In recent years, the business world has become extremely complex, it has become incredibly volatile, the level of competition has increased, the environment as a whole has become unpredictable, rapidly changing. For the survival and development of enterprises in real conditions, they need to adapt to dynamically changing environmental conditions. To do this, each entrepreneur, each firm must have its own economic strategy, find the main link for victory in the fierce competition. Without a "strategic vision" of the future, without seeking long-term competitive advantages, it is impossible to achieve effective business functioning.
One of the most important factors in increasing production efficiency is improving the quality of products or services provided. Product quality is the key to survival and the key to market success in a highly competitive market. Quality is constantly changing. The quality that satisfied the consumer a year ago may no longer meet his requirements this year. Therefore, every leader must monitor the situation in the world, be aware of all events, anticipate the tastes, opinions and requirements of people. The rapidly changing preferences and tastes of people are forcing manufacturers to look for new ways to create a better product or service. Improvement of a product or service involves the introduction of any innovations, transformations, elimination of defects, thereby increasing the quality of the previous product, the manufacturer receives a competitive product that meets the new market conditions. Improving the quality of products is currently regarded as a decisive condition for its competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets. The competitiveness of products largely determines the prestige of a country and is a decisive factor in increasing its national wealth.
Therefore, in order for the products to be competitive, constant, purposeful, painstaking work of manufacturers to improve quality, systematic quality control is necessary, in other words, we can say that any company wishing to strengthen its position in fierce competition and maximize its profits should pay great attention to the quality management process. All of the above determines the relevance of studying the topic "quality management at an enterprise" in modern conditions.
1. The quality of the company's products and its importance in the modern economy
1.1 Concept and indicators of product quality
In the modern world, the survival of any company, its stable position in the market of goods and services is determined by the level of competitiveness. In turn, competitiveness is associated with two indicators - the price level and the level of product quality. Moreover, the second factor is gradually coming to the fore.
Product quality is a set of properties of a product that determine its suitability to meet certain needs in accordance with its purpose.
Each buyer purchases the product that best meets his personal needs. In general, buyers purchase the product that better meets social needs than others. Therefore, the degree of customer satisfaction with a product also consists of the totality of opinions of individual buyers and is formed on the eve of its appearance on the market, at any stage of the product's life cycle until the moment of disposal. With the development of scientific and technological progress and the needs of society, new requirements are formed, and high-quality products become insufficiently high-quality. The set of properties of the product may be the same (i.e. the quality has not changed), but for the consumer this product may be unacceptable.
A product property is an objective feature of a product that can manifest itself during creation, operation or consumption.
Products have many different properties that must be considered when developing, manufacturing, storing, transporting, operating or consuming. Properties can be simple or complex. The simple ones include mass, capacity, speed, and so on. The complex ones are the reliability of the technical means, the reliability of the device, the maintainability of the machine, and others.
The quantitative characteristic of one or more properties of a product that make up its quality, considered in relation to certain conditions of its creation, operation or consumption, is called an indicator of product quality.
According to the way of expression, production indicators can be natural (meters, kilometers), relative (percentages, coefficients, points, indices), as well as value.
By the stage of determination - predicted, design, normative, actual.
According to the characterized properties, the following groups of indicators are used:
Indicators of purpose characterize the beneficial effect of using the product for its intended purpose and serve the area of application of the product.
Reliability indicators - reliability, storage, maintainability, as well as the durability of the product.
Manufacturability indicators characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products. It is with the help of manufacturability that the mass production of products is achieved, the rational distribution of the costs of materials, means, labor and time during the technological preparation of production, manufacture and operation of products.
Indicators of standardization and unification are the saturation of products with standards, unified and original components, as well as the level of unification in comparison with other products.
Ergonomic indicators reflect the interaction of a person with the product and the complex of hygienic, anthropometric, physiological and psychological properties of a person, manifested when using the product.
Aesthetic indicators characterize information expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of the composition, perfection of performance and stability of the presentation of the product.
Transportability indicators express the suitability of products for transportation.
Patent and legal indicators characterize patent protection and patent purity of products and are an essential factor in determining competitiveness.
Environmental indicators are the level of harmful effects on the environment that arise during the operation or consumption of products, for example, the content of harmful impurities, the likelihood of emissions of harmful particles, gases, radiation during storage, transportation and operation of products.
Safety indicators characterize the features of products for the safety of the buyer and service personnel, i.e. ensure safety during installation, repair, and product consumption.
The combination of these indicators forms the quality of products. But besides all these indicators, the price of the product is also important. It is with the price that the question of economically optimal quality is connected. When purchasing a product, the buyer always compares whether the price of the product compensates for the set of properties that it possesses.
