How to connect a 6 kV cable to each other. How to connect the wires correctly: practical tips with a photo. Wire connection with screw terminals

It is very important to know about connectors for electrical wires, because electrical contact depends on their quality. There are many ways to connect wires, this can be done in the old ways or using terminal blocks.

But not everything is so smooth, there are also disadvantages. In room conditions, aluminum begins to flow under screw pressure. We'll have to make a periodic revision of the terminal blocks and tighten the contacts where the aluminum conductors are fixed.

If you do not do this in a timely manner, the aluminum core in the terminal block will loosen, lose reliable contact, as a result, spark, heat up, which can result in a fire. With copper conductors, such problems do not arise, but it will not be superfluous to periodically audit their contacts.

Terminal blocks for connecting stranded wires are not intended. If stranded wires are clamped into such connecting terminals, then during tightening under the pressure of the screw, the thin veins can partially break, which will lead to overheating.

In the case when it becomes necessary to clamp the stranded wires into the terminal block, it is imperative to use auxiliary pin lugs.

It is very important to choose the correct diameter so that the wire does not jump out later. The stranded wire must be inserted into the lug, crimped with pliers and fixed in the terminal block.

As a result of all the above, the terminal block is ideal for solid copper wires. With aluminum and stranded wires, you will have to comply with a number of additional measures and requirements.

Ease of use.
The ability to connect wires from dissimilar materials.
Protection against corrosion and other external influences.
Reliability, strength of connections.

screw;
spring;
knife;

Another very convenient wire connector is a terminal on plastic blocks. This option differs from terminal blocks in an even metal clamp. The clamping surface has a recess for the wire, so there is no pressure on the wire from the tightening screw. Therefore, such terminals are suitable for connecting any wires in them.

Everything is extremely simple in these clamps. The ends of the wires are stripped and placed between the contact and clamping plates.

Such terminals are additionally equipped with a transparent plastic cover, which can be removed if necessary.

Installing wiring using these terminals is quick and easy.

The wire must be pushed into the hole to the very end. There, it is automatically fixed by means of a clamping plate, which presses the wire against the tinned bus. Thanks to the material from which the pressure plate is made, the clamping force does not weaken and remains constant all the time.

The inner tinned bar is made in the form of a copper plate. Both copper and aluminum wires can be fixed in self-clamping terminals. Such terminals are disposable.

And if you want clamps for connecting reusable wires, then use terminal blocks with levers. Raised the lever and put a wire into the hole, then fixed it there by pressing it back. If necessary, the lever rises again and the wire protrudes.

Try to choose clamps from a well-established manufacturer. Clamps from "WAGO" have especially positive characteristics and reviews.

Screw terminal blocks

Screw connectors are widespread in the electrical industry, in fact, they are a variation of a tubular (coupling) product. They are made in the form of a rectangular tube, but with a rounded (oval) bottom. On the upper plateau of such a tube there are threaded holes, into which the locking screws are screwed.

The whole structure is enclosed in nylon insulation. For access to the screws, through channels are made in the insulation body. There are two types of such terminal blocks (connectors) for connecting wires - single and group.

Screw terminal blocks for connecting wires are characterized by: pronounced mechanical strength; the ability to work with cables with a cross section of up to 25 mm; use in circuits of weak currents and power. It is not difficult to work with this kind of connectors.

The end parts of the wires are inserted into the brass tube and the locking screws (usually two screws) are screwed in with a screwdriver. In turn, the screws press the conductor against the bottom of the metal tube.

Screw terminal blocks - one of the most common types. They are a brass sleeve with two bolts in a plastic housing. Contact is provided by the pressure of the bolt. The body can be made of different materials - polyethylene, polyamide and polypropylene. With their help, you can connect wires with a cross section from 0.5 mm 2 to 35 mm 2.

No special tool required (only a screwdriver needed).
Reusable.
Ability to use the required number of segments.

High contact resistance.
Low reliability (weakened by vibration).
Restrictions on wire material.
Duration of installation.
It takes some skill to tighten.
Annual maintenance required.

Such terminals are undesirable. They have increased "fluidity", the connection weakens over time. To avoid heating due to an increase in the transition resistance, it is necessary to tighten them regularly. This creates inconvenience in operation.

Certain problems arise with stranded wires. It is possible to perform high-quality installation with screw connections only using special lugs or pads with a pressure plate. Otherwise, there is a possibility of damage to the cores when tightening the screw.

Thus, single-core copper wires are most suitable for this design.

Cut off the required number of terminals from the block (with an ordinary knife).
Strip the insulation of the wires to be connected (by 5-12 mm).
Insert the stripped wire ends into the terminals.
Tighten the screws.

Dealing with this is easy. The main thing is to be careful when tightening the screws and choose high-quality terminal blocks.

When choosing, you need to pay special attention to the manufacturer of the products. Today products of different brands are on sale. It is better to use the products of such well-known manufacturers as Legrand, ABB, Tridonic, Werit.

The most common blocks of this type are self-clamping terminal blocks from WAGO.

PUSH WIRE (one-piece disposable).
CAGE CLAMP (reusable).

It is impossible to remove the conductor from the disposable terminals without damaging the terminal block. Reusable ones have a convenient lever to release the guide wire.

This equipment is widely used not only in industrial production, but also in domestic conditions. They are especially popular for.

The clamping takes place by means of a spring made of steel coated with a special chromium-nickel alloy. The complex spring provides a reliable, durable connection. The housing, made of polycarbonate or polyamide, can withstand a wide range of temperatures, resistant to aggressive environments.

The terminals themselves are made of tinned copper. This significantly increases the contact spot, reduces the transition resistance, and protects against corrosion. In addition, WAGO can be filled with a special grease that provides additional protection against corrosion.

Model WAGO. WAGO is capable of connecting 2-8 conductors with a diameter of 0.5-4 mm 2. They are rated for 220 V and 32 A.

All spring-loaded ones are available in 2 versions - for a DIN rail and a regular version.

For DIN-rail, terminal blocks are used in consoles and control cabinets, distribution boxes. They are used wherever there is increased vibration (for example - machine building, railway industry).

Phoniexcontact manufactures DIN rail terminal blocks for wires with or without ferrules up to 35 mm 2. It is possible to connect up to 50 wires at the same time.

The main advantage of Phoniexcontact equipment is its versatility. Any assemblies can be done. All elements are easily docked with each other.

First you need to prepare the conductor - strip the insulation by about 10-13 mm.
To connect the wire, it is enough to open the clamp with an ordinary screwdriver, insert the conductor and remove the screwdriver. The contact will close automatically.

There is a separate socket for each conductor.
Strong, high-quality connection.
Low contact resistance.
Possibility of joining wires from different materials.
Protection against corrosion and other external influences.
No special tools required.
No special skills required.
Reusable.
Does not require annual maintenance.
Vibration resistance.
Free access for measuring instruments.
Potential distribution (if necessary) using jumpers.
The disadvantages include low permissible currents.

In addition to such well-known brands as WAGO, Phoniexcontact, similar equipment is produced by Legrand, ABB.

Knife Terminal Blocks

Such pads are used much less frequently. Mainly for grounding circuits, grounding during installation with an unbreakable conductive conductor. They are used to cut branches into the carrier conductor.

In addition, blade connections are widely used in audio technology. The strips are 5 mm wide for conductors with a cross section of 0.2-1 mm 2, 6 mm wide for conductors 1-2.5 mm 2. The large contact area allows you to withstand currents up to 24 A. The color range is quite diverse: yellow-green, orange, gray, blue and red.

