Grammatical meaning and grammatical category

Or several, i.e. is unambiguous or ambiguous.

For example, the word "iceberg" means "a large accumulation of ice or a large block of ice that has broken away from a glacier." The word has no other meaning. Therefore, it is unambiguous. But the word "scythe" can have several interpretations. For example, "braid" is a "type of hairstyle" (a girl's braid), as well as "a river bank of a special shape" (I went to swim on a braid) and, in addition, it is also a "tool of labor" (it is good to sharpen a braid). Thus, the word "scythe" is ambiguous.

The grammatical meaning of a word is a certain set of features that allow a word to change its form. So, for a verb, these are signs of tense, person, number, etc., and - tense, present or past, gender, number, etc.

If the main component of the lexical meaning is enclosed, as a rule, in its root, then the grammatical meaning of a word is easiest to determine by the ending (inflection). For example, at the end of a noun, it is not difficult for its gender, case or number. So, in the sentence "The morning turned out to be cool, but sunny" the noun has the following: nominative case, neuter, singular, second. In addition, we can say that the word is a common noun, inanimate.

If you try to determine the lexical meaning of the word "morning", then, for sure, specify that this is the time of day following the night, ie. start of the day.

If you learn to correctly determine the lexical and grammatical meaning of words, you will be able to compose syntactic constructions (and sentences) that are beautiful in terms of expressiveness and correct in terms of grammar and use.

Sources:

lexical meaning is

When morphological parsing participles need to define it view, which refers to the permanent features of this part of speech. This is very important for the translator as well, since the person who changed his view when translating, the participle often changes the meaning of the entire text to the opposite.

You will need

- a table of participle forms.

Instructions

Try to put the full participle in short form. With the passive, this is most often possible, it always has both forms, but with the real you are unlikely to be able to do a similar operation. In any case, in modern literary real participles do not have a short form. Some dialects have it. Short form of passive participles varies by gender and number. However, some passive participles also in the modern short form are usually not put. For example, "breakable", "readable", etc. In such cases, a short form exists, but rather refers to the archaic style.

Related Videos

Sources:

how to find out the meaning of your name in 2019

Genus The noun determines the ending of the dependent word (for example, an adjective or participle), and in some cases the form of the subject (verb, in the past tense). In words of Slavic origin and borrowed ones, one has to be guided by completely different criteria.

You will need

- Internet access;
- textbooks on the Russian language.

Instructions

Put the noun in the initial form (, nominative). Highlight the ending. A noun belongs to the masculine gender if (wind, computer) or "a", "I" (Sasha, uncle). The feminine gender is inherent in the endings "a", "I" (column, guest) sign (night, oven). The neuter gender ends in "o", "e", but there is a group of diverse neuter nouns with the ending "i": time, flame.

GRAMMATIC VALUE, a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its regular (standard) expression in the language (see Grammatical form). In the field of morphology, these are the general meanings of words as parts of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in nouns, procedural in verbs), as well as the particular meanings of word forms and words in general, opposed to each other within morphological categories (see Grammatical category) (for example, the meanings of that or another time, person, number, kind). In the field of syntax, this is the meaning of predicativeness (inherent to a sentence the attribution of the communicated to a particular temporal and objective-modal plane), as well as various relationships of the components of phrases and sentences as abstract grammatical samples (in abstraction from their lexical content): the meaning of a semantic subject, one or other circumstantial qualifier (local, temporal, causal, target, and the like); components of the thematic-rhematic structure of the sentence formalized in certain linguistic means (see Actual division of the sentence); the relations of the parts of a complex sentence expressed by the union connection. Word-formation meanings can also be attributed to grammatical meanings as generalized meanings expressed by intra-word means in a part of the motivated words of one or another part of speech. These are mutational values (for example, the bearer of the trait, the producer of the action), transpositional (for example, the objectified action or trait), modification (for example, gradational - indicating a particular degree of manifestation of the trait). Grammatical meanings are contrasted with lexical meanings devoid of a regular (standard) expression and not necessarily having an abstracted character, but closely related to them, sometimes limited in their manifestation to certain lexical groups of words.

In the system of grammatical meanings, knowledge about objects and phenomena of reality, their connections and relationships is objectified (through the level of concepts): thus, the concept of action (in a broad sense - as a procedural feature) is abstractedly revealed in the general meaning of the verb and in the system of more particular categorical meanings inherent in verb (tense, type, voice, etc.); the concept of quantity - in the grammatical meaning of a number (category of number, numeral as a special part of speech, etc.); different attitudes of objects to other objects, actions, properties - in the system of grammatical meanings, expressed by case forms and prepositions.