Economically optimal quality is understood as the ratio of quality and costs, or the price per unit of quality, which can be expressed by the formula:
K opt - economically optimal quality;
Q - product quality;
C is the cost of purchasing and operating the product.
The main task of each enterprise is the quality of products and services provided. The successful operation of the enterprise must be ensured by the production of products or services that meet the following requirements:
Meet clearly defined needs, applications or purposes;
Satisfy customer requirements;
Compliant with applicable standards and specifications;
Compliant with applicable law;
Offered to the consumer at competitive prices;
Are aimed at making a profit;
Improving the quality of products is of great importance for the enterprise - manufacturer, consumer and the national economy as a whole. The release of high-quality products contributes to an increase in sales volumes and profitability of capital, and an increase in the company's prestige. Consumption of products of improved quality and greater use value reduces the unit costs of users and ensures better satisfaction of needs. The national economy has a number of advantages from high-quality products: an increase in the export potential and the income side of the country's balance of payments, an increase in the living standards of the population and the authority of the state in the world community.
The consequences of an insufficient level of product quality are as follows:
1. Economic:
Loss of material and labor resources spent on the manufacture, transportation and storage of products that are out of order before the planned dates of physical wear and tear.
Additional costs for the repair of equipment.
Loss of natural resources as a result of the use of low-quality machinery used to extract these resources.
Additional costs of material and labor resources for the implementation of a multi-link and multi-stage system of quality control bodies.
2. Social:
Scarcity of domestic products.
The decline in the prestige of products manufactured at national enterprises.
Insufficient satisfaction of the needs of the production, technical and personal plan.
Decrease in the growth rate of the well-being of the population.
Deterioration of the moral climate in the team.
Decrease in the profit of the enterprise.
3. Environmental:
Additional costs for cleaning: air basin, water basin, land resources.
Loss of productivity of agricultural products due to poor air quality.
Additional costs for measures to improve the health of the population.
Accelerated depreciation and additional costs for civilian buildings and transport repairs due to poor air quality.
This implies the need for constant, purposeful, painstaking work of commodity producers to improve the quality of products in comparison with competitors' analogues. Everyone should be engaged in quality - from the director of the enterprise to the specific executor of any operation. All processes for ensuring, designing, maintaining quality are integrated into a quality management system.
Reducing the consumption of materials, improving product quality. Since the rate of growth of the volume of production determines the well-being of the enterprise, the first path of development was often and still remains preferable. The lack of interest among enterprises in reducing material costs, replacing expensive scarce types of raw materials and materials with cheaper and more affordable ones leads to inefficient use of resources and stimulates the development of production in an extensive way.
The growth of stagnant and crisis phenomena in the economy, a slowdown in economic growth by the mid-80s. intensified the search for a way out of this situation. Initially, this search was carried out within the framework of the socialist system. Maximum use of the potential of socialist society remained the slogan of the transformations. The renewal of socialism at this stage was conceived through the acceleration of the country's socio-economic development, the improvement of all aspects of social life. A cardinal acceleration of scientific and technological progress was highlighted. Great importance in ensuring acceleration was assigned to improving management and the economic mechanism as a whole. Serious attention was paid to the use of such reserves of acceleration as activating the human factor, improving product quality, improving the distribution mechanism, and increasing discipline. It was proposed to abandon the costly path of economic development and switch to the path of intensive development.
In the case of quality, we think you can go the other way. Apparently, one must proceed from the well-known thesis that, along with quantity, all objects and phenomena created by nature or human labor objectively have quality. Such a view of the content of disciplines taught in universities makes it possible to more clearly see that practically each of them sets out certain problems, tasks or methods of ensuring or improving the quality of products as a whole, its individual elements, the processes of its creation, manufacturing, and use.
The mirror image of the problem formulation process is the goal setting process. The goal describes the result to be achieved. The goal and coercive connections are often confused. For example, the company's management has decided to increase profits - this is the main goal. Coercive links are conditions that, on the one hand, describe how a goal can be achieved, and on the other hand, limit the goal. There can be several variants of forcing connections. One of the possibilities in this example may be an increase in the degree of automation and mechanization of production. Other possibilities might be to improve product quality.
Increase the volume and improve the quality of products. To produce more products and better quality is the goal of every enterprise. With the availability of modern machines that modernize production on the market, it becomes more and more difficult for any company to deal with old, worn-out equipment, especially when the company's competitors have taken the path of production modernization. This, and the fact that the modern consumer has become extremely discerning, imperatively requires the firm to devote all its efforts to improving production and improving product quality.
