To express a sharp order, the indefinite form of the verb is used, for example:
Hands not touch! Sit silently!
The singular form of the 2nd person of the imperative mood is formed from the stem of present tense imperfective verbs or from the stem of future simple perfect tense verbs:
- If the stem ends in a vowel, then add th:
cop Yu(present time) - cop th (command. inc.)
digging Yu(bud. pr. time) - digging th (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the ending, then -And:
watchman y(present time) - watchman And (command. inc.)
watchman y(bud. pr. time) - watchman And (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then a soft sign is added -b:
dir at(present time) - dir b (command. inc.)
cut at(bud. pr. time) - sparse b (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in two consonants and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then instead of a soft sign -b added -And:
remember Yu(present time) - remember And (command. inc.)
remember Yu(bud. pr. time) - memory And (command. inc.)
Particles are used to form the 3rd person shape let, let, yes together with 3rd person present or future simple tense verbs, for example:
Let him play. Let him read.
Particle Yes expresses an appeal or a solemn wish, sentences with this particle are usually exclamatory:
let's go already! May it be eradicated evil!
To form the form of the 1st person plural, the form of the indicative mood of the 1st person with a special intonation (call to action) is used, for example:
Let's go to the beach!
The 1st person plural indicates that the speaker is inviting someone else to do the action with them. The ending can be added to this form -those or words come on, come on:
Let's go those to the beach!
Let's let's go to the beach!
Let's let's go to the beach!
Imperative verbs do not have the 1st person singular form.
Reflexive verbs in the imperative mood have at the end -sya or -ss, for example:
boast, wash up
If the imperative mood ends in a consonant, except th, then a soft sign is written at the end of the verb - b, for example:
hide b, dir b, rise b
The soft sign is preserved before -sya (-sya) And -those:
hide b sya, dir b those get up b those
Note: from verb lie down imperative form - lie down, lie down, lie down, lie down. This verb is an exception and does not have a soft sign at the end in the imperative mood.
Sections: Russian language
Class: 6
Goals:
- organize the activities of students to study new material, help to realize its practical significance, help improve the quality of knowledge, literacy;
- promote the development of research skills, speech and communication competence, create conditions for increasing interest in the material being studied;
- promote the development of interest in the lessons of the Russian language.
Lesson type: lesson learning new material.
Type of lesson: combined.
Technology: problem learning.
Equipment: cards for individual work, signal cards; printed educational material ( Annex 2 , Appendix 3), presentation ( Attachment 1), Appendix 4 .
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
- Hello guys. Let's sit back, smile at each other, and get to work.
In the previous lessons, you got acquainted with the moods of the verb. Today we will work with two of them. With what, you say yourself.
2. Vocabulary work
In which column do all the verbs have the same form?
1 2 3 cook
purchase
orderorder
cook
purchaseget
order
cook
- So, in which column are all the verbs of the same mood?
In the second. Let's make sure of this.
Look at the verbs of the first column, find the extra one ( order). Why? (because it is indicative). What is the form of the other two verbs? (in indefinite form).
Let's look at the verbs in the third column. Find the extra order). Prove it.
And what can be said about the verbs of the 2nd column? (they are imperative). This means that the verbs of the second column are in the same form (in the form of the imperative mood).
What else can you say about these three verbs? (dictionaries).
Read them carefully again, write them down from memory.
Check.
- So, we have imperative verbs.
What other mood verbs did we meet in columns? And who will say in what tense were the verbs of the indicative mood? (in future)
– Can we formulate the topic of our lesson now? ( slide 3)
(Distinguishing the imperative mood and the form of the future tense).
- What will we learn in the lesson? For what?
Purpose: to learn to distinguish and correctly write verbs of 2 persons plural. h. imperative and indicative moods.
3. Repetition of theoretical material
- Please answer the question: what actions do the verbs of the indicative mood denote? ( Actions that have taken place, are taking place or will take place.) Give examples.
What actions do imperative verbs denote? ( Actions that someone asks or orders to perform.) Give examples. Table.
How are imperative verbs formed?
Stage 4
- Guys, in front of each of you is a research sheet (see. Annex 2). Everyone will work on it independently. In the sheet you will meet an unknown word HOMOPHONES, look. Please. What words are called homophones?
Read the assignment. Have questions about the assignment?
(Independent work of students.)
Stage 5
– So, let's read the pairs of sentences that you worked with. ( slide 4)
Front check.
