How panel houses are built. Turnkey frame and panel houses. What is a panel house

Panel cottages sometimes seem like newcomers from the past, they strongly remind everyone of boring "panels", in which it was considered not the best option. However, today, precast panels are often used for private construction. And precisely because they have a number of huge advantages over other types of structures. But before building a house from such panels, it is necessary to understand the features that panel houses have, and to solve the main issue for many developers - how to determine the load-bearing walls.

Material device and its characteristics

To determine the difference between an ordinary brick house and a precast concrete structure, you need to figure out what kind of material is offered on the market. Reinforced concrete products differ from standard concrete by the presence of an internal steel structure. The casting process is associated with the introduction of a reinforcing cage into the "body" of the slab, thereby increasing the resistance to loads, the ability to resist bending and significantly increase the strength of the product. Such quality characteristics allowed manufacturers to produce ready-made block elements suitable for the construction of multi-storey buildings according to the most modern projects.

Advantages and disadvantages

Despite the fact that panel houses are on everyone's lips, repeating the pros and cons can be helpful. So, first about the shortcomings:

Poor thermal insulation;
Low noise insulation;
The coldness and massiveness of the wall panels.

It was this typicality that became the main argument that the opponents of the precast concrete slabs took as a basis. These shortcomings were relevant 20-25 years ago, today's reinforced concrete is composite materials with a polymer base. Due to the presence of polymers in the composition, the boards retain all the unique parameters of strength and practicality, but at the same time they weigh little. The surface of the elements is always covered with a special compound that repels water, due to this, high energy efficiency is maintained and the permeability of sounds is reduced. But these are not all the advantages of the material:

Speed. A house from concrete goods is being built literally every minute. The large size of the elements allows you to build a house in just a matter of weeks.
The strength and durability of the material has also been known for a long time. As experts joke, a precast concrete house is able to withstand even a small explosion, not to mention hurricane winds, showers and snowfalls.
Year-round construction.
Variability of building shapes.
Excellent fire safety.
The possibility of finishing with any available material.
Inexpensive product cost compared to other building materials.

Concrete goods have a lot of advantages. That is why, assuming to be built and wanting to reduce not only time, but also financial costs, it is definitely worth considering reinforced concrete slabs as the main building material.

Private construction of houses from reinforced concrete panels: stages and technology

Considering how panel houses are built, it is worth initially determining that this is a process associated with the use of special equipment. Even the lightweight panels require lifters.

Important! In a panel house, all walls over 140 mm are considered load-bearing! Wall thickness is measured without plaster and wallpaper layers. The inner walls are slightly thinner, 80-120 mm. If the load-bearing wall comes from the manufacturer with a thickness of 120 mm, see the project - such values are also allowed, but with engineering calculations and justifications.

So, the stages of construction.

Design. An important stage at which the process of working out the estimate documentation takes place, the dimensions and filling of the house are determined, including not only the external walls, but also internal partitions, ceilings, openings, and so on.

Important! A correctly drawn up project will save the owner from overspending of materials. Here it is impossible to write off "overruns", since the panels are brought in strictly limited quantities. And remember that it is not necessary to choose a typical project - the variety of material formats allows literally any developer's fantasies to be realized.

The foundation. The weight of the panels requires a solid foundation. The base can be tape, but very well buried. A reinforcement frame must be built into the concrete fill. The height of the supporting base is on average 160-180 cm, of which at least 140 cm are located underground. The width of the foundation is from 40 cm. It is imperative to lay a sand cushion in the trench, which acts as a drainage. The casting of the bearing base is made from a cement grade of at least M250. Ventilation holes are laid during the casting of the concrete base. Most often these are strangles located slightly above the ground level.

Advice! The all-season nature of the construction of the foundation is known, but in the rain it is better not to pour the base of the house. In hot weather, for uniform drying of the mixture, it is recommended to water the top of the supporting base with water to prevent cracking.

Installation of wall panels and ceilings... Alone, the construction of panel private houses is not carried out, this is not a brick. Here you need a technique, so you should first prepare the foundation, bring up a certain amount of materials, and only then hire a lift. Construction is proceeding quickly, so there is no need to hire a crane for a long time.

Advice! It is not very convenient to bring all the materials to the construction site - bulky panels will literally fill the site, and it will be difficult to move around it to complete the construction process

Installation of walls. Everything is simple, just look at the photos of projects and work sites. You will need a truck crane, concrete mixer and a welding machine. The first will lift the panels, the mixer will prepare a solution that will be useful for sealing the joints, and the apparatus will help to tie the elements of the structure into a single whole. Thanks to the accelerated process, the financial costs are really low, even if the developer hires a team of professional craftsmen.
Roof erection as well as overlapping will not be difficult if you follow the project exactly. A strong foundation will withstand any floors, which must also be solid. The rafter system is selected depending on the type of roof, and here there are no restrictions - see photos of houses from reinforced concrete panels and choose any roof. The advantage of buildings is that almost any material is acceptable: from soft rolled sheets to iron.
Warming, finishing... Any house needs to be insulated. But it all depends on the type of plates. If ordinary reinforced concrete products are selected, a layer of insulation, waterproofing and final coating will not interfere. And, for example, if you use European slab elements, then they represent a kind of layered "pie" with the presence of insulation inside. First, reinforced concrete, then a layer of insulation and plaster finishes. At the same time, the owner does not have to pay extra for the interior decoration of the wall panels - it is already there! Seams will be enough and you can live.

Advice! This "pie" technology is well suited for the arrangement of the floor. Such structures are lightweight, which will reduce the load on the foundation, high heat-saving and noise-absorbing qualities.

As for the facade of the building, its decoration is in the hands of the owner. Very often, reinforced concrete houses are left in their real form. But if you want, you can use any materials - both paint and plaster, tiles, stone and other materials are applied to the plates. An important part of the construction work is the fact that the cottages built from reinforced concrete slabs do not require preliminary finishing or filling. They are ready to be decorated in any stylistic way immediately after construction.

The choice of an apartment is a responsible procedure, which determines how comfortable it will be to live in it. Many factors are taken into account, ranging from the location of the object, layout, total area and ending with the type of building being erected. The most popular and pre-fabricated is panel housing construction, which has undergone significant changes in recent years. Understanding how panel houses are built when buying an apartment will help you choose the most optimal option in terms of the quality of the structure and the price category.

Features of the construction of buildings

The need for large-scale development of prefabricated buildings was an incentive for the development of panel housing construction, which was mastered back in the last century during the Soviet era. The proven technology of building houses from ready-made reinforced concrete panels, produced at specialized factories, was used earlier and continues to be used today in the construction of administrative buildings and housing stock. The construction of a building from block structures has found recognition and widespread use in world practice, since time costs are minimized, and in terms of strength, such houses are superior to structures built using monolithic technology.

The necessary conditions for the construction of houses from reinforced concrete panels are:

building of roadways with the possibility of passing heavy special equipment for the delivery of panel structures, which weigh up to nine tons;
crane equipment has special requirements for the width of access roads;
construction sites are extended in size, therefore large residential complexes are being built at the same time.

Modern panel houses have the main advantages:

low cost of housing, that is, the price of an apartment in a panel house is much lower than in a brick one;
due to the finished blocks delivered to the construction site, the construction time is reduced in comparison with the monolithic technology, where the pouring is carried out at the construction site;
the panels have door and window blocks, channels for internal wiring of communications are provided;
smooth walls do not require the application of thick layers of corrective plaster;
the absence of shrinkage after commissioning allows you to immediately make repairs;
there are no distortions and other shortcomings;
excellent durability of all industrial-scale assembly elements.

Read also: Guardianship requirements for the sale of an apartment

Despite the emergence of new technologies, the construction of panel houses remains popular for budget housing. Some technological changes have been introduced in the decoration of facades, which compensate for the shortcomings of the old developments. The clear structural geometry of each section limits the possibilities for variety and does not allow the use of a free layout. Today there are already some projects that eliminate this disadvantage.