Thus, another economic law manifests itself in the market system - the law of competition. It is competition that forces producers (sellers) of goods and services to seek the most favorable conditions for production and sale, and by improving the quality and lowering the individual cost of products, expand the sales market and receive excess income in the form of surplus profit. If on the commodity market there are monopolists-producers of any products, then the surplus profit of the latter is transformed into a monopoly excess profit (by means of a monopoly price). In these conditions, competition is weakening as a factor in the development of the economy and an increase in production efficiency. There is a need for regulatory influence on the part of the state to overcome the monopolistic activities of economic entities and develop a competitive environment.
ECONOMY in the people's economy - saving labor, material and financial resources as a result of their more rational use. It is expressed in a decrease in costs per unit of manufactured and sold products, services provided and work performed, in a reduction in the cost of maintaining government bodies. The size of E. serves as an important indicator of economic. efficiency of capital investments, scientific and technical. progress in the people's x-ve. The value of E. is determined using a system of natural, labor, and cost indicators. Natural indicators are used to identify a decrease in the specific consumption of raw materials, materials, fuel per unit of production, unit of capacity or to calculate the increase in finished products obtained from a unit of raw materials, area, equipment capacity (in metallurgy, industry, for example, iron removal from 1 m3 of usable volume of the blast furnace). The main labor indicator of e. Is a decrease in the labor intensity of products (services, works), measured by the number of man-hours or man-days spent on its manufacture. E. Social labor is also achieved by improving the administrative apparatus, planning, accounting, management of the economy and the development of culture in the country. The indicator of E. here is a decrease in the number of employed workers, which, while improving the quality of the work of the apparatus, characterizes E. in the use of labor resources. Cost (monetary) indicators allow a) to summarize e., Expressed in physical and labor indicators, b) to calculate e. Not only for a certain type of product or costs, but also for the entire site, workshop, enterprise, construction site, industry, district , to the economic council and on the national economy as a whole, c) to identify e. both from all measures and from their individual types, aimed, in particular, at the modernization of equipment, the use of new, more advanced machines and equipment, at the introduction of new technology , improving product quality (increasing operational properties, durability and
Identification in the course of bank analysis of the state of affairs in relation to the quality of products, assessment of measures planned for the future to improve the quality, reliability, durability of manufactured products, and its periodic renewal serve as the basis for the bank's application of economic impact measures. These measures include the provision of special loans for costs associated with improving the quality of products, or the application of sanctions to those enterprises that do not carry out the necessary work (reducing the amount of loans for settlement documents in transit, etc.). Finally, in the course of analyzing the quality of products and developing the necessary measures, the bank often has to coordinate its work with the bodies of the USSR State Standard, the inspections of the USSR Ministry of Trade for quality, using their information and analytical material.
Of course, such an idea is not indisputable and is not applicable to all types of products, because the role of science cannot be belittled. It is known that the impetus for the development of microelectronics was given not by the market, but by scientific achievements. Nevertheless, many capitalist firms owe much of their success in world commodity markets to such pragmatism. According to F. Crosby's estimates, almost any way to improve quality will yield positive results. But the question is how long it lasts (it can be five or more years) and how much it costs - 2% or 20% of all production costs. Therefore, the fastest and least risky way to increase the profitability of production through improving product quality is the use of the market factor.
The implementation of national economic socio-economic plans requires the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, close integration of science with production, the transfer of the economy to an intensive path of development. In accordance with the requirements of the scientific and technological revolution in the national economy, a comprehensive equipping of all its branches with a system of high-performance machines and automated equipment is consistently carried out; labor productivity.
The decisions of the May (1982) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU signify a new major step towards improving the economic conditions for managing agricultural enterprises, strengthening the principles of cost accounting in all sectors of the agro-industrial complex. The measures developed help to strengthen the economy of collective and state farms, enhance their material interest in increasing production and improving the quality of products. Purchase prices for the main types of agricultural products are increasing, over-
Many Asian, American and European firms have implemented quality improvement programs, starting with the use of marketing opportunities by working with consumers (ensuring the high quality of a new car in various road conditions, reducing the maintenance of a new electronic computer, the effectiveness of a new drug). Firms fundamentally worked to improve the reliability and safety of their products, created standards for their service and, ultimately, ensured that the struggle for a high level of quality became a way of life both in workshops and in offices.
Economical efficiency of technical. and org. measures are assessed by comparing the estimated annual savings in operating and production costs achieved as a result of the implementation of this measure with the sum of one-time costs for its development and implementation, including additional capital investments for the purchase and installation of new equipment to replace the previously used for the same purpose. The generalizing measure of efficiency is the payback of costs in units of time (in years) or the reciprocal value expressed by the efficiency coefficient, i.e., the size of the annual savings per unit of one-time costs for the implementation of the measure. Efficiency is calculated according to the methodology established by the USSR Academy of Sciences. Methodology for determining the economic efficiency from the introduction of new technological processes and means of mechanization and automation in industry. However, for organic. linking with other sections of the industrial plan and for a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the planned plan for new technology, it is advisable, in addition, to apply other indicators. Among them, in the first place are indicators of improving product quality, its durability and reliability. An important role is played by indicators of growth in the volume of production and an increase in the removal of products from a unit of production capacity or fixed assets of enterprises. The indicators of labor saving, increasing its productivity and its lightening are of exceptional importance. This is a reduction in the normative and actual. labor intensity of products, an increase in hourly, daily and monthly output per 1 worker, the release of workers (in% of their original number), a change in the structure of labor costs, that is, the ratio of working time employed in performing manual, mechanized, automated work.
