At home and on the street, we can hear many sounds: human footsteps, the ticking of a clock, the sound of rain, birdsong, the horn of a car. However, the sounds of human speech stand apart and differ from others, because they can be used to form words. It is known that all sounds of the Russian language are divided into two groups: consonants and vowels. When vowels are formed for air, there is no obstruction in the oral cavity. But in the case of the pronunciation of consonants in the oral cavity, an obstacle arises. So, what groups can they be divided into, what does the expression "paired consonants" mean?
Voiceless and voiced consonants
The division into these groups is as follows: voiced consonants are pronounced using noise and voice, but deaf ones consist of one noise. The first and the second can form deaf / voiced pairs. Relative pairing is represented by 12 rows. For example: "d" - "t", "g" - "k", "z" - "s" and others. Such sounds are paired consonants. But not all consonants can be paired. They are not formed by voiced "n", "m", "l", "y", "r", as well as voiceless "c", "x", "u", "h". In writing, sounds are indicated by the corresponding letters. It's important to be careful. Paired and unpaired consonants at the end of a word or in the middle before a consonant can sound the same, but be designated by different letters. To check their spelling, it is necessary to find a word with the same root so that after the checked consonant there is a vowel, and the sound leaves no doubt about the spelling. For example:
gris b - gri bs, gri nn - gri nnmeaningful;
ro t - ro tnew (cavity), ro d - ro dovoy (castle).
Depending on the position of the tongue when pronouncing sounds, all consonants are divided into hard and soft. These are different phonemes. Paired consonants and unpaired consonants are distinguished. Examples of pairs: "in" - "in,", "k" - "k,", "p" - "p," and others. The icon ( , ) denotes the softness of the sound during transcription. Steam does not form soft "u", "h", "d", and also always hard "w", "z", "c". Of course, it is very important to distinguish between hard and soft paired consonants. Sometimes they even distinguish between words. For example:
mate - mol, me l - me lb.
IN " mate "and" me lb "highlighted consonants are soft, and in words" mol "and" me l " - solid. Thanks to this special pronunciation, words are not confused.
When writing words, the softness of consonants can be indicated in the following ways:
- With the "b". For example: skates, elk, kick.
- Using the letters "i", "i", "e", "e", "u". These are the cases: wheel, thrown, ball.
It is important to remember that in the middle of a word before a consonant, softness is not indicated by a soft sign in the following combinations: "st", "shn", "nt", "rsh", "chn", "chk", "nsh", "nch". Pay attention to the words: to lFina, spo rshitza mo stiki. In the selected combinations, the first consonant is heard softly, but it is written without
The letters "i", "e", "e", "u" can represent the vowel sounds "a", "e", "o", "u" + the softness of a consonant in front of them. In other cases (at the beginning of a word, after after "b", "b") they mean two sounds. And before the sound "and" consonants will always be pronounced softly.
So, one could notice that the creation of pairs is a feature that is very characteristic of the consonant system of the Russian language. Paired consonants are combined into groups and are simultaneously opposed to each other. They often help distinguish words.
All speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. In turn, consonants can be divided into hard and soft. This is one of the main characteristics of a consonant sound.
What sounds are called soft
Most schoolchildren have no doubt about whether the sound is soft or hard. We usually distinguish them just by ear. Indeed, these sounds are heard differently than solid ones. When pronouncing them, the tongue moves somewhat forward towards the teeth and is localized in the region of the hard palate. That is why vowels are most often pronounced after soft consonants, which are also formed in front, next to the teeth.
Paired and unpaired soft consonants
Hard and soft sounds often form pairs. For example, hard sound [B] corresponds to soft [B ']. In transcription, softness is indicated by an apostrophe.
We see that in the Russian language there are several unpaired hard sounds and several unpaired soft sounds.
Hard and soft paired consonants can perform a meaningful function. For example, MAL and MEL, MEL and MEL. Many linguistic riddles are known based on this.
How soft sounds are indicated in writing
According to the rule, soft consonants in writing can be indicated in different ways.
With a soft sign. However, we must remember that the soft sign indicates only the softness of the paired consonant. If we have a hissing one, its softness cannot be indicated by a soft sign. Sibilants are either always hard (and then they cannot be softened), or always soft (and then a soft sign is superfluous in this situation). After the hissing, the soft sign performs a grammatical function, that is, with its help, nouns 2 and 3 declensions are distinguished.
Studying the Russian language already in the 2nd grade, the children learn about the double role of the letters E, E, Yu, Ya. If these letters stand in the field of a paired consonant, they are read E, O, U, A and simultaneously denote the softness of the previous consonant: [L'E ], [L'O], [L'U], [L'A].