What homophone verbs did you work with? (choose - choose, get out - get out)
- Name the mood of each verb.
What do imperative verbs end in? ( ite )
What endings do indicative verbs have? ( ee ). Why?
- What determines the spelling of the endings of the future tense verbs of the indicative mood?
Conclusion: Does the spelling of imperative verbs depend on the verb conjugation? No.
– Our research is not finished, we will spend the last part of it together. Look at another couple of suggestions. Read.
- Do not damage the TV. - If you mess it up, you'll have to call the master.
Which pair of verbs are we going to consider now? (Do not spoil - spoil).
What is the indicative verb? (Spoil it).
Find the end of the verb ( ite ) Why? (because it is of the second conjugation)
So, what determines the spelling of the endings of the indicative verb? (from conjugation)
Output: remember your independent research and our joint work, let's think about what conclusion can be drawn.
What endings can have verbs 2 person plural. h. Indicative mood? What does it depend on?
stage 6
Let's build a diagram that will help us in the correct spelling of verbs. Building a schema. ( slide 5)
Now, looking at this reference diagram, tell our rule to each other.
Now let's read the rule in the textbook on page 202. Who wants to tell us it?
Stage 7
Let's do an oral dictation. Prepare letter cards E, AND.
Who will experience difficulties in completing the task, refer to our scheme.
Read the proposed entry, think about which letter to insert. Raise the desired card. Prove it.
Remember ... those about it!
If tomorrow you tell ... those stories ...
When you notice ... those mistakes ...
8. Independent work of students
“Now work on your own.”
Find exercise 497 in the textbook, read the task. Who has questions?
Key self-check.
Who is satisfied with their work? Please raise your hands.
Stage 9
Guys, since we are studying the verb, we must use all its forms correctly, in accordance with grammatical and speech norms.
I suggest you take a look at this picture. ( slide 6)
What do you think is the situation on it?
The sister said: “Put everything in the bag.”
– Do you want to sleep? So lie down!
My friend puts his bag anywhere.
Is everything right? Fix it. ( Slide 7)
Knowing these verbs well, you will correctly use them in speech.
10 stage
And the last task of our lesson.
Take the test, circle the letter of the correct answer. (cm. Appendix 3)
11. Final stage. Reflection
(Slide 8)
What did we learn in class today? For what?
Do you remember which task you enjoyed the most?
What task seemed the most difficult?
What task would you like to do more?
12. Homework
Choice task: exercise 496 according to the textbook assignment or make a card for a friend.
“Rain, rain, go away! Let me wander through the puddles!” - in this children's poem we see verbs in which a request is expressed. They are called imperative.
verb in Russian
In Russian, such words are used in The forms of these verbs have an surreal meaning, which means that they are not connected with reality, because the action called in this way is possible, but does not necessarily happen in reality. Here are some examples of sentences that use imperative verbs:
- Anatoly Andreevich, allow me to submit a report within a week ( request).
- Don't take too long with this advice).
- Let this be the last time requirement).
- Be silent. listen ( order).
Singular forms
Imperative verbs change in number and person. This table shows examples of unit forms. numbers.
Plurals
If we are addressing more than one person with an impulse, then we use the verb in the form of the imperative mood in the plural. number. They also change in person and, unlike the change in the previous forms, can be used in the first person. This is explained by the fact that one person cannot ask himself to do something, but he can ask for joint action from people who are nearby.
Formation of verbs. imperative mood
Such verbs have the form of the second person and are formed from the form of the present. and bud. time in which the stem is highlighted (part of the word without ending):
- walks - move-;
- writes - write-;
- reads - read-;
- install - install-;
- leave - leave -.
The suffix -i- (-th-) or the zero suffix is attached to the stem:
- move + and;
- write + and;
- chita + th;
- set + and;
- leave the + null suffix.
The endings of this verb form express the grammatical meaning of the number.
The imperative mood of sentences with singular verbs |
|
The imperative mood of the verb. Example sentences with plural verbs |
|
If the imperative form of the verb is in the singular, then it will remain before the ending of the plural, and before the suffix -sya:
- fix it, fix it;
- stay, stay;
- throw off, throw off;
- don't argue;
- don't touch
- please.
In the business field
The verb in the form of the imperative mood is quite actively used in various fields of activity. For example, in business we use instructions.
What should be done in case of fire?