There are disposable and reusable pads. Disposable pads include Scotchlok type pads, which are produced by 3M. In them, the docking of several wires is done by pressing with a special tool.

Their main distinguishing feature is that no stripping of the conductor is required during installation. The wire together with the insulation is inserted into the terminal block and crimped until it is fully fixed. The insulation is cut by the contacts, providing a secure permanent connection.

Saving installation time.
No wire stripping and crimping is required.
Secure connection with a snap-on lever.
Reliability, compactness.
No special tool required.
No special skills required.
Increased electrical safety.

The disadvantages include only the high price.

Products are manufactured by such well-known manufacturers as Klemsan, Legrand, 3M, and many others.

Terminal clamps

Terminal blocks for connecting wires give one indisputable advantage, they can connect conductors from different metals. Both here and in other articles, we have repeatedly reminded that it is forbidden to twist wires made of aluminum and copper together.

The resulting galvanic vapor will lead to corrosive processes and destruction of the connection. It doesn't matter how much current flows at the junction. Late or early, the curl will still start to heat up. The way out of this situation is just the terminals.

Terminal Blocks Wago

In recent years, the market has been filled with foreign-made terminal blocks. We must pay tribute: technologically foreign designs look more perfect in comparison with domestic products. They are more convenient to work with - faster and easier to make connections.

But from the point of view of the reliability of the connections made by a foreign product, not everything is so simple. In this regard, a domestic product often looks preferable. However, let's look at some examples.

WAGO electrical terminals are also noteworthy. The company's engineers have invented several attractive designs, where a common terminal turns into a convenient interface for connection: Push wire, Power cage clamp, Cage clamp.

Push Wire

Push Wire technology is based on the use of the stiffness properties of an electrical conductor, due to which they get a completely reliable contact. This type of terminal block is most suitable for working with a solid wire. Indeed, the fast connection method Push Wire provides unconditionally.

It is enough just to strip the end of the wire (by 10-15 mm) and with a little effort push the stripped end into the terminal. And in order to remove the conductor just as quickly, it must be pulled out with simultaneous scrolling around its axis.

Two types of Push Wire connectors have been developed: For single conductors. Under a group of conductors. The group connection configuration is designed to work with wires of less stiffness than in the case of a single version. A slightly different design of the mechanical clamp is used here.

To open access to the conductor entry holes, you need to apply some force to the push button. There are also Push wire models without a button - under the push action with a screwdriver.

Universal Power cage clamp

This terminal block belongs to the category of universal designs. It is made for any type of electrical wire with a cross section of 6 - 95 mm. Structurally, the Power cage clamp is a so-called double cage, where there is a spring press and a current-carrying bus.

The connection of electrical conductors to such terminals is carried out using a hex key. By turning the key, the spring is compressed, the end of the wire is inserted under the press, then the key is turned counterclockwise. As a result, the press lowers and reliably presses the inserted end of the wire.

Stackable Cage clamp

This is a unique (patented by WAGO) product that has received the characteristics of a stackable terminal block for wires. WAGO modular terminal blocks are designed for installation on wires with a cross section of 0.5-35 mm 2. They are well suited not only for working with solid wires, but also with stranded wires, regardless of the fineness of the individual wires.

The operation of the Cage clamp is simple: using a screwdriver (or a special lever in other modifications), the spring clamp is lifted, the wire is inserted under the current-carrying bus, and then the clamp is lowered into place.

Despite the simplicity of the design, the manufacturer claims: the clamping force on the contact is automatically adjusted and directly depends on the wire cross-section.

A version of the wire connector, almost the same as the product described above. But the design of the Cage clamp S is still somewhat different. The peculiarity of the "S" modification is manifested by the ability to work with a terminal of this type without the use of any electrician's tools.

In addition, the modular “S” modular terminal block is designed for conductors of sufficiently high rigidity - stranded and single-core. It is also permissible to connect wires with metal lugs to the terminal.

Working with Cage clamp S is very simple: the end (stripped) part of the conductor is inserted with some effort until it stops, after which the connection is established.

Connecting clamps for wires from the Gage clamp S series found a place in almost all modifications of group multi-row terminal blocks. It is convenient to use them for the installation of numerous low-current electrical lines. However, the closed design of the Cage clamp S is also successfully used in high current circuits.

There are two modifications of the fully enclosed “S” construction. One involves securing the wire when pressing the plate in the front direction. The other is designed for lateral pressure with a screwdriver on a springy plate.

Connecting copper and aluminum wires at home

If you need a connection of copper and aluminum wires, and terminal clamps and blocks are not at hand, you can do without them. Twisting the wires in this case is not a good way out, because sooner or later the place where the copper and aluminum are twisted will oxidize and this will lead to a loss of contact.

An effective solution to this problem is to use a conventional nut, bolt and washer.

The reliability of this connection is in no way inferior to the terminal blocks described above. The only drawback is the bulkiness (for example, when used in a junction box) and a large amount of PVC insulating tape for reliable insulation.

Wire connection terminal block

When choosing a connecting block, first of all, you should take into account the amount of current that will pass through the connection point, as well as the required number of mounting terminals in the comb. As a rule, the process of connecting conductors does not cause any difficulties, even for amateur electricians.

Installation is really very simple: take a block with the required cell size, cut off the required number of sections, insert the cores inside the terminal cell and use screws to clamp each of the wires to be connected.

Tighten the core fixing screws with a moderate enough force. Naturally, one should first remove the insulation from the ends of the conductors to be connected (it is quite enough to remove about 5 mm of insulation), and thoroughly clean the surface of the conductor itself.

The great advantage of such blocks is that, depending on the installation conditions, each segment can be cut off. True, there is one nuance here: in such a block, I would not recommend clamping aluminum. When tightened, the aluminum conductor can be pinched by the screw itself.

If aluminum conductors are connected, the screws must be tightened with extreme care. This is due to the fact that, firstly, the aluminum core can simply break, and, secondly, as you know, aluminum has a certain fluidity under the influence of significant pressure, which after some time can lead to deterioration or complete loss of contact.

And this, in turn, is fraught with overheating of the conductor and its ignition. By the way, according to the standards, absolutely all compounds that contain aluminum must be tightened once a year.

How to connect stranded wires in a block

Also note that it is unacceptable to clamp stranded conductors in such a block. Stranded wire, like aluminum, can be secured with a clamping screw.

The fact is that the connecting block contains everything that stranded wire does not "like" very much - this is the uneven surface of the clamping screw, and the point (uneven) pressure, and rotational movement.

Of course, the installation may turn out to be quite acceptable, but it may not work out - and only a very small number of cores will remain from the conductor.

The thin wires that make up such strands are quickly deformed and damaged by the clamping screw of the shoe. As a result, the contact is unreliable - the connection heats up and melts.

The best solution to this problem is to use special ferrules for conductors. In household electrics, the most commonly used ferrules with plastic cuffs, which are made in different colors for ease of installation.

The end of the conductor is trimmed with pliers (the ends of all "wires" of the conductor must be of the same length).
The insulation is stripped in accordance with the length of the metal sleeve of the tip.
All wires are carefully parallel (no twisting). In case the wires are twisted, they are carefully straightened.
The tip is put on in such a way that the wire bundle protrudes from the sleeve by about 0.5-1 mm. In doing so, make sure that the cuff covers the edge of the conductor insulating cover.
Then, using special press pliers, the tip is crimped (if this tool is not available, crimping can be done using ordinary pliers).
After that, the conductor with the ferrule installed is inserted into the terminal connector and fixed with the clamping screw.