Similarly to the first case, after the hissing E, Yo, Yu, I cannot indicate the softness of the previous consonant, therefore the spelling of E and Y after the hissing ones is difficult and is also memorized as a rule and also performs the grammatical function of distinguishing parts of speech. for example, the word "arson" is a noun, and the word "arson" is a verb.
In what cases it is not necessary to indicate softness in writing
Some soft consonants and combinations are not friendly with a soft sign.
This is an unpaired soft sound [Y ’]. A soft mark is never placed on it.
In combinations of CHK, CHN-NCH, CHV, CHT, SCHN-NSCh, RSCh, a soft sign is not needed.
It is also not required in combinations ST, CH, ZD, ZN and some others, in which C or Z are softened when pronounced before a soft consonant: verses [S'T '], difference [Z'N'], etc.
After the hissing, the soft sign usually performs a grammatical function, but it can also be a dividing one: "sews", "whose", etc.
As you know, the sounds of speech can be divided into vowels (pronounced only by voice) and consonants (noise is involved in their pronunciation). Many consonants can be paired according to their characteristics, but not all.
Paired and unpaired consonants for voicelessness
Immediately it is necessary to make a reservation that there are only four such sounds that are unpaired in all respects. We'll talk about them at the end of the article. Most, on one basis, are part of a pair, but on the other they are not. Therefore, it makes no sense to write about the consonant "unpaired" - it is necessary to indicate on what basis.
The consonants differ in voicelessness. This means that when pronouncing some of them, more voices are used (sonorous, voiced), while others use more noise (deaf) or even just one noise (hissing).
Sonorous are very voiced consonants, there are many voices in them, but there is little noise.
Two sonorous consonants - [L] and [R] - can even form a syllable under some circumstances, that is, behave like vowels. Surely you have met the erroneous spelling "theator". It is explained precisely by the fact that [P] in this word is syllabic. Other examples are the words "Alexander", "meaning".
Unpaired voiced consonants are just sonorous sounds. There are five of them:
Sometimes [Y] is not classified as sonorant, but it still remains voiced unpaired. Let's look at the table.
It shows that, in addition to voiced unpaired, there are also sounds that are unpaired deaf. Most of them are hissing; only the voiceless unpaired consonant sound [Ts] does not apply to hissing ones.
In this article, we are considering only Russian speech sounds. In other languages, the pairing may be different. For example, in the Tibetan language there is a voiceless pair for a voiced [L].
Hardness-softness pairs
In addition to deafness-voicedness, Russian consonants form pairs of hardness-softness.
This means that some of them are perceived by ear as softer. Then we usually somehow designate it in writing: for example, we write a soft sign or one of the vowels E, E, Yu, Ya.
Oral speech is primary (anyone understands that it appeared before written speech), therefore it is wrong to say: "The sound [H '] in the word KONE is soft, because after it there is b." On the contrary, we write b because H is soft.
According to hardness-softness, consonants also make up pairs. But in this case, not everything. In Russian, there are unpaired soft and unpaired hard consonants.
Unpaired solid consonants are mainly hissing ([Ж], [Ш]) and [Ц]. They always form at the far palate.
But in the ancestor of our language, Old Church Slavonic, on the contrary, [F] and [W] were always soft and did not have a solid pair. Then [K], [G] and [X] were not soft. Currently, you can meet (once the only possible) pronunciation with a soft [Ж ’] [ДРОЖ’Ж’И] or [DOZH’] (rain), but this is now optional.
Unpaired soft ones are [Y ’] and, again, hissing [H’] and [Щ ’].
That is, all sibilants are either always hard or always soft. The letter b after them does not indicate softness, it performs a grammatical function (for example, without even knowing what "baldness" is, anyone will immediately say that this word is feminine, because in the masculine gender after hissing b is not put). Solid unpaired sibilant consonants in a word may have b with them, but this does not mean that they should soften. This means that we have before us a noun of 3 declensions, an adverb or a verb.
Unpaired soft consonants in a word make you want to put b after them, which is often not required. Therefore, it makes sense to remember that in combinations of CHK, CHN, etc. B after h is not needed.
Sounds "completely unpaired"
In Russian, the majority of consonants are either paired for both signs, or paired for one sign and unpaired for the other. for example, in the word [P'EN '] (stump) the sound [P'] is paired both by deafness-voicedness (P '- B'), and by hardness-softness (P '- P), and the sound [N'] is paired in hardness-softness (H '- H), but unpaired in deafness-voicedness.
