The transitivity of a verb in Russian is determined by its ability to denote an action directed directly at an object. Grammatically, this is expressed by the fact that the verb controls the noun in the accusative case without a preposition. There are many examples of such constructions - "fishing", "writing a letter", "cleaning the carpet".
How to determine the transitivity of a verb? There is nothing complicated in such an operation, it is enough to mentally ask him the question: "Whom?", "What?" If the verb is used in a negative context ( don't buy milk), the case changes to genitive - this should be remembered.
The meaning of transitive and intransitive verbs
Linguists have established that the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb are differentiated by the meaning of words. Thus, transitive verbs refer to various actions on objects. They can be created, destroyed or modified ( build a building, chop wood, destroy a house). The object can also remain unchanged ( congratulate mom). The same list includes combinations denoting the sensory perception of an object with the verbs "look", "listen", etc.
In turn, intransitive verbs are characterized by the following meanings:
- physical or mental condition ( fear, doze);
- the appearance of a sign, its strengthening ( blush);
- movement or location in space ( go sit);
- occupations, skills ( host).
Morphological signs of intransition
The main difference between transitive and intransitive verbs lies in the ability to form passive participles. Compare the number of impersonal forms of the words "draw" and "walk":
Paint
Walk
Sometimes the transitivity of a verb is determined based on the infinitive. There are derivational types of verbs that cannot be transitive:
Base suffix | What part of speech is formed from | Examples of |
|
imperfect | adjective | Get stronger, go blind, get wet |
|
same | noun | To malign (however, to feel, to admonish are exceptions) |
|
same | nominal parts of speech | Beast, turn white |
|
same | same | Lazy, carpentry |
Reflexive verbs
Of all the formal signs, the transitivity and intransitivity of the verb are best distinguished by the postfixes -ca - / - сь-. Once upon a time they were forms of the pronoun "myself" until they lost their independence. This origin of the postfix determined the specific name of the verbs - reflexive (the action is directed at the agent himself). Compare: wash your face and wash up.
All reflexive verbs are intransitive. And this is absolutely understandable: why use an additional noun next to them, if the transitivity of the verb is contained in the structure of the word itself?
Particularly difficult cases
Sometimes the question of how to determine the transitivity of a verb can be confusing. The main difficulty lies in the fact that certain words with the meaning of action can be used in different contexts in different ways. Consider the sentences: " The child is reading a book " and " The child is already reading " In the first case, there is an action directed at a certain object - a book. The main purpose of the second sentence is to convey information that the child is able to perceive what has been written, that is, the verb “read” appears as intransitive. Another, more understandable example, with the word "shut up". Compare: " Everyone fell silent at last " and " Silence a certain fact "(that is, deliberately not to mention anything).
Before determining the transitivity of a verb, it is necessary to check whether the noun next to it in the accusative case has adverbial meaning. In the sentence “We studied all night”, the nominal component is used as a temporal characteristic, and not the object on which the action is performed.
Some transitive verbs govern genitive nouns outside of negation ( buy notebooks, pick berries). In other cases, parallel forms are possible - wait for the trolleybus / trolleybus which are differentiated according to the certainty / uncertainty category. So, after the phrase "I'm waiting for a trolleybus" I would like to add "No. 5". But the form of the genitive case latently indicates that the speaker himself is not completely sure what kind of vehicle he needs. Just waiting and that's it.
The situation is similar with constructions like "drink tea / tea". The existence of two parallel forms should not be confusing. The genitive case indicates that they are going to drink exactly cup / glass tea. However, both in the first and in the second case, the transitivity of the verb takes place.
For the curious
Phrases like "walk / swim me" can often be heard from young children. Such a mistake testifies to a good sense of language that every child is endowed with. Several centuries ago, we had many more verbs that governed nouns without prepositions in the accusative case. Now their number has decreased. Perhaps someday the transitivity of the verb in the Russian language will cease to exist altogether. However, it is difficult to judge how true this information is, so it does not interfere with repeating the above material once again.
All verbs in Russian in this category are divided into two large groups - transient and intransient .
TO transitional include verbs that can control the accusative case without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object.
In a sentence, transitive verbs have or may have with them direct addition .
For example:
1. I am writing a letter.
2. Yesterday I read all day
In the second example, there is no direct complement, but it is potentially possible ( interesting book).
It should be remembered that transitive verbs cannot be reflexive.
Exercise:
Compare:
1. On the way to university, I met a friend of mine.
2. My friend was not at home
In addition to the accusative case, transitive verbs in two cases can also control the genitive forms.
First case: when the genitive case has the meaning of a part of a whole.
For example:
I drank some milk.(Wed: drank milk)
Second case: when the transitive verb has a negative particle not.
For example:
I haven't received a letter from my brother for a long time
Such additions are also straight .