It seems that at first glance, there is nothing unusual about connecting wires. I took it and twisted it for myself. On the other hand, you need to know how to do it correctly.

How to make a connection or twisting of aluminum and copper wires correctly?

First of all, it is necessary to connect wires to each other from only one material; copper to copper, aluminum to aluminum.

But still, very often it happens that you just need to connect a copper cable with an aluminum cable. The way out of this situation is to connect only through a special terminal block, so that aluminum does not come into contact with copper, you get a completely reliable and safe connection of copper to aluminum.

When using twists of different materials, at the junctions of the aluminum and copper cables, due to the different electrical conductivity of the materials, rapid oxidation occurs, as a result of which the current resistance increases and the junction heats up strongly.In the future, this can lead to melting of the wire insulation and a short circuit or its further fire. In order to prevent the insulation from melting on the twists, it is necessary to use cloth tape (textile), not PVC.

Such heating can also occur if the twist is not correctly (weakly) twisted, as well as from exceeding the maximum passing load for a given cable section through this twist. If it is necessary to connect on twists, all the twists must be securely twisted, the wires must be cleaned with a knife or sandpaper from a dark color (oxide) coating, this will greatly improve the electrical conductivity between the joints. The twist length should be at least 40-50mm. The best option for twisting copper wires is soldering with a soldering iron, using rosin, and not acid, since it oxidizes the connection and significantly reduces contact.

To eliminate the problem of a reliable connection, as well as a connection between copper and aluminum, we recommend using connections on quick-clamping terminal blocks from WAGO (Germany). To connect, you need to strip the wires about 10-15 mm and insert them tightly into the holes of the terminal block.Wago terminals are used for different sections and types of wire, and can also be used to simultaneously connect copper and aluminum wires. Inside, the terminals are filled with a special grease that improves electrical conductivity and prevents the wires from oxidizing. It is desirable to use terminal blocks in any connection.

One of the old and proven ways of connecting wires from various materials with the help of gripping clamps in the common people "nuts".

The branch clamp consists of 3 metal plates, between which the wires are clamped. The advantage of this connection is that there is no need to break the line to connect the drain wire. The outgoing wire is inserted between the middle and the last plate.

Another fairly common connection code for screw terminal blocks. In this case, you just need to insert them into the hole of the terminal block and tighten with the screw. This connection also provides the ability to connect wires of different materials.

To connect flexible (stranded) wires (PVA, PUGNP, SHVVP, KG, etc.) through screw terminal blocks, so that the screws do not cut the wires, it is necessary to solder them, but no one likes to do this, therefore, in order not to solder the ends of the wires, you need use crimping sleeves to exclude spreading of wires in the terminal.

If you liked the information on this page, you can recommend it on the Internet by clicking one or several bookmark buttons at the bottom of the panel.

Wired connection

How to connect the wires correctly?

In this article, I will try to take a closer look at how to connect the wires. The quality of the wiring depends on almost 90% of the success.

What is the use of changing the wiring in the house if the wiring in the junction boxes is made so terrible. There are many consequences. Incorrect operation of safety devices. Heat at the terminals and damage to the cable. Or even fire. To avoid such consequences, the wires must be correctly connected. The PUE (rules for the installation of electrical installations) in paragraph 2.1.21 of Chapter 2 provides:

The connection is live branch and end cables and must be made by cutting, welding, soft or pressing (screw, screw, etc.) according to instructions that have been appropriately approved.

Twisting the cold wire PROHIBITED

Therefore, we need to take a closer look at each connection method.

Turning wires

Squeezing the wire, as you can imagine from the title, prepares the seal. Mechanical presses, as a rule, for cross sections from 1.5 mm2 to 35 mm2 and hydraulic for cross sections up to 240 mm2 or more.

When using this method, it is necessary to select the correct section of the sleeves or tips, as well as the print matrix. With the right approach, we get a very reliable and long-lasting connection.

There is only one minus. Such a connection is impossible.

The tips we use with the PGR-70.

Wire welding

The method is completely new. This requires a welding machine such as TES-700 and a carbon electrode. With all the wires connected in the roll, touch the carbon electrode to the tip and hold until a copper ball forms. In this respect, there is practically no transient resistance. One more addition can be added so that such a connection can be easily dismantled.

It is enough that at the end of the throw you bite the ball and you can unscrew the wires. You can record the cost of the welding machine and the problems with welding at height (on the stairs below the ceiling).

Soldering wires

The most affordable way.

A 60W-80W soldering iron is available from an electrical store. Experience has shown that this is the optimal strength for such work. Less - do not heat the wires. More - wire wires work. Don't forget about dew and tin. Instead of rosin, we'll use a special stream. Live on a roll and thoroughly propaya. The connection will take a very long time. The only drawback is that if the turn is long, then control in the junction box is problematic.

clamps

This word means Wago, PPE, ZVI staples.

We will pay special attention to them.

They appear on the market and immediately took their rightful place in the electrical box.

Ease of assembly of units. Terminals 2-pin to 8. In principle, a self-locking device is installed. The insert will not work when the wire is removed. Just clamp the wire from 1.5mm2 to 2.5mm2.

There is a wago model that has a 4 mm2 cable section on the teeth. Of the shortcomings, I see the continuity of the connection and a small current of 24A. Therefore, you are better off using them in your room lighting lines.
At the time of this writing, cables are sold in multicore cables.

They can be reused to expand the scope.

individual protection means

These "caps" are often used when installing electrical wiring. Conveniently. Tighten the threads on the last package. It turned out to be a simple removable link. Only if you decide to add a wire will you need to replace the PPE with a larger one.

They are also called ribbons or shoes. They are sold in units of 10. The sections vary greatly from 0.75 mm2 to 16 mm2.

Just cut off the number of links you need. Insert the wires on both sides and tighten with the screw. It is not recommended to insert one wire on each side.

It is suitable for wires with lithium housing and for multi-wire cable (flexible), provided the grommet clamp is compressed. And don't forget this link once a year.

Leave an answer

Sergei
Wire welding: -Meta new. I disagree that my grandfather could have said that.

PPE: -They are brought into full rotation. Even here, unfortunately, you are not justified, only the SPK-spider must be created: - We will come to special streams.

Only if it is colophon-based neutral, otherwise it should be washed. ADMIN: Thanks for your criticism! I didn't know about PPE (because I don't use them)! You are right about that. It should only be used on a rosin base without added acids.

Salim
I would like to announce to my colleague about the SIZO. I support the PPE, which would cheat the finished shrap. After going over the power wiring, I noticed that the connections are twisted by SIZom Iskra, which means that it turns. SIZom does not provide sufficient contact around all cables that are in a bundle and, of course, depend on the load of consumers

svarkagid.com
Welding consists of several technological processes.

Strip and insulate the wires first, then twist. The resulting roll is cut so that the ends of all wires are at the same level, and the twist length is at least 50 mm.

bright
Monitoring is not delayed with PPE. And rightly so!

From experience: cold turns of 5-7 cm long are more reliable than buckles. Twists that have been under the ribbon for 20 years work great - no frying or cracking. But personal personal protectors are loosened and burned out after six months or a year.

Konstantin
useful information

Alexander
There is no soldering or soldering in the photo, the connection does not heat up, and the contact is not reliable

HectorCroli

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General rules for connecting cables at home

- You cannot connect wires of wires or wind them on another - you can only grab them. Thus, it is allowed to compare up to six cores of different parts.

- You cannot twist aluminum wire and copper wire. If still needed, strand copper wire grip and solder TOC resin, then twist the aluminum cable.