In 1965, the production of polystyrene plastics in the United States is expected to be about 600 thousand tons. The currently observed relative slowdown in the rate of production of polystyrene is due to many reasons, including the comparative saturation of this plastic among the main consumers in a number of countries, primarily in the United States, where more than half of the world production of polystyrene is concentrated, the emergence of new, high-quality plastics oriented to the use of more affordable non-aromatic raw materials, as well as the fact that various industries are now making more and more high demands on the strength and other physicochemical properties of synthetic materials. Meanwhile, it is known that ordinary polystyrene is extremely fragile. Plasticized vinyl resins and plasticization-free polyethylene are significantly superior in this respect. In this regard, an intensive study of ways to improve product quality is underway. New strong grades of styrene plastics were developed, obtained by copolymerization of styrene with acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and rubber, as well as new methods of polymerization of styrene - in suspension and block polymerization, etc. pure polystyrene and numerous styrene copolymers. Polystyrene itself is subdivided according to polymerization methods into block, emulsion, suspension, isotactic, foamy. Depending on the method of obtaining
By the decision of the September (1965) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, major measures were taken to improve management. A firm course has been taken for a fuller use of economic methods based on the extensive use of value categories and full cost accounting. It was expressed in a decrease in the number of regulated indicators, the provision of greater independence to enterprises and individual divisions, a change in the essence of the planned indicators. This ensured a more correct combination of centralized planning leadership with local economic initiative and, as noted at the 24th Congress of the CPSU, had a great impact on increasing production efficiency. At the same time, in order to find optimal solutions to enhance the impact of the reform on accelerating scientific and technological progress, improving product quality, increasing labor productivity, increasing the interest of collectives in accepting intense planning tasks, it is necessary to constantly improve economic management methods by improving the wholesale price system. profit distribution systems, methods of formation and use of economic incentive funds.
The restructuring of pricing is based on the following requirements 1) consistent reflection in prices of socially necessary costs for the production and sale of products, their consumer properties, quality and effective demand, more complete accounting of payments for labor and natural resources, environmental protection costs 2) character, increasing their stimulating role in accelerating scientific and technological progress and improving product quality, creating new technology, saving resources, reducing material consumption and energy consumption of products, widespread use of low-waste and non-waste technologies 3) increasing the role of the consumer in determining prices, organizing effective control over the correct setting and application of prices at all levels of economic management 4) ensuring the compliance of the retail price policy with the objectives of the full implementation of the principle of social justice 5) further improving the zonal differentiation of procurement prices by consolidating the location of agricultural production, etc.
The development and success of any organization is determined by many factors, both external and internal. The development of the economic potential of Kazakhstan is largely associated with the development of basic industries, among which the machine-building complex plays a leading role. Its effectiveness is influenced by the organizational and methodological conditions of management. Kazakhstan's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) further exacerbates the competition for markets and will require enterprises of the machine-building complex, incl. and from toolmaking organizations, continuous improvement of management, allowing to bring to the market new quality products that satisfy the consumer.
Product quality is one of the most important indicators of the activities of enterprises of any form of ownership. Achieving a high and stable quality of production at the enterprise will allow:
- to increase the volume of sales, and, as a result, and profit;
- to provide the competitiveness of the product;
- to improve the image of the company;
- reduce the risk of bankruptcy and provide a stable financial position of the enterprise.
The main ways to increase the quality of the product and its competitiveness:
- increasing the technical level of production;
- increasing the level of qualification of personnel;
- the improvement of the organization of production and labor, including the adjustment of the specialization of production;
- introduction of sample and total input control for the quality of raw materials supplied to the feed, materials that include the child;
- Improving the efficiency of OTK work;
- increasing the technical level of metrological service at the enterprise;
- power supply in the spirit of the city for the quality of the produced product and the brand of the company;
- material and moral stimulation of personnel for high-quality fulfillment of their duties;
- creation of a marketplace service;
- introduction of new, more quality materials during the manufacture of products;
- Reducing the cost of production and sales of production;
- study of the requirements of buyers to the quality of the product and the market conjuncture;
- conduct of valid advertising, etc.