However, there are several sounds that are unpaired in both ways. These are the sounds [Y ’] (unpaired voiced, unpaired soft), [Ч’] (unpaired soft, unpaired voiceless), [Щ ’] (unpaired soft, unpaired unvoiced) and [C] (unpaired hard, unpaired voiceless). Such sounds are often made in the Russian language Olympiads. For example, "Guess the sound by its characteristic: unpaired solid, unpaired dull." We already see that it is [C].
What have we learned?
From the article about paired and unpaired consonants, we learned that there are both paired and unpaired consonants in Russian. Paired consonants differ in voicelessness and hardness-softness.
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In this chapter:
§one. Sound
Sound - the minimum unit of sounding speech. Each word has a sound envelope consisting of sounds. The sound corresponds to the meaning of the word. Different words and forms of the word have different sound design. The sounds themselves do not matter, but they do an important role: they help us distinguish between:
- words: [house] - [volume], [volume] - [there], [m'el] - [m'el ']
- word forms: [house] - [lady´] - [house´ ma].
Note:
words written in square brackets are given in transcription.
§2. Transcription
Transcription is a special recording system that displays sound. The characters are accepted in the transcription:
Square brackets representing transcription.
[´] - stress. Stress is placed if the word consists of more than one syllable.
[б ’] - the icon next to the consonant indicates its softness.
[j] and [th] are different meanings of the same sound. Since this sound is soft, these symbols are often used with the additional designation of softness:, [’]. This site uses the designation [th '], which is more familiar to most guys. The softness icon will be used to make you more accustomed to the softness of the sound.
There are other symbols as well. They will be introduced gradually as you become familiar with the topic.
§3. Vowel and consonant sounds
Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
They have a different nature. They are pronounced and perceived differently, and also behave differently in speech and play different roles in it.
Vowels- these are sounds, when pronounced, the air passes freely through the oral cavity, without encountering obstacles in its path. Pronunciation (articulation) is not focused in one place: the quality of the vowels is determined by the shape of the mouth, which acts as a resonator. When articulating vowels, the vocal cords work in the larynx. They are close, tense and vibrate. Therefore, when pronouncing vowels, we hear a voice. Vowels can be pulled. You can shout them. And if you put your hand to your throat, then the work of the vocal cords when pronouncing vowels can be felt, felt with your hand. Vowels are the basis of a syllable, they organize it. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. For example: he - 1 syllable, she - 2 syllables, guys- 3 syllables, etc. There are words that consist of one vowel sound. For example, unions: and, and and interjections: Oh !, Ah !, Ooh! other.
In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables.
Stressed syllable the one in which the vowel is pronounced clearly and appears in its basic form.
IN unstressed syllables vowels are modified, pronounced differently. The change of vowels in unstressed syllables is called reduction.
There are six stressed vowels in Russian: [a], [o], [y], [s], [and], [e].
Remember:
Words are possible that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary.
In Russian, there are much more consonants than vowels.
§4. The way consonants are formed
Consonants- these are sounds, when pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle in its path. In Russian, there are two types of barriers: a slit and a bow - these are two main ways of forming consonants. The type of obstruction determines the nature of the consonant sound.
Slit formed, for example, when pronouncing the sounds: [s], [h], [w], [g]. The tip of the tongue only comes close to the lower or upper teeth. Slotted consonants can be pulled: [s-s-s-s], [w-w-w-w] . As a result, you will hear a good noise: when pronouncing [s] - whistling, and when pronouncing [w] - hissing.
Bow,the second type of articulation of consonants is formed when the organs of speech are closed. The air flow dramatically overcomes this obstacle, the sounds are short, energetic. Therefore, they are called explosive. It will not work to pull them. These are, for example, the sounds [n], [b], [t], [d] . This articulation is easier to feel and feel.
So, when pronouncing consonants, noise is heard. The presence of noise is a hallmark of consonants.
§5. Voiced and voiceless consonants
According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf.
When pronouncing voiced consonants are heard both voice and noise, and deaf- only noise.
Deaf people cannot be pronounced loudly. They cannot be shouted.
Let's compare the words: house and cat. Each word has 1 vowel sound and 2 consonants. The vowels are the same, but the consonants are different: [d] and [m] are voiced, and [k] and [t] are voiceless. Voice-deafness is the most important sign of consonants in Russian.
pairs of voiced-deafness: [b] - [n], [h] - [c] and others. There are 11 such pairs.
Pairs for deafness-voicedness: [n] and [b], [n "] and [b"], [f] and [c], [f "] and [c"], [k] and [g], [k "] and [z], [t] and [d], [t"] and [d "], [w] and [g], [s] and [z], [s"] and [ h "].