In this case, the use of an acid stream is prohibited.

- You can use copper strands to connect aluminum and copper wires. On a screw that is two or three times thicker, like a wire section, we placed over a washer, then we placed a loop of one wire, then another washer and a loop of another wire. We placed the third washer from the top and tightened it with the die.

- To improve the quality of the swirl, end the cup from the twisted wires of the side bite knife (s).

As a result, the ends of the wires are welded together with the "cold welding" method.

- It is advisable to use a lubricant for quartz-vaseline aluminum wire and copper petroleum jelly to prevent the formation of an oxide film, deteriorating the tightness of the connectors on the swirl.

- To increase the service life of the tinting, the ends of the connection can be soldered with tin soldering using rosin in the form of a flux.

- House wire connection is also possible using various terminal blocks, junction blocks, clamps,

- Regardless of the type and method of connection, all exposed wires must be insulated with three layers of insulating tape.

Electrical wiring is a special hazard area. Typically 90% of all faults and accidents occur due to contact and overloading of cables.

There are many ways to connect guides.

The most common and simplest of these is hand-wrapping the TPG screw and winding the city with an electric strip (fig. 4.65).

For a good twist, you need to know exactly how to do it (fig.

Figure: 4.66. Connection options for twisted wires

However, in such strong connections, the chain is often broken. Sometimes this method cannot be used - for example, when connecting copper and aluminum conductors.

To avoid such situations, it is necessary to establish connections with special equipment, which is sufficient today - there are many options (fig.

Cable clamps
These devices help connect conductors without TPG cutting. The clamp consists of a screwdriver and a cardboard box (Fig. 4.68). It is used to extrude wires from the main line.

The end block is a very convenient way to connect wires, especially when there are many.

It consists of a plastic case with contacts made of copper screws located inside (Fig. 4.69). A drop can contain 12 or more link pairs. If you need a small amount, additional items are simply cut out with a knife (figure 4.70).

At first sight wire connection diagramlooks confusing and incomprehensible, but, having understood the issue a little, you can wire the wire yourself. The procedure for connecting the wires is as follows:

First, the outgoing wires of the power wire are connected.

Fastening several wires can be made more convenient, for this you need to tie them into one bundle and fix them on the wall using plastic clamps attached to the dowels. To facilitate the connection to the machines, the wires are unwound and pushed through special holes into the shield.

The wires connected to the machines should be pulled out to the required length and marked in accordance with the zones of the apartment to which they belong. Then, using a clamp and dowels, you need to fix the bundle of supply wires to the wall.

To understand the connection sequence wire connection diagrams, you should strictly adhere to the scheme developed for this wiring installation.

The ends of the wires are cleaned of insulation by about 20 cm. Thanks to this, you can freely route the wires inside the shield. Each wire consists of three cores - a phase wire, a ground wire and a neutral wire. Then you need to strip them by 6-10mm and fix them in turn: first, the blue - neutral wire is fixed; after it, yellow-green - grounding, on the lower bus; and at the end white - phase wire, in the corresponding connector of the machine. The rest of the wires are fixed in exactly the same order.

Based on energy consumption and safety requirements, the switchboard is equipped with appropriate circuit breakers and protective devices.

How to connect wires correctly in an apartment

The wires are connected according to the wiring diagram. The house is connected to the power line in a panel installed behind a reinforced concrete support. A counter and an additional machine are also installed there.

It would seem that what could be simpler than connecting wires? After all, there are several ways to connect wires. These are twisting wires, soldering wires, welding wires, crimping and connecting wires using a terminal block. Even a schoolboy knows the simplest way to twist conductors. It is necessary to attach together the ends of metal wires, called veins, and twist into one "pigtail", then wrap with electrical tape. No need for a soldering iron, a terminal block, connecting caps and other "unnecessary".
Any “his own electrician” has mastered such an operation. And, if necessary, he applies this method in his daily practice. For example, splices the wires of the power cord of a household appliance, tablet adapter or computer after a break.
Russian "techies" use this technology of fastening wires everywhere. But in the rules for the installation of electrical installations PES "twists", all kinds of "bends" and "rivets" are not provided. There are no such wiring methods in other regulatory documents. Why?

We often don’t think about the consequences of such a "simplification". Meanwhile, an unreliable contact will fail at the most inopportune moment, the power supply to consumers / electrical consumers can always be cut off. From "surges" of voltage there is a breakdown of the elements of power cascades of complex household appliances SBT. Even special protection devices used in the most "sophisticated" models of foreign manufacturers do not save from breakdown.

The induction of short electromagnetic pulses with a voltage of several thousand volts on the electronic filling causes "harmless" sparking at the joints. At the same time, the standard protection equipment with which apartments are now equipped (RCDs, circuit breakers, fuses) do not “see” such short low-current impulses, therefore they simply do not work, and we do not customize to install special devices for this. Uninterruptible power supplies for computers also did not become a panacea for transient impulses. The appearance of "pokes" causes malfunctions in the operation of electronic equipment and computer equipment, leads to the failure of electrical components and expensive functional modules.
Overheating in the place of a bad connection leads to even more catastrophic consequences; when current passes, the weakened connecting node becomes red-hot. Often from this occur fires and fires, causing enormous damage to the owners of premises. Statistics show that 90% of all electrical wiring faults occur due to twists and poor contact connections of conductors. In turn, the very malfunction of electrical wiring and equipment, according to the Ministry of Emergency Situations, is the cause of one third of the fires occurring in Russia.

However, it so happened historically that several decades ago, in the face of a shortage of electrical accessories / copper conductors, twisting of aluminum wires was considered the main method used in electrical work. Twisting as a connection can be used in electrical engineering when carrying out repair and restoration work.

How to connect wires correctly

How to connect the wires: start by stripping the insulation off. Correct connection of conductors must satisfy three basic requirements:

Provide reliable contact with a minimum contact resistance between each other close to the resistance of a single piece of wire.
Maintain tensile strength, fracture and vibration resistance.
Connect only homogeneous metals (copper to copper, aluminum to aluminum).

There are several connection methods that satisfy these requirements. Depending on the requirements for wiring and the possibilities of practical application, the following types of wire connections are used:

All these methods require preliminary preparation of the wire or cable - stripping the insulation to expose the wires to be connected. Traditionally, the material of the insulating shell is rubber, polystyrene, fluoroplastic. Additionally, polyethylene, silk and varnish are used as insulation inside. Depending on the structure of the conductive part, the wire can be solid or stranded.
A single-core wire means a wire, the cross-section of which is formed by an insulating sheath with a metal core or a wire inside.

In a stranded wire, the metal core is formed by several thin wires. They are usually intertwined and present as a bundle surrounded by an insulator on the outside. Often, individual veins are covered with polyurethane varnish, and nylon threads are added to the structure between them to increase the strength of the wire. These materials, like the fabric braid on the outside, complicate the stripping process.

Depending on the type of connection, 0.2 - 5.0 cm of insulation is removed from each end of the wire. For this, several types of tools are used.
According to a 5-point system, you can assess the quality of stripping and the degree of protection against notching - damage to the cores by each device:

Insulation / core damage

Monter's (kitchen) knife - 3/3
Side cutters (nippers) - 4/3
Stripper - 5/4
Soldering iron or loop burner - 4/4

Coaxial cables are used in low-current television / computer networks. During the cutting process, it is important to carefully cut and remove the insulating jacket without damaging the braided shield. To access the central vein, it is fluffed up and removed, exposing the trunk. After that, the polyethylene insulation is cut with a knife or a special device, the cut is removed from the core.
The bifilar in the screen consists of a pair of wires in the screen, which is also preliminarily fluffed into wires to access the conductors, opening access to each core.

