The actual size drawing is to scale. Drawing scales. What are the scales of the drawings

Rice. 26. Detail drawing without dimensions

Obviously, this cannot be done, since the dimensions are missing.

Dimensioning drawings is a very responsible operation that significantly affects the ease of reading the drawing.

Sizing rules are set by standards ESKD (GOST 2.307-68).

When applying dimensions, conventional signs are used - S (thickness), ø (diameter), R (radius),  (square).

Sizes are linear and angular. Linear dimensions indicate the length, width, height, thickness, diameter or radius of the measured part of the part. Angular dimension refers to the magnitude of an angle.

The linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, but the designation of the unit of measure is not applied.

Angular dimensions are indicated in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement.

The number of dimensions in the drawing should be minimal, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.

Used for sizing remote And dimension lines drawn with a solid thin line.

Leader lines- lines that take out the size.

Dimension lines- the lines on which the size is placed ends with arrows at both ends. The arrows must necessarily touch the extension lines, the shape of the arrow is shown in Fig. 27.

Rice. 27. Arrow shape

The dimension line is always drawn parallel to the contour line of the part of the part whose size it defines and perpendicular to the extension lines. If the size is less than 12 mm, then the arrows are placed outside, and if more than 12 mm, then inside (Fig. 28). The dimension line is 10 mm from the contour of the detail drawing, the distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7-10 mm.

The extension lines extend beyond the ends of the arrows of the dimension line by 1-5 mm. The size is placed above the dimension line, closer to its middle.

Rice. 28. Dimensioning examples

With a vertical dimension line, the dimension number is written to the left of it.

The same size on the drawing is placed only once.

First, the smaller size is taken out, and then the larger one. Dimension lines must not intersect in the drawing.

When specifying the size of the corner, the dimension line is drawn in the form of an arc of a circle with the center at the vertex of the corner.

Diameter sign is placed in front of the dimension number in the event that the circle is drawn completely. The dimension line is drawn through the center of the circle. If the part has several identical holes, then the size is set once, indicating the number of holes (see Fig. 28).

Radius sign is set in the case when a part of the circle is drawn, the dimension line is drawn from the center of the arc.

You should remember the basic concepts:

1) element sizes - dimensions of cutouts, protrusions, holes, grooves;

2) coordinating dimensions - dimensions showing the location of the elements relative to the contour of the part and each other;

3) dimensions - the largest dimensions of the part in length, height, width.

In drawing practice, one has to make images of very large parts (machine tools, ships, cars) and very small ones (clockwork, precision instruments).

Can they be shown in actual size? Of course, it is impossible, so large objects are depicted reduced, and small enlarged, i.e. apply scale
(Fig. 29).

Rice. 29. Designation of the scale in the drawing

Scale- the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object to its actual dimensions.

The scale of images and their designation are established by the standard (GOST 2.302-68).

life size - 1:1(one to one);

reduction scale - 1:2; 1:25;1:4;1:5; 1:10; 1:15;

magnification scale - 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 15:1.

The scale is indicated by the letter M in the drawing field, for example, M 1: 2. The letter M is not put in the main inscription. Whatever the scale of the drawing, the dimensions on it are always actual.

Sometimes you have to determine the scale at which an object is drawn. In this case, they do this: determine the size of the side (for example, A) using a measuring ruler, it is 50 mm. The actual value of the segment indicated in the drawing is 100 mm. Therefore, the scale is defined as the quotient of 50 divided by 100 and is equal to 1:2 (Fig. 30).

Rice. 30. Determination of the scale of the part in the drawing

Any computer graphics program has a magnifying glass tool. It allows you to instantly change the scale of the image (drawing, picture), increasing (reducing) it to the desired value (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31. Using the scale in computer programs with the Magnifier tool

drawing font

In a wide variety of fields of science and technology, design, a person uses fonts to write letters, numbers, symbols and other symbols.

Font- a method of encoding textual information.

Each type of graphic activity is characterized by certain fonts. In many cases, artistic elements (decorations) are added to the font, giving it more expressiveness.

The main types of fonts that were most often used throughout the historical development of the written culture of mankind are shown in Fig. 32.

Rice. 32. Types of font

Currently, computer fonts are popular. On the drawings, all inscriptions are made in drawing font - GOST 2.304-81.