TO intransitive includes verbs that are not able to control the accusative case without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is not directly directed at an object. With intransitive verbs there is no and cannot be a direct object (after them the question cannot be asked whom? or what?)
For example:
sit, sleep, go, dream, talk
Intransitive verbs can govern all indirect cases, except the accusative without a preposition. They can also rule the accusative case, but only with a preposition.
For example:
step on a stone, trip on a stone
It should be remembered that intransitive verbs in a sentence have with them indirect addition .
For example:
I'm on the phone with a friend
It should also be remembered that if a reflexive postfix is attached to a transitive verb -sya-, then it becomes intransitive.
Exercise:
Compare:
teach - learn, bathe - swim, build - build, dress - dress
Pledge Is a constant lexical-grammatical category of the verb, which expresses the relation of the action to the subject (i.e. the producer of the action). There are two collaterals - valid and passive .
Verbs valid pledge denote an action not directed at the subject (i.e. the producer of the action).
For example:
1. Workers are building a house.
2. Snow covered the ground
In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by the subject (in the subject matter), and the object by the direct complement (in the subject matter without a preposition).
Verbs passive voice denote an action directed at a subject.
For example:
1. The house is being built by workers.
2. The ground is covered with snow
In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by an indirect object (in the T. without a preposition), and the object has become the subject (in the I. P.).
It should be remembered that passive verbs are always reflexive, i.e. have postfix -sy-, (-s-), and active verbs can be either irreversible or reflexive.
For example:
The child is sleeping.
Children are frolicking.
It's getting dark outside
In all of these examples, verbs are active.
View categories- this is also a constant grammatical category of the verb. The form of a verb expresses the relation of an action to its inner limit. Distinguish verbs imperfect and perfect kind.
Verbs imperfect denote an action that has not reached its inner limit, i.e. its end result. They answer the question what to do?(There is no prefix in the question -with-).
For example:
I solved this math problem yesterday
This verb form contains an indication that I have coped with this task.
1) correlative verbs;
2) single-species verbs;
3) two-species verbs.
Relative verbs- these are verbs that have correlative species pairs.
For example:
1) write - write, do - do, carry - bring, wake up - wake up and others (differ in the presence and absence of a prefix);
2) decide - decide, push - push, order - order, snack - eat and others (differ in suffixes);
3) pull out - pull out, scream - shout, forgive - forgive, etc.(differ in alternation at the root, as well as suffixes);
4) cut - cut, sprinkle - sprinkle and others (differ only in stress);
5) catch - catch, take - take(these are supplementary forms).
One-type verbs- these are the same verbs that do not have correlative species pairs. In turn, this group has two varieties:
1) single-species imperfective verbs only;
For example:
1. walk, sit(denote actions that took place in the distant past);
2. peep, cough(with the value of discontinuity of action);
3. dance, sentence and others (with the meaning of an accompanying action).
2) only perfective single-species verbs.
For example:
1. sing (start singing), walk (start walking), run (start running)(with the value of the start of the action);
2. make noise, dissuade, spoil etc. (with the value of the completeness of the action);
3. gush out, burst out and others (with the value of the intensity of the action).
Two-species verbs - these are verbs that combine the meanings of an imperfect and a perfect form at the same time.
For example:
attack, wire, promise, command, wound, marry, etc.
The type of such verbs is specified only in a sentence or in a related text.
For example:
1... People get married; I look, I'm not married only I go.
(Pushkin. The Tale of Tsar Soltan)
2. And meanwhile he is marrying Maria Ivanovna.
(Pushkin. Captain's daughter)
Verbs perfect kind may have such shades of meanings :
1. They call an action that was single (happened once): I ran to the shore and threw myself into the water, quickly swam up to the boy, wrapped my arm around him and, rowing with the other, headed back to the shore.
2. They call effective action, i.e. such, the result of which is obvious: We put up a wall newspaper in the hallway.(This is what a member of the editorial board of this newspaper could say if he was asked: "Well, how is the newspaper? Ready?" Over the summer, Nikolai grew up, got tanned, got stronger and lost a little weight.(Having met him, you can be convinced of this). The words that are put in brackets here emphasize the meaning that the perfective verbs allow to be implied in these statements.
3. They call a single action: I jumped onto the windowsill.
Verbs imperfect may have such shades of meanings :
1. They call an action that has been performed (is being performed, will be performed) repeatedly, usually or always: In the summer we ran to the river and swam in the still cold morning water. The cheetah overtakes even the leopard.
2. They call actions that are taking place, are not yet exhausted, last (in the past, present and future tense): In the morning I wrote a letter and thought about what Natasha would answer to it. It is raining outside, water drops and jets are ringing against the glass of my room. These roses will bloom and smell for many more days.
