How to do task 20 of the exam in Russian

Punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections

Difficult sentence- a sentence in which there are two or more grammatical stems.

Types of complex sentences:

Allied
Non-Union. I am sitting in my garden, the lamp is burning.
With different types of communication.Thunder struck, lightning flashed, and soon the sound of rain was heard.

Complex. The desert listens to God, and star speaks to star.

Complex subordinates. I know that I don't know anything.

Complex sentences

Put a comma

Don't put a comma

between simple sentences that are part of a complex
when using compound conjunctions. Depending on the meaning, a comma is placed either before or inside conjunctions.
Between homogeneous subordinate clauses, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as between homogeneous members of the sentence.

between adjacent unions what if, what although, if further there is a second part of the union That or So.
if there is a negation before the conjunction (conjunctive word) Not.
if the subordinate part is one allied word.
before a subordinating conjunction if it is preceded by words in particular, that is, namely, especially.
before steady speed as you like, wherever it goes, at any cost, as much as you like, unknown where, as if nothing had happened, etc.

In non-union complex sentences

We put a comma

between simple sentences that are part of a complex one, if they are short and related: Clouds piled up, lightning flashed, and it rained.

We put a colon:

the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first (in meaning, a conjunction can be inserted between them because: Love a book: (=because) it will help you sort out the confusion of life.
the second sentence reveals the content of the first (in terms of meaning, words can be inserted between them, namely): The picture changed: (=namely) the snow had melted, the damp earth was smoking, grass was breaking through.
the second sentence complements the first (in meaning a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between them What: "I feel that..."): Suddenly I feel (=that) someone is pulling me to the side.
The second sentence expresses a direct question: Tell me, branch of Palestine: where did you grow, where did you bloom?

We put a dash:

with a rapid change of events, an unexpected result: I woke up and he was no longer there. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.
when contrasted (in meaning, a subordinating conjunction can be inserted between the parts ah, but): Sasha is stupid - (=a) Petya is smart.
if the first sentence expresses the time or condition of the action (in meaning, conjunctions can be placed before the first sentence when, if): (When) the forest is cut down, the chips fly.
when comparing (meaningfully, you can insert conjunctions between the parts as if): Says a word - (= as if) a nightingale is singing.
if the second sentence represents a result or conclusion (in terms of meaning, you can insert the word between the parts That's why): The smoky sun is rising - (=therefore) it will be a hot day.

Conclusions:

First we need to determine whether the sentence is simple or complex. To do this, we count the number of grammatical stems.
If the sentence is simple, pay attention to the subject and predicate - are they the ones that need to be put with a dash between them?
Is this simple sentence complicated? Does it contain homogeneous parts of the sentence, introductory words or constructions, addresses, the conjunction “how”?
If the sentence is complex, we need to determine the type of coordinating connection.
Coordinating conjunctions: and, a, but, yes. It’s simple here - if they are there, it means the sentence is complex. If parts of a complex sentence do not have a common member, feel free to put a comma.
If we don’t see coordinating conjunctions, but see some others, most likely the sentence is complex. We check whether we have separated any allied words with an extra comma.
If we don’t see any connecting words, but the sentence is complex, then it is non-conjunctive. Our task is to determine which character separates the parts of a non-union complex sentence: a comma, a dash or a colon.
If in a sentence we see both conjunctions (or allied words), both coordinating and subordinating, and a non-union connection, we focus on each type of connection separately. We pay special attention to the presence in the second part of the conjunctions then, so, but.

In 2018, all the main characteristics of the Unified State Examination work in the Russian language as a whole will be preserved.

The examination paper includes a new task (20), testing knowledge of the lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language (except for paronyms).

The primary score for completing all examination work has been increased from 57 to 58.

The advisability of including a new task in the examination work is determined by the results of the unified state exam: the results of mastering lexical norms are generally satisfactory, but not high. Teachers are well aware that students often have difficulty interpreting the lexical meaning of a word, school graduates mix up foreign names, and the inability of students to accurately express their thoughts makes the wording inaccurate and vague.

Task 20 in the 2018 exam materials tests the development of skills in stylistic editing (inappropriate use of words, forms or structures) in coherent texts (sentences). It should be noted that a wealth of material for creating the task is contained in the essays of the exam participants.

As the basis for the linguistic material of task 20, the main types of speech errors (Table 1) will be taken, presented in the Educational and methodological materials for chairmen and members of regional subject commissions for checking the completion of tasks with a detailed answer of the 2017 Unified State Examination papers.

Table 1

No.	Type of error	Examples
1	Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it	We were shocked wonderful acting. Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2	Non-distinction of shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix (tested in task 5)	My attitude to this problem is not has changed. Were accepted spectacular measures.
3	Failure to distinguish synonymous words	IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
4	The use of words of a different stylistic coloring	The author, addressing this problem, tries to guide people a little different track.
5	Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units	Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6	Unjustified use of colloquial words	Such people always succeed burn others.
7	Violation of lexical compatibility	Author enhances the impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
8	Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm	The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques. Young young man Very beautiful
9	The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology)	In that the story is told about real events.
10	Unjustified repetition of a word	Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he’s done.
11	Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures	When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

The peculiarities of the linguistic material determined the possible options for presenting the task in the examination paper. The formulation of task 20 is possible in two versions: excluding a word or replacing it. Let's give examples.