Important! Depending on the number of storeys of the structure and the construction conditions, the panels have better quality and reliability in comparison with monolithic structures.

Features of panel buildings

Buildings of modern times made of reinforced concrete panels are subdivided into structures with and without a frame. Frame-panel houses have a full or internal frame. Frameless analogs include large-panel buildings. When fully framed, the building is constructed using external supports and ribbed panel ceilings. Other panel parts and partitions are mounted to the existing racks. There are several designs, depending on the number of storeys, the variety of load-bearing partitions (external and internal) and walls. Depending on the type of structure, a redistribution of loads occurs.

The production of panels is carried out at house-building factories in several ways:

vertical formation in cassettes;
by conveyor method;
by vibro-rolling on a special mill.

The disadvantages of the panels include the impossibility of changing the geometry of the premises, only a strictly rectangular shape. In low-rise construction, innovative SIP panels are used, which are not as strong, but retain heat well. In the "skyscrapers", expanded polystyrene structures have been developed that combine insulation and concrete poured inside. These panel structures are additionally well soundproofed and guarantee a peaceful stay.

Facade finishing: advantages and new perspectives

A serious disadvantage of old panel houses is the presence of seams and gaps between the finished structures, into which, with poor sealing, the wind often blew in, moisture from precipitation got in, and heat intensively left in winter. All these shortcomings are eliminated by facade insulation with thermal insulation, which is applied simultaneously with the installation of communications and interior decoration of the premises. The new technology does not delay the main stages of construction and the timely delivery of the facility.

Large-panel refers to buildings that are assembled from pre-fabricated large-sized planar elements of walls, ceilings, coatings and other structures. Prefabricated structures have an increased factory readiness - finished external and internal surfaces, built-in windows and doors.

According to the structural scheme, buildings are: frameless, with longitudinal and transverse load-bearing walls and frame.

The construction of buildings from large panels can significantly increase the degree of industrial construction and labor productivity, reduce the cost of construction and shorten the construction time of buildings.

Large-panel residential buildings, in which external and internal walls, ceilings and partitions are made of prefabricated enlarged elements, have different design schemes: frameless and with inner frame.

At present, in large-panel houses, sanitary facilities are mounted in the form of ready-made cabins equipped with all appliances. Sanitary cabins are manufactured at prefabricated house-building factories and delivered to construction sites in a prepared form for installation.

Roof coverings in large-panel residential and public buildings are arranged, as a rule, in the form of combined attic roofs.

Buildings in which spatially immutable cells (rooms) are formed by panels of walls and ceilings are called frameless.

Frameless buildings consist of fewer prefabricated elements, are easy to install and are primarily used in mass housing construction. In these buildings, external and internal steps take up all the acting loads.

Frameless large-panel houses are built with three longitudinal load-bearing walls; with transverse load-bearing partitions installed with a small step from each other; with transverse load-bearing partition walls, installed with a large step.

Frameless building with longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) support of floor slabs

Frameless buildings are made up of fewer prefabricated elements and are characterized by ease of installation and are primarily used in mass housing construction. In these buildings, the external and internal walls absorb all the loads acting on the building. Spatial rigidity and stability is ensured by the interconnection between the wall and floor panels.

Structural schemes of frameless large-panel buildings: a - with three longitudinal load-bearing walls; b - with longitudinal and transverse bearing walls; c - with transverse load-bearing partitions

At the same time, there are four constructive options for supporting floor slabs: on longitudinal bearing walls; along the contour (for longitudinal and transverse walls); on internal transverse walls; on internal transverse walls; on three sides (on the longitudinal bearing and internal transverse).

These buildings are characterized by the following structural schemes.

With a narrow pitch of load-bearing transverse walls... The walls of the building are transverse and end-bearing. External walls made of single or triple layer panels. Internal walls made of reinforced concrete panels 120 ... 160 mm thick. Overlapping - solid reinforced concrete slabs 120 mm thick.

With a large pitch of load-bearing transverse walls Internal transverse walls, bearing from single-row or belt-cut panels. Partitions - gypsum concrete 80 mm thick. Overlappings - solid reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 160 mm or hollow-core slabs with a thickness of 220 mm.

Mixed spacing of load-bearing transverse walls... The outer walls are self-supporting from single-row cut panels. Overlappings are solid reinforced concrete slabs 120 ... 160 mm thick, which in narrow cells are supported along the contour, in wide ones - on both sides.

Structural schemes of frameless large-panel buildings: with a narrow (a), with a large (b) and with a mixed pitch of load-bearing transverse walls (c); 1 - load-bearing outer panels; 2 - the same, panels of transverse walls; 3 - floor slabs; 4 self-supporting outer panels; 5 - load-bearing partition; 6 - floor slabs

Large-panel houses with three longitudinal load-bearing walls- two outside, one inside. External wall panels of such houses are made of three-layer heavy concrete with insulation or single-layer of relatively strong lightweight or aerated concrete. With a multilayer structure, reinforced concrete with a thickness of 30-50 mm is laid on the outside - a layer of thermal insulation made of mineral wool slabs, foam concrete or other light materials; from the inside - a finishing layer. The total thickness of such a panel is 200-250 mm. The thickness of lightweight concrete panels depends on their strength, bulk density and thermal conductivity.

For the inner longitudinal wall of this type of house, solid reinforced concrete panels are used with a floor height and a thickness of 120 to 180 mm.

In this case, the intermediate floors are supported by the external and internal load-bearing walls. Partitions are installed on floors; partition panels in such houses are self-supporting and are made of gypsum slag concrete or other materials.

Structural schemes of large-panel houses with load-bearing walls: a - longitudinal, b - transverse; 1 - external load-bearing wall panels, 2 - internal load-bearing wall panels, floor panels, 4 - external self-supporting panels, 5 - internal load-bearing transverse walls (partitions)

Large-panel houses with transverse load-bearing partitions have, in essence, bearing all the main elements: transverse partitions, internal longitudinal and external walls. The floor panels in these houses are supported on all four sides. The outer wall panels are considered to be self-supporting. They are not much different from the exterior panels in houses with longitudinal load-bearing walls, they are made of the same materials and have the same dimensions. However, since they are less loaded, it is possible to reduce their weight by using less durable and lighter materials, and thereby enlarge the dimensions.

Partition panels in such houses are made of heavy concrete. Panel thickness from 120 to 180 mm. Instead of concrete, vibro-brick panels are also used. An internal longitudinal wall is erected from the same panels.

Floor panels in houses with transverse load-bearing partitions are made in size for a room with a thickness of 100-130 mm. They are made solid from heavy concrete.

Frame-panel buildings unlike large-panel ones, in addition to wall panels and partitions, flights of stairs, balconies and floor slabs, they also have frame elements that absorb the forces acting on the building. The frame is formed by columns and girders resting on them at the level of the floors, on which the floorings or floor panels are laid.

Structural diagram of a building with an incomplete frame: 1 - load-bearing wall panel, 2 - column, 3 - crossbar, 4 - sanitary cabin, 5 - floor panel, 6 - roof combined with attic floor, 7 - balcony slab, 8 - stairs

A building may have an incomplete frame, when the columns are located only along the inner axes, and the crossbars are laid not only between the columns, but also between the columns and the outer walls. With a full frame, the outer wall panels serve only as a fence, since the frame elements do not rest on them. It is also possible to construct a frame without crossbars. The floor panels then rest directly on the columns.

Structural schemes of frame-panel buildings: a - with a transverse arrangement of crossbars; b - with longitudinal crossbars; 1 - 1 - columns; 2 - crossbars laid across the building; 3 - curtain wall panels; 4 - crossbars laid along the building

In frame-panel buildings, the functions between load-bearing and enclosing elements are clearly delineated. This allows the use of lightweight hinged panels for buildings of any number of storeys. For such buildings, the most common and characteristic is the structural scheme with a transverse arrangement of crossbars.

