March 28, 1462 Ivan III became the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The activities of the Sovereign of All Russia carried a truly "revolutionary" character for the development of Russia. The activities of the Sovereign of all Russia.
Collected lands
It is no coincidence that Ivan III was given the nickname "The Great". It was he who managed to gather around Moscow the scattered principalities of northeastern Russia. During his lifetime, Yaroslavl and Rostov principalities, Vyatka, Great Perm, Tver, Novgorod and other lands became part of a single state.
Ivan III was the first of the Russian princes to take the title "Sovereign of All Russia" and coined the term "Russia". The Grand Duke gave his son a territory several times larger than he himself inherited. Ivan III took a decisive step towards overcoming feudal fragmentation and liquidating the specific system, laid the economic, political, legal and administrative foundations of a single state.
Liberated Russia
Another hundred years after the Battle of Kulikovo, Russian princes continued to pay tribute to the Golden Horde. The role of the liberator from the Tatar-Mongol yoke fell to Ivan III. Standing on the Ugra River, which happened in 1480, marked the final victory of Russia in the struggle for its independence. The Horde did not dare to cross the river and engage in battle with the Russian troops. Tribute payments ceased, the Horde was mired in civil strife, and by the beginning of the 16th century it had ceased to exist. Moscow once again established itself as the center of the emerging Russian state.
Adopted Sudebnik
Adopted in 1497, the Sudebnik of Ivan III laid the legal foundations for overcoming feudal fragmentation. The code of laws established uniform legal norms for all Russian lands, thereby securing the leading role of the central government in regulating the life of the state. The code of laws covered a wide range of vital issues and affected all segments of the population. Article 57 limited the right of peasants to move from one feudal lord to another a week before and a week after St. George's Day. Thus, the beginning of the enslavement of the peasants was laid. The Sudebnik had a progressive character for its time: at the end of the 15th century, not every European country could boast of uniform legislation. The Ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund von Herberstein, translated into Latin a significant part of the Sudebnik. These records were also studied by German lawyers, who compiled the all-German code of laws (“Caroline”) only in 1532.
Began the path to empire
The unification of the country required a new state ideology and its foundations appeared: Ivan III approved the double-headed eagle as the symbol of the country, which was used in the state symbols of Byzantium and the Holy Roman Empire. The marriage of Sophia Paleologus, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, gave additional grounds for the emergence of the idea of the succession of grand ducal power from the Byzantine imperial dynasty. The origin of the Russian princes was also conducted from the Roman Emperor Augustus. Already after the death of Ivan III, the theory "Moscow - the Third Rome" grew out of these ideas. But it's not just about ideology. Under Ivan III, the active assertion of Russia in the European arena began. The series of wars he fought with Livonia and Sweden for dominance in the Baltic marked the first stage in Russia's path to the empire proclaimed by Peter I two and a half centuries later.
Instigated an architecture boom
The unification of lands under the rule of the Moscow principality gave ground for the flourishing of Russian culture. Throughout the country, intensive construction of fortresses, churches and monasteries was carried out. It was then that the red wall of the Moscow Kremlin was erected, and it turned into the strongest fortress of its time. During the life of Ivan III, the main part of the architectural ensemble of the Kremlin, which we can observe today, was created. The best Italian masters were invited to Russia. Under the leadership of Aristotle Fiorovanti, the five-domed Assumption Cathedral was erected. Italian architects erected the Faceted Chamber, which became one of the symbols of royal greatness. Pskov craftsmen built the Cathedral of the Annunciation. Under Ivan III, about 25 churches were built in Moscow alone. The flourishing of Russian architecture convincingly reflected the process of creating a new, unified state.
Created a loyal elite
The formation of a single state could not take place without the creation of an elite loyal to the sovereign. The local system has become an effective solution to this problem. Under Ivan III, an increased recruitment of people was carried out, both for military and civil service. That is why exact rules for the distribution of state lands were created (they were transferred to temporary personal possession as a reward for service). Thus, a class of service people was formed, who were personally dependent on the sovereign and owe their well-being to public service.
Introduced orders
The largest state, which was developing around the Moscow principality, required a unified system of government. She became orders. The main state functions were concentrated in two institutions: the Palace and the Treasury. The palace was in charge of the personal lands of the Grand Duke (that is, state lands), the Treasury was at once the Ministry of Finance, the office, and the archive. Appointment to positions took place on the principle of locality, that is, depending on the nobility of the family. However, the very creation of a centralized apparatus of state administration was extremely progressive. The order system founded by Ivan III finally took shape during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, and lasted until the beginning of the 18th century, when it was replaced by Peter's colleges.
Vasilevich
Battles and victories
The Grand Duke of Moscow from 1462 to 1505, also became known as the Sovereign, under him Moscow was freed from the Horde yoke.
Ivan the Great himself did not personally lead a single operation or battle, but one can speak of him as the supreme commander in chief. And the results of the wars of the reign of Ivan III are the most successful in the entire history of Muscovite Russia.
Ivan Vasilyevich, who is called Ivan III in historical literature, is the first of the Grand Dukes of Moscow, who began to claim the title of sovereign of all Russia. His name is associated with the emergence of a single (though not yet fully centralized) Russian state. And this could not be achieved with the help of political maneuvers alone, of which Ivan III was undoubtedly an outstanding master.
The Middle Ages are characterized by the ideal of a warrior-ruler, an example of which is given in his Teaching by Vladimir Monomakh. In addition to himself, Svyatoslav Igorevich, Mstislav Tmutarakansky, Izyaslav Mstislavich, Andrei Bogolyubsky, Mstislav Udatny, Alexander Nevsky and many others covered themselves with military glory, although, of course, there were many who did not shine with military prowess. The Moscow princes did not differ in them either - only Dmitry Donskoy won fame on the battlefield.
