Most of the vegetables grown on our plots are pre-planted in order to protect against and, as well as give them additional strength for rapid germination and bountiful harvest. The bow is no exception. And in our article we will talk about what and how you can process onions before planting.
Processing onion sets before planting
Scoop onions are planted in order to obtain large capitate onions in the fall. Most often it is bought ready-made in the store, although it is quite possible to grow it yourself from seeds. Be that as it may, the seed must be qualitatively prepared for planting, otherwise the germination rate will be low, and the resistance to diseases and pests is weak.
First of all, you need to select all sick, small, dry and overly soft bulbs. The remaining seed must be dried in a warm place, sprinkled with a thin layer. This is necessary so that the onion that had been stored in a cool place before wakes up and the growth processes "stir" in it.
First, drying is carried out at a temperature of + 20 ° C and above for 20 days. Then the temperature is raised to + 40 ° C and the onion is placed in it for 8-10 hours. Such warming up not only activates growth, but also prevents further onion shooting.
What else can you process the onion before planting from shooting: some advise to pour the set with hot water heated to + 60 ° C for a minute or place it in a cloth in a glass saucepan and heat it in the microwave for 1.5 minutes.
How to treat onions before planting from pests?
To prevent pests from ruining your onion crop, it is necessary to disinfect the bulbs before planting so that they do not attract larvae, the most dangerous of which is the onion fly larva.
Our grandmothers also knew how to process onions before planting and successfully used a saline solution and a solution of potassium permanganate. Saline solution saves from nematodes, and potassium permanganate (or copper sulfate) protects from other insects, as well as from fungal diseases.
Onion nematode is a dangerous pest of onions, leading to inhibition of growth and drying out of the rhizome. This small roundworm infects many crops, is often found in agricultural regions and loves moist soil. The nematoda colonizes onion crops and, feeding on plant juices, simply destroys it.
The onion fly is no less dangerous. It looks like a common housefly, so we can't always identify it. She lays her eggs under a small layer of soil in an onion bed or directly between onion leaves. Caterpillars hatch from them a week later and immediately begin to eat the bulbs from the inside. Moreover, the onion fly lays eggs twice a season - in early June and in mid-late July. So the invasion of larvae always occurs in two stages.
In order to initially prevent onion plantings from being damaged by onion fly larvae, in addition to soaking the seedlings in potassium permanganate, sprinkle them with ash or tobacco dust, which they cannot tolerate.
In the process of growth, as a preventive measure, water the beds with onions with infusion of dandelion roots, saline and a weak solution of potassium permanganate.
The onion fly is well scared away by the close location of carrots, which, with their fungicides, does not allow it to approach the onion plantings. At the same time, onions do not allow carrot pests to multiply, so the neighborhood turns out to be mutually beneficial.
Every year the inhabitants of our village plant 5-6 hectares of onion sets. Life is difficult now, almost all are pensioners in the village, and for us the onion harvest is the main help. But in the last 3-4 years, the onion rots from above, practically a third of the harvest is lost. All the measures that we took had no effect. Maybe you need to process the nigella? Please help us, the advice of an agronomist will come in handy.
At the request of residents of the village of Klara Tsetkin, Samara region
Valentina Petrovna YURCHENKO
Preparing the beds for sowing and planting onions
The best precursors for onions are pumpkin crops - cucumbers, zucchini, pumpkins, as well as vegetable peas, tomatoes, and green crops. The onion bed should be prepared in the fall. Before digging, rotted manure or compost matured for a year is introduced - 5-7 kg per 1 sq. m, phosphorus and potash fertilizers at the rate of 30 g per sq. m. The bed needs to be calcareous - 2 glasses of fluff lime, chalk or dolomite flour also per 1 sq. m.
In the spring, before sowing nigella onions, the garden bed should be watered with a solution of copper sulfate or copper oxychloride (1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water) at the rate of 2 liters of solution per 1 sq. m. Solution temperature - not lower than 50оС. After that, close the bed with foil. All this should be done 2-3 days before sowing onion seeds.