Lit .: Research on the general theory of grammar. M., 1968; Invariant syntactic meanings and sentence structure. M., 1969; Principles and methods of semantic research. M., 1976; Bondarko A.V. Grammatical meaning and meaning. L., 1978; he is. The theory of meaning in the system of functional grammar. M., 2002; Kubryakova E.S.Types of linguistic meanings. Derivative semantics. M., 1981; Maslov Yu.S. Introduction to linguistics. 2nd ed. M., 1987; Wierzbicka A. The semantics of grammar. Amst. 1988; Bulygina T.V., Shmelev A.D. Linguistic conceptualization of the world: (Based on the material of Russian grammar). M., 1997; Melchuk I.A.Course of general morphology. M., 1998.Vol. 2.Part 2.

Grammatical meaning Is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its regular (standard) expression in grammatical forms. In the field of morphology, these are the general meanings of words as parts of speech (for example, the meanings of objectivity in nouns, procedurality in verbs), as well as the particular meanings of word forms and words in general. The grammatical meaning of a word is not determined by its lexical meaning.

Unlike the lexical meaning inherent in a particular word, the grammatical meaning is not concentrated in one word, but, on the contrary, is characteristic of many words of the language. In addition, the same word can have several grammatical meanings, which are found when the word changes its grammatical form, while retaining the lexical meaning. For example, the word table has a number of forms (table, table, tables, etc.) that express the grammatical meanings of number and case.

If the lexical meaning is associated with a generalization of the properties of objects and phenomena of objective reality, their name and the expression of concepts about them, then grammatical meaning arises as a generalization of the properties of words, as an abstraction from the lexical meanings of words.

For example, the words cow and bull exist to distinguish animals by biological sex. Gender forms group nouns according to their grammatical properties. Forms a table, a wall, a window group words (and not objects, phenomena and concepts about them).

1) grammatical meanings are not universal, less numerous, form a closed, more clearly structured class.

2) grammatical meanings, in contrast to lexical ones, are expressed in a mandatory, "compulsory" manner. For example, a Russian speaker cannot “evade” from expressing the category of the number of a verb, an English speaker - from the category of noun definiteness, etc.

3) lexical and grammatical meanings differ in terms of the ways and means of their formal expression.

4) grammatical meanings may not have full correspondence in the extra-linguistic sphere (for example, the categories of number, time usually correspond in one way or another to reality, while the feminine gender of the noun stool and masculine noun chair motivated only by their endings).

The grammatical meanings of words are expressed using various grammatical means. The grammatical meaning expressed using the grammatical means of the language is called the grammatical category.

All words of the Russian language are divided into certain lexical and grammatical categories, called parts of speech. Parts of speech- the main lexical and grammatical categories, according to which the words of the language are distributed on the basis of signs: a) semantic (generalized meaning of an object, action or state, quality, etc.), b) morphological (morphological categories of a word) and c) s and n tak sichesky (syntactic functions of a word)

. The classification of Academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov is one of the most substantiated and convincing. It divides all words into four grammatical-semantic (structural-semantic) word categories:

1. Words-names, or parts of speech;

2. Connective, service words, or speech particles;

3. Modal words;

4. Interjections.

1. Words-names (parts of speech) designate objects, processes, qualities, signs, numerical connections and relationships, are members of a sentence and can be used separately from other words as words-sentences. To parts of speech V.V. Vinogradov assigns nouns, adjectives, numbers, verbs, adverbs, words to the category of state; pronouns are also adjacent to them.

2. Service words are deprived of the nominative (name) function. These include connective, service words (prepositions, conjunctions, actually particles, connectives).

3. Modal words and particles also do not perform a naming function, but are more "lexical" than service words. They express the speaker's relationship to the content of the utterance.

4. Interjections express feelings, moods and volitional impulses, but do not name and. Interjections differ from other types of words by their lack of cognitive value, intonation features, syntactic disorganization and a direct connection with facial expressions and expressive test.

In modern Russian, 10 parts of speech are distinguished: 1) a noun,

2) an adjective, 3) a numeral, 4) a pronoun, 5) a category of state, 6) an adverb, 7) a preposition, 8) a union, 9) particles, 10) a verb (sometimes participles and gerunds are also distinguished as independent parts of speech ) [i]. The first six parts of speech are significant performing a nominative function and acting as members of the proposal. A special place among them is occupied by pronouns, which include words without a naming function. Prepositions, conjunctions, particles - service parts of speech that do not have a naming function and do not act as independent members of the sentence. In addition to the named classes of words, in the modern Russian language, special groups of words are distinguished: 1) modal words expressing the attitude of the utterance to reality from the point of view of the speaker ( probably, obviously, of course); 2) interjections that serve to express feelings and expression of will ( oh, oh, huh); 3) onomatopoeic words ( quack-quack, meow-meow

Independent (significant) parts of speech include words that name objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions about independent words, and in a sentence, significant words are members of the sentence.

