What is clericalism, what are examples of clericalism? Stationery and speech stamps. When parsing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to the words

In this article we will talk about such a linguistic concept as “clericalism”. Examples, basic properties and the scope of this will be considered by us in particular detail.

In the Russian language, clericalism belongs to such a linguistic group as speech stamps. Therefore, we will first understand what kind of phenomenon it is.

What are speech stamps

Let's start by examining the most common mistakes that are made both in writing and in communication.

Stamps and clericalism (examples of which will be presented below) are closely interrelated. More precisely, the linguistic phenomenon that we are considering is one of the types of cliches (this concept refers to such words and expressions that are often used, which is why they have lost their meaning). Therefore, such designs simply overload the speaker’s speech and are considered redundant.

Stamps are words and turns, often used in speech. Typically, such linguistic phenomena do not have any specificity. For example, the “meeting at the highest level” turnover is used instead of providing a detailed report on the event.

In russian language? Examples

In the Russian language there are a number of words, the use of which is considered appropriate only in a specific. Such words include clericalism. This term is used to call words, grammatical constructions and forms, as well as phrases, the use of which is fixed in the literary language for the official-business style. For example: petition, appropriate, activities not pursuing the goal of making a profit, conduct monitoring and so forth

Signs of clericalism

Now we will define the signs of such words and consider examples.

Clericalism - the words of the official business style, however, in addition to this, they have a number of purely linguistic characteristics. Among them are:

The use of non-fixed (hijacking, sewing, days off); suffix (taking, revealing, bloating, finding).
Replacing a compound verb with a simple nominal predicate (splitting the predicate). For example: show desire - instead wish to make a decision - instead decide help - instead to help.
Use of prequalified prepositions. For example: in part, along the line, in force, to the address, in the context, in the field, due to, in the plan, in the case, at the level.
Stringing cases, usually genitive. For example, conditions necessary for raising the level of culture of the population of the region.
Replacing active revolutions with passive ones. For example, active turnover we set - to passive establishment was carried out by us.

Why can not abuse the clericalism?

Clericalism and speech cliches (examples confirm this), often used in speech, lead to the fact that she loses her imagery, expressiveness, conciseness, individuality. As a result of this, the following shortcomings arise:

For example: after short-term rainfall fell, a rainbow shone over the pond in all its glory.
The ambiguity generated by verbal nouns. For example, the phrase “approval of a professor” can be understood both as “professors affirm” and as “professor approves”.
Verbosity, weighting of speech. For example: due to the improvement of the level of service, the turnover in commercial and state stores should increase significantly.

Clericalism, the examples of which we have presented, deprives speech of imagery, expressiveness, and persuasiveness. Because they are frequently used expressions with a blurred lexical meaning, tarnished expressivity.

Typically, journalists tend to use stamps. Therefore, in a journalistic style, such expressions are especially common.

What words refer to clericalism

Naturally looks only in business speech clericalism. Examples of their use indicate that very often these words are used in other styles of speech, which is considered a gross stylistic error. In order to prevent such a mistake, you need to know exactly what words refer to clericalism.

So, clericalism can be characterized by:

Archaic solemnity: named, aforementioned, to charge, the submitter of this, is due, to demand, such.
At the same time, clericalism can be everyday business: to speak (in value to discuss), listen, progress, puzzle, specifics, best practices.
Give speech a formal business coloring nouns formed from verbs with the following suffixes: - ut, -at, -any, -eni: undertaking, taking, finding; non-fixed: day off, hijacking, tailoring, hiring, supervision; words with prefixes under-, non-: non-detection, non-identification, under-fulfillment, non-admission.
In addition, a number of nouns, participles, adverbs, verbs, connectives and adjectives are strictly related to the business sphere of communication. For example: party, customer, client, principal, owner, person, reporting, injured, vacant, outgoing, immediately, free of charge, to be, to be, to be.
The official-business coloring differs in a number of official words: to the address, at the expense of, on the basis of and so on. For example: according to the contract, in connection with the termination of the agreement, in case of refusal to comply with the contract, as a result of the study and so forth
Similar turns include the following compound names: foodstuffs, law enforcement agencies, vehicle, budget sphere, diplomatic relations.

When is it appropriate to use the term “clericalism”

Clericalism (we examined the examples of words in detail above), according to the laws of the literary language, should be used only in an official business style. Then these turns do not stand out from the text.