GOST establishes the following font numbers: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5;3.5;5;7;10, as well as the height, width of the letters and the spacing between the letters.

For drawings made on A4 format, the following font numbers are recommended: 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7. The standard has two types of font - uppercase (capital letters) and lowercase. By design, uppercase and lowercase letters can be divided into three groups (Fig. 33).

Rice. 33. Drawing font

Capital letters:

1 group - G, P, N, T, E, C, W, W;

group 2 - I, X, K, F, M, A, L, D;

Group 3 - H, U, B, C, R, I, O, C, E, Yu, F, S, b, b.

Lower case:

1 group - p, y, c, t, w, u, and;

group 2 - o, a, b, c, e, u, r, e, s;

Group 3 - f, b, i, g, f, s, k, l, m, n, x, h.

According to their proportions, they can be divided into wide and narrow: wide capital letters - Ш, Ш, Ж, Yu, Y, Ф; wide lowercase - t, w, u, u, s, m. The letters of the drawing font are written in a simplified form. The capital font number corresponds to the height of the letters, and the width corresponds to the smaller previous number, for example, font number 7, the height of the letters is 7, the width of the letters is 5. The width of the wide letters corresponds to the height. The distance between letters is 2 mm.

The height of lowercase letters corresponds to the smaller previous font number, and the width corresponds to the next previous number, for example, font number 7, the height of the letters is 5, the width is 3.5, the width of the wide letters corresponds to the height of the letters. The distance between the letters is 1.5 mm.

For the correct execution of letters at the initial stage, a grid is used.

The main inscription is filled in font No. 3.5; the name of the drawing - in font No. 7 or No. 5 (Fig. 34).

Rice. 34. Sample filling in the main inscription

Remember, the stitches do not touch the frame line.

Machines and some of their parts, buildings and their parts are large, so it is not possible to draw them in full size. Their images have to be drawn in . The smallest details of watches and other mechanisms have to be drawn, on the contrary, on an enlarged scale.

In all cases, when possible, the details should be drawn in actual size, i.e., on a scale of 1: 1.

It is not allowed to reduce or enlarge images in an arbitrary number of times. GOST 2.302-68 establishes the following reduction scales: 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000. When drawing up master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use scales of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; 1:20,000; 1:25,000; 1:50,000. Magnifications are written as a ratio to one; the following scales of increase are established by the standard: 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1, 50:1; 100:1. In necessary cases, it is allowed to use magnification scales (100l): 1, where n is an integer. In cases where the full word “scale” is not in the record, the letter M is put in front of the scale designation, for example, they write: M 1:2 (reduction scale), M 2:1 (enlargement scale). On fig. 1, a rectangular washer is shown in three scales: in full size (M 1: 1), on a reduction scale and on an enlargement scale. The linear dimensions of the last image are four times larger than the average, and the area occupied by the image is sixteen times larger. Such a sharp change in the size of the image should be taken into account when choosing the scale of the drawing.

TBegin-->TEnd-->

Rice. 1. Comparison of different scales. Linear scales

In addition to numerical scales, linear scales are used in drawing. Linear scales There are two types: simple and transverse (Fig. 1). A simple linear scale, corresponding to a numerical scale of 1: 100, is a line on which centimeter divisions are plotted from zero division to the right, and one such division divided into millimeters to the left. Each centimeter division of the linear scale corresponds to 100 cm (or 1 m). Each millimeter division obviously corresponds to one decimeter. Taking any size from the drawing with a meter, put one needle on the corresponding full division to the right of zero, on-
example per division 3. Then the second needle will show how many decimeters over 3 m has a measured size. In this case, it is equal to 3.4 m.

The advantages of a simple linear scale over a regular ruler are as follows:

it is always on the drawing;
gives more accurate readings, since the dimensions in the drawing are set aside, as a rule, according to a given linear scale;
after photographing the drawing, the scale, decreasing proportionally, makes it possible to obtain dimensions without building a proportional scale.

More perfect is linear transverse scale. In the drawing, it is given for the same scale of 1:100. Inclined lines, transversals, allow you to get not only decimeters, but also centimeters. For example, the scale shows a size of 3.48 m. Linear scales are used mainly in construction and topographic drawings.