This list could be continued, but this is all the various measures, the implementation of each of them can lead to an improvement in the quality of the presentation, to For this, an integrated approach to solving this problem is required, that is, at each enterprise (especially large and medium), there should be a design
The study showed that quality management issues are not relevant only for every tenth Kazakhstani company. Although this figure seems small, in developed countries this figure would generally be close to zero. The fact that 10% of companies do not reflect their position on quality in their documents proves that the Kazakhstani market remains insufficiently competitive. Indeed, in the opposite case, it is the quality of products or services that would be one of the most important factors in business success and, ultimately, the survival of the company in the market. In the Kazakh case, the technological features are such that a high degree of monopolization remains in many industries. Accordingly, product quality is not a decisive factor in determining how much of the market demand a company manages to get. Therefore, not enough place is given to quality in the company's documents.
Solving the problems of improving the quality of products necessitates the development of methods for quantitatively assessing the quality of labor of individual workers, collectives of departments, associations, enterprises and organizations in general, as well as other objects of management based on objective criteria that take into account their tasks and functions.
The solution to the problem of improving product quality is now at a new stage, radically different from the previous ones. This difference lies in the fact that at the moment the product quality control system is being replaced by a product quality control system, which is an organized set of structural elements, factors, conditions and coordinated organizational, economic and technical methods and measures aimed at the formation of quality products during its design, production and operation.
However, when solving the problem of improving product quality, it is important to single out the main link. In this regard, it is necessary to emphasize with all certainty: the basis of quality, considered not utilitarian, but from the standpoint of scientific and technological progress, is based on more advanced tools, materials and technological processes, industrial designs, in which the unity of high technical and aesthetic merits of the newly created products.
Knowledge of the main directions of solving the problem of improving the quality of products is necessary for all industrial workers and, first of all, for specialists of standardization and quality control services for industrial products.
Of great importance in solving the problem of improving product quality, strengthening discipline and organization at all stages of production is the creation in associations and enterprises of non-departmental quality control - state acceptance of products.
One of the important features of the modern stage of solving the problem of improving the quality of products is its intersectoral nature.
Development of the scientific foundations of standardization and basic standards, analysis of the technical level of the most important types of products and linking the requirements of standards for finished products with the requirements for raw materials, materials and components, and their quality indicators, is extremely important for a systematic approach to solving the problem of improving product quality. as well as requirements for equipment and accessories.
This principle provides for: a significant strengthening of the interaction of industries in solving the problem of improving the quality of products; coordinated impact on all elements of production in order to ensure the improvement of product quality; active use of levers of economic, material and moral incentives to improve product quality on the basis of further improving the mechanism of economic incentives; all-round development and purposeful use of the creative activity of the working people, various forms of socialist competition for improving the quality of products.
Testing and quality control of products are essential in solving the problem of improving the quality of products and the efficiency of organizing the work of State acceptance at enterprises. An indispensable condition for the effective functioning of the test system, which ensures the receipt of objective and reliable information about the actual values of product quality indicators, is the level of readiness of testing organizations and departments. Tests are the basis for an objective assessment of the conformity of product quality indicators and making appropriate decisions at all stages of the product life cycle - when it is put into production, certified by quality categories, determining the possibility of continuing or the need to terminate serial production.
The widespread introduction of quality systems should be facilitated by the development of a number of measures in educational and consulting areas of activity, as well as measures to motivate the use of quality systems.
1. Policy in the educational sphere. The implementation of effective quality systems requires high professionalism, knowledge by employees and managers of all levels of methods and methods of quality management, principles of designing quality systems based on advanced domestic and foreign experience and international standards.
2. Policy in the field of development of consulting activities. A network of qualified consulting organizations needs to be developed to help businesses implement quality systems and to improve the efficiency of these systems.
3. Policy in the field of development of certification of quality systems. Certification of quality systems is an objective evidence of their effective functioning in enterprises. The state should facilitate the entry of Kazakhstani organizations and certification bodies into international and regional unions and agreements, as well as the accreditation of Kazakhstani certification bodies and testing laboratories abroad.
4. Policy to support the implementation of quality systems when placing federal orders for the supply of products for state needs. Orders for the supply of products under government contracts must be placed at enterprises, organizations and institutions that have quality systems certified by the relevant Kazakhstani authorities.
In market conditions, the availability of investments will not save an enterprise if it cannot ensure the competitiveness of its products, where quality is the basis of competitiveness. To ensure the required level of quality, enterprises need not only advanced technology, the necessary material base, qualified personnel, but also a rational organization of work, effective enterprise management, with the involvement of a quality management system. A special place in the tool industry is occupied by the production of tools created from superhard materials (STM), the demand for which is constantly growing. This is due to their use in such developing industries as construction, gas and oil production, medicine, etc. Reliability and the possibility of their effective use are of great importance when using STM tools. The latter can be achieved largely on the basis of improving the efficiency of quality management, which makes it possible to increase the level of competitiveness of the tool. One of the promising options for the formation of competitive advantages of enterprises - manufacturers of tools is the organization of their activities based on the application of quality management principles based on the international standards ISO 9000 series.