Ivan III, a pragmatist to the marrow of his bones, did not at all strive to live up to the ideal of a warrior prince. There were many wars in his reign - with Lithuania alone, two, also two with Kazan, and also with the Great Horde (not counting the raids), Novgorod, the Livonian Order, Sweden ... The prince himself, in fact, did not participate in hostilities, not a single did not personally lead the operation or battle, i.e. he cannot be considered a commander in the strict sense of the word, but one can speak of him as the supreme commander in chief. Considering that wars during his reign ended in a draw at worst, but mostly in victories, and by no means always over weak opponents, it is clear that the Grand Duke successfully coped with his tasks as a “commander-in-chief”, but this conclusion is only of the most general nature. . And if we turn to the details?
Ivan Vasilyevich, husband of a brave heart and a rolled knight (military)
"Kroinika Lithuanian and Zhmoytskaya"
Of course, Ivan Vasilyevich did not get a small and weak power. However, just ten years before his reign, the "hush" ended - the struggle for power between representatives of the two branches of the Moscow Grand Duke's house. And Moscow had enough enemies, first of all, the Great Horde and Lithuania, which was Moscow’s rival in collecting Russian lands - it was in her hands that Kiev, “the mother of Russian cities,” was located.
The first major war during the reign of Ivan III was the conflict with Kazan in 1467-1469. In the campaigns against her, which at first were unsuccessful, the Grand Duke did not take part, leaving the matter to the governors - Konstantin Bezzubtsev, Vasily Ukhtomsky, Daniil Kholmsky, Ivan Runo. Ivan III's perseverance is characteristic: after the failure of the May campaign of 1469, already in August he sends out a new army, and it succeeds, the Kazanians conclude an agreement beneficial for the Muscovites.
In the same way, independence was, in fact, granted to the governors during the Novgorod "blitzkrieg" of 1471, especially since the swiftness of the movements of the Moscow troops with the then means of communication did not contribute to interference in their actions. Three Moscow ratis advancing on the Novgorod lands, one after another, achieve success, the main of which was the defeat of the Novgorod army on the banks of the Shelon in July 1471. Only after that Ivan III arrived in Rusa, where the army of Daniil Kholmsky and Fyodor the Lame stood and where he ordered the execution of four captured Novgorod boyars for "treason". Ordinary Novgorodians who were taken prisoner, on the contrary, were released, thereby making it clear that Moscow was not at war with them. And they don't have to fight it either.
There was still a war with Novgorod, when the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat moved to the southern borders of the Moscow principality. In July, he approached the banks of the Oka and burned the town of Aleksin, driving back the Russian forward detachments. A terrible fire had just ended in Moscow, and the Grand Duke, who personally participated in the fight against the fire, upon receiving alarming news, immediately left for Kolomna to organize defense. The two or three days lost by Akhmat at Aleksin are believed to have given time for the Russian governors to take up positions on the Oka, after which the khan preferred to retreat. It can be assumed that the coherence of the actions of the Russian governors was not least the result of skillful leadership on the part of Ivan III. One way or another, the enemy left, unable or not daring to build on the initial success.
The largest campaign, in which Ivan III was involved, was the war with the Great Horde in 1480. Its culmination was, as you know, “standing on the Ugra”. The war took place in the context of a conflict with the Livonian Order and a rebellion by Andrei Volotsky (Big) and Boris Uglitsky, the brothers of the Grand Duke, who unceremoniously violated an agreement with them and did not allocate them the lands of Novgorod annexed in 1478 (he had to make peace with the "troublemakers" by going concessions to them). Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat was promised help by Grand Duke Casimir. True, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey was an ally of Moscow.
Ivan III did not follow the path of Dmitry Donskoy, who in 1380 moved towards Mamai and defeated him in the extremely bloody battle of Kulikovo, and in 1382 he preferred to leave to gather troops against Tokhtamysh, entrusting the defense to her Lithuanian prince Ostey. The great-grandson of the hero of the Kulikovo field already had other forces, and he developed a larger strategy. Ivan decided to block the way to the enemy on the way to the capital city, which last saw the Tatars under its walls in 1451. Ivan III sent his brother Andrei the Lesser with regiments to Tarusa, his son Ivan to Serpukhov, and he settled in Kolomna. Russian rati, thus, took up positions along the Oka, preventing the enemy from crossing. Dmitry Donskoy still could not afford this - his strength was not so great.)
Akhmat reasonably considered that he would not be able to break through the Oka and turned west, moving towards Kaluga in order to bypass the Russian defensive positions. Now the epicenter of hostilities has shifted to the banks of the Ugra River. The Grand Duke sent troops there, but did not stay with them, but preferred to come to Moscow "for advice and thought" with the boyars and church hierarchs. Just in case, the Moscow Posad was evacuated, as well as the treasury and, contrary to the opinion of some close associates of Ivan III, the grand ducal family (on the way to Beloozero, the servants of the Grand Duchess Sophia did not show themselves in the best way, “famous” for robberies and violence “more than the Tatars”; Ivan III’s mother , nun Martha, by the way, refused to leave). The defense of the capital city in case of the appearance of the enemy was led by the boyar I.Yu. Patrikeyev. The Grand Duke sent reinforcements to the Ugra, and he himself placed his headquarters in reserve positions in the rear, in Kremenets (now Kremensk). From here it was possible to reach any point in the triangle of Kaluga - Opakov - Kremenets, which was defended by Russian troops, in less than a day, and also in just two or three passages to reach the Moscow - Vyazma road, if the Lithuanian prince Casimir suddenly moved along it (he, However, he did not dare to do this).
| Standing on the Ugra. Miniature from the Facial Vault. 16th century |
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Meanwhile, in October, battles began on the Ugra for fords and stiles - the narrowest and therefore suitable places for crossing. The most fierce skirmishes took place near Opakov, 60 km from the confluence of the Ugra into the Oka, where the river is very narrow, and the right bank hangs over the left. Numerous attempts by the enemy to force the Ugra were repulsed in all areas with great damage to the Tatars. This happened thanks to the valor of the Russian soldiers, the competent organization of the battle, and not least the superiority of weapons - the Russians actively used firearms, including artillery, which the Tatars did not have.