Before sowing, to protect the seeds from fungal diseases, wrap them in a cloth and keep them in hot water (45-50 ° C) for 15 minutes, and then in cold water for 1 minute. Onion seeds can be heated in the microwave. To do this, put the seeds, wrapped in a cloth, in a glass or other container and hold them in the microwave for 100 seconds. Nigella seeds are sown on April 20-25. Onion care consists of watering, loosening, controlling weeds, pests and diseases.
Now we are talking about onion sets
For planting onion sets that have been stored at a temperature of 18-22 ° C, additional heating is not required. Before planting, the onion sets are poured into a bucket and poured with hot water (65-70 ° C) for 1-2 minutes, and then dipped into cold water for 1 minute. After warming, the bulbs are soaked in a nutrient solution. To do this, dilute 1 tbsp in 10 liters of water. spoon nitroammofoski or any complex fertilizer (for example, "Kemir-kombi"), stir well and fill the seedlings with this solution. The set is kept in a nutrient solution for 8-10 hours. Then the solution is drained and, without washing the bulbs, they are immersed in a solution of copper sulfate for 5-10 minutes (1 teaspoon per 10 liters of water). This is done to prevent fungal diseases in onions. After processing, the bulbs are washed with clean water and start planting.
The sevok is planted in grooves at a distance of 8-10 cm and covered with soil so that the soil layer above the shoulders of the bulbs is no more than 2-2.5 cm.
Onion diseases
Cervical rot... Control measures - dry the onions at a temperature of 25-26 ° C for 12 days.
Downy mildew (downy mildew) - fungal disease. Initially, pale green spots appear on the onion leaves, later they turn into a grayish-purple bloom, then the leaves turn yellow and fall off. To prevent the disease from developing, treat the onion planting with a solution of copper oxychloride (1 tablespoon of copper oxychloride and liquid soap per 10 liters of water). Do this when the onion leaves reach a height of 10-12 cm.In early June, the onions per turnip need to be fed with ammonium sulfate (2 tablespoons per 10 liters of water) at the rate of 4-5 liters per 1 sq. m.
Stem nematode... Very small, almost invisible, filamentous whitish worms. To combat them, before planting onions, the soil is spilled with a solution of table salt (3 tablespoons per 10 liters of water) at the rate of 3 liters of solution per 1 sq. m. Before planting, both in spring and autumn, onions are treated with the following solution. In 5 liters of water, dilute 3 tbsp. tablespoons of table salt and immerse the onions in this solution for 15
20 minutes. Then, without washing, the bulbs are planted. You can add 0.5 kg of finely chopped fern leaves to the salt solution for soaking the bulbs. It is also useful to mulch onion plantings with fern leaves.
Against onion flies, watering the onion garden with a tobacco solution gives a good effect. To do this, pour 200 g of tobacco dust into a bucket, pour 2-3 liters of hot water and leave for 2-3 days. Then add 1 tbsp. a spoonful of liquid soap, 1 teaspoon of ground red pepper, add up to 10 liters of water, filter and spray onion plantings and soil at the rate of 1 liter of solution per 1 sq. m.
When the onion feathers reach a height of 5 cm, the onion bed is watered with a solution of table salt from a watering can (1 glass of salt per 10 liters of water). But at the same time, the salt solution should not get on the onion leaves. This procedure, if necessary, is repeated two more times after 20 days. At the end of May, onions are fed with urea (1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water), spending 3-4 liters per 1 sq. m.
Good results against onion fly larvae are obtained by mulching onion plantings with dry manure.
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Victoria Lopatina 07/27/2015 | 10780
Onions are a crop that must be present in the garden every day. The methods of its cultivation are simple, but a large list of diseases and pests complicates care.
At home growing onions to protect against diseases and pests, it is necessary to use technologies that do not harm human health. In the article we will talk about diseases and their treatment.
Fungal diseases of onions
Fungal diseases affect the bulbs during the growing season and during storage.