TBegin-->
Tend-->

Rice. 2. Scale graph

In design and production practice, they often use proportional (angular) scale. It is the simplest chart. Let it be required to build such a graph for a scale of 1:5. On a horizontal line from point A (Fig. 2) Set aside a segment equal to 100 mm; at point B, a right angle is built and a segment reduced by 5 times (100: 5 = 20 mm) is laid on its second side; connect the resulting point C with point A. The value of 12.8 mm, corresponding to 66 mm, is taken with a compass-measuring device directly from the graph, without calculating it and without using a ruler. The graph is built on graph paper or on paper graphed in a cage.

For scale 1: 2.5, 40 mm are laid off on the continuation of the leg of the aircraft, for scale 1: 2-50 mm. The series of proportional scales shown in the figure is called the scale graph. Using it allows you to save a significant amount of time. Having built a graph of scales, they use it throughout the work on the drawing course.

Machines and some of their parts, buildings and their parts are large, so it is not possible to draw them in full size. Their images have to be drawn in. The smallest details of watches and other mechanisms have to be drawn, on the contrary, on an enlarged scale.

In all cases, when possible, the details should be drawn in actual size, i.e., on a scale of 1: 1.

After defining the page settings, the program by default displayed the program view containing all the model space occupied by the model - below.

Before we start working with viewports, it's a good idea to insert a drawing format to see how much space we have. Of course, to insert something first, you need to do something.

Please note that the drawing format is too large for a particular page layout - to make sure the layout size is incorrect, you must measure it.

Note that the form has been inserted as a block, so just point it anywhere and everything will be highlighted.

As a result of this simple operation, a drawing format was created. Contains tools for sizing objects. It is good to reconsider the dimensions of the operation as shown below.

As you can see in the picture below, the defined paper area and printable area do not overlap with the drawing format.

Now that the page settings are as expected, you can start "layout" of the drawing, i.e. laying out projections, details, adding comments to the drawing. During design, it is important to be aware that over time design elements will be subject to change, for example due to changes in form or material resulting from, for example, technological changes, modernization due to better adaptation to the market, etc. which should be inserted in the same way as the drawing format - figure below.

TBegin-->TEnd-->

Rice. 1. Comparison of different scales. Linear scales

Now you can start working with viewports.

Note that the viewport frame has changed from thin to thick, which means you can edit model space from paper space. The actions that can be performed here are no different from actions in model space, and most importantly, changes made here are reflected in model space.

As you can see, this is not possible because both the drawing table and the revision table take up too much space. In this case, resize the viewport to a smaller size or insert a larger drawing format.

Now that the main view and its cross section are obtained as a result of the intersection of the drawn object represented by the cutting line.

The advantages of a simple linear scale over a regular ruler are as follows:

it is always on the drawing;
gives more accurate readings, since the dimensions in the drawing are set aside, as a rule, according to a given linear scale;
after photographing the drawing, the scale, decreasing proportionally, makes it possible to obtain dimensions without building a proportional scale.

The result of the above operation is an indefinite-pitch viewport that shows everything that is drawn in model space - in the figure below.

Note that there are currently two viewports in the drawing, only one of which is active, i.e. one where model space can be edited. It can be recognized by a bold frame and the mouse cursor that is positioned above it is a crosshair with a "viewfinder" selection - the cursor positioned above the inactive darts - an arrow - the picture below.

Tend-->

Rice. 2. Scale graph

You can change an inactive rollover to an active rollover in a very simple way - just hover over the cursor and left click. Deliberately inserted, as shown in previous chapters, has the default shape of a rectangle. However, nothing prevents you from defining your own form.

However, when the ellipse is specified in the Properties window, there is no scale factor option - in the image below.

When creating the layer, the viewfinder was given a thickness of 0.5, which was not the best, as it lost one of the characteristics of the active viewport - bold. The thickness of the frame is not important, because the layer can be hidden or blocked before printing - this is just the comfort of work.

This is the ratio between the natural dimensions of an object or object to the linear dimensions shown in the drawing. The scale of the drawings can be expressed as a number, in which case they are called numerical scales and graphically linear scales.

Of course, this element can be manually copied by removing unnecessary elements from it, but it can also save you valuable time.