The very term "clericalism" is appropriate to use only in those cases when such words and phrases are used in someone else's style. Then speech becomes inexpressive, official in nature, loses its emotionality, liveliness, naturalness and simplicity.

Clericalism as a stylistic device

But clericalism is not always referred to as speech defects. Examples from works of art show that such words and phrases are often used as a stylistic device. For example, for the speech characteristics of the hero.

Often, writers use clericalism to create a humorous effect. For example, Zoshchenko, Chekhov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ilf and Petrov. For example, in Saltykov-Shchedrin - “... it is forbidden to poke out eyes, take away the head, bite the nose”; for Chekhov - "the killing was due to drowning."

Clericalism (examples of words we examined in some detail) in Russia reached the greatest distribution during the period of stagnation, when they penetrated into all spheres of speech, including even everyday speech. This example once again confirms the idea that language is a reflection of all the changes that are taking place in the country and society.

What is clericalism, what are examples of clericalism?

Stationery - words and speech turnovers, which in the literary language imitate the official-business style. Also, these are whole constructions of an official business style. This includes all types of documents, statements, certificates, acts, resolutions, powers of attorney, which are written based on generally accepted standards.

Examples of phrase-canceledism:

view incoming - outgoing correspondence
for your information
to assist
recover property damage
remove an employee from his post
offer mutually beneficial cooperation
provide technical assistance in the development of a reconstruction plan

Clericalism is the words and expressions used for the formal business style. A person who uses such expressions may seem more erudite, but often the abundance of clericalism in speech makes it incomprehensible to ordinary people. Most often, bureaucracy is abused by officials and politicians. For example: The government has created a Global Learning Investment Impact Exchange. The impact of investment provides the necessary capital for social and financial results.
Clericalism is such a turn of speech when phrases or phrases have a certain, as they say business style quot ;. One of the most famous such phrases is put at the end of the letter:
Sincerely, such a person ...
Clericalism refers to single words or stable speech, which are used in the official business style of communication (in documents, official references, statements, etc.).
As examples, you can cite the following words and phrases:
Which (in conversation or in fiction we use the word which).

Incoming / outgoing documents (in colloquial style, as a rule, we don’t use these adjectives regarding a noun).
Family ties (in life we \u200b\u200bwill just say relatives).
I hereby inform you / confirm / notify / guarantee.
Stationery these are verbal expressions, as well as words that are characteristic of an official business style, but are used in texts of other styles, as well as in colloquial speech.
For clericalism include, for example, the following words: expenditure, availability, takes place above other.
The formal business style is characterized by ready-made verbal formulas, stamps, standard syntactic models, stencils, the purpose of which is to simplify the process of compiling business papers and some standardization.

Like these ones examples: in order to increase efficiency, in accordance with the agreement reached (could be used by agreement), in connection with the order, higher authorities, the identification of undesirable elements, at present.
Stationery is a combination of words, grammatical forms and even patterns that are used in business speech, conversation or writing, a bureaucratic version.
For example: brought to your attention ...
after time ..
has to be (instead of our usual will)
Clericalism is a speech turn and words that are mainly used by office workers, this word refers to important contracts, papers, orders, it is justified by the type of expanding one word into several, for example: not dismissal but selective reduction of employees.
Clericalism is usually called words or speech turns that are characteristic of the business style of papers, documents. This is an accepted form of building official correspondence, for example. As an example of clericalism, you can cite - which quotot ;, instead of whichquot ;.
Clericalism - these are words, word combinations, speech turns that are characteristic of a business style, often used in important papers and documents. For example, instead of water they’ll write watering quot ;. Instead of help use clericalism helpquot ;.
Clericalism is the words or phrases that came to us from the scientific and professional worlds. Some people like to use smart language in everyday life in order to seem more intelligent and bring clericalism.
Examples of clericalism:
soil irrigation or irrigation instead watering plants.
profit instead of the word profit.

When parsing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words related to the official-business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a stylistically alien context for them, are called clericalism. It should be remembered that these means of speech are called clerical only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the rules of an official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalism includes words and phrases that have a typical coloring for an official business style (presence, for lack of, to avoid, to live, withdraw, listed above, takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; Currently, there is a shortage of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: A negative side in an enterprise’s activity is married, if you can say: It’s bad when an enterprise issues a marriage; Marriage is unacceptable in work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; We must finally stop the production of defective products !; You can’t put up with marriage! A simple and concrete wording affects the reader more.

Clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the suffixes -eni, -ani-, etc. (identification, finding, taking, bloating, closure) and non-suffix (sewing, hijacking, taking time off). The clerical shade of them is aggravated by the prefixes ne-, under- (non-detection, under-fulfillment). Russian writers often mimicked a syllable "decorated" with such clericalism [The case of the gnawing of a plan with mice (Herz.); The case of the entry and breaking of the crow glass (Pis.); Declaring the widow Vanina that she did not stick to the sixty-copeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have categories of time, type, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, such a sentence is deprived of accuracy: On the part of the farm manager V.I. Shlyk was negligent in milking and feeding cows. You might think that the head did not milk and feed the cows well, but the author only wanted to say that the head of the farm V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare feed for livestock. The inability to express the meaning of a pledge with a verb noun can lead to ambiguity of a construction such as a professor’s statement (does the professor claim or is he approved?), I like singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in the passive form of the participle or reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical color of speech [After completing the tour, the tourists were allowed to photograph them (better: The tourists were shown the sights and allowed to photograph them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the peculiarities of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, badass) have nothing to do with clericalism, many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing).

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them, theirs changed in-nye, and they began to denote not the action, but its result (cf .: baking cakes - sweet cookies, cherry jam - cherry jam). Others remain closely connected with verbs, acting as abstract names of actions, processes (acceptance, non-identification, non-admission). It is with these nouns that the clerical coloring is most often inherent; it is not only for those who have received strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjacency).

The use of clericalism of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verb predicate with a combination of a verb noun with an auxiliary verb having a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, with a stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one cannot go to extremes, rejecting any cases of using verbal-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they participated instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, verbal-nominal combinations have been fixed to declare gratitude, accept for execution, impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs to thank, execute, recover are inappropriate), etc. In the scientific style, terminological combinations are used, such as visual fatigue, self-regulation, transplantation, etc. Expressions are working in a journalistic style, workers went on strike, clashes with the police occurred, an attempt was made on the minister, etc. In such cases, verbal nouns cannot be dispensed with and there is no reason to consider them clericalism.

The use of verbal-nominal combinations sometimes even creates the conditions for speech expression. For example, a combination to take a hot part is more meaningful than the verb to participate. A definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-noun combination exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-noun combination instead of a verb can also help to eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (compare: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verbal-nominal combinations of verbs, of course, is not in doubt; their use does not prejudice the style, but, on the contrary, makes speech more effective.

Many people think that literary language is the language of fiction. However, such an understanding of the term is incorrect.

Literary language is a language of culture; it is the language of cultured people. Modern Russian literary language fulfills both of these purposes. But this does not always happen. For example, in the XVII century. in Russia, the language of written culture was mainly Church Slavonic, and the living language of cultural people, the means of their everyday communication, was Russian.

In Russian literary language, works of art and scientific works are created, this is the language of the theater, school, newspapers and magazines, radio and television. At the same time, they speak it in the family, at work, with friends, in public places. The fact that both functions are performed by the same language enriches the culture; it is built with the help of a living, dynamic means of communication, capable of conveying the newest meanings that have just arisen, and conveys their very dynamics, helping them to emerge and form. And everyday speech benefits from this: everyday communication between people becomes a phenomenon of a nation-wide culture. Literary language with love protect from everything that can harm him.

In different epochs, the dangers threatening the language are different. In the 20s and 90s of the twentieth century, this was an influx of borrowed words (moreover, borrowed unnecessarily), slang vocabulary, vernacular, i.e. abnormal phenomena in pronunciation and grammar.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, many cultural figures fought against the excessive influence of the dialects on the literary language, against the influx of slang vocabulary. Maxim Gorky wrote: “The speech vagaries of our country are very diverse. The task of serious writers is to weed out, select from this chaos the most accurate, capacious, sonorous words, and not get carried away with trash like meaningless words like poddyalkivat, basen, squeeze and etc. " This danger was overcome in the 30s precisely because writers, teachers, journalists, and scientists fought against it.

Nowadays, one of the dangers for literary speech (and, ultimately, for language) is the impact on book, particularly, official-business-style stamps, of everyday, journalistic, and even artistic speech. The first to talk about this danger, the spread of the "office", spoke K.I. Chukovsky.