3. They call an action consisting of a series of acts; at the same time, although each act is completed, exhausted, the series itself is not exhausted, it is depicted as lasting: We learned five new words every day. We have weeded both of these beds many times.
Similar information.
The Russian language is complex, but logical. Many things in it can be calculated based on classical reflections on the structure of the world. The transitivity of a verb is also easily determined based on both the name of its category (transitive means that it denotes an action that passes to an object), and a number of grammatical features inherent only to it. Let's try to figure out how to easily and quickly see its transitivity in a verb?
First of all, we must understand that the transitive verb is associated not only with the subject (I am sleeping), but also with the object (I am awakening the child) of the action. Accordingly, the category of transitivity can be seen already at the semantic level: if a verb requires completion, if without it it is incomplete in meaning, then most likely it will be transitive.
The object of action in transitive verbs is a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: for example, I meet (whom?) His brother (V.p.), I write (what?) A letter (V.p.) ...
Transitive verbs containing negation or indicating part of an object can be combined with nouns and pronouns in the genitive case without a preposition: for example, I did not buy (what?) Milk (R.p.), I cut off (what?) Bread (R. NS.).
Unlike transitive intransitive verbs, they are not able to form semantic grammatical pairs with the above nouns and pronouns: for example, speaking about a dream itself, you cannot say "I am sleeping" whom? what? as the subject is asleep on its own.
Most often, transitive verbs express the idea of the subject's direct physical influence on the object (I wash the dishes) or sensory interaction directed from the subject to the object (I love my mother). Intransitive verbs are usually associated with the semantics of movement or movement in space: for example, "I am going" (you can say where I am going or how I am going, but you cannot say that "I am going" and by this I have a influence) or "I'm sailing" (you can say where I'm sailing or what, etc.).
Transitional verbs are never passive (the house was built by builders) and reflexive (I need money) verbs.
In a number of cases, transitive verbs can be used without their "objective" complement or not at all in one context or another. In the first version, we are dealing with a reasonable omission of a word, which is easily reconstructed from the general meaning of the text and can be contained in previous or subsequent sentences (for example, in oral speech it is quite permissible to say “I eat” without mentioning what exactly “I eat”, since everyone who is with the speaker at this moment can already see this); in the second, we are talking about the so-called labile verbs that acquire the category of transitivity or lose it in a certain context (for example, “I write” does not necessarily require an addition, since it is possible to mean not so much an action directed at a specific object as the timeless occupation of a person, constantly writing different things).
Labile verbs are not recognized by all philologists. By default, it is generally accepted that only transitive and intransitive verbs exist in Russian. Accordingly, when meeting in a text or colloquial speech a verb similar to a transitive one, but without a complement, a decision on the degree of its transitivity must be made based on its grammatical possibilities to combine with nouns and pronouns in the accusative or genitive case without a preposition.
Transitive verbs denote an action that is directed at an object, passes to an object (object): sawing a log, chopping wood, reading a newspaper, sewing a coat. Such verbs usually only in combination with the name of the object have a complete meaning. Pointing to an object clarifies the meaning of the verb, makes it more specific. Wed: Father saws and Father saws a log. The dressmaker sews and the dressmaker sews the dress.
Object is a very broad and very abstract concept. It covers both concrete objects that are transformed or arise as a result of an action (ironing trousers, building a house), and abstract concepts (feeling joy, hating lies, loving justice).
The meaning of transitivity is expressed syntactically: the name of the object with transitive verbs is in the accusative form without a preposition (write a poem, read a story, love a friend). In two cases, the direct object is expressed by the genitive: 1) if the action does not cover the entire object, but only part of it: ate bread, drank milk; 2) if the verb has a negation: did not drink milk, did not eat bread, did not read newspapers, did not chop wood
Accusative case without a preposition, denoting a certain period of time or space, does not express an object. In this case, it denotes the measure of the action, that is, it acts as a circumstance: he sat all day, thought for an hour, slept all the way. It is impossible to ask the usual questions of whom? what about ?, to which the direct addition responds.
Intransitive verbs denote an action that does not transfer to an object. They cannot have a direct complement with them: suffer, walk, run, sit, grow, walk, dine, rejoice, dress, etc.
] A special category is made up of the so-called indirectly-first verbs. These include reflexive and non-reflexive verbs that govern not the accusative, but other indirect cases of nouns (without prepositions and with prepositions). They usually denote the attitude towards the object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of the action to the object, the effect of the subject on the object: to wish for victory, wait for the train, be proud of your brother, hope for success, trust a friend, think about victory, help a friend, etc.