The effect above is a viewport where the only visible layer is the outline layer - picture below.

When talking about text in drawings, it is generally considered that drawing comments collected by the designer in the form of compact point descriptions supplement the executive drawing with information that cannot be transmitted in the form of symbols or symbols. These comments are usually placed above the drawing table, although this is not a hard and fast rule and in the absence of space - in any free space on the drawing form, of course, so as not to reduce the readability of the drawing.

The numerical scale is indicated by a fraction and shows the multiplicity of reduction and increase in the size of the depicted objects in the drawing. Depending on the purpose of the drawings, as well as on the complexity of the shapes of the depicted objects and structures in the drawing, when drawing up drawing documents, scales are used:

reductions 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1: 10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1: 40; 1:50; 1:75; 1: 100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000;

Filling in the drawing table is one of the last steps to create an as-built drawing. The layout of the protrusions and their resins has already been determined, the material the part is made of is known, and this figure will be checked and verified - in a word, all the data needed to complete it is known. Of course, this is not a rule, the table can be filled at the beginning, but then some data will almost certainly change, and you will have to remember to view and update the entire table, and often it is not remembered.

Magnifications: 2:1; 2.5:1;4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1;

Image in full size 1: 1. In the process of designing master plans for large objects, the following scales are used: 1:2000; 1: 5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1: 25000; 1:50000 .

If a drawing is made in one scale, then its value is indicated in the column of the main inscription of the drawing according to the type 1: 1; 1:2; 1:100 and so on. If, on the drawing, any image is made on a scale that differs from the indicated scale in the main inscription of the drawing, then in this case indicate the scale type M 1: 1; M1:2 and so on under the appropriate image name.

When drawing up construction drawings and using a numerical scale, it is necessary to make calculations to determine the size of the line segments that are applied to the drawing. For example, if the length of the depicted object is 4000 millimeters, and the numerical scale is 1: 50, in order to calculate the length of the segment in the drawing, it is necessary to divide 4000 millimeters by (degree of reduction) 50, and put the resulting value of 80 millimeters on the drawing.

In order to shorten the calculations, a scale bar is used or a linear scale is built (see Figure 4 a) on a numerical scale of 1:50. At the beginning, a straight line is drawn in the drawing and the base of the scale is laid several times on it. The base of the scale is the value that is obtained by dividing the unit of measurement accepted in this case (1 m = 1000 mm.) By the size of the reduction 1000:50 = 20 millimeters.

On the left side, the first segment is divided into several equal parts, so that each division corresponds to an integer. If you divide this segment into ten equal parts, then each division will correspond to 0.1 meters, if divided into five parts, then 0.2 meters.

In order to use the constructed linear scale, for example, to take a size of 4650 millimeters, you need to put one leg of the measuring compass at four meters, and put the other on the sixth and a half fractional division to the left of zero. In the case when the accuracy is insufficient, a transverse scale is used.

Drawing scales - transverse and angular (proportional)

The transverse scale allows you to determine the size with a certain error. The error can be up to hundredths of the main unit of measurement. Figure 4b shows an example of determining the size equal to 4.65 m. Hundredths are taken on the vertical segment and tenths on the horizontal.

In the case when an arbitrary scale is used and it is necessary to build a reduced or enlarged image of an object performed according to a given drawing format, an angular scale is used, or as it is also called proportional. An angular scale can be built in the form of a right triangle.

The ratio of the legs of such a right-angled triangle is equal to the zoom ratio (h: H). If necessary, scale the image using the angular scale, using only abstract values and do not calculate the dimensions of the depicted object. For example, when it is necessary to depict a given drawing on an enlarged scale.

For this we build a right-angled triangle (see Figure 4 c) ABC. In such a triangle, the vertical leg BC is equal to a segment of some kind of straight line, which is taken in a given drawing. The horizontal leg AB is equal to the length of the segment on the scale of the enlarged drawing. In order to increase the desired segment of a straight line on a given drawing, for example, segment h, it is necessary to lay it parallel to the leg BC of the angular scale (vertically), between the hypotenuse AC and the leg AB.

In this case, the increased size of the desired segment will be equal to the size H, taken (horizontally) on the side AB of the angular scale. The angular scale is also used when converting values from one numerical scale to another.