In many works of the Soviet and post-Soviet times, clericalism is understood as “Soviet language”, “totalitarian language”, “newspeak”. These studies draw a parallel between the spread of clerical speech beyond the formal business style and the ideology of the Soviet state. In other works, clerical studies are studied in the orthological aspect. It is interpreted as the use of linguistic means of business style in inappropriate conditions for communication. In this aspect, the spread of clericalism can be explained by the development of the literary language of mass culture and the dominance in society of the incompletely functional and medium literary types of speech culture, the distinguishing feature of which is "possession, except for spoken language, of only one - maximum two functional styles."

Thus, there are two understandings of the clerical office. In the first case, it is considered in historical and cultural terms, in the second - as an aspect of the culture of speech.

The problem of the functioning of the clerical office in the conditions of the modern speech situation remains relevant. According to some scholars, the stamps of official speech are gradually becoming a thing of the past, speech is becoming free. According to others, the clerical cannot be considered a phenomenon only of the Soviet totalitarian language. One of the reasons for the existence of the office today is the need for the official authorities to covertly present any information.

HELL. Vasiliev and E.A. Zemskaya noted that the clerical office is inherent not only in totalitarian societies, it exists in "democratic" states and fulfills the functions of political correctness and management, manipulating a mass audience.

In our opinion, the clerical office is still quite common among native speakers of the Russian language. It is not as noticeable as in the Soviet era, because it is combined with foreign style vocabulary. This point of view is proved by our survey, in which university students and high school students took part (72 profiles in total). When analyzing the responses, the following results were obtained.

Respondents considered the use of words and phrases a mistake

conversational nature (reduced and emotionally-colored vocabulary, jargon), even in texts that they themselves have defined as conversational. At the same time, the subjects considered it permissible to overuse speech stamps and the office ("fencing boarding", "based on all of the above") even in colloquial style, since (in the opinion of 60% of the respondents) such book expressions testify to the "richness" of speech.

The clerical work is manifested at different linguistic levels (the materials for our study were also the texts of the media and the speeches of politicians, recordings of lively colloquial speech). The most vivid, in our opinion, in modern speech, the following features of the clerical office are manifested:

Nominalization i.e. replacement of a verb with verbal nouns, participles, compound verb-noun combinations. Nominalization was one of the features of the Soviet language, focused on the norms of the document.

At the moment, such a substitution of nominal verb forms is found in the speech of professional journalists, politicians, ordinary people (shooting down an airplane, lifting the blockade and normalizing the situation, carrying carry-on baggage, and cheapening the cost of credit).

Verbosity (the term of K.I. Chukovsky). The replacement of simple turns and words with clerical is caused by the fact that for many native speakers of the Russian language the use of such expressions is a sign of correct book speech. Now, such turns of speech are found mainly in official texts (persons of uncertain purpose, engaged in labor activities), while in everyday life they almost ceased to use them.

Lexical speech stamps. They are easily perceived and assimilated by the listener, because they do not require deep understanding, but at the same time they have a great influence on the formation of the communicative's value orientations (servants of the people, take control of the situation, fight for seats, fast pace, advanced positions). Very often used phrases with the word problem (heating problems, family problems, material problems of Russians, problems of pensioners, the problem of "communal").

Sometimes lexical cliches “borrowed” from the Soviet era are used (party line, battle for the harvest);

Named pretexts (during our meetings with voters; due to the fact that ... due to the fact that Moscow and the region ...; due to their age; in the absence of a deficit; interrogated about summer houses and incomes).

Stamping of the logical structure of official texts. The speeches of modern political figures are built according to a pattern (democratic rhetoric, party praise, enthusiasm for their program, dissatisfaction with the current government), are devoid of individuality and, in this sense, are not much different from speeches of political figures of the Soviet era. Such stereotyping is characteristic not only of political speech. This is a “genre-specific feature of mass literature” [Bykov, Kupina: 30].

Thus, as the results of our observations show, the emergence and functioning of the clerical office at different levels of the language in Soviet and post-Soviet times can be explained by the following reasons:

Chancellery exists in information societies; the authorities need it in order to manipulate the audience, to euphemize reality;

Many native speakers of modern literary language are not able to distinguish between book language and spoken language, while creating texts of spoken spoken language, the language features of book styles are taken as the basis.

Modern native speakers of the literary language are guided by the norms of the media, therefore they perceive errors in the speech of announcers and public figures as a model.

Chancellery is a common ailment, it penetrates everywhere. Translator Nora Gal compares it to a cancerous tumor that grows to an unprecedented size. Many, even having written a single sentence, manage to embed a stamp there, an official circulation. As if people have forgotten how to express their thoughts simply and clearly, in a living language.