The walls of frame buildings are panels made of lightweight or cellular concrete with a thickness of 250 - 300 mm. For static work, the walls of such panels are hinged and have a double-row cut. Panels are distinguished by their location in the wall:

Waist(basement, interfloor, parapet) 3 - 6 m long and 0.9 - 2.1 m high;
Partial 0.3 - 1.8 m wide and 1.2 - 2.7 m high;
Corner

The frame of such buildings is a multi-tiered frame capable of absorbing vertical and horizontal loads. Modern frame-panel buildings for static work are referred to as connected ones. Columns and girders in them perceive only vertical loads, and ties - horizontal (wind) loads.

Structural diagram of a frame-panel house: 1 - reinforced concrete frame girder; 2 - inter-window insert panels; 3 - intermediate belt; 4 - cutout for ventilation units; 5 - internal two-story reinforced concrete column; 6 - reinforced concrete floor slab; 7 - wall panel; 8 - wall slab; 9 - reinforced concrete pit ring; 10 - concrete wall block; 11 - reinforced concrete basement piping; 12 - reinforced concrete bottom slab of the pit; 13 - external two-story reinforced concrete column; 14 - cinder blocks

Spatial rigidity is provided by:

Rigid pairing of frame elements at nodes;
Installation (at the level of each floor) stiffening walls associated with columns and ceilings;
Laying tie and wall slabs between the columns of the building;
Sealing joints between floor slabs;
By connecting the walls of staircases and elevator shafts with the building frame.

Elements that ensure the spatial rigidity of the frame-panel building: 1 - rigid coupling of nodes; 2 - stiffening walls; 3 - wall plates; 4 - tie plates; 5 - monolithic seams; 6 - staircase walls; 7 - walls of the elevator shaft

The durability of steel parts (ties) connecting the elements of prefabricated buildings depends on their corrosion resistance, which is ensured by:

Placing fasteners in the inner part of the wall, which is less prone to freezing and moisture;

Application of protective coatings (polymer, paint and varnish, sprayed) of welded seams;

Sealing, insulation and monolithing of joints, excluding leaks, condensation and other influences causing corrosion;

Frame-panel buildings are widely used in the construction of public buildings. They are characterized by two design schemes - with a transverse and longitudinal transom.

V frame
panel buildings the loads acting on them are perceived by the crossbars and frame pillars, and the panels most often perform only enclosing functions. There are the following design schemes: with a full transverse frame; with a full longitudinal frame; with space frame; with an incomplete transverse frame and load-bearing external walls; with the support of floor slabs in four corners directly on the columns; with the support of the slabs on the outer panels and on two posts along the inner row. These schemes are especially effective for public buildings.

In frame panel buildings, the loads acting on them are perceived by the crossbars and frame posts, and the panels most often perform only enclosing functions.

Structural schemes of frame-panel buildings: a - with a full transverse frame; b - with a full longitudinal frame; c - with a space frame; d - with an incomplete transverse frame and load-bearing outer walls; d - with the support of floor slabs in four corners directly on the columns (girder-free version); e - with the support of the panels on the outer panels and on two racks along the inner row, a girder-free system with an incomplete frame

Structural diagram of a frame-panel building: a - general diagram; 1 - rack; 2 - crossbar; 3 - floor panel; 4 - wall panel; 5 - window panel; 6 - gypsum-sawdust panels of partitions; b- detail of fastening external wall panels to the ceiling

Precast concrete frame elements include columns rectangular section with a height of one or two floors with one console for the outer row and two brackets for the middle row; crossbars T-section with one or two shelves for supporting floor slabs and flights of stairs; floor slabs(hollow or solid), consisting of intercolumnar (tie), wall with grooves for columns and ordinary slabs 1200, 1500 mm wide.


Column joints types: a - spherical; flat metalless; 1 - spherical concrete surface; 2 - outlets of reinforcing bars; 3 - docking niches; 4 - groove for clamp mounting; 5 - mortar or fine-grained concrete; 6 - centering concrete ledge; 7 - welding of reinforcement outlets	Crossbar-column connection unit: 1 - column; 2 - embedded part; 3 connecting strip; 4 - crossbar; 5 - cement mortar

The conjugation of the frame elements carried out on the support is called a knot. The node includes:

column joint: the column is supported through the concrete protrusions of the heads, welding the reinforcement outlets and embedding the joint;

bearing the crossbar on the column console: on the surface of the console, they are fixed by welding the embedded parts, at the top - a steel plate welded to the embedded parts of the column and crossbar, then the seams are monolithic with a solution;

supporting the floor slab on the girder: the slabs laid on the girder shelves are interconnected with steel ties, the gaps between them are sealed with mortar.

There are the following frame systems: frame, frame-braced, braced.

Frame system consists of columns rigidly connected to them with crossbars, located in mutually perpendicular directions and forming a rigid structural system.

In frame-braced systems the joint work of the frame elements is achieved due to the redistribution of the share of participation in it of frames and vertical wall-ties (diaphragms). Walls-diaphragms are placed along the entire height of the building, rigidly fixed in the foundation and with adjoining columns.

They are placed in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the frames, and in their plane. The distance between the wall-ties is usually 24-30 m. These systems are used in the design of public buildings up to 12 floors high with unified structural planning grids 6 x 6 and 6 x 3 m.

For public buildings with a large number of storeys, they use communication systems frames with spatial connecting elements in the form of walls rigidly connected to each other at an angle or spatial elements passing along the entire height of the building, forming the so-called core of stiffness. These spatial bracing stiffeners are fixed in the foundations and connected to the ceilings that form the floor horizontal bracing-diaphragms (disks), which also perceive the horizontal (wind) loads transmitted to the walls. Spatial tie elements are usually placed in the central part of high-rise buildings.

Spatial rigidity of frame-panel buildings is provided by: rigid conjugation of frame elements in the nodes; installation of stiffening walls; laying bracing and wall slabs between the columns of the building; sealing joints between floor slabs; the device of connections of the walls of staircases and elevator shaft with the frame of the building.

The elements of the prefabricated reinforced concrete frame include one- or two-story columns rectangular cross-section with consoles for supporting the girders, crossbars T-section with shelves for supporting floor slabs and flights of stairs, floor slabs.

Reinforced concrete frame nodes include:

- column joints, which are carried out through concrete protrusions on the heads, followed by welding of reinforcement outlets and monolithing of the joint with concrete;

— support of the crossbar on the column console with the fastening of the crossbar in the lower part by welding embedded parts, and in the upper zone - with a steel plate connecting the embedded crossbars and the column console, followed by monolithing of the joint;

— support of floor slabs on the girder by welding embedded parts and monolithing the seams between the plates.

Assemblies of the prefabricated reinforced concrete frame: a - joint before the installation of the columns; b - the same, after the installation of the columns; c - crossbar conjugation with a column; d - support of floor slabs on the crossbar; 1 - column; 2 - outlets of fittings; 3 - concrete ledge; 4 - steel clamp; 5 - capping the joint with a solution; 6 - hidden column console; 7, 8 - embedded parts; 9 - steel plate; 10 - crossbar; 11 - floor slabs; 12 - intercolumnar (tie) plate; 13 - steel tie for anchoring plates

Walls of frame buildings - hinged belt cut panels they are distinguished by location as belt (basement, interfloor, parapet), wall, corner.

The spatial rigidity of frame-panel buildings is ensured by:

- rigid pairing of frame elements (in nodes);

- installation of stiffness diaphragms associated with columns and ceilings;

- laying of tie and wall slabs between the columns of the frame;

- sealing joints between floor slabs.