If signs of fire are detected:
- immediately call the fire department of the city, village or other locality;
- evacuate people;
- take all possible measures to extinguish the fire.
Enterprise leaders:
- duplicate the message about the fire to the fire brigade and inform the higher persons and the responsible person on duty;
- organize the rescue of people, using all possible means;
- check if fire protection systems are turned on;
- turn off the power or take measures to eliminate the fire;
- stop all work in the object of ignition, except for those related to the elimination of the fire;
- remove workers and other persons from the danger zone, except for those involved in extinguishing the fire;
- carry out a fire extinguishing manual before the arrival of the fire brigade;
- ensure compliance with safety requirements by all employees involved in fire fighting;
- organize the protection of material values;
- meet the fire department;
- ensure that the necessary medical assistance is provided to persons affected by the fire;
- inform the head of the fire extinguishing about all the features of the object of ignition;
- organize the involvement of forces and means for the implementation of measures related to the elimination of fire and the prevention of its development.
In educational activities
In educational activities, sentences with imperative verbs are used, for example, in algorithms.
An example is the application of the spelling rule for unstressed vowels:
- Change the word or choose a single-root word.
- Select the root.
- Find the root in which the vowel is stressed.
- Check for this root all the remaining words.
In household activities
In everyday life, sentences with imperative verbs are used in manuals for the use of household appliances, repair work, cooking, making clothes, and the like.
Take, for example, a recipe for cooking:
- Straw of beef. Cut two hundred grams of beef and one onion into equal strips seven to eight centimeters long. Heat a frying pan over very high heat, melt 100 g of pork fat. Dip the chopped meat and onion into it, fry, while stirring all the time, avoiding burning. After two minutes, add a teaspoon of table wine to the pan, the same amount of beef broth, salt and sugar to taste. Bring to a boil and serve to the table, garnished with herbs.
- Cucumber salad in sweet and sour sauce. First, prepare the filling: dissolve two teaspoons of granulated sugar in two teaspoons of apple cider vinegar. Wash the cucumbers, chop, place the sliced pieces in a salad bowl, finely chop the greens, mix. Pour in the sugar and vinegar sauce. Can be served at the table.
The imperative mood is used only in a positive sense, and only in later, classical Sanskrit does it begin to express prohibition, combined with the particle ma(gr. μή - so as not, yes not ...). The same positive use of the imperative mood is found in the language of the oldest parts of the Avesta, while in Greek its negative use is already quite common. The imperative mood primarily denoted not only an order, but also a desire, a request. Thus, the appeal to the gods in the Rigveda is constantly expressed in the forms of the imperative mood: "harness your horses, come and sit on the sacrificial bed, drink the sacrificial drink, hear our prayer, give us treasures, help in the battle", etc. Usually the imperative mood expresses the expectation of an immediate onset, action, but sometimes it also means an action that should occur only after the end of another.
Morphological features
In Indo-European languages
To express the desire that the action would come only after a certain moment, in the future, a special form of the imperative mood was used with the suffix -tōd, lat. -tō, other Greek -τω , which some scholars consider a form of the deferred case (lat. Ablativus) from the pronominal stem to-(this one) and interpret: "from this moment counting."
The Indo-European proto-language had only three forms of the present imperative:
- with suffix -dhi(Skt. -dhi and -hi, other Greek -θι , cf. Sanskrit. crudhi, ihy, Greek κλῦθι, ἴθι - listen, come);
- pure verb stem with thematic vowel e at the end: great-i.e. *behere , Skt. bhara, gr. φέρε - "bring";
- same stem with above suffix -tod(Sanskrit. bharatad, Greek φερέτω), which was used primarily in all three numbers, not only in the second, but also in the third person (this use is also found in Sanskrit).
From this we can deduce a plausible assumption that the other forms of the imperative mood listed above were once used for all persons and numbers without any change; simply expressing a certain demand, without a definite relation to any person, like the present indefinite mood in the sense of the imperative: "keep quiet!" etc. In addition to these original, ancient forms, in the sense of the imperative mood in the Indo-European parent language, the so-called forms were also used:
- injunctiva like Sanskrit. bharata, bharaiam, Greek φέρετε, φέρετον and others,
- subjunctive mood (Sanskrit. 1 l. pl. action. bharama, avg. bharamahai),
- desirable (old Slav. take, take),
- indicative and even non-conjugated verbal formations.