In the conditions of tough competition in the world market of machine tool products, the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism that contributes to improving the quality of products is of particular importance. This presupposes taking into account all the factors and conditions affecting the quality of the final product of the industry, among which a special place is occupied by the implementation of the principles of quality management at all stages of the product life cycle.
One of the main criteria for sustainable economic growth, improving the quality of manufactured products and improving the management system can be the development of an effective system for organizing process control that guarantees a given level of quality and allows improving the organizational and methodological base of quality management throughout the entire stage of production and sales of products.
Analysis of the state and development trends of the market for tool products and identification of the main parameters affecting the level of competitiveness of tools made it possible to identify and recommend the main directions for improving the quality of products. At the same time, improving the quality of tool products is ensured not only by the introduction of advanced technical and technological techniques and methods, but also by the use of effective quality management processes.
The basis for the formation of an effective product quality management system in the machine tool industry should be based on scientifically grounded methods and indicators that make it possible to quantitatively evaluate the products of tool production on the market, and could also serve as a tool for managing the quality of products in this industry.
The results of the study showed that the problem of improving product quality management at enterprises of the tool industry can be solved through the use of the IQRS rating model, which ensures an increase in the efficiency and competitiveness of products in the sales market using the principles of product quality management at all stages of its formation.
The research results showed that:
1. The development of the modern economy is closely related to improving the quality of products, which is the basic basis for improving the quality of lifestyle. With the development of competition, depletion of natural resources, quality began to play a special role for producers. The successful solution of quality problems at a particular enterprise directly determines its economic position. The evolution of views on the problem of quality has led to the understanding that quality is an object of management. The modern interpretation of the scope of quality management is very broad. We can talk about the management of the quality of products, services, systems, labor, etc., therefore, the control object is considered in a broad sense in its essence. It can be argued that any measures aimed at solving a quality problem are identical to the functioning of a quality system.
2. Quality management systems operating in different organizations are individual. At enterprises of the tool industry, quality management is at a different level, which is due to the following reasons: violation of established economic ties as a result of thoughtless hasty privatization; the transition of enterprises to various forms of ownership, for which they were not ready; lack of time to master the concept of competitive struggle based on the production of high quality products.
3. The sectoral features of machine tool production are that it provides the technical level of other sectors of the national economy. The most important factors affecting the reliability and distribution of private label tools are not only the quality of auxiliary cutting materials, assembly work, geometric, the level of design, technical parameters, but also the level of economic decisions and the level of development of a particular industry.
4. When forming the QMS, the enterprises of the tool industry in order to work effectively on the market of goods in the conditions of growth in the flow of goods and profits, it is necessary to go through the following stages: decisions of shareholders, managers on the work of enterprises with a high level of quality; solving issues related to engineering and technical solutions; revealing information about losses; application of statistical methods of quality control and management with subsequent certification.
5. Based on the theory of reliability and considering it as the “basis of quality”, it seems legitimate in the process of production and operation of tools from private labels to conduct periodic tests, according to the results of which the quality indicators are adjusted, determining the efficiency of the functioning of the products of the machine tool industry, which is associated with its competitiveness. In order to reduce the risk for users of the products of the tool industry, it is recommended to use the analysis of consequences and causes of failures - FMEA, the task of which is to identify defects that cause the greatest risk to consumers and their causes, followed by the development of corrective measures.
6. To realize the main goal - making a profit in the long term, the enterprises of the tool industry must go through stages, improving their activities in the following management transformations: develop a goal and a Mission for 5-10 years; establish your market segments; using the QMS, go to the models of national awards and TQM; improve the organizational structure by creating mechanisms for identifying inconsistencies and preventing them; forming an organizational team. This will allow businesses to increase profits, improve their market image and become a reliable partner, ensuring the supply of high quality products.
In general, improving the quality of products at the present stage makes it possible to increase the competitiveness of the Russian economy on the basis of improving the quality parameters of domestic products. The problem of improving the quality of manufactured products in Russia is currently the most acute. This problem is especially relevant in the framework of Russia's upcoming accession to the WTO. At the same time, quality issues are relevant for absolutely all goods and services. This is especially pronounced during the transition to a market economy, during which the quality of products not only does not improve, but, on the contrary, deteriorates. In such a situation, domestic products may lose their competitiveness and will subsequently be replaced by higher quality foreign products. In such a situation, organizations of any form of ownership that do not pay attention to quality issues will simply be ruined. Often, the technology of domestic production, the technical level of capital equipment, is much lower than in developed countries. But even if it is enough to promptly modernize production, create new technologies, it will be possible to justify these investment costs only through the release of competitive products or services that are in demand by the consumer.