The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:

Part of speech	Questions	Examples of
Noun	who? what?	Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.
Verb	what to do? what to do?	Saw, saw, know, learn.
Adjective	which? whose?	Nice, blue, mother's, door.
Numeral	how? which the?	Five, five, fifth.
Adverb	as? when? where? and etc.	Fun, yesterday, close.
Pronoun	who? which? how? as? and etc.	I, he, so, mine, so much, so, there.
Participle	which? (what does he do? what did he do? etc.)	Dreaming, dreaming.
Gerunds	as? (what to do? what to do?)	Dreaming, deciding.

Notes.

1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position in the system of parts of speech of the participle and gerunds. Some researchers attribute them to independent parts of speech, while others consider them to be special forms of the verb. The participle and participle really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and verb forms.

Service parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationship between them.

The question cannot be put to the official words.
Service words are not members of the sentence.
Service words serve independent words, helping them to connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.
The official parts of speech in Russian include the following

pretext (in, on, on, out, because of);
union (and, but, however, because, so that if);
particle (whether, whether, not, even, exactly, only).

6. Interjections occupy a special position among the parts of speech.

Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express the relationship between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as service parts of speech).
Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use interjections such as oh, oh, uh; to express the feeling of coldness - brr, to express fear or pain - Oh etc.

Independent parts of speech have a nominative function (they name objects, their signs, actions, states, quantity, signs of other signs or points to them), has a system of forms and are members of a sentence in a sentence.

Service parts of speech do not have a nominative function, are immutable and cannot be members of a sentence. They serve to connect words and sentences and to express the speaker's attitude to the message.

Ticket number 8

Noun

The significant part of speech, which includes words with a subject meaning, which have a gender category, change in cases and numbers, and act in the sentence as any member.

Not all words have lexical meaning, that is, internal meaning, but only those that can express concepts. Such words are called full-valued or independent. From a grammatical point of view, these include: nouns, adjectives, numbers, verbs, adverbs, pronouns.

Service words, modal words and interjections of concepts do not denote, and they are not associated with objects of reality. These words have special meanings: they express to find relationships and feelings to something: certainly, fortunately, etc. At the heart of the lexical meaning, which only full-valued words have, is a concept, but there is no equality between the lexical meaning and the concept ... A concept is a copy of an object of reality in our thinking. The concept in a word is always one, and there can be several meanings. For example, green can have the following meanings:

Green pencil (color characteristic);
Green fruit (degree of ripeness, compare: ripe fruit);
Green face (characteristic of ill health, degree of fatigue);
Green age (degree of social maturity).

Only if the word is a term, the concept coincides with the meaning. For example: suffix, root, phoneme, etc. The main difference between a concept and a meaning is that a concept is a copy, an exact designation, and the meaning always includes an emotionally expressive coloration (modality). For example: the word "sun" - there is a diminutive-caressing shade here; the word grandmother is dismissive. The concept of these shades cannot be (compare: the use of the words morpheme, phoneme is illiterate).

In any word, there is also a grammatical meaning. Grammatical meanings complement lexical meanings and reflect the belonging of a word to a certain grammatical category. The grammatical categories are the values of gender, number, case, declension, voice, type, etc. Grammatical meanings help to classify the vocabulary of the Russian language. For example, the words airplane, school, walking have nothing in common in terms of lexical meaning, that is, content, but they have the same grammatical meanings and allow them to be attributed to nouns in the singular, nominative form.

Not a single word in Russian is left without grammatical meaning. Lexical meanings in all languages are formed in exactly the same way (subject -> concept -> sound shell -> name). Grammatical meanings are formed in different ways in different languages. That is why in Russian there are 6 cases, in German - 4 cases, and in French and English they do not exist at all. The carrier of the lexical meaning is the stem of the word. For example: tall, height. The grammatical meaning is expressed using endings, suffixes, prefixes, accents, auxiliary words. For example, in the word side, the ending -а indicates that this is a feminine noun, singular, nominative, 1 declension. When the lexical meaning changes, the grammatical meaning of the word also changes. This is especially noticeable in the transition from one part of speech to another (on horseback, around, dining room - these words now have different grammatical meanings than before).

Thus, a word, which is a unity of form and content, that is, the unity of a sound shell and meaning, thereby represents a unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. Each word, naming a particular object or phenomenon, always informs. For example: Pick this flower for me. The word flower performs two functions in this sentence: it designates a specific object that I need at a given moment, and it designates an object in general, that is, an object with some specific features, thanks to which a person recognizes it among other objects. Thus, each word performs two functions in the language.