Examples of clerical work are endless - from the already quite familiar

· He experienced a feeling of joy instead he was happy
· Movement in the city instead of moving around the city
· A lot of money instead of a lot of money
· Make a comparison instead of comparing
· In the process of knitting, I rest instead when I knit, I rest ...

To real verbal "monsters":

· Currently, active work is underway under the strict guidance of ...
· We are fighting to improve street cleanliness
· Due to the inability to fulfill their obligations by the supplier ...
· The process of creating a streamlined dispute resolution mechanism
· Organization of work on food production

State expressions in colloquial speech are especially depressing. The people who consume them probably think it sounds solid, characterizes them as serious, educated people. For example, a young man when asked by a girl, "What are you doing?" he answers: “At the moment I work as a manager” or even better: “At the moment ...” instead of saying “now” or without any circumstances at all. He probably believes that in this way he will make a lasting impression on the girl, will seem to her smart, businesslike, that such a manner of expression gives him charm. In fact, the word “given” in the meaning of “this” is used only in official papers or in scientific works, not in a mass magazine or newspaper, much less in a conversation (it’s nothing to say about fiction). The phrase "at present" also sounds absurd in a conversation.

Or, for example, a teacher of Russian literature (!) Says: "I appreciate the presence of a sense of humor in a person." Really, if she said "I appreciate a person’s sense of humor", someone would not understand that she appreciates the presence of a sense of humor, and not its absence? The word "presence" does not carry any semantic load, and the fact that it is used in relation to feeling, or in our case rather to a character trait, is completely strange: it is like saying "the presence of love" or "the presence of kindness." Very often in people's speech these “presence” or “absence”, “presence” (“presence of free time”, for example) are found.

Quite often today the word “actively” is used: “actively working”, “actively using”, “actively communicating”, “actively cooperating”, “actively engaged in something”, “actively fighting”. As if you can work and do something passively. You can say "actively resting", because there is passive rest, but you can not use the word "actively" in relation to the verb, which in itself means active action. In many cases, it is quite possible to do without a definition: why, by all means, "She is actively engaged in yoga," when you can simply say "She is engaged in yoga"? If you still need to emphasize the intensity of the action, you can put it this way: “widely used”, “works hard”, “communicate a lot”, “fights hard”. But instead of many diverse synonyms, we have the only option for all occasions - "actively". And so the language is impoverished. When you have to write something, memory helpfully offers you a ready-made cliche - "actively engaged." And you don’t have to make an effort, look for the right word ... Perhaps this “actively” reflects modern realities: you can work in such a way that you don’t work, like working, but it seems like you don’t. Therefore, there was a need to emphasize that it is actively working, that is, a person is working.

How many times, while reading the text, we come across all sorts of “should be noted,” “it must be emphasized,” “separately worth saying.” Before you say something essentially, a person must certainly pile up a bunch of meaningless words.

One of the sources of clogging of the literary language is verbal cliches - words and expressions that are deprived of imagery, often repeated uniformly without taking into account the context, impoverishing speech, filling it with template phrases, killing living exposition. A. N. Tolstoy rightly pointed out: "The language of ready-made expressions, cliches ... all the worse is that it has lost the feeling of movement, gesture, image. The phrases of such a language glide over the imagination without affecting the most complicated keyboard of our brain."

Most often, speech stamps are created by the use of so-called clericalism - standard formulas of official business speech, in some genres of which their use is justified by the tradition and ease of processing business papers.

Examples of clericalism: "event", "if available", "this is certified", "notification", "due"; "provide assistance" (instead of "help"), "is hereby brought to your attention"; "according to what" with the genus. case instead of the general literary dative; multicomponent registered constructions with a genus. a case such as "recovering property damage from an employee", etc.

In contrast to traditional use, when inappropriately applied outside the framework of the official business style, the stylistic coloring of clericalism may conflict with its surroundings; such use is considered to be a violation of stylistic norms. (Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary).

Such formations are used by writers as a means of characterizing a character in fiction, as a conscious, stylistic device. For example: “Without any agreement, this pig would in no way be allowed to take away the paper” (Gogol); “It is likewise forbidden to gouge out the eyes, bite off the nose ... take away the head ..." (Saltykov-Shchedrin); "... the crowning and breaking of glasses with a crow ..." (Pisemsky); “The killing was due to drowning” (Chekhov).

The use of language means assigned to an official business style outside of this style leads to clogging of the language - the office.