The walls of frame buildings are panels of light or cellular concrete 250-300 mm thick, 3-6 m long and 0.9-2.1 m high; piers 0.3-1.8 m wide and 1.2-2.7 m high; corner for external and internal corners.

Wall panels can be self-supporting and mounted. The panels are supported on the floor or on an external longitudinal girder. Wall panels are attached to the column using steel elements welded to the embedded parts.

Exterior wall panels in frameless buildings can be: - single-layer from lightweight concrete with a thickness of 300 ... 350 mm;

— three-layer 350 ... 400 mm thick with inner and outer layers of concrete and insulation inside;

— layered 160 mm thick with an inner frame made of wooden blocks, sheathed on both sides with asbestos-cement sheets and insulated with filling foam inside

External wall panels: a - single-layer; b - three-layer; c - layered; 1 - bearing layer (inner); 2 - flexible connections; 3 - mounting loop; 4 - insulation; 5 - decorative finishing layer; 6 - frame bars; 7 - asbestos-cement sheathing sheets; 8 - aluminum profiles fixed with screws


Single-layer wall panel: 1 - outer decorative (protective) layer; 2 - reinforcing cage; 3 - effective insulation; 4 - heating panel; 5 - inner finishing layer; 6 - mounting loop	Two-layer wall panel made of lightweight concrete: 1 - embedded parts for fastening radiators; 2 - embedded parts; 3- mounting hinges; 4 - frame; 5 - bearing layer; 6 - finishing layer; 7 - drain; 8 - window board; 9 - coarse-grained (heat-insulating) concrete

An important stage in the design of large-panel buildings is the choice of a wall cutting system, which depends on the structural scheme, installation conditions, the type of building and its dimensions.

Schemes for cutting the outer walls on the panel: a - horizontal for one room; b - the same, for two rooms; in - the same, strip; g - vertical; d - the same, strip

The horizontal dividing scheme (Fig. A, b, c) is formed by one-story panels in the size of one room (with one window), into two rooms and a strip (from strip belt and wall panels). The vertical layout is formed from panels on two floors (Fig. d, e): with one window per floor and a strip of two-story wall panels and interfloor belt panels. In civil engineering, a horizontal wall cutting scheme has become more widespread.

Acceptance of a particular design scheme depends on the type of the projected building, its number of storeys and other factors. So, large-panel residential buildings are designed, as a rule, frameless. These houses, in comparison with frame houses, can reduce the number of standard sizes of prefabricated elements, reduce metal consumption, simplify the installation process, reduce labor costs, avoid the appearance of protruding elements (columns and girders) in the interior of the premises, etc. However, frame buildings have less material consumption than frameless ones. per 1 m2 of living space, greater rigidity and stability of the building, which is especially important for high-rise buildings. These schemes are especially effective for public buildings.

External wall panels are interconnected to ensure rigidity and stability of building structures, as well as to panels of internal walls. The connections are made in various ways. The most widely used connections are reinforcement ties-staples, which are inserted into the holes of the loop outlets of the reinforcement at the adjacent panels. To ensure rigidity, such joints are monolithic with concrete. Such ties are established at the top and bottom of the vertical joint.

Another connection option is with steel plates welded to the embedded parts of the adjacent panels. Such connections are also embedded in concrete.

Pairing outdoor panels, i.e., the interfacing of the panels with each other and with the ceilings is performed:
staples inserted into the holes of the loop outlets of the fittings of the adjacent panels, at the junction they are installed at the top and bottom;

welded overlays connecting embedded parts of adjoining panels;

shaped locks ending with a "cam" or "socket", which allows panels to be installed without being temporarily braced.

Connections of external panels with braces (a), b - steel plates for welding; 1 - internal wall panel, 2 - loop outlets of reinforcement, 3 - brace ties, 4 - external wall panels, 5 - embedded parts, 6 - overlays welded to the embedded ones; 7- "socket-lock"; 8 - lock "with socket and cam"; 9 - "cam-lock"

External wall joints subdivided into horizontal and vertical.

Vertical joints by type of termination there are: closed; open. They have the shape of a "well" formed by the edges of adjoining panels and filled with in-situ concrete.

Vertical joints by type of terminations are as follows:

closed sealed on the outside with cement mortar, sealing mastic, elastic gasket, and from the inside with a layer of roofing material, an insulating bag and a layer of monolithic concrete;

open with a drainage tape that removes moisture from the joint cavity, and such a seal from the inside, as in closed joints.

Vertical joints according to the method of connecting panels to each other and constructive scheme divided into elastic and rigid (monolithic).

Structures of vertical monolithic reinforced joints of external wall panels: a - three-layer; b - single-layer expanded clay concrete; 1- sealing mastic (sealant); 2 - gasket from hernite or poroizol; 3 - an insert made of mineral wool boards, wrapped in a polyethylene film, or an insert made of foam plastic; 4 - staples with a diameter of 12 mm; 5 - reinforcing loops; 6 - anchor with a diameter of 12 mm; 7 - heavy concrete MI50

When device elastic joint the panels are connected using steel ties welded to the embedded parts of the abutting elements. In the groove formed by the quarters, the wall panel of the inner transverse wall is inserted to a depth of 50 mm. The panels are connected using a strip of steel strip welded to the embedded parts of the panels. To seal the joint, a sealing cord of hernite on glue or poroizol on mastic is inserted into its narrow gap. From the outside, the joint is coated with a special mastic - thiokol sealant. To isolate from moisture penetration from the inside of the joint, a vertical strip of one layer of waterproofing or roofing material is glued onto the bitumen mastic. The vertical joint well is filled with heavy concrete.

The design of the vertical elastic-yielding joint of the panels: 1 - steel plate; 2 - embedded parts; 3 - heavy concrete; 4 - thermal insert; 5 - strip of waterproofing or roofing material; 6 - hernite or poroizol; 7 - solution or sealant

Disadvantage elastic joints is the possibility of corrosion of steel ties and embedded parts. Such fasteners are malleable and do not always ensure long-term joint operation of the mating panels and, therefore, cannot protect the joint from cracking. This is because the embedded part, as it were, is torn off from the concrete into which it was cast during manufacturing due to heating during welding. Atmospheric or condensation moisture penetrating into the slot destroys the lower surface of the embedded part.

More reliable in work are rigid-monolithic joints... The strength of the connection between the abutting elements is ensured by embedding the connecting steel reinforcement with concrete. A monolithic joint of single-layer wall panels is made with looped outlets of reinforcement, connected by brackets made of round steel with a diameter of 12 mm. A vertical air cavity is formed between the monolithic joint zone and the sealing, which serves as a drainage channel that drains water entering the seam and discharges it outside at the level of the base.

Vertical joints of panels of inner walls and partitions: a-e - joints of load-bearing panels between themselves and with the outer wall; g - junction of non-bearing partitions with a wall panel; 1 and 2 - panels of transverse and longitudinal internal walls; 3- partition panel; 4-monolithic concrete; 5 - keyway corrugations of butt edges; 6-elastic pads; 7 - solution; c - outer wall panel

Thus, the main disadvantage elastic-yielding joints is: unreliable long-term joint operation of abutting panels. This does not guarantee the joint will not crack; the possibility of corrosion of embedded parts, which can develop not only as a result of moisture penetration through joint cracks or through the pores of concrete, but also when the steel is in the dew point zone; under the influence of high temperatures during welding, the lower plane of the embedded factory part can come off the concrete of the panel and, remaining uncontrolled during installation, rust over time.

More reliable in this regard are rigid monolithic joints of single-layer and three-layer panels, which protect the joint from cracks and exclude the development of corrosion. With such joining, in the upper zone of the panel, the reinforcing loops are connected by welding with staples (or straight overlays) and the joint is monolithic.

It is recommended to grout the joint after installing the upper floor panel on mounting brackets or concrete protrusions from the body of the wall panels. The lower part of the wall panel must be brought below the embedment level by at least 20 mm.