MORPHOLOGY. PART I.

TOPIC 1. MORPHOLOGY AS A SECTION OF THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE

Subject morphology

Morphology (from the Greek morphe - form and logos - teaching) is the grammatical teaching about the word. The word is the main object of morphology. Morphology studies the grammatical properties of words, establishes what grammatical meanings certain words, classes of words have, reveals the specifics of grammatical categories in words belonging to different parts of speech. For example, both nouns and adjectives have categories for gender, number, and case. However, for nouns, these categories are independent, and for adjectives they are syntactically conditioned, depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which this adjective is combined (cf. big house, big house, big house etc.; our big lump; large building; big houses etc.).

The tasks of morphology include determining the range of words that have a particular grammatical category. Grammatical categories either cover the entire lexical base of a certain part of speech, or apply only to the main array of words belonging to it. Thus, the nouns pluralia tantum (scissors, twilight, yeast etc.) do not have a gender category, impersonal verbs do not have a "category of person. One of the most important tasks of morphology is to identify and describe the specifics of the functioning of grammatical categories in the vocabulary of various parts of speech.

Morphology establishes the composition of grammatical forms of various types of words, identifies the rules for changing words, distributes words by types of declension and conjugation.

Morphology includes the study of parts of speech. It examines the semantic and formal features of words of various categories, develops criteria and rules for classifying words by parts of speech, determines the range of words for each part of speech, establishes a system of parts of speech, studies the lexical and grammatical features of words in each part of speech, identifies patterns of interaction between parts of speech.

Grammatical meanings of words

A word is a complex unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. For example, the word lamp means "a lighting or heating device of various devices". This is its lexical meaning. The semantic content of the word lamp also includes the feminine, nominative and singular. These are its grammatical meanings.

The lexical meaning of a word is an individual semantic feature that distinguishes it from other words. Even words that are close in meaning (cf .: lamp, icon lamp, lantern) have different lexical meanings. Lamp -"A small vessel with a wick, filled with oil and lit in front of the icons"; flashlight has three meanings: 1) "a lighting device in the form of a glass ball, a box with glass walls"; 2) special: "glass skylight in the roof, as well as a glazed ledge in the building"; 3) portable: "bruise from beatings, from injury."

Grammatical meanings are characteristic of a whole class of words. So, the meanings of the feminine, singular, nominative case combine the words lamp, water, fish, room, mermaid, thought and others, which have nothing in common in their lexical meanings. Wed See also: 1) I run, fly, read, lift, write, jump; 2) sang, drew, read, thought, danced, shot; 3) run, read, take, fly, wipe, buy. The words of the first row denote different processes, but they all express the grammatical meanings of the 1st person, the singular. The words of the second row are united by the meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine. kind, words of the third row - with the meanings of the imperative mood, singular. numbers. Thus, grammatical meaning is an abstract meaning abstracted from the lexical content of a word and inherent in a whole class of words.

The grammatical meanings are not uniform. One grammatical meaning necessarily presupposes the presence of another (or others), homogeneous and correlative with it. For example, the singular implies the plural (bird - birds, nagas - pasha); the value of the imperfect form is paired with the value of the perfect form (take off- shoot, accept - accept); value to them. pad. enters into relations with all other case values.

Grammatical meanings are not isolated from lexical ones. They are, as it were, layered on the lexical (real, material) meanings of words and rely on them. Therefore, they are often called accompanying. So, the grammatical meanings of gender, number and -case in a noun book accompany its lexical meaning; grammatical meanings of the 3rd person, units. numbers, unsov. kind in a verb draws are based on its lexical meaning. AA Shakhmatov wrote about this: “The grammatical meaning of a linguistic form is opposed to its real meaning. The real meaning of a word depends on its correspondence as a verbal sign to one or another phenomenon of the external world. The grammatical meaning of a word is the meaning it has in relation to other words. The real meaning connects the word directly with the outside world, the grammatical meaning connects it primarily with other words. "

Grammatical meanings reflect either certain features of the phenomena of the external world, or the speaker's attitude to the thought expressed by him, or intra-lingual connections and relationships of words. They, notes A. A. Shakhmatov, “can be based (1) in part on the phenomena given in the external world: for example, pl. h. birds depends on the fact that we mean the idea of not one, but several birds ... (2) Partly the accompanying meanings are based on the speaker's subjective attitude to a certain phenomenon: for example, I went means the same action as me go but taking place, according to the speaker, in the past tense ... (3) Partly, finally, the accompanying meanings are based ... on a formal, external reason given in the word itself: for example, the feminine gender of the word book depends only on the fact that it ends in -a. "