But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of voicedness - deafness. For example, the sounds [p], [l], [n], [m], [y ’] do not have a deaf pair, while [c] and [h’] are voiced.
Unpaired in deafness-voiced
Voiced unpaired: [p], [l], [n], [m], [y "], [p"], [l "], [n"], [m "] . They are also called sonorous.
What does this term mean? This is a group of consonants (9 in total) with pronunciation features: when they are pronounced in the oral cavity, obstacles also arise, but such that the air stream, passing through an obstacle makes only a slight noise; air flows freely through an opening in the nasal cavity or mouth. Sonorous are pronounced using a voice with the addition of minor noise.Many teachers do not use this term, but everyone should know that these sounds are voiced unpaired.
Sonorants have two important features:
1) they are not stunned, like paired voiced consonants, before the deaf and at the end of the word;
2) in front of them there is no voicing of paired voiceless consonants (i.e., the position in front of them is strong in terms of voicelessness, as well as before vowels). For more information on positional changes, see.
Deaf unpaired: [c], [h "], [w":], [x], [x "].
What is the easiest way to memorize lists of voiced and voiceless consonants?
The phrases will help to remember the lists of voiced and voiceless consonants:
Oh, we did not forget each other! (There are only voiced consonants)
Foka, do you want to eat some chec? (There are only voiceless consonants here)
True, these phrases do not include hardness-softness pairs. But usually people can easily figure out that not only hard [s] voiced, but also soft [s "], not only [b], but also [b"], etc.
§6. Hard and soft consonants
The consonants differ not only in voicelessness, but also in hardness and softness.
Hardness-softness - the second most important sign of consonants in Russian.
Soft consonants differ from solid the special position of the language. When pronouncing hard, the entire body of the tongue is pulled back, and when pronouncing soft, it is shifted forward, and the middle part of the tongue is raised. Compare: [m] - [m ’], [h] - [z’]. Voiced soft sounds higher than hard ones.
Many Russian consonants form pairs by hardness-softness: [b] - [b ’], [c] - [c’] and others. There are 15 such pairs.
Pairs of hardness-softness: [b] and [b "], [m] and [m"], [p] and [p "], [c] and [c"], [f] and [f "] , [h] and [h "], [c] and [c"], [d] and [d "], [t] and [t"], [n] and [n "], [l] and [l "], [p] and [p"], [k] and [k "], [z] and [z"], [x] and [x "].
But there are sounds that do not have a hard-soft pair. For example, the sounds [w], [w], [c] have no soft pair, while [y ’] and [h’] have no hard pair.
Unpaired in hardness-softness
Solid unpaired: [w], [w], [c] .
Soft unpaired: [th "], [h"], [w ":].
§7. Indicating the softness of consonants in writing
Let's digress from pure phonetics. Let's consider a practically important question: how is the softness of consonants in writing indicated?
There are 36 consonant sounds in Russian, among which there are 15 pairs of hard-softness, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants. There are only 21 consonants. How can 21 letters represent 36 sounds?
For this, different methods are used:
- iotated letters e, e, y, i after consonants, except w, w and c,unpaired in hardness-softness, indicate that these consonants are soft, for example: aunt - [t'o't'a], dya 'dya - [Yes Yes] ;
- letter and after consonants, except w, w and c... Consonants denoted by letters w, w and c, unpaired solid. Examples of words with a vowel and: no wea- [n'i' tk'i], sheet - [l'ist], nice- [nice'] ;
- letter b, after consonants, except w, w, after which the soft mark is an indicator of grammatical form. Examples of soft-signed words : about - [prose'ba], stranded - [m'el '], distance - [gave ’].
Thus, the softness of consonants in writing is conveyed not in special letters, but in combinations of consonants with letters and, e, e, u, i and b. Therefore, when parsing, I advise you to pay special attention to the adjacent letters after the consonants.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
School textbooks say that [w] and [w ’] -
unpaired in hardness-softness. How so? We hear that the sound [sh '] is a soft analogue of the sound [sh].
When I studied at school myself, I could not understand why? Then my son went to school. He had the same question. It appears in all guys who are thoughtful about learning.
The bewilderment arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound [ш '] is also long, but the solid [ш] is not. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one sign. A [w] and [w ’] - two. Therefore, [w] and [w ’] are not pairs.
For adults and high school students.
In order to observe the correctness, it is necessary to change the school tradition of transcribing the sound [ш ']. It seems that it is easier for the guys to use one more additional sign than to face an illogical, obscure and misleading statement. It's simple. So that generation after generation does not rack their brains, we must finally show that a soft hissing sound is long.