During storage most often onion can hit:
- neck rot, it mainly affects the upper part of the bulb (tissues resemble a baked onion);
- black mold, usually spreads when stored at elevated temperatures of poorly ripe fruits and is manifested by the drying of the upper juicy scales of large luke and the complete drying of the set. Sometimes the bulb is mummified, a black dusty mass is visible between the dried scales;
- green mold rot first appears on the outer scales and the bottom of the onion in the form of brownish spots, slightly watery. Later, a bluish-green or greenish bloom with a moldy smell spreads on the spots and dried scales. Mostly gets sick frostbitten onion or stored in high humidity.
The following fungal diseases are common during the growing season:
- peronosporosis, or false mealy dew, affects the aerial mass of onion plantings. The disease develops in warm, wet weather and is expressed by yellowing of the tips of the feather and the spread of pale green spots along them, turning into a grayish-purple bloom;
- onion rust also affects the leaves. Light yellow or rusty yellow streaks are visible on the leaves. The leaves dry out completely;
- fusarium begins with damage to the root system. The bottom softens, the roots turn pink and gradually die off. Over time, brownish spots appear on the leaves. The plant completely dries up and dies off.
Measures to combat fungal diseases
At home, the main measures against diseases are preventive. No pesticides onion, especially when cultivated on a feather, it is not recommended to process. When cultivating onions on a turnip it is necessary:
- observe the culture rotation with the return of onion plantings to their original place in 5-6 years;
- sowing at the optimum time with zoned varieties that are resistant to rot;
- in the spring, before planting, it is advisable to disinfect the re-dug area with a solution copper vitriol 25-30 g / 10 l of water. The site should be kept free of weeds, the rows of onions should be well ventilated during the growing season;
- in the phase of mass germination, you can spray the plants with a solution bordeaux liquids and in the phase of feather growth (10-12 cm) one-time 0.04% Cineb solution or 0.5% copper oxychloride solution. It is best to protect plants from diseases with biological products Glyocladin, Fitosporin-M, Alirin, Gamair, which can be used to spray plants 3-4 times during the growing season, keeping plantings healthy. The dosage and method of administration are indicated on the package;
- sowing must be carried out with treated planting material. Onion sets treated with hot air at a temperature of 30-35 ° C for 8 hours. Black onion soaked in a solution of the biological product Trichodermin. But it is best to buy seed from a store where it is sold in a processed form;
- during the growing season, it is necessary to carefully monitor the state of crops and, if symptoms of the disease appear, immediately remove and destroy diseased plants.
Onion pests
To onion pests relate root mite, stem nematode, onion lurker, onion (tobacco) thrips, onion mole, onion fly other. All of them are gnawing and sucking pests. Entering the bulb itself, they gnaw out its pulp or, settling on the leaves, suck the juice from the aboveground mass of the culture.
Pest control measures
Unlike diseases, most pests have the ability to move quickly ( onion fly, onion mole), but they need tissue and plant juices to feed them. This is the basis of the technology for combating the above pests.
All preventive work during the preparation of soil and planting material is the same as for protection against diseases. In addition, during the growing season, if necessary, you can use drugs to destroy pests. But not chemical, but biologics of systemic action, such as Fitoverm, Agrovertin. They accumulate in plants and act selectively, do not harm human health. When processed with these drugs, onions can be eaten after two days.
Early detection of disease or pest infestation can prevent crop loss.
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It is difficult to imagine a vegetable garden without a bed of onions. Many dishes are not complete without this vegetable, and not only the head, but also the plant's feather is used. True, sometimes the onions can begin to turn yellow, which can interfere with enjoying a salad of juicy greens. The reasons for this phenomenon may be different, but knowing how to pour the onion so that it does not turn yellow, you can deal with them.