At the same time, Russia's forced accession to the WTO may damage the Russian economy. There is a possibility that after joining the WTO, domestic enterprises will lose their competitiveness. Given the insufficiently high effective demand for certain types of products in the domestic market, this may negatively affect all parameters and general trends in the development of the complex.
The government actively advocates for the Russian Federation to become a member of the WTO, since the economy cannot develop, being isolated from the processes of world trade, from international competition, in conditions of low labor costs, low energy prices, and a decrease in the tax burden.
An important point is that without membership in the WTO, Russia is isolated from participation in the development of new norms of international trade and its interests are absolutely not taken into account. An important element of the current stage of the negotiation process is the agreement on the terms of membership in this organization. Meanwhile, a number of experts in various sectors of the economy are in favor of a longer process of opening the domestic market for the products of Western companies, explaining their position by the fact that accelerated accession to the WTO could harm the Russian economy. Russia's accession to the WTO as a whole meets the long-term interests of the country's development, they believe that it is necessary to develop measures to protect the products of Russian manufacturers on the domestic market for a longer period than the Government of the Russian Federation suggests.
There are several reasons for this. Firstly, it is export, since the main export items are products of shallow processing of raw materials. The ineffective nomenclature of exports is determined by the demand for cheap Russian products of shallow processing of raw materials on the part of developed countries, orienting their own production towards the production of goods with high added value. This demand will remain in the future, regardless of whether our country is a member of the WTO or not. Russian products with a high degree of processing of raw materials are less competitive in the world market: they are inferior in quality and price due to the backwardness of technologies, high consumption rates of energy resources, poorly developed infrastructure, etc.
Liberalization of the foreign trade regime as a result of Russia's accession to the WTO in conditions of low competitiveness of Russian products can lead to the ousting of domestic producers from their own market by foreign suppliers. Narrowing of the sales market will lead to a decrease in the degree of capacity utilization, which will reduce profitability and further widen the gap between prices for Russian and imported products.
To prevent this, it is necessary to raise the initial level of the customs tariff and increase the duration of the transition period for the most competitive products (iodine, calcium carbide, certain types of plastics and resins, tires, paints and varnishes). As for the products purchased due to the lack of own capacities, it is necessary to establish minimum initial levels of customs tariff bundles, as well as to achieve the maximum degree of protection for Russian manufacturers.
In addition, in conditions when the export potential of the Russian Federation is practically exhausted, the most important task is to maintain the achieved level of foreign exchange earnings. The solution to this problem will depend not on membership in the WTO, but on the price competitiveness of domestic products, which, in turn, will be determined mainly by the growth rates of prices for products and services of natural monopolies. Experts believe that a decrease in import tariffs will exacerbate the problem of low price competitiveness of domestic products, which, given the rise in the cost of energy resources and a shortage of funds for modernization of production, may lead to further displacement of Russian goods by foreign counterparts to the detriment of domestic producers. Thus, when setting the levels of binding import tariffs, defend a differentiated approach. At the same time, it is not the degree of processing of raw materials that should be taken as a basis, but take into account such factors as: the value of the product in ensuring economic and defense security; the presence of its own production facilities capable of meeting the needs for competitive products; limited technical and economic conditions for increasing competitiveness.
In general, the effective integration of Russian enterprises into the international division of labor is impossible without stable quality and ensuring, on this basis, the competitiveness of domestic products.
A high level of quality of Russian goods can be a condition for the country's entry into the world market, accession to the European Union and the World Trade Organization (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). And only if Russian manufacturers fulfill the requirements of the world market for product quality, will it allow them to become equal partners in international trade.
Most developed countries have achieved a high level of quality of life thanks to the heightened attention to this problem by their governments, leaders and employees of organizations. For example, Japan and Germany, who found themselves in a crisis situation in the post-war years and, thanks to their attention to quality, to improving management methods, managed to overcome grave consequences, ensure the revival of the economy and take a worthy place in the world economic system. It must be remembered that it is the quality of work, products and services that is one of the most effective means of overcoming crisis phenomena, which is intended to play the role of a determining factor in the success of the market reforms being carried out. A high level of product quality can ensure the competitiveness of Russian goods in the markets, and, consequently, lead to economic stabilization.
High quality is an urgent task in a market economy at the micro and macro levels. In market conditions, the consumer is the main figure. He determines the direction of development of production, purchases goods and services in accordance with his own desires and needs.
Therefore, the main control of the quality of the goods is carried out by the consumer. However, do not forget that quality is a complex concept that characterizes the effectiveness of all aspects of an enterprise's activities: strategy development, production organization, marketing, etc.