This article covers the main questions about how to make a drawing, drawing scales, drawing design, etc.

The problem of designing a drawing on your own often arises among elementary students studying in the specialties of the technological direction or receiving education in the field of artistic design or technical design. The rules that must be followed when creating drawing works are fixed in the State Standard. They should be known and adhered to by anyone who is educated in these areas. However, the Gosstandart rules were issued for industrial use, therefore, in the drawings, sometimes small deviations from the established norms are permissible.

Formats of paper sheets and frames for them

Any drawing is drawn up on a sheet of paper, of a standardized size, limited by a frame. Such a frame is applied by drawing a line of medium thickness along the markings marked on the sheet.

For drawings of different formats, certain sizes of the frames outlined in them are established:

A0 format contains a frame measuring 1189 x 841 mm
A1 format - 594 x 841 mm
A2 format - 594 x 420 mm
A3 format - 297 x 420 mm
A4 format - 297 x 210 mm

Each smaller drawing is obtained by halving the values of the previous format.

The main inscription of the drawing

The inscription on the drawing is located in the corner located on the right. It specifies:

Name of drawing work
The material from which this part is made
The company that manufactures the item

When using the A4 format, the main inscription is placed on the smallest side. If the format used is larger than A4, then the inscription can be placed on either side.

Initial data for the drawing and working with it

To make the simplest drawing, you can either depict the detail that the drawing will depict in the future on paper, in the form of a drawing in three projections, or have it before your eyes in the original.

When depicting a part in the form of a three-dimensional drawing, it is useful:

Practice, first, on simple objects - a notebook, a book, a plate - closing your eyes, try to imagine their volume and shape
Try to display on a piece of paper what you presented and compare the result with the original
Make corrections to inappropriate parts of the resulting drawing to its original - it is possible that the proportions or its dimensions are not respected
Try to “decompose” a drawing depicted in space into its component projections along the coordinate axes presented to oneself
Put on the drawing all the dimensions required for the manufacture of this item by someone else

If the successive steps of the above algorithm were performed correctly, then the copy of the original depicted on paper will correspond to it. If, however, their similarity was not obtained, it will be necessary to make adjustments to the dimensional chains.

A dimensional chain is the total size of a certain part of the image of an object applied to paper, which cannot be distorted up or down. Of course, depending on what goal you are pursuing when depicting an object in a drawing, the accuracy of observing dimensions may vary. For example, for domestic purposes, it sometimes deviates within one to one and a half millimeters, and this is often acceptable. In technical drawing, dimensional chains are set taking into account various factors.

What is needed in order to "measure" the drawing

The correct creation of a drawing consists not only in observing the external similarity of the image applied to whatman paper or recreated in a computer program with a real object. For technical purposes, it is necessary that all dimensions of the image match the original. In this regard, the concept of accuracy tolerance was introduced.

Dimensional tolerances given in technical drawings are based on the articulation of two adjacent parts to each other. A whole system of tolerances has been developed that takes into account how the parts interact with each other (moving or stationary interaction), as well as the nature of the likely movements during their assembly or disassembly (often, rarely, always, never) and so on.

How to learn to read blueprints?

Blueprints are 2D architectural schematic drawings that show the size of a building's design. For materials to be used in construction. Learning to read blueprints is important for builders and any workers who hire architects to draw them.

Spatial imagination training

Standard drawings usually have three projections of the object in which the X, Y, Z coordinate points are located on the axis. However, with their composition, the scaling remains and the same is set for all.

It is human nature to observe each object or detail in geometric isometry from a certain angle of view. This often happens in the branches of engineering drawing, and in the design development of objects of artistic and technical design. Therefore, it is worth presenting the drawing object as flat in a certain projection.

And an additional detail is the projection connection of different images of the drawing object. If all the elements of both configurations are not built as they should with large-scale distortions, which will lead to a mismatch between the copy of the drawing and the originals. Therefore, it is worth observing a number of rules in the process of drawing up a projection:

The measurement is carried out using a ruler - for simple ones, with a caliper or micrometer - for complex parts, for all dimensional elements. Set their relative position on each of the projections of the part. Compare the obtained results with the real image of the part. With bug fixes. The final measurements of the distance are carried out on the original object or its layout drawing. If all the data are correct and match, then the diagrams and drawings were correctly read.