Plant yellowing due to onion fly
Early yellowing of the feathers of a plant can be caused by an onion fly. The females of this insect lay their eggs in the ground near the vegetable patch, and the larvae that hatch from them damage the root system. Sometimes, with a strong defeat of the garden with an onion fly, plants can die, so when the first signs of the presence of an insect appear, you need to start fighting it. This is easy to do, knowing how to water the onion so that it does not turn yellow due to pest damage.
The most effective treatment for onion flies is a saline solution, which is prepared from 10 liters of water and 250 g of salt. They need to water the soil near the plant, avoiding it getting on the ground part of the onion. To enhance the effect of the solution, you can add a tablespoon of ammonia to it, the smell of which repels insects. The processing of the beds, if necessary, can be repeated after a week and a half.
You can fight onion flies with an alkaline ash solution. To prepare it, pour a liter of ash with hot water and let it brew for a day. After that, the resulting mixture must be filtered. The solution for irrigation is prepared from 10 liters of water and 1 liter of the resulting ash infusion. Watering is carried out at the root.
How to deal with a lurker?
Another insect that can lead to yellowing of the onion is the lurker. Its presence can be easily identified by the appearance of white spots or stripes on the leaves of the plant, which subsequently begins to turn yellow. Insects lay their eggs directly in the flesh of greens, gnawing indentations in it. The hatched larvae eat the greens, which leads to their wilting.
You can fight the lurker using the ash solution described earlier. Also effective in combating this pest will be ammonia, a tablespoon of which is diluted in a bucket of water. The resulting solution needs to be watered once every 7 days. In this case, it is necessary to remove the leaves with signs of lesion by the lurker.
Yellowing of onions due to weather conditions
Sometimes the yellowing of onion feathers can occur due to weather conditions. Drought or frequent heavy rains do not contribute to the normal growth of this vegetable. But still, you can cope with drought by watering the plant, but it is more difficult to protect the garden from rain.
With frequent precipitation, onions can be infected with downy mildew, or, as it is also called, downy mildew. This disease will lead to early yellowing and drying of the feather of the vegetable.
You can get rid of infection with peronosporosis if you know how to water the onion so that it does not turn yellow with the disease. To obtain the desired solution, it is necessary to pour a teaspoon of copper sulfate and a tablespoon of liquid soap into a bucket of water and mix everything well. Spray the resulting mixture on the leaves of the plant, using about half a liter of the resulting mixture per square meter of area. Also, the treatment of a plant from a disease with downy mildew can be carried out with preparations specially designed for this. But when using them, you cannot use onion greens in food.
Lack of nitrogen causes onions to turn yellow
For normal growth, onions need nitrogen, a deficiency of which leads to yellowing of the plant feather. This can be caused by drought, since nitrogen is absorbed by the plant only dissolved in water, or by frequent torrential rains that wash nutrients out of the soil. But the situation can be easily corrected, knowing how to water the onion so that it does not turn yellow from a lack of nitrogen.
You can compensate for the lack of nitrogen in the soil on which the onion grows by watering with urea or a solution of slurry. To prepare the solution, you need to mix 10 liters of water with 1 glass of slurry and stir well. But since the smell of manure seduces the onion fly, you can additionally treat the garden with a solution of pine needles decoction, the smell of which scares this insect away.
You can also feed the onions with special mineral fertilizers, which include nitrogen. Nitrophoska is best suited.
How to water onions correctly?
Proper care of any plant allows you to get a good harvest, and onions are no exception. Many novice gardeners do not know if it is possible to water onions, and how to do it correctly.
You need to water the onions within two months after planting. As in all matters, watering the plant should be treated without undue zeal. In dry weather, you need to moisten the garden no more than once a week. If the ground is not too dry, which can be easily determined by touching the palm, then it is better to wait a little while moistening the garden bed. Over-watering can cause fungi to develop, which will cause the bulb or roots to rot.
It is also worth knowing how to water the onion properly. You should not use watering cans with nets for this, as this will lead to the ingress of water on the leaves of the plant, which is highly undesirable - this can cause the appearance of powdery mildew. Better between the rows to make small depressions in which to water.
