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ELECTROLYTIC MILLING METHOD
INTERIOR CONNECTING WINDOWS
DUCTS IN PARTS OF ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS
Stated February 8, 1957. No. 566488 n Committee on Inventions and Discoveries iri Soneta of the USSR Ministers
The invention relates to methods for electrolytic milling of connecting windows of internal channels in parts made of aluminum and its alloys.
Known methods of this kind do not make it possible to perform internal connection of channels in hard-to-reach places. According to the invention, to obtain such channels, copper tubes are used, which serve to supply and remove the electrolyte and are the cathode. A solution of neutral salt is used as an electrolyte, for example, a solution of technical sodium chloride.
The proposed method of electrolytic milling is illustrated by a drawing.
In an article 1 provided with two or more channels 2, it is required to make a channel 3 connecting the first two channels. To do this, an insulating-sealing tube 4 is inserted into one of the channels 2, inside which 1 there are copper tubes 5 and 6, which serve to supply and drain electrolyte. serve as a cathode, Electrolyte is continuously pumped through tube 5 by a pump. Under the action of the current and the mechanical action of the electrolyte jet, anodic dissolution of the metal of the article occurs in the direction of the electrolyte jet. Through tube 6, the electrolyte enters the collector and then back into the feed pump.
For the processing of aluminum products, a 10–20% -HblH solution of technical sodium chloride is used as an electrolyte. The current density must be equal to 10 € ”
Current source voltage 15†”
25th century With the selection of the appropriate electrolytes, the method can be used for the development of other metals. No. 110679
The subject of the invention
Resp. editor L. G. Golaidsky
Standardgiz. Subp. to print 14 / 1H 1958 Volume O, I25 and. l. Circulation 85O, ceis 28 iop.
Printing house of the Committee for Inventions and Discoveries under the Council of Mpiistroi of the USSR
Moscow, Neglinnaya, 23. Zak. 1980
1. A method of electrically milling connecting windows of internal channels in parts made of aluminum and its alloys, consisting in the fact that an electrolyte stream is directed to the treated surface, and the product and the electrolyte stream are connected to a direct current source, from and t c M that, in order to create the possibility of making holes in hard-to-reach places, copper tubes are used to supply and drain the electrolyte, connected to the negative pole of the current source.
2. The method according to and. 1, characterized in that a solution of technical sodium chloride is used as the electrolyte.
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Processes electrochemical processing of metals are used in all industries. With their help, you can perform operations such as drilling, turning, grinding or polishing, milling parts of the most complex configurations, and even removing burrs. In this case, the essence of the processes of electrochemical sizing consists in the anodic dissolution of the metal during electrolysis with the regular removal of the resulting waste. That is why - and this is the most valuable thing - there are practically no hard-to-machine metals for the processes of electrochemical "cutting".
Everything these advantages of electrochemical processing processes can be successfully used at home for many interesting and useful work. For example, with their help, you can cut an elastic plate from a razor blade in 20-30 minutes, cut a hole of complex shape in a thin sheet of metal, carve a spiral groove on a round rod. To carry out all these works, it is enough to have an AC rectifier giving an output voltage of 6-10 volts, or a rectifier for micromotors for 6 volts, or, finally, a set of 2-3 batteries for a flashlight. Pieces of wire, metal, glue and other auxiliary materials can be found in any home workshop.
Milling.
If in some workpiece, you need to make a recess of a complex configuration - for example, cut out the apartment number - then for this you need to take a sheet of Whatman paper and draw on it in full size the contour of the recess that you want to get. Then, with a razor blade or scissors, cut and delete the drawn outline, and cut the sheet in accordance with the shape and dimensions of the workpiece. Glue the template-mask obtained in this way (1) using rubber glue or BF-88 glue on the surface of the workpiece (2), attach a wire to the workpiece from the positive pole of the rectifier or a set of batteries and apply 1-2 layers to all its surfaces without insulation any varnish or nitro paint. It's a good idea to varnish or paint the template mask itself. After letting the coating dry, lower the workpiece into a glass with a concentrated solution of sodium chloride, opposite the template-mask, install a cathode plate (3) made of any metal and connect it to the negative pole of the rectifier or current source.
How As soon as the current is turned on, the process of electrochemical dissolution of the metal inside the contour of the template-mask will begin. But after a while, the intensity of the process will decrease, which can be seen from a decrease in the number of bubbles released at the cathode (3). This means that an insulating layer of process waste has formed on the treated surface. To remove them and at the same time measure the depth of the recess, the part must be removed from the glass and, trying not to damage the template-mask, clean off the loose layer of waste from the treated surface with a small hard brush. After that, periodically removing the part to control the dimensions and remove waste, the process can be continued until the depth of the excavation reaches the required value. And when the processing is finished, after removing the insulation and the mask-mask, the part must be rinsed with water and lubricated with oil to avoid corrosion.