Important! To remove the insulating material of the enameled wire with a cross section of less than 0.2 mm², a soldering iron should be used. The enamel is carefully removed by means of an emery "zero" by moving the paper along the wires.

How to twist wires correctly

Most often, twisting is used to repair electrical wiring, cords and adapters (including low-current ones) of household appliances and equipment. If we are talking about a home electrical network, then the norms provide for the use in houses of wires with a current-carrying conductor section of 1.5-2.0 mm made of copper and 2.5-4.0 mm made of aluminum. Usually, wires of VVG and PV brands in a PVC sheath are used for wiring. Power cords of the ShVL and SHTB brands with rubber or PVC insulation have a cross section of 0.5 - 0.75 mm.
Step-by-step splicing of wires together can be done as follows:

Degrease the bare ends of the wires by wiping with acetone / alcohol.
Remove the varnish or oxide layer by sanding the conductors with sandpaper.
We apply the tips so that they cross. We wind at least 5 turns of one core to another in a clockwise direction. To make the twist tight, use pliers.
We isolate the open current-carrying parts of the wires with electrical tape, or screw on an insulating cap. They should go behind the insulation for 1.5–2.0 s to cover the bare sections of the conductors.

For splicing a stranded stripped wire with a single-core wire, another winding technique is used:

A single wire is twisted with a stranded wire, leaving a free end without winding.
The end of the single-core wire is bent 180 ° so that it presses the twist, then pressed with pliers.
The connection point must be firmly fixed with electrical tape. For best efficiency, an insulating heat pipe should be used. For this, a piece of cambric of the required length is pulled over the joint. In order for it to grip the wiring more tightly, the tube should be warmed up, for example, with a hairdryer or a lighter.

With a bandage connection, the free ends are placed next to each other and wrapped from above with an existing piece of wire (bandage) made of a homogeneous material.
Coupling with a groove provides that small hooks from the ends of the wire are configured before mutual twisting, they are interlocked, then the edges are wrapped.
There are more complex types of parallel / serial connections. The connection of wires by the twisting method is used by professional electrical repairers when carrying out restoration work.

Important! Copper and aluminum have different ohmic resistance, they are actively oxidized when interacting, the connection is fragile due to different hardness, therefore the connection of these metals is undesirable. In case of emergency, the ends to be connected should be prepared - irradiated with tin-lead solder (POS) using a soldering iron.

Why is it better to crimp (crimp) the wires

Crimping of wires is one of the most reliable and high-quality methods of mechanical connections that are currently used. With this technology, the cables and wires are crimped in the connecting sleeve using press tongs, ensuring tight contact along the entire length.

The sleeve is a hollow tube and can be manufactured independently. For sleeve sizes up to 120 mm², mechanical pliers are used. For large sections, products with a hydraulic punch are used.

When crimped, the sleeve usually takes the shape of a hexagon, sometimes local indentation is made in certain parts of the tube. In crimping, sleeves made of electrical copper GM and aluminum tubes GA are used. This method allows crimping conductors of different metals. This is largely facilitated by the treatment of the constituent components with quartz-vaseline lubricant, which prevents subsequent oxidation. For joint use, there are combined aluminum-copper sleeves or tinned copper sleeves GAM and GML. The crimp connection is used for conductor bundles with a total cross-sectional diameter between 10 mm² and 3 cm².

Soldering as a reliable alternative to twisting

The closest alternative to twisting, prohibited for wiring, is the connection of wires using the soldering method. It requires special tools and consumables, but provides absolute electrical contact.

Advice! Overlapping wires are considered the most unreliable in technology. During operation, the solder crumbles and the connection opens. Therefore, before soldering, apply a bandage, wrap a piece of wire of a smaller diameter around the parts to be connected, or twist the conductors together.

You will need a 60-100 W electric soldering iron, stand and tweezers (thin nose pliers). The tip of the soldering iron should be cleaned of scale, sharpened, having selected the most suitable tip shape in the form of a spatula, and connect the device case to the ground wire. From "consumables" you will need POS-40 solder, POS-60 from tin and lead, rosin as a flux. Solder wire with rosin placed inside the structure can be used.

If you need to solder steel, brass or aluminum, you need a special soldering acid.

Important! Do not overheat the junction points. In order not to melt the insulation when soldering, be sure to use a heat sink. To do this, hold the bare wire between the heating site and the insulation with tweezers or pliers.

The conductors stripped of insulation should be irradiated, for which the tips heated with a soldering iron are placed in a piece of rosin, they should be covered with a brown-transparent layer of flux.
We place the tip of the soldering iron tip in the solder, grab a drop of the melted one and evenly process the wires alternately, turning and moving along the blade of the tip.
Attach or twist the wires together, fixing them firmly. Warm up with a sting for 2–5 s. Treat the areas to be soldered with a layer of solder, allowing the drop to spread over the surfaces. Turn over the wires to be connected and repeat the operation on the reverse side.
After cooling, the soldering points are insulated by analogy with twisting. In some compounds, they are pre-treated with a brush dipped in alcohol and varnished on top.

Advice! During and after soldering within 5–8 s. wires must not be tugged or wiggled, they must be stationary. The signal that the structure has hardened is the acquisition of a matte shade by the surface of the solder (in the molten state, it shines).

Still, welding is preferable

Welding surpasses all other technologies in connection strength and contact quality. Recently, portable welding inverters have appeared that can be carried to the most inaccessible places. Such devices are easily held on the welder's shoulder using a strap. This allows work in hard-to-reach places, such as welding from a ladder in a junction box. For welding metal wires, carbon pencils or copper-plated electrodes are inserted into the holder of the welding machine.

The main disadvantage of welding technology is that overheating of the parts to be welded and melting of the insulation is eliminated by:

Correct adjustment of the welding current 70-120 A without overheating (depending on the number of welded wires with a cross-section of 1.5 to 2.0 mm).
The short duration of the welding process is no more than 1–2 seconds.
By tight preliminary twisting of wires and installing a copper heat sink clamp.

When connecting wires by welding, the twisted cores should be bent and be sure to turn upwards with a cut. An electrode is brought to the end of the wires connected to the mass and an electric arc is ignited. Molten copper flows down into a ball and covers the wire strand. In the process of cooling, an insulating belt made of a piece of cambric or other insulating material is put on the warm structure. Varnished cloth is also suitable as an insulating material.

Terminal blocks - the most ergonomic wiring products

The rules of the PUE, clause 2.1.21 provide for the type of connections using clamps (screws, bolts). There is a connection directly with the help of fasteners "on the weight", when a screw, a washer is threaded through the loops of each of the wires and is fixed with a nut from the reverse side.

Such an installation is wrapped in several turns of electrical tape and is considered quite practical and reliable.
More ergonomic wiring products, called screw terminal blocks. They represent a contact group located in a housing made of insulating material (plastic, porcelain). The most common connection of wires by the method using terminal blocks is found in junction boxes and switchboards. To connect the wire, you need to push it into the socket and tighten the screw, the clamping bar will securely fix the core in the seat. Another wire to be connected is connected to the mating socket, shorted to the first.

In self-clamping terminal blocks of the WAGO type, the wire snaps into the socket, for better contact, a special paste or gel is used.

Tap-off clamps represent a capital version of the screw terminal block with several short-circuited taps, used mainly in the street and places with unfavorable environmental conditions.

The connecting clamps represent an insulating cap with a thread inside, it is screwed onto a twist, at the same time squeezing and protecting from mechanical stress.