It is worth remembering that it is undesirable to pour cold water on the onion; it is better to pre-hold it in containers in the sun. If it is not possible to warm up the water, then it is better to water it in the evening, when the earth is well warmed up. This will allow the water to warm up while it reaches the roots of the plant. It is best to use collected rainwater for irrigation. But it is not worth using water from the mains supply, since it is chlorinated and can harm the plant.
Stop watering onions
To get a great harvest, you need to know when to stop watering your onions. After the bulb has formed and the process of its ripening begins, watering the beds cannot be done. During this time, the plant does not need excess moisture, which can cause the vegetable to rot. True, in cases of severe drought, you can slightly moisten the garden to avoid wilting of the plant.
The best sign to tell you when to stop watering the onion is the plant's leaves breaking. If watering is continued, then the collected bulbs will be poorly stored.
Proper care of onions will allow you to get an excellent harvest of this vegetable and ensure its excellent preservation throughout the year.
The onion fly is an insidious garden pest that most home garden owners encounter. But why is it necessary to process the onion from the onion fly?
Which she lays near the plant bulb, can destroy the entire future onion crop. To protect plants from imminent death, you need to take action in time.
Read our other article - ( the link will open in a new tab so as not to interrupt your reading).
If an onion fly has attacked your garden beds, you can use insecticides - special tools designed to kill garden pests, or you can use time-tested, safe methods. How to process onions from onion flies so that harmful substances do not accumulate in the vegetable?
Treatment of onions with ammonia
A proven method to kill an onion fly in a matter of days. Ammonia is an ammonia solution that not only kills the pest, but also additionally fertilizes the soil. It is absolutely safe for vegetable plantings, but it is still recommended to observe the correct dosage.
For onion treatment with ammoniathe following proportion is recommended: 2-3 tablespoons of alcohol in a 10 liter bucket of water in the event that the larvae have already significantly damaged the plants; 1-2 tablespoons per bucket if you are just starting to notice a worsening onion condition. It is necessary that the water only smells a little of ammonia - a small concentration will be enough to scare off the pest.
Using ammonia from onion flyyou need to know how to water plants so as not to harm the future harvest.Watering should be done only in the evening, so that the earth retains moisture longer... It is better to pour the solution not at the root, but to distribute it over the entire planting area. It is advisable to loosen the aisles with a rake so that the smell scares off as many individuals as possible.
Do not process plants in this way more than once a week. Two or three waterings ammonia enough for the season to protect the crop from onion fly.
Salt onion
Another safe way to kill a winged pest is salt onions... In order to avoid soil salinization, you need to know as right sprinkle onion with onion fly salt... It is important not to overdo it here - three waterings per season will be enough.
You need to water not at the root, but evenly distribute the saline solution over the beds. You can use a spray bottle.- The first watering is done when the sprouts grow 5 centimeters in length. You need to take one third of a pack of salt in a bucket of water and process the plants.
- The second treatment should be done in two weeks. On a bucket of water, you need to take already half a pack of salt and process the onion in the same way.
- The third watering is done after another three weeks. Here it is already necessary to dissolve two-thirds of a pack of salt in 10 liters of water. We process the landings in the same way as before.
Processing onions with wood ash
Another effective way to deal with a winged pest is wood ash processing of soil under plantings... Ash is not only a means of fighting onion flies, but also perfectly fertilizes the soil.
In order to get rid of the winged pest, it is necessary to evenly distribute the ash over the surface of the earth in the amount of one to two kilograms over an area of \u200b\u200b10 square meters. It is then recommended to loosen the soil to a depth of 2-3 centimeters.
Processing should be carried out once a season during the period of massive summer flies.Treating onions with laundry soap
A simple answer to the question - how to save onions from onion flies - can be the advice of experienced gardeners to use a soap solution for this purpose. Processing onions with laundry soap from onions flies are carried out once or twice a season.