Stamping and engraving.
When it is necessary to make a hole with a complex configuration in a thin sheet of metal; the principles of electrochemical machining remain the same as in milling. The subtlety lies only in the fact that in order for the edges of the hole to turn out to be even, the template-mask (1) must be glued to the workpiece from both sides. To do this, the contours of the mask template (1) should be cut out in a sheet of paper folded in half and, sticking the template onto the blank (2), orient it along one of its sides. And besides, in order to speed up the processing and ensure uniform metal removal on both sides, it is advisable to bend the cathode plate (3) in the shape of the letter "U" and place the workpiece to be processed in it.
For manufacturing from sheet steel - for example, from the blade of a razor blade - parts of any profile do a little differently. The profile of the part itself (1) is cut out of the paper and glued to the workpiece (2). Then the entire opposite side of the steel sheet is coated with varnish, and from the side of the template, the varnish insulation is applied so that it does not adjoin the template. And only in one place the applied insulation must be brought to the template with a narrow jumper (3) - otherwise the dissolution of non-insulated surfaces around the template may end before the outline of the part is formed. To obtain more accurate details, you can cut out two templates, stick them on the workpiece on both sides and carry out processing in a U-shaped cathode. Similar methods can be used to make various inscriptions on metal, both convex and "depressed".
Threading and spiral grooving.
One of the varieties of the milling process is the electrochemical cutting of spiral grooves and threads. This method can be useful for making at home, for example, wood screws or twist drills. When threading a screw, as a template-mask (1), you need to take a thin rubber cord with a square cross section 1x1 millimeter, wind it tightly in a spiral onto a cylindrical workpiece (2) and fasten its ends with threads (3). And then those surfaces of the workpiece that cannot be etched are insulated with varnish. As a result of electrochemical machining, a spiral thread cavity is formed on the workpiece between the rubber turns. Now you need to sharpen or, more precisely, make the end of the workpiece conical, which will serve as the sting of the screw entering the tree. To do this, remove the workpiece from the bath, remove the rubber from it and dry it. And then, having varnished its surface so that only the first 2-3 threads of the thread remain open, the workpiece is returned to the bath and the electrochemical processing continues for some time.
For for making a twist drill at home, as a mask-template (1), you need to take three rubber cords of the same section and wind them on a heat-treated cylindrical workpiece (2), but in two passes. Then the surfaces of the workpiece that are not to be processed, and for reliability, the rubber cords must be varnished and, by lowering the part into a glass bath, electrochemical milling of the drill grooves to the required depth is performed. Now these grooves need to be widened to form the so-called "back" of the drill (3). For this, two out of three cords are removed from each strip of rubber insulation, and electrochemical milling continues for some time. After that, by removing the remaining insulation and sharpening the lead-in part, you will have an excellent twist drill.
Grinding.
To to grind the surface of cylindrical parts by electrochemistry, in addition to traditional equipment, you must have a small electric motor or drill. Having previously insulated the surfaces of the part to be processed with varnish, fix it on the motor shaft (1), install the motor vertically on a bracket and lower the end of the part to be machined (2) into the electrolyte bath. In this case, the power supply of the anode part (2) with a current is best organized with a sliding contact going to the motor shaft, and the cathode (3) should be made flat, equal along the length of the treated surface. Now it remains to turn on the electric motor and power supply to the bath. With the beginning of the process, a darkening of the surface will begin - the formation of waste. To obtain the correct cylindrical shape of the treated surface, this waste must be continuously removed. It is convenient to do this with a toothbrush with a bristle shortened for rigidity, which, pressing it against the part, should be measured up and down. By periodically removing the part to measure the diameter, in this way it is possible to obtain a surface with dimensional accuracy according to the second class.
Polishing.
For in order to polish any steel surface, prepare two wooden "balls" (1) measuring 40x40 millimeters: one for rough and the other for final polishing. Fasten the sheet metal plates (2), which act as a cathode, on them so that their position can be adjusted in height. To debug the polishing process, you need to take the workpiece (3), connect it to the positive pole of the current source and place it in the electrolyte bath so that the solution level lies slightly above the horizontal part of the cathode (2). Then the rough "kolobashka" should be dipped with one of the ends into a solution of sodium chloride in the bath, removed and a pinch of fine abrasive powder should be poured onto it. Now, with the current turned on, begin to polish the part in a circular motion. In this case, it may happen that electrochemical dissolution will proceed faster than the process of removing waste with an abrasive. To eliminate this discrepancy, lift the cathode plate higher and the dissolution rate will decrease. After polishing the entire surface with the first "kolobashka", change the electrolyte solution to a clean one, wash the part from the abrasive and with the help of the second "kolobashka" proceed to fine polishing, which should be carried out either without abrasive at all, or using tooth powder instead. With some training in this way, you can get a mirror surface on the parts two to three times faster than mechanical polishing.