The article will discuss the types of connection of electrical wires to each other. The connection method is selected based on environmental conditions, number of conductors, material and cross-section of cores.

The easiest way to connect in electrics is twisting two wires together. The usual twisting is not provided by the Rules for the Installation of Electrical Equipment, as a connection method due to its unreliability, but it is often found today. For twisting, you need to take 2 wires, remove the insulating layer by 5 centimeters, twist the bare cables, cut to one level and secure with insulating tape.

To connect wires using soldering, you need the following:

soldering iron;
rosin;
sandpaper;
solder.

Algorithm of actions:

We remove the insulating layer from the cables.
We sand the wires to a metallic sheen.
We twist the cables.
We heat the twist with a soldering iron (it is better to do this from the end of the twist, so as not to damage the insulating layer).
We dip the twist into the molten rosin.
Using a blowtorch, we solder the twist with solder.

This method has the following advantages:

the connection of wires is more reliable than in most other options;
soldering can be done at home.

However, soldering cables also has disadvantages:

takes a lot of time. This is quite inconvenient when connecting electrical cables on an industrial scale;
if the connection must be disassembled, then the soldering point is cut off and a certain part of the cable is lost.

This method is considered the most reliable, but it requires special skills. Welding is often used in the installation of high-voltage power grids. List of required for welding wires:

welding machine;
individual protection means;
flux for cleaning from oxidation welding place;
metal brush;
electrodes.

Wire welding

For welding, the following sequence of actions is performed:

Strip the conductors from insulation (4-5 centimeters).
Twisting the cable. As with soldering, it is recommended to bite off the wires with pliers to the same length.
Pour flux into the electrode.
Press the twist against the electrode.
Weld the contact with a welding machine.
Retract the electrode.
Clean the resulting weld with a wire brush.
Secure the welding with insulation.

The disadvantage of welding is the aforementioned complexity of the process and the inconvenience of using it at home.

Terminal blocks

Convenient and modern way of connecting wires. Currently, there are several types of terminal blocks.

Polyethylene terminal blocks

One of the most common terminal blocks, as they are sold in every store. In this case, the cables are connected using two screws, which are located inside the terminal block.

The advantages of such a connection are ease of use, low cost. But polyethylene terminals have a lot of disadvantages:

it is impossible to connect aluminum cables, since the screws of the terminal block compress the metal and, due to its structure, it begins to deform under pressure, which leads to a deterioration in contact;
you cannot connect stranded wires (this is due to the design of the terminal block);
fragility of the material (brass, which is used in this case, tends to deform easily if the screws are tightened strongly).

Plastic screw terminal blocks

They have a similar clamping mechanism, but are of better quality and more reliable due to the materials used.

Self-clamping terminal blocks

The most common terminal blocks are Vago. To connect cables in this way, it is enough to strip the cables to the required length and insert them into a special terminal block connector. The metal plate inside the mechanism will press the cable, thus fixing it securely.

you can connect from 2 to 8 cables to each other (depending on the type of terminal block);
you can connect aluminum cables, since the metal plate gently presses them and does not deform;
ease of use.

The disadvantage of self-clamping terminal blocks is that it is quite problematic to get the cable without damaging the terminal block. But you can still do this if you start turning the cable along its axis and slowly pull it out.

Vago lever terminal blocks

Terminal blocks consist of a plastic case on the outside, levers and internal metal clamping plates. To create a contact, you just need to strip the cores to the required length, insert them into the terminal block connector and clamp the lever.

The main advantages of such a terminal block:

the ability to use different types of cores (copper and aluminum);
reusable (opened the lever, took out the cable and inserted a new one).

Among the shortcomings, it can be pointed out that when installing networks, such terminal blocks take up a relatively large amount of space.

They consist of a transparent plastic body and several pointed metal teeth with a plate. In this version, the cable is simply inserted into the terminal block (without removing the insulating cover) and it is clamped with pliers. Thus, metal cutters pierce the insulation of the wires and create contact between them.

This connection method is simple and does not require any special skills. However, such terminal blocks have several disadvantages:

can only be used to connect conductors with low current (telephone wires, cables for lighting);
one-time use. To disconnect the contact, you must cut the wires at the base of the terminal block. Thus, part of the wire is also lost.

PPE (twist caps)

Connecting insulating caps (PPE) are a simple and reliable connection method. Consist of two parts - a cone-shaped outer cap made of non-flammable plastic and an inner metal spring.

To connect using PPE, you must:

Strip insulation from conductors.
Twist the cores together in a helical manner.
Insert into the cap.
Turn clockwise a couple of times.

Pros of PPE:

you can connect from 2 to 8 cores, depending on the type of PPE;
ease of use;
if necessary, you can disassemble the connection without damaging the wire;
withstand large temperature differences. However, before industrial use of PPE it is strongly recommended to test it for contact overheating.

Disadvantages of PPE:

aluminum and copper conductors must not be connected together due to their different structure. In this case, oxidation of wires and weakening or complete loss of contact (at best) or short circuit of the network (at worst) are possible, which can lead to a fire;
if you pick up the caps of the wrong diameter, then they can fly off the connection or, on the contrary, transfer it.

Connecting sleeves

To use such a sleeve, you need to strip the wires, insert them inside and squeeze the sleeve with pliers. The advantage of such a connection is that the sleeve does not reduce the resistance in the veins and, as a result, can serve for a long time. There are also special sleeves for connecting copper wires with aluminum ones. The disadvantages include one-time use.

This type of connection can be made at home. Its advantage is that you can twist aluminum and copper conductors together. To connect, you need the following:

insulating tape;
a bolt with a nut and three washers;
pliers or wrenches to tighten the bolt.

Procedure:

We clean the wires.
We twist the loops at the ends. This is best done with a bolt.
We put on the bolt: 1 - washer, 2 - wire, 3 - washer, 4 - wire, 5 - washer. Then, on top of all this, we twist the nut and tighten the resulting connection.
We wrap the contact with insulating tape.

The undoubted advantage of this design is that it is possible to connect conductors from different metals.

The disadvantages include the fact that this method is more time consuming than the use of PPE or terminal blocks.

This method is different from all those described above. The clamps are not used to connect wires, but to branch off from an existing electrical network. In this case, for the connection, the insulating layer is removed from the cable according to the size of the clamp, the terminal block is put on the wire, the branch cable is inserted and the clamp is twisted.

The advantages of such a connection:

there is no need to cut wire cores for subsequent connection;
reusable clamp;
the ability to connect together aluminum and copper wires.

The disadvantages can be attributed only to the fact that such clamps are most often used in trunk power grids and at home will be simply impractical.

In contact with

In the article we will tell you how to connect the power cable to the shield / battery / amplifier / outlet, etc., consider the diagrams and instructions. Industrial enterprises produce a large number of varieties of power cables and circuit elements through which they are connected:

Distribution boards;
Sockets, single-phase, three-phase;
Connectors of various designs for household and industrial equipment;
Batteries in DC networks and others.

In all cases, there are features of installation work that are recommended to be observed to ensure high-quality contacts. Reliable connection of the cable with other elements of the network ensures long-term and trouble-free operation of the power line itself, all its elements and equipment connected to it.

Connecting the power cable to the switchboard

There are many factors to consider before laying the cable to the switchboard:

Location of the distribution board;
Outdoors, in dry rooms or with high humidity;
The design of the board, the place of installation of tires and cable fastening elements;
Locations of inlet openings on the switchgear housing for cables and other points.