For this, in linguistic practice, there are two icons:
1) a superscript over the sound;
2) colon.
The use of a superscript is inconvenient because it is not provided for by the set of characters that can be used in computer typing. This means that the following possibilities remain: using a colon [ш ’:] or a grapheme denoting the letter [ш’] . It seems to me that the first option is preferable. Firstly, the guys often mix sounds and letters at first. The use of a letter in transcription will create a basis for such a confusion, provoke an error. Secondly, the guys now start learning foreign languages \u200b\u200bearly. And they are already familiar with the [:] icon when using it to indicate the longitude of a sound. Thirdly, transcription with the designation of longitude by the colon [:] will perfectly convey the features of the sound. [ш ’:] - soft and long, both signs that make it different from the sound [ш] are presented clearly, simply and unambiguously.
What advice do you have for the guys who are now studying using generally accepted textbooks? You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact the sounds [ш] and [ш ’:] do not form a pair in terms of hardness and softness. And I advise you to transcribe them as your teacher requires.
§8. Place of consonant formation
Consonants differ not only according to the signs you already know:
- deafness-voicedness,
- hardness-softness,
- method of formation: bow-slit.
The last, fourth sign is important: place of education.
Articulation of some sounds is carried out by the lips, others - by the tongue, its different parts. So, the sounds [n], [n '], [b], [b'], [m], [m '] - labial, [v], [v'], [f], [f ' ] - labiodental, all the others - lingual: front-lingual [t], [t '], [d], [d'], [n], [n '], [s], [s'], [s ], [z '], [w], [w], [w':], [h '], [q], [l], [l'], [p], [p '] ,
mid-lingual [th ’] and posterior lingual [k], [k’], [g], [g ’], [x], [x’].
§nine. Positional changes of sounds
1. Strong-weak positions for vowels. Vowel positional changes. Reduction
People don't use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it.
Speech is a stream of sound, but a stream, organized in a certain way. The conditions in which this or that sound is found are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, a stressed syllable, an unstressed syllable, a position in front of a vowel, a position in front of a consonant are all different positions. We will figure out how to distinguish between strong and weak positions, first for vowels, and then for consonants.
Strong position one in which sounds are not subject to positional changes and appear in their basic form. A strong position is allocated for groups of sounds, for example: for vowels, this is the position in the stressed syllable. And for consonants, for example, the position in front of the vowels is strong.
For vowels, the strong position is stressed, and the weak one is unstressed.
In unstressed syllables, the vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and are not pronounced as clearly as under stress. This change of vowels in a weak position is called reduction... Due to the reduction, fewer vowels are distinguished in the weak position than in the strong one.
Sounds corresponding to stressed [o] and [a], after hard consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. The normative language in the Russian language is "akane", i.e. non-discrimination ABOUT and A in an unstressed position after hard consonants.
- under stress: [house] - [dame] - [o] ≠ [a].
- without stress: [d ama´] -home´ - [d ala´] -dala´ - [a] \u003d [a].
Sounds corresponding to stressed [a] and [e] sound the same after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position. Hiccup is considered to be the normative pronunciation. non-discrimination E and A in an unstressed position after soft consonants.
- under stress: [m'ech ’] - [mach’] - [e] ≠ [a].
- without stress: [m'ich'o'm] - sword 'm -[m'ich'o'm] - ball 'm - [and] \u003d [and].
- But what about the vowels [and], [s], [y]? Why was nothing said about them? The fact is that these vowels in a weak position undergo only a quantitative reduction: they are pronounced more briefly, weakly, but their quality does not change. That is, as for all vowels, an unstressed position for them is a weak position, but for a student these vowels in an unstressed position do not pose a problem.
[ly´ zhy], [in _lu´ zhu], [n'i' t'i] - the quality of the vowels does not change in both the strong and weak positions. And under stress, and in an unstressed position, we clearly hear: [s], [y], [and] and write the letters with which these sounds are usually denoted.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
What vowel sounds are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after hard consonants?
Performing phonetic analysis and transcription of words, many guys express bewilderment. In long polysyllabic words, after hard consonants, not the sound [a] is pronounced, as school textbooks say, but something else.
They are right.