Despite the successes of his troops, Ivan III behaved by no means decisively. First, for reasons that are not entirely clear, he ordered his son, Ivan the Young, to come to him, although the departure of a representative of the grand-ducal family could have a negative effect on the fighting spirit of the soldiers. The prince, obviously understanding this, refused, as if even declaring: “Let us die here, rather than go to my father.” Governor Daniil Kholmsky, who was obliged to deliver Ivan the Young to his parent, did not dare to do this. Then Ivan III entered into negotiations - perhaps he was waiting for the approach of the brothers Andrei Bolshoi and Boris, who had reconciled with him. Khan did not refuse negotiations, but invited Ivan III to come to his headquarters and resume the payment of tribute. Having been refused, he asked to send him at least a brother or son of the prince, and then the former ambassador - N.F. Basenkov (probably, this was an allusion to the sending of tribute, which, apparently, was delivered by Basenkov on his last visit to the Horde). The Grand Duke saw that Akhmat was by no means confident in his abilities, and he refused all proposals.
In the meantime, winter had come, and the Tatars were about to be able to cross the ice not only through the Ugra, but also through the Oka. Ivan III ordered the troops to retreat to positions near Borovsk, from where it was possible to block the paths from both rivers. Probably, it was at this time that I.V. Oshchera Sorokoumov-Glebov and G.A. Mamon allegedly advised Ivan III "to run away, and the peasantry (Christian - A.K.) issue”, i.e. either make concessions to the Tatars up to the recognition of their power, or retreat into the interior of the country so as not to put the army at risk. The chronicler even calls Mamon and Oshcher "Christian traitors", but this is a clear exaggeration.
At the same time, Archbishop Vassian Rylo of Rostov, who probably regarded the behavior of Ivan III as cowardice, sent a message to the Grand Duke, in which he accused him of unwillingness to raise his hand against the "king", i.e. Khan of the Horde, and called, not listening to the "libertines" (supporters of concessions to Akhmat), to follow the example of Dmitry Donskoy. But already in mid-November, the Tatars, not ready for hostilities in the winter, began to withdraw. Their attempt to ruin the volosts along the Ugra was not entirely successful - the steppe people were pursued by the detachments of Boris, Andrei the Great and the Lesser, the brothers of the Grand Duke, and the Horde had to flee. The raid of Tsarevich Murtoza, who crossed the Oka, also ended in failure due to the energetic rebuff of the Russian troops.
What conclusions can be drawn? Ivan III and his governors, realizing the increased military power of the Moscow principality, which was also helped by Tver, decided, however, not to give a general battle, victory in which promised loud glory, but would be associated with heavy losses ... And besides, no one could guarantee. The strategy they chose proved to be effective and the least costly in terms of human losses. At the same time, Ivan III did not dare to abandon the evacuation of the settlement, which was very troublesome for ordinary Muscovites, but this precaution can hardly be called superfluous. The chosen strategy required good reconnaissance, coordination of actions and a quick response to changing situations, given the mobility of the Tatar cavalry. But at the same time, the task was made easier by the fact that on the enemy's side there was no factor of strategic surprise, which so often ensured the success of the steppes. The stake not on a general battle or sitting in a siege, but on active defense along the banks of the rivers justified itself.
The most striking military event in the history of the reign of Ivan III was, perhaps, the second war with Lithuania. The first was a "strange" war, when detachments of the parties made raids, and the embassies made mutual claims. The second one became “real”, with large-scale campaigns and battles. The reason for it was that the Moscow sovereign lured the Starodub and Novgorod-Seversky princes to his side, whose possessions thus turned out to be under his authority. It was impossible to defend such acquisitions without a "correct" war, and in 1500, the last year of the outgoing 15th century, it began.
Smolensk was chosen as the main strategic goal, to which the army of Yuri Zakharyich moved, to which D.V. Shchenya and I.M. Vorotynsky. One of the first parochial clashes known to us took place here: Daniil Shchenya became the governor of a large regiment, and Yuri Zakharyich became a sentry. He displeasedly wrote to the Grand Duke: "Then guard Prince Danil for me." In response, a formidable cry from the sovereign of all Russia followed: “Are you doing this much, you say: it’s not good for you to be in a sentry regiment, to guard the princes of Danilov’s regiment? It’s not for you to watch over Prince Danilo, you watch over me and my business. And what kind of governors are in a large regiment, such are they repaired in a sentry regiment, otherwise it’s not rubbish for you to be in a sentry regiment. The new commander, Daniil Shchenya, showed his best side and utterly defeated the Lithuanian army of hetman Konstantin Ostrozhsky on July 4, 1500 in the battle of Vedrosha with his soldiers. In November 1501, the troops of Prince Alexander of Rostov defeated the army of Mikhail Izheslavsky near Mstislavl. Smolensk was increasingly surrounded by Russian armies.