"Frost" on a tinplate.
Take an empty canned food can or just a piece of tinplate and connect to the wire from the positive pole of the rectifier. And to the other pole, connect any metal rod, having previously made a cotton swab at its lower end. If now this kind of "shaving brush" is dipped into a solution of table salt and then slowly start to drive on the surface of the tin, then amazing things will happen to it. In those places where you have applied the "shaving brush" 2-3 times, sparkling crystals of "frost" appear - the crystal structure of the tin coating will be revealed. If you continue the process, then gray islands of waste will soon appear on the metal, firmly attached to the metal. And in the future, the entire surface of the tin will become spotty gray, with a characteristic bizarre pattern.
For obtaining various decorative patterns on metal, you can try to apply solutions of different salts or acids. So, for example, if instead of a solution of sodium chloride to take a one-percent solution of sulfuric acid, the "emerging" crystals will acquire a brown tint. If a tin plate is sprinkled with tooth powder, the "frost" pattern will become more contrasting, with a milky-gray tint. By preheating individual parts of the tin part to local melting of the tin and quickly cooling them in water, you can get the most intricate ornaments on metal. Such ornaments look especially good if they are covered with colored varnish on top. Try it and you will see that a lot of beautiful things can be made from a simple tin can.
I am writing a diploma. I am a beginner in Inventor "e. Time is not enough, who can help, help, please) There is a beam welded from 10 mm thick sheets. The material of the sheets, like the welding material, are set using Semantic 2015. Constraints on the edges, because in these sections, the beam is welded to the longitudinal beams (Figure 1). Loads, then the Force is introduced - 500 N. The result is somehow strange. A 100 mm thick sheet of high-strength steel bent, as shown in Figure 2, 3. Reduced the force by 50 H, the picture is the same, what could be the reason?
Let's go in order. I agree with clause 3 of article 1358. It clearly follows from this clause that a Utility Model (someone else's patent) is recognized as used in a product (in your product) if at least one feature from the independent claim of someone else's patent is used in it. This only used feature can only be a distinctive feature, since Article 1358 of the Civil Code deals with EVERY feature of an independent claim. "An independent claim must contain the features necessary: - to realize the purpose of an invention (utility model), - to achieve the technical result indicated in the description; The totality of features of an independent claim must ensure patentability for the subject of the invention or utility model"
It looks like it. element damping comes from combos. Examples are usually associated with either rotor dynamics or FSI analysis using acoustic elements. Or shake the containment? Well, there are water tanks))) they can be modeled with acoustic elements. Although these are fleas, of course. g - constant structural damping assign different g to different materials. Why isn't Rayleigh damping suitable? well, except that you don't know the alpha and beta you need. the approach with the creation of a FE model is used. In the FE model, there can be different objects of the combinative type14 or just materials with damping. Assembling the matrix from the FE-model is the task of the program. Our task is to assemble the FE-model and correctly configure the program. To shove your objects into its matrices after the program has formulated the matrix is unproductive and does not correspond to the popular approach. A conversation about modal coordinates, apparently, is a conversation about a solution by the method of superposition of harmonic or transient analysis. But it is not exactly)
Let's go in order. I think you agree with paragraph 3 of article 1358. Yes? It clearly follows from this clause that if at least one feature from the independent claim is not used, then the patent is not used in the object. Do you agree? This only unused feature can be both a distinctive feature and a restrictive one, since Article 1358 of the Civil Code deals with EVERY feature of an independent claim. That's actually all I wanted to say.
Ratcheting is not a stabilization, but an accumulation of deformation from cycle to cycle. but the reverse process is also possible - stabilization and extension of the hysteresis into a straight line. He even probably more often. How exactly in specific conditions a specific material will behave is still a question. that's it. only in special cases. let's say we are stretching the material. and let us assume that our material is such that at a sufficiently large deformation the Bauschinger effect ceases to be observed. how can this be, for example ... but we have exceeded the yield point by a factor of two. If the Bauschinger effect worked, then upon unloading and subsequent compression, the material would begin to plastically deform immediately. And if at the stage of stretching they exceeded the yield point three times, then the material would flow in compression, not yet unloaded. This pushes us towards the fact that the yield surface is not rigid, but has the ability to deform in the region of large deformations. But adherents of isotropic hardening go further. And let's, so that the above-described crap does not work, as the fluidity surface shifts, we will also expand it. Then, with large stretching and subsequent unloading and compression, one can choose such parameters to fall into a separate private experiment or several experiments. But, applying isotropic hardening, we expand the surface not only in one direction, but also in the perpendicular direction. If we look at the stress space, then let's say tension / compression - we were talking about sigma1, then perpendicular - sigma 2 or sigma3. And now this is absolutely wrong. That is, for complex loading paths it will not work. Therefore, a combination with hasty hardening is a dead-end path. It does not exist in nature; it was simply easier to program it at the dawn of FEM development for problems with one-sided plastic deformation and a simple loading path. As a bonus to those who have read to the end. There is also combined hardening, by the way, but with good results.