Compare the pronunciation of the words: Moscow - Muscovites... Repeat each word several times and listen to which vowel sounds in the first syllable. With the word Moscow everything is simple. We say: [maskva´] - the sound [a] is clearly heard. And the word muscovites? In accordance with the literary norm, in all syllables, except for the first syllable before stress, as well as positions of the beginning and end of a word, we pronounce not [a], but another sound: less distinct, less clear, more like [s] than [ a]. In the scientific tradition, this sound is designated by the sign [b]. So, in reality we say: [мълак´] - milk ',[xyrasho´] - well ,[k'lbasa´] - sausage´.
I understand that by giving this material in the textbooks, the authors tried to simplify it. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, hearing clearly that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand in any way why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same. In fact:
[in ayes ] - water '-[in bd'inoy '] - watery:[a] ≠ [b]
[dr awha '] - firewood´ -[dr bin'ino'th '] - wood-burning:[a] ≠ [b]
A special subsystem is made up of the realization of vowels in unstressed syllables after hissing ones. But in the school course, this material is not presented at all in most textbooks.
What vowel sounds are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after soft consonants?
I have the greatest sympathy for the guys who study from textbooks that offer on-site A,E, ABOUT after soft consonants, hear and transmit the sound "and, inclined to e" in transcription. I think it is fundamentally wrong to give schoolchildren as the only option an outdated pronunciation norm - "ekane", which is much less common today "hiccup", mainly among deeply elderly people. Guys, feel free to write in an unstressed position in the first syllable before the stress in place A and E - [and].
After soft consonants in other unstressed syllables, in addition to the position of the end of the word, we pronounce a short, weak sound reminiscent of [and] and denoted as [b]. Say the words eight, nineand listen to yourself. We pronounce: [in 's'm'] - [b], [d'e' v''t '] - [b].
Do not confuse:
Transcription marks are one thing, but letters are quite another.
The transcription sign [b] denotes a vowel after solid consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before stress.
The letter ъ is a solid sign.
The transcription sign [b] denotes a vowel after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before stress.
The letter ь is a soft sign.
Transcription characters, unlike letters, are given in square brackets.
End of word - a special position. There is a clarification of vowels after soft consonants. The system of unstressed endings is a special phonetic subsystem. In it E and A differ:
Building[building n'iy'e] - building[building n'iy'a], opinion[m'e' n'iy'e] - opinions[m'e'n'iy'a], sea[mo're] - seas[mo' r'a], in 'la[vo'l'a] - on the outside[na_vo'l'e]. Keep this in mind when doing phonetic parsing of words.
Check:
How your teacher requires you to designate vowels in an unstressed position. If he uses a simplified transcription system, that's okay: it's widely accepted. Just don't be surprised that you actually hear different sounds in an unstressed position.
2. Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional changes of consonants
For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before vowel... Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, when doing phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake when characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dach'a] - country house, [t'l'iv'i' zur] - TV set,[s'ino' n'ims] - synonims,[b'ir'o´ zy] - birch,[karz "i´ us] - baskets... All consonants in these examples before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.
Strong positions in voice deafness:
- before vowels: [there] - there,[I will] - I will,
- before unpaired voiced voices [p], [p ’], [l], [l’], [n], [n ’], [m], [m’], [th ’]: [dl’a] - for,[tl'a] - aphid,
- Before [in], [in ’]: [your’] - your, [ringing] - ringing.
Remember:
In a strong position, voiced and voiceless consonants do not change their quality.
Weak positions in deafness-voicedness:
- before paired by deafness-voicedness: [weak 'tk'iy] - sweet,[zu' pk'i] - zu'bki.
- in front of deaf unpaired: [aphva 't] - girth, [fhot] - entrance.
- at the end of a word: [zup] - tooth,[dup] - oak.
Positional changes of consonants for deafness-voicedness
In weak positions, the consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced speakers become deaf, i.e. are deafened, and the deaf are voiced, i.e. voiced. Positional changes are observed only in paired consonants.
Stunning-voicing of consonants
Stunning voiced happens in positions:
- before paired deaf: [fsta 'v'it'] - inturn,
- at the end of a word: [clath] - treasure.
Sounding the deaf happens in position:
- before paired voiced: [kaz'ba'] - to fromwha '
Strong positions in hardness-softness:
- before vowels: [mate ’] - mother,[m'at '] - crumple,
- at the end of a word: [out] - out,[out ’] - stink,
- before the labial-labial: [b], [b '], [p], [p'], [m], [m '] and posterior lingual: [k], [k'], [g], [g ' ], [x [, [x '] for sounds [s], [s'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [d], [d '], [n ], [n '], [p], [p']: [sa' n'k'i] - Sa'nky (genus pad.), [s'ank'i] - sa'nki,[boo lka] - bou'lka,[boo l'kat '] - boo lkat,
- all positions for sounds [l] and [l ']: [forehead] - forehead,[pal'ba] - firing.