However, it was not possible to take it - the Livonian Order entered the war under the influence of Lithuanian diplomacy. The fighting went on with varying success. I had to send Daniil Shchenya to Livonia, but he also failed from time to time. This also affected the operations against the Lithuanians: the campaign launched in 1502 against Smolensk failed due to poor organization (the young and inexperienced prince Dmitry Zhilka led the campaign) and, probably, a lack of forces. In 1503, the Muscovite and Lithuanian principalities signed an agreement, according to which Chernigov, Bryansk, Novgorod-Seversky, Dorogobuzh, Bely, Toropets and other cities received the first, but Smolensk remained with Lithuania. Its accession will be the only major foreign policy achievement of the successor of the first sovereign of all Russia - Vasily III.
What conclusions can be drawn from the foregoing?
Being, as already mentioned, not a commander, but the supreme commander, Ivan III did not participate in the operations themselves, he appeared in the camp only during both Novgorod (1471, 1477-1478) and Tver (1485) campaigns, which did not promise difficulties. And even more so, the Grand Duke was not seen on the battlefield. It is reported that his ally, the sovereign of Moldavia, Stephen III, used to say at feasts that Ivan III was multiplying his kingdom while sitting at home and indulging in sleep, while he himself was barely able to defend his own borders, fighting almost daily. No wonder they were in different positions. However, the pragmatic approach of the Moscow sovereign is striking. The glory of the commander did not seem to bother him. But how well did he cope with the tasks of the commander in chief?
Great Stefan, the famous palatine of Moldavia, often remembered him at feasts, saying that he, sitting at home and indulging in sleep, multiplies his power, and he himself, fighting daily, is barely able to defend the borders.
S. Herberstein
Being primarily a politician, Ivan III quite skillfully chose the time for conflicts, tried not to wage war on two fronts (it is hard to imagine that he would have decided on such an adventure as the Livonian War, with the Crimean threat remaining), he tried to lure representatives of the enemy to his side. the tops (and even the common people), which was especially successful in the wars with Lithuania, Novgorod, Tver.
In general, Ivan III was well versed in his subordinates and mostly made successful appointments, many capable military leaders advanced to his reign - Daniil Kholmsky, Daniil Shchenya, Yuri and Yakov Zakharyichi, although, of course, there were mistakes, as in the case of the completely inexperienced Dmitry Zhilka in 1502 (the fact that this appointment was due to political reasons does not change the essence of the matter: Smolensk was not taken). In addition, Ivan III knew how to hold his governor in his hands (recall the case of Yuri Zakharyich) - it is impossible to imagine the situation in his reign that had in 1530 near Kazan, when M.L. Glinsky and I.F. Belsky argued about who should be the first to enter the city, which in the end was not taken (!). At the same time, the Grand Duke obviously knew how to choose which advice from the governors was most useful - the successes speak for themselves.
Ivan III had an important feature - he knew how to stop in time. After a two-year war with Sweden (1495-1497), the Grand Duke, seeing its futility, agreed to a draw. In the conditions of a war on two fronts, he did not continue the war with Lithuania for the sake of Smolensk, considering the acquisitions already made sufficient. At the same time, if he believed that victory was close, he persisted, as we saw in the case of Kazan in 1469.
The results of the wars of the reign of Ivan III are the most successful in the entire history of Muscovite Russia. Under him, Moscow not only did not become a victim of the Tatars, as under Dmitry Donskoy and Ivan the Terrible, but was never even besieged. His grandfather Vasily I could not defeat Novgorod, his father, Vasily II, was captured by the Tatars near Suzdal, his son, Vasily III, almost gave Moscow to the Krymchaks and was able to conquer only Smolensk. The time of Ivan III was glorified not only by extensive territorial acquisitions, but also by two major victories - during the "standing on the Ugra" and in the battle of Vedrosha (now, alas, little known). As a result of the first, Russia finally got rid of the power of the Horde, and the second became the most outstanding success of Muscovite weapons in the wars with Lithuania. Of course, the successes of Moscow under Ivan III were favored by historical conditions, but not every ruler knows how to use them. Ivan III succeeded.
KOROLENKOV A.V., Ph.D., IVI RAS
Literature
Alekseev Yu.G. Campaigns of Russian troops in Ivan III. SPb., 2007.
Borisov N.S.. Russian generals of the XIII-XVI centuries. M., 1993.
Zimin A.A.. Russia at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries: (Essays on socio-political history). M., 1982.
Zimin A.A. Russia on the Threshold of the New Age: (Essays on the Political History of Russia in the First Third of the 16th Century). M., 1972.
Internet
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Ivan 3rd Vasilyevich was born on January 22, 1440. He was the son of Moscow Prince Vasily 2nd Dark and the daughter of Prince Yaroslav Borovsky - Maria Yaroslavna. Prince Ivan the 3rd is better known under the names of Ivan the Holy and Ivan the Great. In a brief biography of Ivan the 3rd, it is necessary to mention that from a very young age he helped his blind father. In an effort to legitimize the new procedure for the transfer of power, Vasily 2nd named his son Ivan the Grand Duke during his lifetime. All letters of that time were drawn up on behalf of the two princes. Already at the age of seven, Ivan Vasilievich was engaged to the daughter of the Prince of Tver Boris, Maria. It was planned that this marriage would become a symbol of reconciliation between the rival principalities of Tver and Moscow.
For the first time, Prince Ivan III Vasilievich led the army at the age of 12. And the campaign against the Ustyug fortress turned out to be more than successful. After a victorious return, Ivan married his bride. Ivan the 3rd Vasilyevich made a victorious campaign in 1455, directed against the Tatars invading the Russian borders. And in 1460 he was able to close the way to Russia for the Tatar army.