1_ Often the same verb in some lexical meanings refers to transitive, and in others - to intransitive. So, the verb to write is transitional in the meanings: 1) “create, compose a literary, scientific, etc. work” (write stories, a dissertation); 2) "create a work of painting" (paint a picture, portrait, decoration, landscape); 3) “compose a piece of music, recording it” (writing music, opera) The same verb appears as intransitive when it means: 1) “to be able to use the written form of speech” (the boy is already writing, that is, he can write); 2) "engage in literary activity",
In the same meaning, the verb "can simultaneously control different cases and prepositional-case forms: bring things into a room, wrap a book in paper, splash water on linen, splash water on linen, write a letter to his brother with a pencil, draw a portrait with paints in class.
Whole semantic groups of verbs are transitive or intransitive. For example, the verbs of creation, as well as destruction, destruction of an object, are usually transitive: a) build (build) a house, sew (sew) a coat, weave (weave) a carpet, create (create) state farms; b) destroy (destroy) an old building, break (break) a glass, burn (burn) garbage, spoil (spoil) a clock, etc.
Intransitives include large groups of movement verbs (run, run, walk, walk, fly, fly, swim, swim, jump, hurry, etc.), position in space (sit, lie, stand, hang, etc.). ), sound (rattle, gasp, gag, hiss, meow, buzz, etc.), states (be silent, sleep, get sick, nervous, grieve, envy, boil, breathe, etc.), changes in state, becoming (lose weight, lose weight, become stupid, go stupid, turn white, turn white, wither, fade, deaf, go deaf, etc.). Intransitive verbs are to -state, -begin, -thread, denoting
the occupation of the person named in the producing basis (teaching, building, acting, professing; painting, gardening, locksmithing; carpentry, painting), verbs of behavior to play, - to act (to magnanimate, to curse; fainthearted, faint, hooliganism, zvers / pvovat).
Thus, the transitivity / intransitivity of the verbs before the gu. it depends on their lexical and semantic properties. In the expression ne-! Affixes - postfix, suffix-1 "with її! and prefixes. -"
The postfix -sya is always an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb. By joining a transitive verb, he makes it intransitive. С: to please parents (with success) - to rejoice, to wash the dishes -
to clean, to clean the coat - to clean. Intransitive abortal r hagol forms the suffix -e. It expresses the meaning of the gradual accumulation by the subject of any properties, signs: clever - to grow wiser (to become clever), white - to turn white (to become gt; white).
Among non-prefixed verbs, only a third has a transitive meaning.
The composition of transitive verbs is continuously replenished due to prefixed formations. Many prefixes, joining intransitive verbs, turn them into transitive. The prefix forms transitive verbs in the meaning "to achieve (achieve) something with the help of an action": to play - to win a motorcycle,
to work - to develop two norms; prefix for in the meaning
"To bring (bring) an object (object) to a bad state by action": to play - to play a record.
Transitive abdominal verbs are formed with the suffix sin (s) - blue linen (make it blue), white - whitewash the ceiling (make it white), etc. Most verbs of this type are correlative with intransitive verbs with the suffix -e. Wed: find (non-trans.) - blue (trans.), Whiten (non-trans.) - whiten ^ trans.), Freeze (non-trans.) - freeze (cross-over). In terms of transitivity / intransitivity, the members of pairs are also opposed: to become exhausted - to weaken, to go mad - to be mad, to cool down - to cool down, to weaken - to weaken, etc. ), deafen (deafen - deafen, deafen) - deafen (deafen, muffle), lie - live, sleep - put to sleep, stand - put, hang - hang, hang), resist - oppose, etc. In only one pair, both verbs are transitive : drink milk - water the baby with milk. The second members of such pairs mean “to force (force) to perform (perform) any action”, to force (force) to be in any state ”. They are usually called causative verbs (from the Latin causa - "reason").
Verbs in can be divided into 2 large semantic types:
1) designating an action that passes to an object and changes it;
2) denoting an action that is closed in itself and does not transfer to an object.
The first type includes the verbs of creation, destruction, many verbs of speech and thought, for example: build, grow, educate; break, smash, destroy; say, think, feel.
The second type combines verbs, expressing a certain state. Examples: lying, sitting, sleeping, feeling.
Similar semantics of verbs in the form area using the category of transitivity.
Verbs denoting an action that passes to an object, and combined with a case-free form, are called transitive.
Verbs that are incapable of denoting an action that passes to an object, and do not combine with no preposition, are intransitive.
Examples: Tatiana wrote a letter to Onegin. The verb "wrote" is transitive.
He writes and translates nicely. The verbs “writes”, “translates”, denoting the ability to some kind of action, are intransitive.
Transition is a lexico-grammatical category, therefore, the category is determined strictly by formal characteristics, and not by context.
The central part of transitive verbs includes verbs with negation, combined with genitive, for example: not to love literature.
Indirect transitive verbs
Also, indirectly-transitive verbs are highlighted, which can be combined with the object not