Remember:
In a strong position, hard and soft consonants do not change their quality.
Weak positions in hardness-softness and positional changes in hardness-softness.
- before soft [t ’], [d’] for consonants [c], [z], which are necessarily softened:, [z’d’es ’],
- before [h ’] and [w’:] for [n], which is necessarily softened: [by 'n'ch'ik] - on'nchik,[ka 'm'n'sh': uk] - ka 'the menager.
Remember:
In a number of positions today, both soft and hard pronunciation are possible:
- before soft front lingual [n '], [l'] for front lingual consonants [c], [h]: snow -[s'n'ek] and, to anger -[z'l'it '] and [evil']
- before the soft front-lingual, [z '] for the front-lingual [t], [d] - raise 't -[pad'n'a't '] and [pad'n'a't'] , take away -[at'n'a't ’] and [atn'a't’]
- before the soft front-lingual [t "], [d"], [s "], [z"] for the front-lingual [n]: vi' ntik -[v'i'n "t" uk] and [v'i' nt'ik], pe´ nsya - [p'e' n's'iy'a] and [p'e' ns'iy'a]
- before soft labial [v ’], [f’], [b ’], [p’], [m ’] for labial: enter - [f "p" isa 't'] and [fp "is'at '], ri´ fme(date pad) - [r'i' f "m" e] and [r'i' fm "e]
Remember:
In all cases, positional softening of consonants is possible in a weak position.
Writing a soft sign with positional softening of consonants is wrong.
Positional changes of consonants based on the method and place of formation
Naturally, in the school tradition, it is not customary to present the characteristics of sounds and the positional changes occurring with them in full detail. But the general laws of phonetics need to be learned. Without this, it is difficult to do phonetic parsing and complete test tasks. Therefore, below is a list of position-related changes in consonants based on the method and place of formation. This material is a tangible help for those who want to avoid mistakes in phonetic analysis.
Assimilation of consonants
The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by the assimilation of sounds, if they are similar in some way and at the same time turn out to be close.
Learn the list:
[c] and [w] → [w:] - sew
[h] and [f] → [f:] - squeeze
[s] and [h ’] - at the root of words →
[w ’:] - happiness, account
- at the junction of morphemes and words →
[w ’: h’] -
comb, dishonorable, with what (a preposition followed by a word is pronounced as one word)
[s] and [w ’:] → [w’:] - split
[t] and [c] - in verb forms → [c:] - smiles
-at the junction of the prefix and root →
[cs] - pour
[t] and [c] → [c:] - unhook
[t] and [h ’] → [h’:] - report
[t] and [t] and [w ’:] ← [c] and [h’] - Countdown
[d] and [w ’:] ← [c] and [h’] - counting
Assign consonants
Assimilation is a process of positional change, the opposite of assimilation.
[g] and [k'] → [x'k '] - easy
Simplifying consonant groups
Learn the list:
vst - [st]: hello feel
zdn - [zn]: late
zd - [ss] : under the bridle
lnts - [nts]: the sun
ndc -
[nts]: Dutch
ndsh -
[nsh:] landscape
ntg - [ng]: x-ray
pdc -
[rts]: heart
rdch -
[rh ’]: heart
stl - [sl ’]: happy
stn - [sn]: local
Pronunciation of groups of sounds:
In the forms of adjectives, pronouns, participles, there are letter combinations: wow, him. INa place rthey pronounce [in]: him beautiful blue.
Avoid reading letter by letter. Say the words him, blue, beautiful correctly.
§ten. Letters and sounds
Letters and sounds have different purposes and nature. But these are related systems. Therefore, the types of ratio need to be known.
Types of ratio of letters and sounds:
- The letter denotes a sound, for example vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.
- The letter has no sound of its own, for example b and b: mouse
- The letter denotes two sounds, for example, iotated vowels e, e, y, iin positions:
- the beginning of a word,
- after the vowels,
- after dividing b and b.
- A letter can denote the sound and quality of the preceding sound, such as iotated vowels and and after soft consonants.
- The letter may indicate the quality of the preceding sound, for example bin words shadow, stump, shooting.
- Two letters can represent one sound, more often a long one: sew, compress, sweep
- Three letters correspond to one sound: smile - yes -[c:]
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What determines the quality of a vowel sound?
- From the shape of the oral cavity at the time of pronouncing the sound
- From the obstacle formed by the organs of speech at the time of pronouncing the sound
What is called reduction?