The prince was distinguished not only by lust for power and perseverance, but also by intelligence and prudence. It was the great reign of Ivan the 3rd that became the first in a long time that did not begin with a trip to the Horde to receive a label. During the entire period of his reign, Ivan the 3rd sought to unite the northeastern lands. By force or with the help of diplomacy, the prince annexed the territories of Chernigov, Ryazan (partially), Rostov, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Dimitrovsk, Bryansk, etc. to his lands.
The domestic policy of Ivan the 3rd was focused on the fight against the princely-boyar aristocracy. During his reign, a restriction was introduced on the transfer of peasants from one landowner to another. This was allowed only during the week before and the week after St. George's Day. Artillery units appeared in the army. From 1467 to 1469, Ivan the 3rd Vasilyevich conducted military operations aimed at subjugating Kazan. And as a result, he put her in vassalage. And in 1471 he annexed the lands of Novgorod to the Russian state. After military conflicts with the Lithuanian principality in 1487-1494. and 1500-1503. the territory of the state was expanded by joining Gomel, Starodub, Mtsensk, Dorogobuzh, Toropets, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky. Crimea during this period remained an ally of Ivan the 3rd.
In 1472 (1476) Ivan the Great stopped paying tribute to the Horde, and the Standing on the Ugra in 1480 marked the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. For this, Prince Ivan received the nickname Saint. During the reign of Ivan the 3rd, chronicle writing and architecture flourished. Such architectural monuments as the Faceted Chamber and the Assumption Cathedral were erected.
The unification of many lands required the creation of a single legal system. And in 1497 the Sudebnik was created. The code of law of Ivan the 3rd united the legal norms previously reflected in the charters and charters, as well as in separate decrees of the predecessors of Ivan the Great.
Ivan III was married twice. In 1452 he married the daughter of the prince of Tver, who died at the age of thirty. According to some historians, she was poisoned. From this marriage there was a son, Ivan Ivanovich (Young).
In 1472 he married the Byzantine princess Sophia Palaiologos, niece of Constantine 9th, the last Byzantine emperor. This marriage brought the prince the sons of Vasily, Yuri, Dmitry, Semyon and Andrei. It is worth noting that the second marriage of Ivan the 3rd caused great tension at court. Part of the boyars supported Ivan the Young, the son of Maria Borisovna. The second part supported the new Grand Duchess Sophia. At the same time, the prince took the title of sovereign of all Russia.
After the death of Ivan the Young, the great Ivan the 3rd crowned his grandson Dmitry. But Sophia's intrigues soon led to a change in the situation. (Dmitry died in prison in 1509.) Before his death, Ivan the 3rd proclaimed his son his heir. Prince Ivan III died on October 27, 1505.
Years of Ivan's reign 3:1462-1505
Ivan 3 is a prudent, successful and far-sighted politician who showed outstanding military and diplomatic abilities. At the age of 22 he received the throne. This is one of the brightest rulers of Russia.
From the biography. Bright events.
- Since 1485, Ivan 3 took the title of "Sovereign of All Russia"
- The system of division of the state and government in it has changed. So the principalities began to be called counties, at the head of the county were governors - they were appointed from Moscow. The governors were also called feeders, since all their maintenance, as well as all their assistants, took place entirely at the expense of the local population. This phenomenon became known as feeding. Nobles were first called landowners.
- The so-called parochialism. It meant that positions were occupied according to the nobility and official position of the ancestors.
- In 1497 he was accepted Sudebnik- code of laws of the Russian state. According to it, the central power was significantly strengthened, the gradual enslavement of the peasants began: Yuriev day, that is, the peasants could go to another feudal lord only once a year - a week before and a week after St. George's Day - this is November 26th. But first you had to pay elderly- payment for accommodation in the old place. Elderly = 1 ruble, which could buy 10 pounds of honey.
K. Lebedev. "Marfa Posadnitsa. Destruction of the Novgorod Vech.
- The Novgorod Republic did not want to lose its independence. After all, already from 1136 the Novgorod freemen lasted. Leading the fight against Moscow Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya. The Novgorod boyars planned to sign vassal relations with Lithuania. In 1471, Ivan III gathered the all-Russian army and went to Novgorod. On the Shelon River there was a famous battle in which the Novgorodians were defeated. But Novgorod was finally annexed to Moscow in 1478. Symbol of Novgorod liberty - veche bell- was taken to Moscow, and the Moscow governors began to manage the Novgorod land. Thus, the Novgorod Republic existed from 1136-1478.
N. Shustov. "Ivan III overthrows the Tatar yoke"
- The long-awaited event for Russia - the liberation from the power of the Golden Horde - finally took place in 1480, after the so-called "standing on the river Ugra". Khan Akhmat gathered an army, which also included Lithuanian and Polish soldiers, Ivan the 3rd supported the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, attacking the capital of the horde, the city of Saray. The battle did not take place after four weeks of standing on both banks of the Ugra. Soon the Golden Horde itself was gone: in 1505, Khan Mengli-Girey inflicted her last - a crushing defeat.
- It was during the reign of Ivan III that the Kremlin was built of red brick, which still exists today.
- Coat of arms of the Russian Federation begins its history with the coat of arms approved by Ivan III. Image on it double-headed eagle- a symbol of the harmony of earthly and heavenly power. And Russia adopted this coat of arms from Byzantium, which by this time had been conquered by the Turks.