Option 1.
Exception

Option 2.
Replacement

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

In the area of Jupiter's south pole, an astronomer noticed a dark spot and initially mistook it for an unusual weather phenomenon, because storms often rage on this planet.

(Answer: unusual)

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

At the end of the 17th century, supporters of Princess Sophia were defeated in a battle with the troops of the young transformer of Russia, Peter the Great.

Answer: __________________________.

(Answer: suffered)

The methodology for preventing speech errors in Russian language lessons should be based, firstly, on recognizing errors of various types and, secondly, on eliminating them (using special techniques). Moreover, the error recognition stage itself should be based on an understanding of the semantic contradiction provoked by the error in a given sentence. This means that work with task 20 should not be reduced only to the requirement to correct an error. Completing this task will require a special algorithm for its implementation: find a semantic (semantic) contradiction (error signal) → recognize the error, indicate its type (do not mix it with means of expressiveness) → if it is an error, correct it.

In general, we should talk about creating a problem situation in the lesson, which will be effective only if the students understand it well and are convinced of the need to resolve the problem. It is important that the problem posed is conditioned and prepared by the course of the lesson, the logic of working on new material. Otherwise, the problematic formulation of the problem from an effective, developing factor can turn into a factor inhibiting the educational activity of students.

In 2018, all the main characteristics of the Unified State Examination work in the Russian language as a whole will be preserved.

The examination paper includes a new task (20), testing knowledge of the lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language (except for paronyms).

The primary score for completing all examination work has been increased from 57 to 58.

Table 1

No.	Type of error	Examples
1	Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it	We were shocked wonderful acting. Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2	Non-distinction of shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix (tested in task 5)	My attitude to this problem is not has changed. Were accepted spectacular measures.
3	Failure to distinguish synonymous words	IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
4	The use of words of a different stylistic coloring	The author, addressing this problem, tries to guide people a little different track.
5	Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units	Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6	Unjustified use of colloquial words	Such people always succeed burn others.
7	Violation of lexical compatibility	Author enhances the impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
8	Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm	The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques. Young young man Very beautiful
9	The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology)	In that the story is told about real events.
10	Unjustified repetition of a word	Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he’s done.
11	Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures	When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Option 1.
Exception

Option 2.
Replacement

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.

In the area of Jupiter's south pole, an astronomer noticed a dark spot and initially mistook it for an unusual weather phenomenon, because storms often rage on this planet.

(Answer: unusual)

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

At the end of the 17th century, supporters of Princess Sophia were defeated in a battle with the troops of the young transformer of Russia, Peter the Great.

Answer: __________________________.

(Answer: suffered)

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Option 1. Deletion Option 2. Substitution Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. In the area of Jupiter's south pole, an astronomer noticed a dark spot and initially mistook it for an unusual weather phenomenon, because storms often rage on this planet. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language. At the end of the 17th century, supporters of Princess Sophia were defeated in a battle with the troops of the young transformer of Russia, Peter the Great.

2 slide

Slide description:

Type of error Examples Use of a word in a meaning that is unusual for it We were shocked by the excellent performance of the actors. The idea develops throughout the entire text. Non-distinction of shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix (tested in task 5) My attitude to this problem has not changed. Effective measures were taken. Non-distinction of synonymous words In the final sentence, the author uses gradation. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people into a slightly different direction. Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units Astafiev continually resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. Unjustified use of colloquial words Such people always manage to bully others. Violation of lexical compatibility The author increases the impression. The author uses artistic features (instead of a medium). The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm The author conveys the beauty of the landscape to us with the help of artistic techniques. A young man, very beautiful. The use of cognate words in a close context (tautology) This story tells about real events. Unjustified repetition of a word The hero of the story does not think about his actions. The hero does not even understand the full depth of what he has done. Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures When the writer came to the editorial office, he was received by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

3 slide

Slide description:

Let's complete test task 20-1. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. He was afraid that Ostap would open the chair himself and, taking valuable treasures, leave, leaving him to the mercy of fate. valuable

4 slide

Slide description:

20-2. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. A young girl appeared on stage, dressed in a beautiful, silvery white dress. She walked with a light tread, turned around, smiled into the hall and walked some more. young

5 slide

Slide description:

20-3. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. The telephone alarmed him every minute and rang with the persistence of a tram car making its way through the goods market. tram

6 slide

Slide description:

20-4. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. The poem “Testament” by M. Yu. Lermontov was written in 1840 and in form represents the confession of the hero before his death. his

7 slide

Slide description:

20-5. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. Two boys and three girls were on their way to the city memorial, where all the military units and ships that defended the city in the last war were listed on red granite slabs. memorable

8 slide

Slide description:

20-6. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. I know one thing for sure: I will never sit down to write my autobiography, even if I live to be a hundred years old. You have to be too in love with yourself to write about yourself without shame. mine

Slide 9

Slide description:

20-7. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down. On the train, the prince first meets Parfen Rogozhin, the son of a wealthy merchant, who inherited a huge fortune after his death. huge