How to size correctly?

It doesn't matter what scale the drawings are made, all attention is paid to the base of the part and its dimensions. When writing a specific number, the unit of measurement, which is standard, is not shown. To indicate the parameters of the part, a dimensional trajectory is applied with a number located on it. It is drawn parallel to the part segment and is limited by arrows. The minimum distance between the dimension line and the part outline is 10 mm.

How can I get help in acquiring the skills of independent technical graphics? To master the skills of reading drawing tables, it is necessary to conduct a course of study and practical work. Carry out repairs of a simple design of household appliances, for the production of a new and old element of parts. At the same time, primitive drawings also have to be made.

Learn how to read drawings correctly, and then learn how to represent a flat picture in a three-dimensional drawing. Drawing reading skills help to competently make all kinds of objects, assemble them from nodes, the final product, get the whole apparatus, models and much more.

Format types

The format of the sheet with the drawing is determined by the length of the line drawn on the edge of the sheet. Internal make up with distances of 2 cm from the left side and 5 mm from the others. It is worth adhering to the exact calculations of the drawing so that when reading them there are no disagreements about how the part looks.

Drawing frame formats are divided into main and additional directions. The first type included all the schemes obtained by reducing the lines by half from point A0. The dimensions for drawing A1 are carried out so that when dividing the largest axis of them into two, a rectangle is obtained similar to the original sample. The designation of standard formats consists of a letter and a number from one to five.

Automatic drafting

The first place was taken by those drawings that were made using computer-aided design programs. For different designs and details. This applies to two systems - Auto-cad and Compass. They read drawings of a different type. And the image of the entire node is set. And then the design of the parts included in the assembly unit is carried out. Thanks to their work with entire libraries of source data. After all, they include profile normalized and standardized elements. Using it in the work, the developer is able to insert a fragment into the workpiece, controlling individual parameters, and adapt the drawing to new source data.

Drawing scales

Necessary requirements and features. Let's start with the fact that the scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image applied to the drawing or map to its actual size on the ground or object. Its use greatly facilitates the compilation of maps and drawings, because it is not always convenient and possible to depict an object in its actual size. There are details with large sizes that do not allow them to be drawn on paper, but it happens that the detail is very small and in order to display it on paper with all the nuances, you have to significantly increase its size. In the cases presented, zoom out and zoom in are used.

Standard scales

A few common reduction scales:

1:2,5

For example, the scaling option is 1:4. The first number, one, indicates the actual dimensional characteristics of the item, while the second number, in this case, four, indicates how many times these actual dimensions have been reduced. When depicting a very small object, zooming is used, and this is indicated as follows: 2: 1; 2.5:1; 50:1. With this option, in order to find out the actual dimensions of the object, it is necessary to divide the dimensions indicated in the drawing by the first number reflected in the scale.

How to determine the scale?

In order to depict an object or detail on a piece of paper, you first need to find out its true dimensions. This can be done by taking measurements from the object depicted in the drawing using a ruler, and only then figure out how much it is necessary to reduce or increase its actual dimensions when applying its image to a sheet of paper. Drawings, for the most part, are used in construction and in the development of parts and structures. The use of scaling allows designers and designers to depict on a sheet of paper both a huge building and a reduced exact copy of an aircraft.

How to choose the right and, most importantly, the right scale when working with drawings? Most inexperienced people, when faced with such a question, tend to make quite a few mistakes. However, this can be avoided through experience gained over time, or you can seek help from a teacher.

Why is it necessary to follow the rules?

When drawing up drawings and diagrams, it is necessary to follow certain standards reflected in GOST - a document that contains the generally accepted rules for applying images, inscriptions, tables and technical requirements. With the help of these rules, any specialist who can read drawings can read a correctly done drawing work. This greatly facilitates communication, during the construction and production of parts, between designers and workers performing a task according to a drawing. In addition to the scale, other information related to the subject is also applied to the drawing. You should know the basic rules for drawing up drawings and diagrams:

If graphic information is inappropriate, additional text is applied
Any inscription on the drawing is abbreviated
Additional inscriptions are applied parallel to the main
Words that cannot be reduced to drawing work are not applied
Any inscription should not clutter up the image and, moreover, interfere with reading the diagram.
When we want to make a callout from the surface of the part, the callout line must end with an arrow. And in the case when the outline of the part is indicated, a dot is put at the end of the line
A large amount of information on the diagram must be placed in a frame
Tables in the drawing are placed next to the image of the part itself, in a place free from the drawing
If we designate the elements of the part with letters, then we use them strictly in alphabetical order without gaps

If you use all the rules presented above, then you can create a really high-quality drawing work that any specialist will be able to read.