- Orb and scepter, barma, Monomakh's hat - became symbols of royal power under him
- He was married to Sophia Palaiologos, the daughter of the last Byzantine emperor.
- For the first time an ambassador was sent to another country, and Ivan III himself received ambassadors from other countries in the Palace of Facets.
Church under Ivan III
During the reign of Ivan 3, the church was the largest owner.
Therefore, the prince also wanted to subjugate the church, and the church strove for greater independence.
Within the church itself there was a struggle over matters of faith.
In the 14th century in Novgorod appear hairdressers- they cut a cross on their heads and believed that faith would become stronger if it was based on reason.
In the 15th century in Novgorod and Moscow appeared the heresy of the Judaizers. Its supporters denied the power of priests in general, believed that all people are equal. The monasteries should not have power over the peasants and the right to land.
Joseph Volotsky, the founder of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow, spoke out against the heretics. His supporters were called Josephites. They defended the right of the church to power over the land and the peasants.
They were opposed nonpossessors- led by Nil Sorsky. They are against heretics, and against the right of the church to land and peasants, for the morality of priests.
Ivan 3 supported the money-grubbers (Josephites) at the church council in 1502. The church, together with the prince, had great power in the country.
Under Ivan III FOR THE FIRST TIME:
The country began to be called "Russia"
A new title of prince appeared - "Sovereign of All Russia" from 1492.
The prince attracted foreign specialists for the construction of the Kremlin.
The first collection of a single state was adopted - Sudebnik 1497.
The first Russian ambassador Pleshcheev was sent to Istanbul in 1497.
Under Ivan III CULTURE:
1469-1472 - the journey of Afanasy Nikitin, his book "Journey beyond the Three Seas".
1475-beginning of construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow (Aristotle Fioravanti)
1484-1509 - the new Kremlin, the Faceted Chamber.
Historical portrait of Ivan III: activities
1. Domestic policy of Ivan III
- Strengthening the power of the Moscow prince - he became known as the "Sovereign of All Russia"
- State symbols are created - the coat of arms, the name of the state - "Russia" is fixed.
- A centralized apparatus of power begins to take shape: authorities are created: the Boyar Duma - it had advisory functions, it included up to 12 boyars - this roundabout, in the future they will lead the orders. The palace - ruled the lands of the Grand Duke, Kazan - was in charge of finances, the state press and archives.
- Legislative reform: the Code of Laws of 1497 was adopted.
- Strengthens the influence of the nobility in society, fights the separatism of the boyars
- There is a lot of construction going on in Moscow. The Palace of Facets and the cathedrals of the Kremlin were built. Active construction is underway in other cities.
- The policy of uniting Russian lands under the rule of Moscow continues. Under him, the territory doubled.
The following were annexed to the Moscow principality:
Yaroslavl principality - 1463.
Rostov principality - 1474
Novgorod Republic - 1478
Tver Principality - 1485
Vyatka, Perm and most of the Ryazan land - after 1489.
2. Foreign policy of Ivan III
- Liberation from the Golden Horde dependence
1475 - Ivan III suspended the payment of tribute to the Golden Horde.
1480 - standing on the Ugra, overthrow of the yoke.
- Continuation of aggressive foreign policy, the desire to annex neighboring lands:
1467, 1469 - two trips to Kazan, the establishment of vassalage
1479-1483 - struggle with the Livonian Order (Bernhard), a truce for 20 years.
1492 - the Ivangorod fortress was built, opposite Narva, a truce with the Livonian Order for 10 years.
Wars with Lithuania: 1492-1494, 1505-1503 1500 - battle on the river Vedrosh (voivode Shchenya), as a result, part of the western and northern territory of Lithuania was annexed.
Ivan III forced the Livonian Order to pay for the city of Yuryev.
This material can be used in preparation for task 25, for writing a historical essay.
The results of the activities of Ivan III:
- The centralization of Russian lands is coming to an end, Moscow is turning into the center of an all-Russian state.
- Legislation is streamlined
- The territory of Russia is expanding
- Significantly increased the international prestige of Russia
- The number of ties with Western states is increasing
Chronology of the life and work of IvanIII
| The reign of Ivan 3: 1462-1505 |
| 1463+ Yaroslavl. |
| 1467 - the first campaign against Kazan 1469 - the second campaign against Kazan. Good luck. Vassal dependence established. |
| 1470 - in Novgorod - the heresy of the Judaizers against Joseph Volotsky (in 1504 - they were convicted and executed). |
| 1471 - campaign against Novgorod. Moscow's victory at r, Shelon (voivode - Daniil Kholmsky). |
| 1469-1472- Athanasius Nikitin - a journey to India |
| 1474 + Rostov principality. |
| 1475 - the beginning of the construction of the Assumption Cathedral by Aristotle Fioravanti, the end - 1475 |
| 1478 - the fall of the independence of Veliky Novgorod, its annexation to Moscow. |
| 1479-1483-fight with the Livonian Order (Bernhard). In Narva, a truce with the Germans for 20 years. |
| 1480 - standing on the river. Acne. End of the yoke. Khan Ahmed. |
| 1485 - annexation of the Tver principality to Moscow. |
| 1489 + Vyatka lands |
| 1492 - Ivangorod fortress was built - opposite Narva. The Livonian Order signed a truce for 10 years - they got scared .. |
| 1492-94 - war with Lithuania + Vyazma and other regions. |
| 1497 - adoption of the Sudebnik |
| 1484-1509 - the new Kremlin, cathedrals, the Faceted Chamber are being built. |
| 1497- to Istanbul- The first Russian ambassador was Mikhail Pleshcheev. |
| 1500-1503 - war with Lithuania. July 14, 1500 - battle on the river. Bucket, governor - Daniil Shchenya. Bottom line: + territory in the west and north of Lithuania. |
Prince Ivan III is depicted on the Millennium of Russia monument in Novgorod. Author - Mikeshin M.Yu.