First of all, it is planned from which side the cables will come to the switchboard. In the production of plastic and metal cases of the distribution board, the contours of technological holes are stamped for cable entry from several sides. This punching allows you to quickly open the hole from the desired side. Please note that according to the requirements of the PUE clauses 1.1.7 and 1.1.8, outdoors in the open air or in rooms with high humidity, cables are wound only from the bottom side of the distribution board. This reduces the likelihood of moisture getting into the outer insulation shell and into the cabinet.

Cable stripping and connection

Almost all input cables for high current loads have at least double insulation, on each core and outer sheath. Therefore, regardless of what brand of cable for installation, the following operations are performed:

The outer insulating layer is removed by a mounting knife 150 - 250 mm from the end of the cable;
Separate the cores, it is recommended to immediately mark the cable and each wire. There are many ways of marking, one of the simplest is to put on cambric wires with corresponding inscriptions. A sticker is glued onto the overall sheath, wrapped with transparent tape, it indicates where the cable comes from and where, the brand of the cable, the number and cross-section of cores, and the length. Wires of the same color can be marked with colored cambric or electrical tape, for professional electricians this marking is understandable. Blue, black means neutral, red, brown or white phase, yellow-green ground.
The cable is brought into the distribution board with a margin of up to 0.5m for cutting and in case of possible changes in the connection diagram. To do this, near the cabinet, it is folded into a loop, if space allows the loop can be placed inside the cabinet.
In modern distribution boards, holders or crossbars are made for laying cables in vertical or horizontal positions. The cable is fixed to the fastening elements with plastic clamps with a lock.
Inside the cabinet, the cable is mounted towards the busbars or to the contacts of the input circuit breaker.
The ends of the wires are stripped from insulation by 1-1.5 cm, tubular lugs of the corresponding diameter are put on them and crimped with a special press.

The contact tips are flattened on one side and have holes for bolts with which the contact plane is pressed against the bus or terminal of the circuit breaker.

In some models of automatic circuit breakers, the tips are not required, the bare ends of the wires are inserted into the contact group and clamped with bolts.

For reliable contact, it is very important that the planes of the lugs are adjacent to the busbars as much as possible. Under these conditions, good current flow will be ensured. Wires with a cross section of up to 10 mm 2 in the distribution board and the ASU can be connected to special blocks with clamping bolts, where terminals are not required.

When connecting the cable to the shields of the three-phase line, the requirements for laying the cable to the cabinet and inside remain the same, except for the marking, the neutral wire and grounding are indicated by the letter "N" in blue, blue and "PEN" - yellow-green. The phases are designated by the letters "A" "B" and "C". All cables are marked on both sides and the wire designation on both ends must match. Read also the article: → "".

Connecting Power Cables to Outlets

It is recommended to use a VVG cable for wiring in the outlet group of the premises. In wooden structures, VVGng is laid, which is insulated from non-combustible material, there is an imported analogue of this NYM wire, but it is significantly more expensive.

Council number 1. It is not recommended to install wires of the PUNP brand, they are convenient for laying, but very rarely correspond to the declared characteristics. This is due to unscrupulous manufacturers, 80% of the products on the market are defective, the percentage of copper in the alloy is underestimated, the insulation layer and the wire cross-section are thinner, and many other inconsistencies. These disadvantages lead to emergency situations, the cable does not withstand the calculated current loads, the wires burn out.

When planning, the maximum power of electrical appliances connected to the outlet group is taken into account, the choice of wire cross-section depends on this. Statistics and practical experience show that for an apartment or a private house, wires with a cross section of 4 mm 2 are laid between junction boxes in outlet groups. From a junction box to a 2.5 mm 2 socket, provided that ordinary household appliances of low power, a TV, an iron, a refrigerator, handheld power tools and other equipment are turned on.

In junction boxes and socket boxes, the cable is wound up to 15 - 20 cm, the outer sheath is removed up to 10 cm, the insulation from the wires is 5 cm in the junction box, in the socket boxes up to 1 cm.Bare ends in the junction box for connection to the socket are twisted together with two pliers ... Both wires are clamped together near the end of the insulation, and near the bare ends. The former remain stationary; the latter, rotational movements are made to twist a pair or more wires.

At the same time, one must have a sense of proportion, twist tightly, but do not overtighten until the twist breaks. In the classic version, the ends of the twists in the junction boxes are welded with a welding machine, a DC step-down transformer with a graphite electrode. But more often than not, installers do not adhere to these technologies, the twists are simply insulated with electrical tape or plastic caps. Read also the article: → "".

From the switchboard to the outlet, the cable wires are connected in accordance with the requirements of the PUE, by color. A red or brown wire runs from the phase contact, they also connect in the junction box and go down to the outlet. Neutral wires with blue insulation and yellow - green are connected throughout the network, starting from the ground bus in the distribution board.

The socket is connected to the wires coming out of the socket, the phase and neutral conductors are attached to the contacts into which the plug from electrical appliances is inserted. The grounding wire to the contact with the grounding designation, the methods of fixing the wires to the contacts can be different, it depends on the type of sockets.

There are contact groups with screw or spring terminals. After connecting the wires and the socket housing are packed in a socket box, spacer screws are screwed in, everything is closed with a front decorative cover.

Features of connecting power cables to a battery or other DC sources

In industrial facilities and in household activities, equipment that operates from direct current sources is often used. The most common are rechargeable batteries:

They are used for the starter, engine start and power supply of other automotive equipment;
Connect to chargers;
To inverters (converters) of direct current voltage into alternating current 12 / 220V; 24 / 220V and others;
Batteries are actively used as backup power supplies in the absence of voltage in the industrial network and other options.

In all these cases, in order to ensure long-term and trouble-free operation of the equipment, it is very important to correctly connect the cable:

The most important requirement for connecting the cable or individual wires to the battery is the polarity. Otherwise, the electronic components of the equipment may burn out and the battery will be discharged. The wire connected to the positive terminal is usually installed with red insulation, blue or black wires are connected to the negative.

On the battery case, next to the contacts are marked "+" and "-". The same designations are placed on the connected equipment and on the ends of the wires on both sides;

It is imperative to take into account the cross-section of the wires, it must correspond to the currents of the connected load, you can correctly determine this from the pre-calculated tables.
The reliability of the connected contacts is of great importance; for this, special terminals, lead or brass, are made for acid batteries. The design of the terminals provides for the installation locations of the wires and contacts of the battery; For lithium ion batteries, the contact connections may be of a different design.

Before connecting all the cells to the battery contacts, it is very important to ensure that they are clean, especially on acid batteries that have been in use. Oxide builds up on lead and brass elements, which prevents the passage of current. To remove it, metal brushes are used; you can take a hard toothbrush to treat the contacts with an alkaline solution that neutralizes the acidic components. After cleaning, you can put the terminals with wires on the battery contacts and clamp them with bolts.

Connecting the amplifier (subwoofer) to the car battery

Some lovers of loud music install power amplifiers to car stereos and players. The problem with this circuit is the high power consumption, the car battery is not always sufficient to provide power for the car equipment and music equipment. In this case, use a separate additional battery. In any case, it is important to correctly calculate all the necessary parameters and correctly perform the installation:

First of all, they are determined with the place of installation of the amplifier, usually this is done in the rear of the car in the trunk;
The distance for laying power cables to the battery is calculated;
The brand of the cable is selected and the cross-section of the wires is calculated based on the power of the amplifier.