		Monolithic (a - c) and platform-monolithic (d - f) joints of prefabricated walls: a, d - external three-layer walls with flexible connections; b, d - internal walls with double-sided support of floor slabs; c, f ¾ the same, with one-sided support

It is recommended to connect prefabricated floor slabs with monolithic joints with welded or loop reinforcement ties, ensuring continuity.

The penetration of rain moisture into the horizontal joint occurs through the capillaries of the mortar in the joint. Unlike the old joint designs, the horizontal joint is now equipped with a rain barrier. In the inclined part of the seam, the solution is interrupted by an air gap that prevents capillary penetration of moisture. Sealing of the seam in the upper part of the barrier is ensured by laying a poroizol tape glued with an insulator.

All embedded parts and additional connecting elements (strips, staples, etc.) must have factory corrosion protection (protection directly on the site).

Monolithic vertical joint: a - vertical joint; b - the same, with an insulating package; 1 - external expanded clay concrete panel; 2 - anchor with a diameter of 12 mm; 3 - drainage channel; 4 - poroisol tourniquet; 5 - sealant; 6 - gasket; 7 - staples; 8 - concrete; 9 - internal bearing panel made of reinforced concrete; 10 - loop; 11 - mineral wool bag

Horizontal joints have an anti-rain ridge. The water and air tightness of such joints is ensured by a sealing mastic, gaskets made of hernite or poroizol, and an insulating liner made of mineral wool boards.

Horizontal (a), vertical closed (b) and open (c) joints of the outer walls: 1 - outer wall panel; 2 - protective coating (cement mortar or polymer composition); 3 - sealing mastic; 4 - panel of the upper floor; 5 - gasket made of hernite or paroizol; 6 - solution layer; 7 - interfloor overlap; 8 - insulating package made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene; 9 - a layer of roofing material; 10 - monolithic concrete; 11 - inner wall panel; 12 - drainage tape; 13 - decompression cavity; 14 - water deflector tape, clamped by an apron; 15 - a galvanized apron which is inserted with a waterproof comb with a height of at least 80 mm

Interfacing interior wall panels performed by welding steel plates to embedded parts.

Internal walls use horizontal joints platform type, with the support of wall panels on the floor over the mortar layer, and contact type with the support of the panels on the protrusions of the ventilation block.

Types of horizontal joints between bearing panels: a - platform; b - toothed; в - contact on portable consoles; g - pin-socket

Platform joint, a feature of which is the support of the floor slabs on half the thickness of the transverse wall panels, i.e., the stepwise transfer of forces, in which the forces from the panel to the panel are transmitted through the supporting parts of the floor slabs;

toothed joint, representing a modification of the platform-type joint, provides a deeper support of the floor slabs, which, like a dovetail, rest on the entire width of the wall panel, and the forces from the panel to the panel are transmitted through the supporting parts of the floor slabs;

contact joint (console) with the support of the ceilings on the outboard consoles and the direct transfer of forces from the panel to the panel;

contact-female joint with the support of the panels also on the principle of direct transfer of forces from the panel to the panel and the support of the floors through consoles or ribs (fingers) protruding from the slabs themselves and placed in the slots specially left in the transverse panels.

The platform joint is the easiest to implement and quite reliable when the height of panel houses is within 25 floors.

Platform joint Recommended as the main solution for panel walls with double-sided support of floor slabs, as well as with one-side support of slabs to a depth of at least 0.75 of the wall thickness. It is recommended to designate the thickness of horizontal mortar joints based on the calculation of the accuracy of manufacturing and installation of prefabricated structures. If the accuracy is not calculated, then the thickness of mortar joints is recommended to be set equal to 20 mm; the size of the gap between the ends of the floor slabs is taken at least 20 mm.

It is recommended to arrange the upper mortar joint at the level of the upper surface of the floor slabs. When the upper seam is located below the upper surface of the slabs, quality control of the mortar placement in the seam should be ensured.

It is recommended to use the contact joint when the floor slabs are supported on cantilever wall extensions or with the help of cantilever protrusions ("fingers") of the slabs. At contact joints, floor slabs can be supported on walls without mortar (dry). In this case, to ensure sound insulation, the cavity between the ends of the slabs and the walls must be filled with mortar and reinforcement ties must be provided that turn the prefabricated floor into a horizontal stiffening diaphragm.

Contact joints of the panels of the inner walls: I - with the support of the floors on the wall consoles: a - the horizontal joint on the mortar is located above the level of the floors; b - joint through a monolithic core; c - the joint on the solution at the level of the bottom of the floors; in '- the same, in the zone of connections between floors through the holes in the wall panel;

II - contact-socket joint; III - contact joints on fingers (concrete or steel): a - through a monolithic concrete core; b - through the mortar seam at the level of the bottom of the floors; c - through a monolithic concrete core with the support of the floor panels with fingers made of steel shorties; 1-cement mortar; 2 - monolithic concrete; 3 - reinforcement outlets; 4 - soundproof pads: 5-steel pad; 6-hole in the wall panel; 7-reinforced concrete "finger"; 8-steel pin

Joints in the walls of frame-panel buildings: A - horizontal joint; B - fastening the wall panel to the waist panel; B - the same, waist to the frame column; Г - vertical joint. 1 - basement panel; 2 - the same, waist; 3 - the same, wall; 4 - the same, angular; 5 - fastener; 6 - embedded parts; 7 - protective coating, 8 - sealant; 9 - a sealing gasket; 10 - cement mortar; 11 - steel plate; 12 - fastening hook

The accuracy of the design position of the wall panels (alignment, vertical, etc.) at platform joints is ensured by vertical bolts-fixers. They are placed on the upper support edges of the panels and fit the corresponding holes in the lower edges of the overlying panels. When placing on the bolts and straightening them, the wall panel is brought to the design position, after which the upper horizontal seam of the platform joint is tightly filled with mortar. Retaining bolts are often used instead of lifting loops and for interfacing wall panels.

Contact joint it is recommended to use it when the floor slabs are supported on cantilever wall extensions or with the help of cantilever protrusions ("fingers") of the slabs. At contact joints, floor slabs can be supported on walls without mortar (dry). In this case, to ensure sound insulation, the cavity between the ends of the slabs and the walls must be filled with mortar and reinforcement ties must be provided that turn the prefabricated floor into a horizontal stiffening diaphragm.



Contact joints of prefabricated walls with the support of floor slabs: a - b - "fingers"; d - f - wall consoles

Horizontal joints in which compressive loads are transmitted through sections of two or more types are called combined joints.

In the combined platform-monolithic at the joint, the vertical load is transmitted through the support sections of the floor slabs and the concrete for embedding the joint cavity between the ends of the floor slabs. With a platform-monolithic joint, prefabricated floor slabs can be designed as continuous. To ensure the continuity of the floor slabs, it is necessary to connect to each other on the supports by welded or looped ties, the section of which is determined by calculation.

To ensure high-quality filling of the cavity with concrete between the ends of the floor slabs with a platform-monolithic joint, the thickness of the gap at the top of the slab is recommended to be at least 40 mm, and at the bottom of the slabs - 20 mm. With a gap thickness of less than 40 mm, it is recommended to design the joint as a platform joint.

The cavity for embedding the joint along the length of the wall can be continuous or discontinuous. The intermittent scheme is used for point support of floor slabs on the walls (using support "fingers"). At a platform-monolithic joint above and below the floor slab, it is necessary to arrange horizontal mortar joints.

The constructive solution of a monolithic joint must ensure its reliable filling with a concrete mixture, including at subzero air temperatures. The strength of the concrete for embedding the joint is assigned by calculation.

In the combined contact platform at the junction, the vertical load is transmitted through two support platforms: contact (in the place of direct support of the wall panel through the mortar joint) and platform (through the support sections of the floor slabs). The contact-platform joint is recommended mainly for one-sided support of floor slabs on the walls (Fig. 10). The thickness of mortar joints is recommended to be assigned in the same way as the joints in the platform joint.