For Russian enterprises, at present, one of the serious problems is the creation of a quality system to ensure the production of competitive products. Quality assurance is costly, but only high-quality products open the way to the external market. High-quality products ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise, and this has a positive effect on the development of the economy as a whole.
The higher the production culture, the higher the product quality. This concept includes the degree of perfection of technological processes, the level of mechanization of production, the rhythm of the enterprise and the organization of an effective control system. This also includes compliance with industrial safety requirements and industrial order.
To assess the quality in production, special methods have been developed. For each type of product, its specific level of quality is taken into account, fixed in the standards. Quality is characterized by a certain technical and economic parameter (consumer property).
The achieved quality is compared with the standard and can correspond to it, be lower in level or higher.
Solving the quality problem is an integral part of the development strategy of modern companies. Therefore, it is at least unreasonable to start introducing an IC without considering the place of this system in the overall strategy of the company.
Since the activity on the formation of the IC through the implementation of the ISO 9000 series standards and the TQM principles is focused on improving the quality and competitiveness of the company's products (services), all processes associated with this activity should begin with an analysis of the needs and expectations of consumers of these products (services). Therefore, the company must first of all determine a marketing strategy that will reflect the interests and characteristics of consumers and the nature of the competitive advantages of its products (services), due to which the company expects to achieve success.
In accordance with the marketing strategy, the company's assets and its technological potential must be developed. Therefore, a technical development strategy is needed.
The quality of products and their competitiveness significantly depend on the quality and mode of supply of materials and components. Therefore, a strategy for the interaction of the company with their suppliers is needed.
The quality strategy should be considered as one of the most important functional strategies and developed as an integral part of the overall strategy of the company. Therefore, the company's management, when deciding on the development and implementation of the IC, should think about the formation of the entire complex of strategic components.
Thus, in our country, the decision of the company's management to create an IC should be preceded by the development and adoption of a general strategy, within which the quality strategy is the most important, but not the only component organically linked to other functional strategies and focused on achieving the company's strategic goals. In this case, the factors that induce Russian companies to master modern ICs will induce them to introduce more and more advanced elements of regular management.
An organization that has decided to start work on the implementation of a modern IC must purposefully engage in change management, which in Russian conditions cannot but cause resistance.
Among the problems associated with quality at Mebelgrad LLC, at the enterprise level, there are elements of production culture, such as the lack of rhythm in production, the qualifications of workers. Since production is not rhythmic, it means that there is no clarity in production planning. Hence the monotony of labor as a problem. For example, 10 Tingstad sofas are produced during a shift. It is in this model that there is a different shade of fabric, and at the end of the shift, attention to this production aspect is dulled. The same problems arise when assembling identical models, when some of the nuances are forgotten due to the monotony of the workflow.
Product quality depends on the rhythm of production. In order to ensure high quality and durability of products and to reduce rejects, it is necessary to establish uninterrupted uniform operation of all sections of the shop. For this, the heads of workshops and sections must clearly organize operational and production planning, improve the activities of dispatch services, and correctly choose the most effective forms of organizing technological processes.
The next problem is the hiring of workers and employees without appropriate qualifications. At Mebelgrad LLC, when considering candidates for the vacancy of a master, preference is given to people with impeccable work experience, rather than applicants with education. But for managerial positions, it is necessary to have a university diploma, since here knowledge is needed on the method of organizing production and the team, and a competent leader significantly affects both the quality of products and the psychological atmosphere in the shop.
Product quality depends not only on a skillfully organized workflow, but also on the performers themselves. Technological progress requires a significant increase in the level of qualifications, professional selection and training of personnel. To resolve this issue, it is proposed to organize quality schools at the enterprise, where workers, under the guidance of experienced specialists, would raise the level of theoretical knowledge, learn the most rational techniques for defect-free operations.
The next problem is the supply of low-quality semi-finished products. At the moment, batches of defective semi-finished products are returned to the supplier on the basis of an acceptance certificate. For example, the frames of the sidewalls of Tingstad sofas come with poorly hammered brackets. In this case, the semi-finished products are not returned, but the upholsterer must hammer the staples with a hammer. It takes a lot of time and disrupts the technological process, as well as hazardous to health. the sharp edges of the staples can injure your hands.
To resolve such issues, it is proposed to revise the list of suppliers of semi-finished products and work only with responsible and conscientious firms.
The problem of quality is not only a problem of each enterprise separately, it is significant for each consumer. The public importance of quality, especially the safety of products for the population and the environment, presupposes the existence of appropriate production rules, formalized in legislation and regulations, which establish the rights, obligations and responsibilities of producers and consumers, regulate internal and external trade relations.
These circumstances require not only the development of proposals to improve the quality of products, but also the justification of their economic efficiency.