For car radio tape recorders, amplifiers with a power of 50 - 80 W are used, the calculations are carried out according to the formula:

I \u003d P / U The flowing current "I" flowing through the wires is equal to the ratio of the power "P" of the amplifier to the voltage of the car battery "U". If your four-channel amplifier is 60W x 4 \u003d 240W, total power consumption. The current in the power supply circuit of the subwoofer will be 240W / 12V \u003d 20A. For a power reserve, add about 20% and, according to the table, select the required wire cross-section based on a current of 24A. With constant current, the power significantly depends on the length of the wire from the power source to the consumer.

Practice shows that a cross section of 1.5 - 2.5 mm is quite enough to power the amplifier from an on-board battery with a voltage of 12V.

Flexible, stranded wires with a reliable insulating layer are selected. Red is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the corresponding terminal on the amplifier, through a fuse of the calculated current value.

From the trunk to the engine compartment, where the battery is 4-5m, the cable is laid in a corrugated hose. In the partition of the front panel, the corrugation is laid through the technological holes with rubber glands to prevent chafing of the insulation and short circuits in vibration conditions. The negative wire is attached between the negative terminal of the amplifier and the nearest bolt on the car body in the luggage compartment.

Council number 2. It is not recommended to run the control and speaker wires in parallel, next to the power wires. This will cause noise and distortion in audio playback.

To connect on-board equipment to the battery, cables with flexible stranded wires are usually used. For the installation of outdoor lighting lines, hidden wiring of socket groups, brands with monolithic rigid wires, not large section, are laid. To connect the distribution board from substations and overhead lines, cables of large cross-section 10, 16 mm 2 or more with monolithic conductors and stranded wires made of aluminum or copper alloy are used.

Some brands of power cables

Manufacturers make a large number of brands of wires with stranded wires, but only a few types are in great demand for connecting household, industrial equipment and individual structures. Read also the article: → "".

VVG.A power cable with stranded copper wires, hermetically sealed and durable PVC insulation, is laid to connect the switchboard through the air on traces, along walls, underground and cable channels in various structures. It is very flexible and suitable for trails where there are a lot of curves and bends.

AVVG.This is practically the same cable as VVG, but the letter "A" means that the conductors are made of aluminum wire, without the letter, by default it means that the wires are copper.

Two letters "B" mean that each core and outer sheath is covered with a vinyl insulation layer, "G" - bare cable has no additional armored protection.

Specifications:

AVK.The cable has a coaxial structure, in the center there is a monolithic aluminum core, then an insulating vinyl layer, which is shielded by thin aluminum wires arranged in a row around the diameter along the entire length. The outer shell is made of durable sealed plastic.

The cable is very practical, it can be laid from overhead lines with voltage up to 380V, underground from substations to distribution boards of buildings. One of its main advantages is the exclusion of the possibility of unauthorized connection on uncontrolled sections of the route.

SIP-4.A feature of this cable is its self-supporting structure, which allows it to be placed on overhead lines without a cable suspension.

This quality makes it versatile, it can be laid along the walls of structures, underground and cable channels, in rooms with high humidity. It has reliable PVC sealed insulation on each multi-core wire.

Basic parameters of SIP-4:

Number and cross-section of veins, mm 2	outerØ mm	SIP cable weight, kg / km
1x16	7.5	70
1x25	8.5	100
2x16	15.5	140
2x25	17.5	200
3x16	16.5	205
3x25	18.5	290
4x16	18.5	280
4x25	21.0	395

For the supply from the overhead line to the switchgear of a residential building, 3x16 or 4x16 cables are usually used; this number of wires in the cable and the cross section is quite enough for the power consumed in domestic conditions.

AVBbShv / VBbShv.The design feature of this cable is the presence of an armored layer, two steel strips are wound on the surface of the cable so that the upper one overlaps the gaps between the turns of the lower ribbon. The cable is completely armored, in addition, PVC insulation on each core and a common sheath.

Decoding of marking:

A - aluminum conductors can be monolithic or twisted from separate wires, the absence of this letter by default implies a copper alloy of wires.
B - vinyl insulation of wires;
BB - armored steel belts;
Shv - PVC hose as outer insulating sheath.
Shv ng - may mean that the insulation is made of non-combustible materials.

In the structure of the cable, there can be from 1 to 5 conductors of the same or different cross-section, usually the ground wire is yellow-green or neutral blue in color, make a smaller diameter. To connect private houses, do not use cables with a wire cross-section of more than 16mm 2. In industrial facilities, the cross-section can reach 300 mm 2 and more.

Specifications:

Number of cores, mm 2	Outer cable diameter, mm		Weight of 1 km of cable, kg
	Outer cable diameter, mm		AVBbShv		AVBbShv ng
	~ 660 V	~ 1000 V	~ 660 V	~ 1000 V	~ 660 V	~ 1000 V


3x4	15.5	17	380	435	395	450
3x6	16.5	18	435	495	450	510
3x10	19.0	19.5	575	595	595	615
3x16	21.5	22.0	720	744	745	770
3x25	25	25.5	955	980	985	1010
3x35	27.0	27.5	1135	1160	1170	1200
3x50	30.5	31.0	1445	1480	1490	1525
3x4 + 1x2.5	16.5	—	420	—	435	—
3x6 + 1x2.5	17.5	—	490	—	505	—
3x6 + 1x4	17.5	19.0	370	555	390	570
3x10 + 1x4	30	—	675	—	695

A cable with armored protection is allowed to be laid in an environment with high humidity and underground, but this does not exclude the possibility of using it in other more favorable conditions.

Errors when choosing a cable and connecting

Most often, gross errors during installation work are made when choosing a cable. Be sure to take into account the conditions in which it will be used and calculate the required section. If you install an armored cable of a large cross-section where VVG 3x6 is sufficient, there will be extra financial costs and problems in installation work. You will not get advantages during operation and savings.
When connecting to the PDS busbars, do not install copper lugs on aluminum wires and vice versa. Inhomogeneous metals have different resistances, which leads to large current losses and heating of wires at the connection points.
Try to keep the busbars in the distribution board and the wires of the same metal, copper or aluminum. If they are different, use a combination adapter to connect aluminum to copper.
After connecting the cable to busbars or circuit breakers, connect the maximum possible load for a couple of hours. Then de-energize the PDP and stretch all the bolted connections on the contacts. This is especially important at industrial facilities, where there are large current loads in the network for a long time, the contacts are inspected and pulled out once a week. If the clamp is insufficient, the contacts will burn out.
It is not recommended to loop the end of the bare wire around the clamping bolt with washer for contact with the busbar. Such a connection has a smaller contact area than the tip, the current loss will be greater.

Frequently asked inpolls

Question number 1. Can aluminum wires from AVVG be connected to the battery?

No, especially to acidic, there will be large current losses due to the difference in resistance at the junctions. Lead contacts, terminals can be copper, and aluminum wires.

Question number 2. In a car, an amplifier with a 220V power supply can be connected through a 12 / 220V inverter?

Practically possible, but it is better to use 12V equipment in order to save energy and safety.

Question number 3. What is the best wire to connect welding machines?

It is possible with multi-core VVG, but better with rubber insulation KG, the cross section is calculated based on the power of the device.

Question number 4. From power lines to distribution boards at home, which cable is better to use?

Best of all, SIP brands with a cross section of 10 - 16 mm2, this is quite enough, less installation costs, no additional cable is required at a distance of up to 20 m.

Question number 5. The cable runs over a concrete fence, constantly connects, steals electricity, spoils insulation, how to avoid this?

You can, of course, bury the cable, or run it over an overhead line, if it is expensive or impossible, the best option is to install an AVK brand cable. Its design excludes the possibility of unauthorized connection in uncontrolled areas.