It is recommended to designate the design grades of the horizontal joint mortar according to the calculation for force effects, but not lower: grade 50 - for installation conditions at positive temperatures, grade 100 - for installation conditions at negative temperatures. It is recommended to assign the class of concrete for the compressive strength of the embedment of the horizontal joint not lower than the corresponding class of concrete of the wall panels.

Shear forces in horizontal joints of panel walls during construction in non-seismic regions are recommended to be perceived due to the resistance of friction forces.

Shear forces in vertical joints of panel walls are recommended to be perceived in one of the following ways:

concrete or reinforced concrete dowels formed by embedding the joint cavity with concrete;
keyless connections in the form of reinforcing bars embedded in concrete from panels;
embedded parts welded together, anchored in the body of the panels.


Schemes of perception of shear forces in the vertical joint of panel walls: a, b - with dowels; c - with monolithic reinforcing ties; d - welding of embedded parts; 1 - welded reinforcing connection; 2 - the same, loop; 3 - pad welded to embedded parts

A combined method of perceiving shear forces is possible, for example, with concrete dowels and floor slabs.

It is recommended to design the dowels in a trapezoidal shape. It is recommended to take the depth of the key not less than 20 mm, and the angle of inclination of the crushing site to the direction perpendicular to the shear plane, not more than 30 °. The minimum size in terms of the plane of the joint, through which the joint is monolithic, is recommended to be at least 80 mm. Provision should be made for the compaction of concrete at the joint with a deep vibrator.

Types of vertical joints of panel walls: a - flat; b - profiled keyless; c - profiled keyway; 1 - soundproofing pad; 2 - solution; 3 - concrete for embedding the joint

In keyless joints, shear forces are perceived by welded or looped bonds embedded in concrete in the cavity of the vertical joint. Keyless connections require an increased (in comparison with keyed connections) consumption of reinforcing steel.

Welded joints of panels on embedded parts are allowed to be used at the joints of walls for areas with harsh and cold climates in order to reduce or eliminate monolithic work at the construction site. At the joints of the outer walls with the inner ones, the welded joints of the panels on the embedded parts should be located outside the zone where moisture condensation is possible with a temperature difference along the wall thickness.

Connections. In large-panel buildings, to absorb forces acting in the plane of horizontal stiffness diaphragms, it is recommended to interconnect precast concrete floor slabs and coatings with at least two ties along each edge. It is recommended to take the distance between the ties not more than 3.0 m. The required cross-section of the ties is assigned by calculation. It is recommended that the cross-section of the ties be taken in such a way that they ensure the perception of tensile forces not less than the following values:

for ties located in the ceilings along the length of the building extended in the plan - 15 kN (1.5 tf) per 1 m of the building width;

for ties located in the ceilings perpendicular to the length of an extended building in the plan, as well as ties of compact buildings, - 10 kN (1 tf) per 1 m of the building length.

Layout of connections in a large-panel building: 1 - between panels of external and internal walls; 2 - the same, longitudinal external load-bearing walls; 3 - longitudinal internal walls; 4 - the same, transverse and longitudinal internal walls; 5 - the same, external walls and floor slabs; 6 - between floor slabs along the length of the building; 7 - the same, across the length of the building

On the vertical edges of prefabricated slabs, it is recommended to provide key joints that resist mutual displacement of the slabs across and along the joint. Shear forces at the joints of floor slabs resting on load-bearing walls can be perceived without the installation of dowels and ties, if the constructive solution of the junction of the floor slabs with the walls ensures their joint work due to friction forces.

It is recommended to provide key joints and metal horizontal ties in vertical joints of load-bearing wall panels. It is recommended to connect concrete and reinforced concrete panels of the outer walls at least at two levels (at the top and bottom of the floor) with ties with internal structures designed to absorb the pull-off forces within the height of one floor at least 10 kN (1 tf) per 1 m of the length of the outer wall along facade.

With self-wedging joints of external and internal walls, for example, of the “dovetail” type, ties can be provided only in one floor level and the value of the minimum tie force can be halved.

Wall panels located in the same plane are allowed to be connected with ties only at the top. It is recommended to designate the bond cross-section for the perception of a tensile force of at least 50 kN (5 tf). In the presence of links between wall panels located one above the other, as well as shear links between wall panels and floor slabs, horizontal links in vertical joints may not be provided if they are not required by calculation.

in walls for which, according to the calculation, through vertical reinforcement is required to perceive tensile forces arising from the bending of the wall in its own plane;

to ensure the resistance of the building to progressive destruction, if other measures fail to localize the destruction from emergency special loads (see clause 2.1). In this case, vertical connections of wall panels in horizontal joints (interfloor connections) are recommended to be assigned on the basis of their perception of tensile forces from the weight of the wall panel and floor slabs supported on it, including the load from the floor and partitions. As such connections, it is recommended, as a rule, to use parts for lifting panels;

in load-bearing panel walls, which are not directly adjacent to concrete walls in a perpendicular direction.

It is recommended to design connections of prefabricated elements in the form of: welded reinforcing bars or embedded parts; reinforcing loop outlets embedded in concrete, connected without welding; bolted connections. The connections should be located so that they do not interfere with the high-quality monolithing of the joints.

Steel ties and embedded parts must be protected from fire and corrosion. Protection against fire effects must ensure the strength of the joints for a time equal to the value of the required fire resistance of the structure, which are connected by the designed ties.

Horizontal joints of panel walls should ensure the transfer of forces from eccentric compression from the plane of the wall, as well as from bending and shear in the plane of the wall. Depending on the nature of the support of the floors, the following types of horizontal joints are distinguished: platform, monolithic, contact and combined. At the platform joint, the compressive vertical load is transmitted through the support sections of the floor slabs and two horizontal mortar joints. In a monolithic joint, the compressive load is transmitted through a layer of monolithic concrete (mortar) laid in the cavity between the ends of the floor slabs. In the contact joint, the compressive load is transmitted directly through the mortar joint or elastic spacer between the abutting surfaces of the precast wall elements.

Frame-panel houses are built according to frame technology standards: frame erection, installation of insulation, cladding. The peculiarities of the method are that panels for frame houses with laid insulation are made at the factory, and the assembly of the house is much faster. Depending on which part of the house kit is made in the factory, there are several types of houses made of panels, differing in terms of construction, budget, approach to design: houses from vulture panels, frame-panel or frame-panel board, modular.

Construction of frame-panel houses - classic technology and fast assembly

Frame-panel or assembled from elements prepared at the factory. Finished walls are made using high-precision equipment. Construction firms offer standard house kits or custom design.

Basic principles of wireframe technology

Frame houses are popular due to their short construction time and economy. Using this technology, first, a frame is made of beams and boards, then insulation, membrane layers that protect against moisture and wind, and vapor barrier are mounted. The structure is sheathed on both sides with sheet materials, and then the outer and inner sheathing is made with finishing materials.

In a traditional frame house, all the layers of the wall assembled on site according to a pre-developed project. Sometimes they talk about prefabricated frame houses, meaning ready-made house kits, in which wooden elements and panels are prepared in production for the dimensions of a specific project and are marked. At the construction site, they are assembled as a designer according to drawings.

Design and production of house kits for frame-panel houses

Manufacturing is automated: window and door openings and even holes for sockets are cut in advance. But the degree of production automation at different enterprises differs.

The most advanced automation option - project drawings are loaded into a computer, the location of technological openings and the location of stitching the frame elements are set. As a result, they get ready-to-assemble elements with practically no manual processing.

House kits are made according to standard samples, small changes in the layout are possible, but must be made before starting production. The calculation and production of an individual project is much more expensive than a typical one, you have to rebuild the equipment. Ready-made walls are brought directly to the site and the house is assembled, and the outer one is made by hand.