Making drawings

The process of preparing any work required for certification in the construction, design and architectural specialties studied in higher education institutions involves the production of drawings. Making a drawing is not an easy task. Its creation is required to be carried out subject to certain rules. In addition, any drawing work must be drawn up on sheets of a certain size.

Nuances of using different formats

The format of the drawing is limited to the scope of the work, which is applied to the sheet with a line of minimum thickness.

The completed work allows students to take into account the dimensions of all formats used in the work. By dividing the work into two parts, a drawing is drawn up containing the following characteristics:

Dimensions of the sides of the drawing - 841 x 1189 millimeters
The total area of the sheet is one square meter
Format of the submitted work A0

For other formats of drawings, the rules also set the parameters for the dimensions of their sides:

For A4 format - 210 x 297 millimeters
For A3 format - 297 x 470 millimeters
For A2 format - 420 x 594 mm
For A1 format - 594 x 841 mm

Also, according to GOST, the possibility of using other formats used as a supplement to the drawings made by students, which are formed as a result of work on changing the main parameters upwards, should be taken into account. At the same time, to create them, a value that is a multiple of the sizes used in the basic formats is used, and the coefficient of the changes made must necessarily be an integer.

GOST 2.302-68

Group T52

INTERSTATE STANDARD

Unified system of design documentation

SCALE

Unified system for design documentation. scales

ISS 01.100.01

Introduction date 1971-01-01

APPROVED by the Decree of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 28, 1968 N 752

INSTEAD OF GOST 3451-59

Change No. 2 was adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 17 of June 22, 2000)

Voted for the change:


State name	Name of the national standardization body
The Republic of Azerbaijan	Azgosstandart
Republic of Belarus	State Standard of the Republic of Belarus
Republic of Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyzstandart
The Republic of Moldova	Moldovastandard
the Russian Federation	Gosstandart of Russia
The Republic of Tajikistan	Tajik State Standard
Turkmenistan	Main State Inspectorate “Turkmenstandartlary”
The Republic of Uzbekistan	Uzgosstandart
	State Standard of Ukraine

Change No. 3 was adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification by correspondence (minutes No. 23 dated February 28, 2006).

The national standardization bodies of the following states voted for the adoption of the change: AZ, AM, BY, KZ, KG, MD, RU, TJ, TM, UZ, UA [alpha-2 codes according to MK (ISO 3166) 004]

EDITION (August 2007) with Amendments No. 1, , approved in February 1980, December 2000, June 2006 (IUS 4-80, 3-2001, 9-2006).

1. This standard establishes the scale of images and their designation on the drawings of all industries and construction.

The standard does not apply to photographic drawings, as well as illustrations in printed publications, etc.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).

2a. For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms apply with their respective definitions:

scale: The ratio of the linear dimension of a segment in the drawing to the corresponding linear dimension of the same segment in kind;

life size scale: Scale with a ratio of 1:1.

magnification scale: A scale with a ratio greater than 1:1 (2:1, etc.).

reduction scale: Scale with a ratio less than 1:1 (1:2, etc.).

(Introduced additionally, Rev. N 2).

2. The scale of images in the drawings must be selected from the following series:


Scale down	1:2; 1:2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000
life size
Zoom scales	2:1; 2,5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1

3. When designing master plans for large facilities, it is allowed to use scales of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.

4. In necessary cases, it is allowed to use magnification scales (100):1, where is an integer.

5. The scale indicated in the column of the main inscription of the drawing intended for this should be indicated by type 1: 1; 1:2; 2:1 etc.

Documents in electronic form in their requisite part must contain a requisite indicating the accepted scale of the image. When outputting documents in electronic form to paper, the scale of the image must correspond to the specified one.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 3).

Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Unified system of design documentation:
Sat. GOSTs. - M.: Standartinform, 2007