K .: Tehnika, 1989 .-- 191 p.
ISBN 5-335-00257-3
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In electrochemical milling, a coating made of any acid-resistant paint applied on a stencil can serve as a protective coating. The pickling solution in this case consists of 150 g / l sodium chloride and 150 g / l nitric acid. Etching occurs at the anode at a current density of 100-150 A / dm2. Copper plates are used as a cathode. After the termination of the process, the cathodes are removed from the bath.
Electrochemical milling is more accurate than chemical milling.
PRE-TREATMENT OF ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS
To ensure strong adhesion of the electrolytic coating to aluminum, an intermediate layer of zinc, iron or nickel is applied to the surface of the latter (Table 21).
CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL POLISHING
A smooth metal surface can be obtained by chemical or electrochemical (anodic) polishing (Tables 22, 23). The use of these processes makes it possible to replace mechanical polishing.
When oxidizing aluminum, mechanical polishing is not enough to achieve a shiny surface, after which chemical or electrical
21. Solutions for pretreatment of aluminum
Orthophosphoric Ki Ice Acetic Orthophosphoric Ki
280-290 15-30 1-6
Acid Orange * For:
dye 2
pinned surface
1st treatment with intermediate
ratu-ra. WITH
4. OrTHOPHOSPHORUS!
Triethane! lamin
500-IfXX) 250-550 30-80
Triethanolamine Catalin BPV
850-900 100-150
Ortofs of phrtoic acids Chromic thhydrnd
* PS mining products are processed by the washing line in the same flow rate 6A / dm2
Trochemical polishing When polishing precious metals by chemical or electrochemical methods, their losses are completely eliminated. Electrochemical and chemical polishing can be not only a preparatory operation before electroplating, but also the final stage of the technological process. It is most widely used for aluminum. Electrochemical polishing is more economical than<ими-ческое.
The current density and the duration of the electropolishing process are selected depending on the shape, size and material of the products.
TECHNOLOGY OF COATING PROCESSES
SELECTION OF ELECTROLYTES AND PROCESSING MODES
The quality of the metal coating is characterized by the structure of the deposit, its thickness and uniformity of distribution on the surface of the product. The structure of the precipitate is influenced by the composition and pH of the solution, the hydrogen released together with the metal, the electrolysis mode - by the
polishing
M 41
with SS
Density
„|§..
Cathodes
From sent
Carbonaceous
I-IL
15-18
1,63-1,72
12XI8H9T, svshsho
1-5
10-100
From steel 12Х18Н97
H: rust
From styles 12Х18Н9Т Aluminum and 3-5 20-50 - (aluminum) stainless
0.5-5.0 20-50 1.60-1.61 Of copper or Evin - Copper and its
temperature, flow density, rocking, filtration, etc.
To improve the structure of the precipitate, various organic additives (glue, gelatin, saccharin, etc.) are introduced into the electrolytes, complex salts are precipitated from solutions, the temperature is increased, continuous filtration is used, etc. The released hydrogen can be absorbed by the precipitate, contributing to an increase in fragility and porosity. , and the appearance of points of the so-called pitting. To reduce the effect of hydrogen on the quality of the sediment, the parts are shaken during the process, oxidizing agents are introduced, the temperature is increased, etc. The porosity of the sediment decreases with an increase in its thickness.
The uniform distribution of the sediment on the surface and the delium depends on the scattering power of the electrolyte. The best scattering power is possessed by alkaline and cyanide electrolytes, much less - by acidic ones, and the worst - by chromic ones.
When choosing an electrolyte, it is necessary to take into account the configuration of the products and the requirements that are imposed on the NNM. For example, when covering products of a simple shape, you can work with simple electr> -
lntamn that do not require heating, ventilation, filtration; when coating products of complex shape, solutions of complex metal salts should be used; for covering internal and hard-to-reach surfaces - internal and additional anodes, filtration, mixing; to obtain a shiny coating - electrolytes with complex gloss-forming and leveling additives, etc.
GENERAL DIAGRAM OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS
The coating process consists of a series of sequential preparatory, coating and finishing operations. Preparatory operations include mechanical processing [of parts, degreasing in organic solvents, chemical or electrochemical degreasing, etching and polishing. Finishing treatment of coatings includes dehydration, clarification, passivation, impregnation, polishing, and brushing. After each operation