Advantages and disadvantages of frame-panel houses

Advantages:

faster assembly compared to standard wireframe technology;
no shrinkage, the ability to immediately start finishing;
use of a light foundation and, as a result, budget savings;
energy efficiency is comparable to a brick house;
fire safety due to the use of self-extinguishing materials for the production of panels.

Disadvantages:

an increase in cost compared to a standard frame;
service life - 50-60 years;
impossibility of making changes during the construction process;
the need to install fresh air ventilation, although some manufacturers claim that simple ventilation is enough for summer houses;
the complexity of redevelopment after a while.

Houses made of SIP panels

Vulture frame houses are assembled from panels made according to the sandwich principle: a block of polystyrene glued between OSB sheets using polyurethane glue. The use of oriented strand boards significantly speeds up construction, since three layers have already been combined and all that remains is to sheathe them with finishing materials outside and inside. The insulation does not need to be installed separately and the house is built faster than the classic frame.

Design features

Manufactured at the factory. Polyurethane glue is applied to the OSB sheet, a polystyrene board is put, again glue, on top - a second OSB sheet and pressed with a press. OSB sheets protrude 2.5-5 cm beyond the polystyrene edges. Thus, a "groove" is obtained, which is used to fasten the panel to the frame beam. The quality of the panels is determined by the brand of polystyrene, OSB and the correct geometry.

The construction of a house from vulture panels starts from the foundation. After the foundation is ready, do timber strapping and bottom overlap from vulture panels. Then a frame is built, in which the pitch of the vertical posts is equal to the width of the panel, and they start from the side of the house. The panels are fastened to the posts using the “thorn-groove” method, after applying polystyrene foam. As a result, all voids at the junction are completely filled.

Advantages and disadvantages of a house from SIP panels

Advantages:

quick installation;
no complicated equipment is needed - workers assemble light panels by hand; a team of 3-5 people is enough to assemble a house;
expanded polystyrene is a self-extinguishing material, if the panel is taken out of the fire zone, it will go out. therefore, a structure made of vulture panels from the point of view of fire safety is better than a wooden one;
electric heaters are sufficient to maintain a comfortable temperature.

Disadvantages:

the service life of the panels, small in comparison with brick houses, is a conditional minus. Several manufacturers are already claiming tests showing that polystyrene will not deteriorate in about 80 years;
the customer cannot control the quality of production of vulture panels. If there is a cavity inside, a cold bridge, and efforts to heat the house are diminished. Violation of the geometry leads to difficulties in installation. The only way to avoid mistakes is to contact manufacturers who use quality certified components and give a guarantee.

European traditions in frame construction

In Russia, houses have been built using frame technology since the end of the last century, in Europe, active construction began already in the 50s. Our builders adopted the experience of their colleagues, and the technologies were named accordingly: Finnish, German.

The Finns are supporters of the maximum use of natural materials in combination with modern technologies: the frame is usually made of laminated veneer lumber, cellulose is used as insulation, and the structure is sheathed with wood.

German manufacturers of frame house kits often use basalt wool, and for cladding - cement-particle board. The fire safety of the house and the speed of construction come out on top. All materials used are fire-resistant or self-extinguishing, and the assembly technology has been worked out to the smallest detail.

Lightweight construction - inexpensive foundation

A distinctive feature of frame structures is a low specific weight. A small load allows you not to make a massive foundation, but to do with an inexpensive pile-screw, shallow tape or support-columnar. Shallow foundations are suitable for heaving soils, typical for many regions of Russia, they are not deformed by the "swelling" of the soil during freezing.

Pile-screw foundations convenient in that they can be done at any time of the year in literally two days. The use of piles helps to cope with the height difference on the site and does not require any preliminary soil preparation. Before starting construction, a test screw is made to determine where the hard ground begins. After the installation of the piles, the lower strapping is made of timber and treated with bitumen mastic to prevent wood from rotting.

Modular houses - construction in a few days

The construction of houses from large modules, completely manufactured at the plant, is a popular European method, which is gradually taking root in Russian realities. Houses using this technology are designed according to the "constructor" principle, combining several modules of premises and roofs for the construction of one building.

Manufacturing modules at the factory

At the plant, the module frame is assembled, insulated, windows and doors are installed, external cladding and interior decoration are made. The walls are made in the same way as with the frame construction method: a layer of insulation between two panels, membranes, outer and inner cladding. The difference is that all these layers are made at the factory, wires and pipes for the bathroom are immediately laid inside, and the roof is separated into a separate module.

The modules are of standard sizes and dock like constructor parts... When designing, take into account the permissible dimensions for transportation. In Russia: the width is 2.5 m, and the length of the elements is calculated taking into account the transport used for transportation. When ordering, manufacturers provide a choice of design and finishes. Possible: lining, siding and other modern materials.

Delivery and installation at home

For transportation, you need heavy equipment and a crane. The structure is usually installed on a pile-screw foundation, which can be made at any time of the year and with any ground relief. For the installation of such a foundation, two to three days are enough.

The assembly of a modular frame house takes 1-2 days, most of the time is spent on sealing the joints between the modules in order to avoid heat loss. Electrical wires coming out of adjacent modules are connected and covered with junction boxes at the connection points. After assembly, only minor work on interior decoration and installation of plumbing remains.

Advantages:

assembly speed - several days;
independence from weather and season;
the presence of finishing;
the ability to transport the house to a new place: the modules are separated, transported and reassembled, only the foundation is made anew;
energy efficiency of the house allows you to save on heating.

Disadvantages:

heavy equipment will not travel to every settlement due to bad roads;
the customer cannot control the production of the house kit at the factory. And if a mistake is made, for example, there are voids in the wall, this is fraught with great heat loss and discomfort;
the service life is approximately 50 years, and since the technology has been applied not so long ago, there is no verified data on the service life.

Frame-panel houses are a promising technology. If you do not have time for long construction and the desire to delve into the technological intricacies, and you need a house quickly, this method is ideal. Prefabricated houses are universal: they are used for permanent residence and summer cottages, as a guest house or as a temporary option until more solid housing is built.

Video: accelerated shooting of a house from SIP panels

What is it - the panel of the future?

It is generally accepted that panel houses are the cheapest and lowest quality housing. However, technologies do not stand still, and new series of panel houses are often not inferior in quality and appearance to monolithic buildings. The editors of www.irn.ru decided to debunk the most common myths about panel houses, as well as find out what they are - panel houses of the future.

Trapped in stereotypes

IRN.RU recently held an online poll in which readers were asked to note the positive characteristics of panel houses. It is not surprising that the leading answers were the high construction speed (45.8%) and its low cost (40.5%). The rest of the advantages (for example, a variety of layouts, architectural forms, etc.), according to the readers of www.irn.ru, are not inherent in panel houses - in total, they won less than 15% of the votes.

Most often, panel houses are credited with such shortcomings as uniformity, unattractive appearance, uniformity of planning solutions and low quality characteristics, for example, in noise and heat insulation. According to experts, this is far from the case. “All these myths are associated with panel houses of the old series and have nothing to do with modern housing construction,” says Stanislav Shmelev, General Director of ZAO Patriot-Engineering (part of Inteko Group, manages house-building factories of Patriot Group). “Despite this, indeed, many continue to live in the grip of stereotypes and ascribe irrelevant shortcomings to the new industrial housing.”

At the behest of the authorities

From September 1, the Moscow authorities will order only new progressive series houses for construction. In commercial development, the city administration hopes that progressive series should also replace old ones. The Moscow region and other regions are also striving for this. Among the requirements for new series are the possibility of quarterly planning of microdistricts, a variety of facades and architectural forms, variability of apartment design, energy efficiency, accessibility for low-mobility groups.