For forty-three years Moscow was ruled by Grand Duke Ivan Vasilievich or Ivan III (1462–1505).
The main merits of Ivan the Third:
Accession of vast lands.
Strengthening the state apparatus.
Increasing the international prestige of Moscow.
The Principality of Yaroslavl (1463), the Principality of Tver in 1485, the Principality of Rostov in 1474, Novgorod and its possessions in 1478, and the Perm Territory in 1472 were annexed to Moscow.
Ivan the Third waged successful wars with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. According to the agreement of 1494, Ivan III received Vyazma, other lands, his daughter, Princess Elena Ivanovna, married the new Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon. However, family ties that stretched between Moscow and Vilna (the capital of Lithuania) did not prevent a new war. It turned out to be a real military disaster for the son-in-law of Ivan III.
In 1500, the troops of Ivan III defeated the Lithuanians on the Vedrosha River, and in 1501 they again defeated near Mstislavl. While Alexander Jagiellon rushed around his country, trying to establish a defense, the Moscow governors occupied more and more cities. As a result, Moscow has placed a vast territory under its control. According to the truce of 1503, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gave up Toropets, Putivl, Bryansk, Dorogobuzh, Mosalsk, Mtsensk, Novgorod-Seversky, Gomel, Starodub and many other cities. It was the biggest military success in the life of Ivan III.
According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, after the unification of the lands, the Moscow principality became national, now all the Great Russian people lived within its borders. At the same time, Ivan referred to himself in diplomatic correspondence as the sovereign of all Russia, i.e. expressed his claims in general to all the lands that were once part of the Kiev state.
In 1476, Ivan the Third refused to pay tribute to the rulers of the Horde. In 1480, after standing on the Ugra, the dominion of the Tatar khans ended formally.
Ivan the Third successfully entered into dynastic marriages. His first wife was the daughter of the Prince of Tver. This marriage allowed Ivan Vasilyevich to claim the reign of Tver. In 1472, by his second marriage, he married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Palaiologos. The Moscow prince became, as it were, the successor of the Byzantine emperor. In the heraldry of the Moscow principality, not only the image of George the Victorious, but also the Byzantine double-headed eagle began to be used. At the beginning of the 16th century an ideological concept began to develop, which was supposed to justify the greatness of the new state (Moscow - 3 Rome).
Under Ivan III in Russia, especially in Moscow, a lot was built. In particular, they erected new walls of the Kremlin, new temples. Europeans, primarily Italians, were widely involved in engineering and other services.
At the end of his reign, Ivan the Third became involved in a sharp conflict with the Orthodox Church. The prince sought to limit the economic power of the church, to deprive it of tax benefits. However, he failed to do this.
At the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. began to form the state apparatus of the Moscow principality. The princes in the annexed lands became the boyars of the Moscow sovereign. These principalities were now called uyezds and were ruled by governors-feeders from Moscow.
Ivan 3 used the annexed lands to create a system of estates. Noble landowners in possession (not ownership) of land that the peasants were supposed to cultivate. In exchange, the nobles performed military service. The local cavalry became the core of the army of the Moscow principality.
The aristocratic council under the prince was called the Boyar Duma. It included boyars and roundabouts. There were 2 national departments 1. Palace. Managed the lands of the Grand Duke. 2. Treasury. She was in charge of finances, the state press, and archives.
In 1497, the first national judicial code was published.
The personal power of the Grand Duke increased dramatically, as can be seen from Ivan's will. Advantages of Grand Duke Vasily 3 over other members of the princely family.
Now only the Grand Duke collected taxes in Moscow and led the criminal court on the most important cases. Prior to this, the princes' heirs owned plots in Moscow and could collect taxes there.
The exclusive right to mint coins. Prior to this, both the great and specific princes had such rights.
If the brothers of the Grand Duke died without leaving sons, then their inheritances passed to the Grand Duke. Prior to this, the specific princes could dispose of their estates at their discretion.
Also, according to treaty letters with his brothers, Vasily 3 arrogated to himself the sole right to negotiate with foreign powers.
Vasily III (1505-1533), who inherited the throne from Ivan III, continued his course towards building a unified Russian state. Under him, Pskov (1510) and Ryazan (1521) lost their independence. In 1514, as a result of a new war with Lithuania, Smolensk was captured.
Confrontation between the Muscovite State and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
This state strengthened in the middle of the 13th century. because its rulers were able to successfully resist the detachments of the German crusaders. Already in the middle of the 13th century. Lithuanian rulers began to annex the Russian principalities to their possessions.
An important feature of the Lithuanian state was its bi-ethnicity. A minority of the population were actually Lithuanians, while the majority of the population were Rusyn Slavs. It should be noted that the process of expansion of the Lithuanian state was relatively peaceful. Causes:
Accession often took the form of dynastic alliances.
The benevolent policy of the Lithuanian princes towards the Orthodox Church.
Russian (Ruthenian) language became the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and was used in office work.
Developed legal culture of the Principality of Lithuania. There was a practice of concluding written agreements (rows), when local elites agreed on their right to participate in the selection of governors for their lands.
By the middle of the 14th century. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania united all the western Russian lands except for Galicia (at that time it was part of the Kingdom of Poland).