50 grams of ordinary laundry soap must be crushed, then dissolved in 10 liters of clean water. This solution must be applied to all planting beds. Watering is best done in the evening so that the soil retains moisture longer.
Onion processing with tobacco dust
Tobacco dust is recommended to be applied dry, spreading it evenly over the entire planting area. Then you need to shallow the ground.If desired, you can use tobacco infusion. To prepare it, you need to take 200 grams of tobacco dust and dissolve it in a ten-liter bucket of hot water. The infusion must be kept for two days and sprayed with onion plantings once a week.
It is enough to carry out two treatments for the onion fly to disappear. Watering should be done in the evening.
Processing onions with dandelion infusion
Dandelion infusion is a simple and safe way to deal with a winged pest ... Onion treatment with dandelion infusion from onion fly best done in conjunction with saline treatment, alternating between the two.
To obtain the infusion, you need to take 200 grams of crushed dandelion leaves and roots and 10 liters of boiling water, mix and leave for several days.Water and spray the onion beds with the resulting infusion once every two weeks. Water in the evening for better soil retention.
Processing onions with infusion of strong-smelling herbs
What else can you water onions from an onion fly so as not to harm either the soil or the plant? You can make an infusion of strong-smelling herbs such as valerian, mint, lemon balm, wormwood.
Chopped dry grass in an amount of 200 grams should be poured with 10 liters of boiling water and allowed to stand for several hours.
Processing onions with an infusion of strong-smelling herbs from an onion fly can be carried out as often as you wish.because this method is absolutely safe. You can water the plants or spray them with a spray bottle. Processing in this way should be carried out in the evening.
Onion treatment with metronidazole
Metronidazole for onion fly - a relatively new way of dealing with a winged pest, which is becoming more and more popular among gardeners. Metronidazole tablets are available over the counter.
5 tablets need to be crushed into small crumbs, then diluted in 10 liters of clean water. You need to know how to water onions with metronidazole from an onion fly so as not to harm your health.
This method should be used if the other methods did not help. Metronidazole is a chemical compound and uncontrolled use of the drug can be harmful to health. Therefore, you need to water no more than one or two times per season.
The remains of metronidazole will need to be washed off from the green part of the plants after 2-3 hours, then water the plants under the root with clean water. Processing should be carried out in the evening.
Preventive measures for the appearance of onion flies in the garden
Onion fly larvae wait out winter in soil at a depth of 10 - 20 centimeters. If an onion fly was seen on the site, preventive measures must be taken to prevent its appearance next year.
- Before planting, it is necessary to sort out the onion sets, rejecting damaged bulbs, then soak them in hot water. The soaking time should not be very long. Enough 3-5 minutes at a water temperature of about 50 degrees Celsius.
- You can also use a weak solution of potassium permanganate to disinfect onions. The solution should be prepared in a certain proportion: 1 teaspoon of dry potassium permanganate per 10 liters of water. Soak the onion in the solution for half an hour, then dry well.
A rather unusual way of preparing onions before planting is demonstrated by an experienced gardener. She soaks the onion sets in a solution of birch tar. The author of the video believes that garden pests are not afraid of onions prepared in this way. In the last video, we recommend looking at other available tools than treating onions from onions.
- When planting onions, it is desirable that onion beds are adjacent to carrot plantings. The onion fly cannot stand the smell of carrots. Strong-smelling herbs and tomatoes are also not to the liking of the winged pest. You can practice joint planting - plant several types of crops on one ridge, alternating them in rows.
- You should remember the rules of crop rotation. Onions or any other crop should not be planted on the same ridges for several years in a row. The larvae of vegetable pests safely endure the winter in order to start reproducing again next year. The gardener's task is to interrupt this cycle. Changing the landing site is a good preventive pest control measure. It is advisable to return the onion to its original place not earlier than after 3-4 years.
- To reduce the number of onion fly pupae, fertilize the soil with peat or manure before planting.
- After collecting the onions, the planting site must be dug deep. Onion fly larvae will find themselves on the surface and die as soon as frost sets in.