According to Irina Dobrokhotova, chairman of the BEST-Novostroy board of directors, about 10 house-building factories have already submitted new panel series for approval to the authorities. Some of them have already passed the approval of the Moscow Architectural Council. Among them are Inteko, Glavmosstroy, DSK No. 1, DSK Grad and GVSU-Center, notes Maria Litinetskaya, General Director of Metrium Group.

The first swallows

According to experts, even among the series of panel houses that have been existing on the market for a long time, there are quite progressive ones. According to Maria Litinetskaya, these include P-44T / K, P-3M / MK, I-155MK, EuroPa. "Panel houses of the improved series in the Central quarter of the residential complex" New Vatutinki "are produced for us by DSK-3, one of the leaders of the capital's housing construction, - says Alexander Zubets, General Director of LLC" New Vatutinki ". - In the first and second phases of the Tsentralny microdistrict in the Novye Vatutinki residential complex, houses of the P-3M series were built, which are distinguished by a characteristic rounded shape of balconies and the presence of dark rooms in three- and four-room apartments. And in the third stage of the microdistrict, other series are already being built - P-44T and P-111M. "

Microdistrict Central in the residential complex "New Vatutinki", series P-3M. Source: LLC "New Vatutinki"

However, the newest series will be even more progressive. Among them, for example, the new DOMMOS panel house building system, which was recently launched into production by the Center GVSU. The residential complex "Gosudarev House" (developer - "Granel"), as well as a new project in Mitino, which GVSU "Center" is implementing jointly with Capital Group, is being built from such houses.

“At our Moscow house-building plant (DSK-No.7) we plan to work according to the industrial system, which was developed by the BRT RUS architectural bureau (part of INTECO Group of Companies) and approved at a meeting of the Moscow Architectural Council,” says Stanislav Shmelev. - This system meets the modern requirements of the urban environment and allows you to build any buildings according to the Lego principle, including also social infrastructure objects - kindergartens, schools, etc. ”.

Panel houses "DSK-№ 7". Source: GC "Inteko"

Among the most interesting innovations, one can also single out a new series from GC "SU-155", which will be presented in the Sky City RC, and the series "Grad-1M" and "Block Supreme" - they are produced by GC "Morton" at its new plant DSK " Grad ", built last year together with RUSNANO. “The houses developed by the plant have already been approved by the Moscow Architectural Council, and in the near future, on the recommendation of the Minister of Construction and Housing and Communal Services Mikhail Men, a number of standard projects for the Grad DSK will be sent to Glavgosexpertiza and the collection-library of standard projects of the Ministry of Construction,” says Igor Sibrenkov, deputy General Director of Morton-Invest. The company has already begun to erect the first new buildings from DSK products in the Vostochnoye Butovo microdistrict and in the third stage of construction in Mortongrad Butovo, as well as in the new Zhemchuzhina Zelenograd microdistrict.

Architectural diversity

From the point of view of appearance, in old panel houses, people are not satisfied with the architectural monotony and unaesthetic seams in the smudges of rust. However, new technologies make it possible to get rid of these disadvantages. “The method of installation has changed, today products are assembled not by welding, but by bolted or monolithic connections,” says Stanislav Shmelev, so the seams, according to the expert, look much better than in old panel houses.

The easiest way to achieve architectural diversity is to change the facades. In recent years, external painting of walls, which will require renovation in 10 years, is practically not used; instead, either tiles or panels are used, or concrete painting in bulk. “Adding paint directly to the concrete makes the color of the facade much more resistant to external influences and improves the performance of the building. The use of such colored concrete, when the paint is added immediately in production, eliminates the need to regularly paint the facade and, in turn, reduces the cost of house renovation, "explains Igor Sibrenkov.

Panel houses DSK "GRAD". Source: GC "Morton"

Using this technology, you can achieve a variety of, but calm shades. Brighter colors can be obtained with veneering. “Modern series“ EuroPa ”with a ventilated facade made it possible to fully realize our idea - each of the three buildings of the first stage of the RC“ River Park ”has a mosaic color (terracotta-olive, terracotta-blue, terracotta-yellow), - says Larisa Shvetsova. General Director of the company LLC "River Park". - As a result, panel buildings do not differ in appearance from monolithic houses. Ivan Lubennikov, a Russian monumental artist, a member of the Russian Academy of Arts, took part in the development of the facade design. " The facades in River Park are finished with mineral insulation and Finnish Sembrit cladding panels.

Houses of the "EuroPa" series in "River Park". Source: LLC "River Park"

In addition, a variety of facades can be achieved thanks to the new technology for placing balconies - this allows you to actually "paint" with balconies. “The adopted structural scheme of the building within the framework of the DOMMOS system allows balconies and loggias to be located in any premises of residential apartments, which in turn makes it possible to use various architectural compositional techniques on the external surfaces of buildings horizontally and vertically in combination with various types of modern exterior decoration. All together, this makes it possible to give a residential building individual architectural expressiveness and attractiveness, "says Igor Nikitchenko, head of the group of chief architects of the GVSU Center holding company. And in the houses of the EuroPa series in River Park, LSR has designed a non-standard model of buildings in which the first non-residential floor is being erected using a monolithic technology with a ceiling height of 4 meters and with panoramic glazing, which also gives the houses an unusual look.

Panel houses "DOMMOS". Source: GVSU "Center"

Free layout panel

Panel houses, which offer a standard set of apartments, are also a thing of the past. For example, for the new universal system "DOMMOS", seven types of block-sections with a different set of apartments have been developed, as well as twenty-seven modifications to them. And the EuroPa series provides the developer with the opportunity to choose from 25 apartment options, among which there are compact studios with an area of 25-28 sq. m. Studios are also possible in the houses "DOMMOS" and in new series from DSK "GRAD".

The Dommos system, due to the increased pitch of internal transverse load-bearing wall panels up to 6.6 m, and longitudinal - up to 6.2 m, even suggests the possibility of creating two-level apartments and housing with free planning. “The area of the residential module is 40.9 sq. m. As a rule, this module is located in residential apartments in the living room and kitchen area. In this module, load-bearing walls are located along the perimeter. There are no supporting structures inside the residential module, ”explains Igor Nikitchenko.

Quality at the level

The quality indicators in the new panel series have also improved significantly compared to Soviet industrial buildings. Even the familiar P-44T series meets world standards for capitalism and fire resistance (1st classes). “At the same time, three-layer external panels create thermal insulation like brick walls 90 cm thick,” emphasizes Irina Dobrokhotova. - The houses are equipped with reinforced window blocks of improved design (double-glazed windows are filled with argon for better thermal protection and sound insulation). "

The service life of most modern panel houses is 100 years. “And the use of modern solutions of assembly units, for example, can increase the service life of a building up to 150 years,” says Igor Sibrenkov. - The benefits of living in such houses for the consumer are also obvious. Reducing energy costs for new homes by 25%, compared to standard indicators, will allow residents to save up to a quarter of their heating costs. "

The price of the issue

The release of the most modern series requires a comprehensive modernization of production. “It is impossible to install one or two new machines and expect that this will lead to some kind of qualitative changes,” says Stanislav Shmelev. - It is necessary to install new automated equipment, use advanced modern technologies, retrain personnel, expand the range of products. Comprehensive modernization will require about 2-4 billion rubles. " According to Irina Dobrokhotova, the process of modernization of production took about one and a half years from the GVSU Center holding and cost more than 1 billion rubles. At the same time, the company plans to reach positive profit in 2018.

However, demand dictates its own terms. According to Grigory Vaulin, General Director of Ferro-Stroy, the majority of enterprises should switch to the production of new series: “Otherwise, the market in Moscow and the Moscow region will be closed for them.”

At the same time, in the context of economic instability, the speed of construction plays a decisive role for buyers, since it reduces risks. If the quality and comfort of panel houses improves at the same time, in budgetary segments they may be even preferable to monolithic ones, according to experts of the IRN.RU Real Estate Market Indicators analytical center.