In 1385, the Lithuanian prince Jagiello entered into a dynastic marriage with the Polish princess Jadwiga and signed an agreement in Kreva that largely determined the fate of the Lithuanian state. According to the Union of Krevo, Jagiello took upon himself the obligation to convert the entire population of the Principality of Lithuania to the true Catholic faith, as well as to recapture the Polish lands occupied by the Teutonic Order. The agreement was beneficial to both parties. The Poles received a powerful ally to fight the Teutonic Order, and the Lithuanian prince received help in the dynastic struggle.
The conclusion of the Kreva Union helped the Polish and Lithuanian state militarily. In 1410, the combined troops of the two states inflicted a decisive defeat on the army of the Teutonic Order in the battle of Grunwald.
At the same time, until the end of the 1430s. The Lithuanian principality was going through a period of intense dynastic struggle. In 1398-1430. Vitovt was the Grand Duke of Lithuania. He managed to consolidate the scattered Lithuanian lands, entered into a dynastic union with the Moscow principality. Thus, Vytautas actually disavowed the Kreva Union.
In the 1430s Prince Svidrigailo managed to unite around himself the nobility of Kiev, Chernigov and Volyn lands, who were dissatisfied with the policy of catholization and centralization, and began a struggle for power throughout the Lithuanian state. After a tense war of 1432-1438. he was defeated.
In socio-economic terms, the Principality of Lithuania developed very successfully during the 15th-16th centuries. In the 15th century many cities switched to the so-called Magdeburg Law, which guaranteed self-government and independence from princely power. On the other hand, a huge role in the life of the Lithuanian state was played by the nobility, which actually divided the state into zones of influence. Each prince had his own system of legislation and taxation, his own military detachments, and controlled state authorities in his lands. 15 out of 40 cities that were located on the territory of modern Belarus were located on magnate lands, which often limited their development.
Gradually, the Lithuanian state became more and more integrated with the Polish one. In 1447, the Polish king and the Lithuanian prince Casimir issued a common land privilege, which guaranteed the rights of the gentry (nobility) both in Poland and in Lithuania. In 1529 and 1566 The Panska Rada (council of aristocrats, the supreme governing body of the Lithuanian state) initiated the creation of 2 Lithuanian statutes. The first codified the norms of civil and criminal law. The second statute regulated the relationship between the nobility and aristocrats. The gentry received guaranteed rights to participate in the bodies of local and state government (sejmiki and vale diets). At the same time, an administrative reform was carried out, following the example of Poland, the country was divided into voivodeships.
In comparison with the Muscovite state, the Lithuanian principality was distinguished by greater religious tolerance. On the territory of the principality, the Orthodox and Catholic churches coexisted and competed, in the middle of the 16th century. Protestantism was fairly widespread.
Relations between Lithuania and Moscow during the second half of the 15th-16th centuries. were mostly tense. The states competed with each other for control over the Russian lands. After a series of successful wars, Ivan 3 and his son Vasily III managed to annex the border lands in the upper reaches of the Oka and the Dnieper, the most important success of Vasily 3 was the accession, after a long struggle, of the strategically important principality of Smolensk in 1514.
During the Livonian War of 1558-1583. The Lithuanian army at the first stage of hostilities suffered serious defeats from the troops of the Muscovite tsar. As a result, in 1569, the Union of Lublin was concluded between Poland and Lithuania. Reasons for the conclusion: 1. Military threat from the Muscovite tsar. 2. Economic situation. In the 16th century Poland was one of the largest grain traders in Europe. The Lithuanian nobility wanted free access to such profitable trade. 3. The attractiveness of the Polish gentry culture, the great legal guarantees that the Polish gentry had. 4. It was important for the Poles to gain access to the very fertile, but poorly developed lands of the Principality of Lithuania. According to the union, as part of a single state, Lithuania retained its legal proceedings, administration and the Russian language in office work. Freedom of belief and the preservation of local customs were especially noted. At the same time, the Volyn and Kiev lands were transferred to the Polish kingdom.
Consequences of the union: 1. Increased military potential. The Polish king Stefan Batory managed to inflict heavy defeats on the troops of Ivan the Terrible, the Muscovite kingdom eventually lost all its conquests in the Baltic states. 2. Powerful migration of the Polish population and the population of Galicia to the east of the Lithuanian state.3. The reception of Polish culture was primarily by the local Russian nobility. 4. The revival of spiritual life, since the Orthodox Church had to compete in the struggle for minds with Catholics and Protestants. This contributed to the development of the education system.
In 1596, at the initiative of the Catholic Church in Brest, a church union was concluded between the Catholic and Orthodox churches of the Commonwealth. The union was actively supported by the Polish kings, who counted on the consolidation of their state.
According to the union, the Orthodox Church recognized the supremacy of the Roman pope and a number of Catholic dogmas (filioque, the concept of purgatory). At the same time, the Orthodox ritual was preserved unchanged.
The union not only did not contribute to the consolidation of society, but, on the contrary, split it. Only a part of the Orthodox bishops recognized the union. The new church received the name Greek Catholic or Uniate (from the 18th century). Other bishops remained faithful to the Orthodox Church. In this they were supported by a significant part of the population of the Lithuanian lands.
Additional tension was introduced by the activities of the Zaporizhzhya and Ukrainian Cossacks. Detachments of free Christian people went for prey to the Wild Field as early as 13th century (roamers). However, the consolidation of the Cossacks into a serious and recognized force occurs in the 15th-16th centuries. due to the constant raids of the Crimean Khanate. In response to the raids, the Zaporozhian Sich arose as a professional military association. The Polish kings actively used the Zaporozhye Cossacks in their wars, but the Cossacks remained a source of unrest, as they were joined by all those dissatisfied with the current situation.