Usually transmitted through written contacts. It is carried by the Clerical Mite, whose main habitat is the Bureaucratic Chair. The disease "stationery virus" is mainly characteristic of people involved in paper activities. Adult Homo Bureaucraticus is most susceptible to infection.

The disease manifests itself in a confused, obscure construction of phrases, in heavy and unnatural turns of speech. The spoken language of the sick is deprived of simplicity, liveliness and emotionality, is made gray, monotonous and dry.

Treatment - immersion in a healthy language environment.

In other cases, the use of a verbal-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring in the sentence. Compare two types of syntactic constructions, with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is impractical - it generates verbosity and burdens the syllable.

The influence of the official-business style is often explained by the unjustified use of denominated prepositions: along the line, in the context, in part, in fact, in effect, for purposes, to the address, in the region, in plan, at the level, at the expense of, etc. They received a lot distribution in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion for them damages the presentation, making the syllable heavier and giving it a clerical color. This is partly due to the fact that anonymous prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing cases. For example: By improving the organization of paying off wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy and cumbersome. In order to straighten the text, it is necessary to exclude from it an exalted preposition, if possible replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let’s say this editing option: To increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, you need to pay salaries in a timely manner and not to delay the retirement of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use ancestral prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partially preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, the construction was suspended (as if someone had foreseen that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). The misuse of anonymous prepositions often leads to an illogical utterance.

Compare the two editions of the proposals:

The exclusion from the text of annexed prepositions, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the idea more specifically and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of an official business style. Widespread words and expressions with blurred semantics and tarnished emotional coloring become speech stamps. So, in a variety of contexts, the phrase “get a residence permit” begins to be used in a figurative meaning (Every ball flying into the net of the goal receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence permit in his hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city )

Any frequently used speech means, such as template metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to the constant use of them, even beaten rhymes (tears - roses), can become a stamp. However, in practical style, the term “speech stamp” has received a narrower meaning: the so-called stereotypical expressions having a clerical coloring.

Among the speech stamps that arose as a result of the influence of the official-business style on other styles, one can single out primarily speech patterns: at this stage, at a given time interval, today, I emphasized with all severity, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: At this time, the difficult situation has developed with the elimination of debt to suppliers; At present, the payment of wages to the miners has been taken under steady control; At this stage, the spawning of crucian carp is normal, etc. The exclusion of highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Universal words are also referred to as speech stamps, which are used in the most diverse, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, expand, separate, specific, etc.). For example, a noun question, speaking as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (Nutrition issues in the first 10-12 days are of particular importance; issues of timely tax collection from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention). In such cases, it can be safely excluded from the text (cf .: Food is especially important in the first 10-12 days; Taxes from enterprises and commercial structures must be collected in a timely manner).

The word to appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing the two editions of proposals from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of verbs-connectives is one of the most common stylistic shortcomings in the specialized literature. However, this does not mean that connective verbs should be prohibited, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf .: event - held, scope - wide, criticism - sharp, problem - unresolved, overdue, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically inferior, they generate speech redundancy.

Speech cliches, saving the speaker from the need to search for the right, exact words, deprive speech of concreteness. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, sports competitions, and preparing the housing stock for the winter, and picking grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and to prevent the emergence and distribution of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Linguistic standards are called ready-made, reproducible in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike the stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, since it has clear semantics and economically expresses thought, contributing to the speed of information transfer." Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become sustainable: Budget workers, employment services, international humanitarian assistance, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of the Russian government, according to informed sources, are phrases such as household services (food, health , rest, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible in each case to invent new means of expression.

Comparing the journalistic texts of the “Brezhnev stagnation” period and the 90s, we can note a significant reduction in clericalism and speech cliches in the language of newspapers and magazines. The stylistic “companions” of the command-bureaucratic system left the stage in the “post-communist time”. Now clericalism and all the beauties of the bureaucratic syllable are easier to come across in humorous works than in newspaper materials. This style is wittily parodied by Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

A resolution to further deepen the expansion of the constructive measures adopted as a result of consolidation to improve the state of all-round interaction of all conservation structures and to ensure even greater intensification of the punishment of the working people of all masses on the basis of the rotation priority of the future normalization of the relations of the same workers according to their own orders.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, and speech stamps firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our journalism has successfully overcome this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual speakers and officials in government institutions. However, while they were in their leading posts, the problem of the fight against clericalism and speech cliches did not lose relevance.