In Slavic languages
In Slavic, only forms of non-thematic verbs like see, yazhd, give me, vezhd, Russian vish(see) eat(instead of a hedgehog). The remaining Slavic forms of the imperative mood are the forms of the desirable.
Russian language
In Russian, the imperative mood can be formed synthetically (by changing the form or adding the affix "-te") and analytically (with the help of particles "let", "let", "yes", "let's / let's"). Affixes with which synthetic forms are formed ( -i-, null suffix, -te) are interpreted in different ways: as suffixes, endings, particles; some scholars do not decipher the status of these affixes at all.
II person singular
II person plural
The plural form is formed by adding a postfix -those: believe- believe , lie down - lie down , sing - sing , let's - Let's .
I person plural
For some verbs, there is a form of the imperative mood of the I person plural, sometimes called the imperative. It is formed from the I person plural form of the indicative mood by adding a postfix -those: let's go, sing along, let's go. This form is used only in addressing many persons or one respectfully (on you).
see also
Literature
- Brugmann. Grundriss der vergl. Grammatik d. indogerman. Sprachen (vol. II, 1315 ff.);
- Delbruck. Vergl. Syntax der indogerm. Sprach. (vol. II, 357 ff.);
- Thurneysen. Der idg. Imperativ (Kuhnes Zeilschr. f. vgl. Sprachforscb., XXVII);
- Pott. Ueber die erste Person des Imperat. (Kuhn-Schlelcher, Beiträ ge zur vgl. Sprachf., vol. I);
- Madvig. De formis imperativi passivi (Kouenr., 1837, Opuscula, II);
- Schmidt. Ueber den late. Empire. (Zeilschr. f. d. Gymnasialwesen, 1855, 422);
- Ch. Turot. De l'imperatif futur latin (Revue de philol., IV);
- Kern. Eine Imperativeform im Got. (Kuhn's Zeitschr. etc, XVI).
Notes
Links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:See what the "Imperative Mood" is in other dictionaries:
Imperative Dictionary of Russian synonyms. imperative n., number of synonyms: 1 imperative (7) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin ... Synonym dictionary
Imperative mood- IMPERATIVE MOOD. See Lean... Dictionary of literary terms
IMPERATIVE, oh, oh; flax, flax. Expressing command. P. gesture. P. tone. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Morphological category of conjugated (personal) forms of the verb. Represents an event as to be performed by the addressee: Write! It is expressed by the suffix - and - (rarely without it) and to denote plurality by the postfix - those. Imperative forms ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
- (lat. Modus Imperativus) already in the ancient era of the Indo-European proto-language, it was intended to encourage other people to a certain action. In Vedic Sanskrit P., inclination is used only in a positive sense and only in the later, classical ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
See imperative mood (in the article verb mood) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
High school students who are preparing to take the exam in the Russian language should definitely remember how the form of the imperative mood of the verb is formed. Long-term practice once again confirms the fact that such exercises in the examination test cause certain difficulties for graduates.
At the same time, all high school students should be able to correctly perform such tasks, regardless of their level of preparation. This will allow them to successfully pass the certification test in the Russian language.
Basic Information
To make the exercises in which the student is asked to put the verb in the form of the imperative mood easy, we recommend refreshing the memory of the basic rules.
It is important to understand that:
The mood of the verb allows you to express exactly how the action referred to in the sentence relates to reality.
There are three moods in Russian: indicative, conditional and imperative.
Verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that take place in the past, present or future. For example: I taught, I teach, I will teach.
Conditional verbs express an action that can be performed under certain conditions. For example: if I had a textbook, I would prepare.
Verbs in the imperative mood denote an impulse to action, expressed in the form of a request, advice or order; they do not change with time, but may have different faces and numbers. There is one exception. It is the first person singular form. In the imperative mood, it does not exist, since the author of the proposal cannot ask or order himself.
The most commonly used form is the second person. To form it in the singular with a verb in the imperative mood, the suffix -i- is used (for example: put - put), and in the plural - the suffix -te- (for example: take - take); the soft sign after the sibilants is retained (for example: eat, cut).
Third person forms involve the use of particles let, let, yes. For example: They read - let them read.
When forming the form of the first person plural, the suffix -te- and the particle let's can be used.
To make it clear to the student how to determine the imperative mood of the verb, based on the conjugation, we present a visual table with examples.
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