- pronunciation of vowels under stress
- unstressed vowel pronunciation
- special pronunciation of consonants
For what sounds does the air stream meet an obstacle on its way: a bow or a gap?
- Vowels
- Consonants
Can voiceless consonants be pronounced loudly?
Are the vocal cords involved in pronouncing voiceless consonants?
How many pairs of voiceless consonants form?
How many consonants do not have a voice-deafness pair?
How many pairs of hardness-softness Russian consonants form?
How many consonants do not have a hard-softness pair?
How is the softness of consonants conveyed in writing?
- Special badges
- Combinations of letters
What is the name of the position of sound in the stream of speech, in which it appears in its basic form, without undergoing positional changes?
- Strong position
- Weak position
What sounds have strong and weak positions?
- Vowels
- Consonants
- For all: both vowels and consonants
Right answers:
- From the shape of the oral cavity at the time of pronouncing the sound
- unstressed vowel pronunciation
- Consonants
- Combinations of letters
- Strong position
- For all: both vowels and consonants
In contact with
Every first grader knows that sound is a unit of speech that we speak and hear, and we read and write letters. In Russian, they are divided into vowels and consonants. Of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, 21 are called consonants. They are divided according to voicing and deafness, softness and hardness. They begin to study the classification of letters from grade 1, but the student will have to use it before leaving school. When studying phonetics, each student must learn to distinguish between muffled sounds and voiced ones. During writing, they are indicated by the transcription - [b]. The table will help to distinguish and remember paired consonant sounds.
Paired consonants for voiced-voicelessness
All consonants in Russian form pairs, a voiced consonant is opposed to a voiceless one. There are 12 paired letters, 6 pairs are obtained:
Paired and unpaired consonants need to be known to be successful in spelling. Many orthograms of the Russian language are based on the selection of one-root words according to this classification, for example:
- soft - soft
- tooth teeth.
The first pair contains the letter g, which, when pronounced, is indistinctly heard and its spelling brings difficulty. The second words are test words when the spelling is pronounced clearly. Younger students often make mistakes in these works.
You will notice that not all letters of the alphabet form pairs. This happens due to the fact that there are rules in phonetics that must be remembered. They are based on the fact that sounds can be only voiced or only deaf. It is easy to remember them, since they have a small number. As a rule, students by the end of grade 1 know them by heart. These include r, n, l, m, d - sonorous, always voiced, c, h, w, x - always deaf.
Paired consonants for softness-hardness
It is customary to divide consonants into hard and soft. In phonetics, the softening process occurs in several situations:
- when after the consonant there is a vowel: yu, i, e, yo, i (blizzard, buttercup);
- or there is a soft sign (blizzard, I drink).
If after the consonant there is a vowel, except for e, e, yu, i, and, then it does not allow softening. For example, in the words peony, earth, after the consonant, there is a vowel, which provokes a softening process. In such words as lamp, water, there are no letters e, e, yu, i, and, therefore, when pronounced, all sounds are solid.
There are also letters that, when reproduced in speech, will always be soft or hard. These include: u, h, y, c, w, z. The classification of letters and sounds is necessary for every student to know for successful learning.
A special table will help you remember paired voiced and deaf ones. It is easy to navigate by it.
Such a table or similar can sometimes be found in the primary school office. It has been proven that younger students have more visual-figurative thinking, so they need to provide new information in the form of illustrations or pictures, then it will be effective.
Each parent can create such a table on the first grader's desktop. Do not be afraid that this hint will lead to student laziness. On the contrary, if he often looks at the image, he will quickly remember everything he needs.
There are more consonants in the Russian language, so remembering their classification is more difficult. If you list all the voiceless and voiced, then you get the number 12. The letters h, w, d, sch, c, zh, p, n, l, m are not taken into account, they refer to unpaired ones.
There are tips for children on how to quickly learn to recognize voiced and voiceless consonants when parsing a word. To do this, you need to press your palm to your throat and pronounce a distinctly separate sound. Voiceless and voiced consonants will be pronounced differently and, accordingly, reflected differently in the palm of your hand. If vibration gives off to the hand, it is voiced, if not, it is deaf. Many guys use this hint when studying phonetics.
There is another exercise that helps to accurately determine which consonant is in front of the student. To do this, you need to cover your ears with your hands, but at the same time, there should be silence. Pronounce an exciting letter, listen to it with your ears closed. If it is not heard, then it is a dull sound, if, on the contrary, it is clearly voiced.
If you try, today any parent can find many interesting, exciting and informative exercises and rules that will help the baby to easily master new knowledge. This will make the learning process more interesting and entertaining, which in turn will affect academic performance.