What are the roofs by design. What are the types and shapes of roofs of houses - from simple to complex. Roofs of complex shape

When we talk about "types of roofs" and "types of roofs of houses", we do not always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before talking about what roofs are, let's find out the differences in the concepts of "roof" and "roof".

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure, which provides protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with a flat design, these are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna attachment elements, funnels for storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the ownership of the hatch with a lock, which is hung by the ZhES so that they do not climb on the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a supporting truss system or trusses, insulation, hydro and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet building science, the roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the possibility of a dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a supporting reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat ones. And to call the upper part of St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut a “covering” would never occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly”.

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, truss system, beams, insulation do not apply to the roof. Often, it includes a load-bearing roof preparation: lathing, flooring, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing material and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper are called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs are flat and pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12 ° are flat, with a large slope - pitched. On flat roofs, the slope is arranged to remove precipitation, 1.5-3 ° is enough.

The flat roof provides a lot of room for imagination in terms of design.

The pitched roof can be very original.

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name implies, an attic roof has an attic, a non-attic one does not. The Russian hut, and indeed most types of traditional dwellings of all countries and peoples, have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. It's hard to do there. Also, there are no attics among the tribes living in the equatorial jungle, they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof leaks, the tenants will not know about it immediately.

Atticless (synonymous - combined) coatings can be pitched (mansard) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel "Khrushchev". The attic device allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Non-attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.

The combined gable roof in a one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness

Types of flat coverings

In terms of layout, flat roofs are quite similar, differing mainly in design. According to the mutual arrangement of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished, in this case, a hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, wooden beams with solid flooring can be used.

The structure of the roof of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab is multi-layer

The area of flat roofs can be used by laying a covering that can be walked on: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by arranging a lawn on the roof.

In New York, a program has been adopted to turn the roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.

In fact, arranging a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered in a drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the lawn on the roof is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane

Pitched construction details

Before talking about what roof shapes are, let's define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into cornice (lower) and gable (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the base material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating roof details.

The main elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Consider what are the roofs of houses, depending on the configuration. The forms of pitched roofs are very diverse. More often, the most simple in design and rational single-pitched, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Consider the individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Shed cover

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally, has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge, for non-ventilated roofing (eg shingles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and ventilation holes can be placed in the filing. A shed roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to atmospheric influences. The maximum wear of roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice lie there longer. A simple roof with a slope in one direction is exposed to uniform rainfall, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. Ceteris paribus, a shed roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: the truss system is simpler, the minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project of a typical house with a shed roof. A high slope with living rooms should be oriented to the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, bringing living quarters under a high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under a low one. In a premium-class home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

For the construction of this country house, simple materials were used: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect the walls from precipitation, and the premises from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

The roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting.

Gable design

The most common form in the world. A gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed truss system using a puff.

The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.

For large spans, additional supports must be used.

The gable roof is simple in execution, economical in materials, it is not difficult to build it yourself. Gables serve as a better place than slopes for placing windows; it is easy to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the design of the frame house, allows you to rationally use the space of the upper floor

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The slope of the roof is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

The peaked roofs of the half-timbered houses traditionally concealed attics, where the inhabitants stored part of the supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic is adapted for living quarters.

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope.

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior.

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-forceps

A gable (as, indeed, a shed) roof is perfect for landscaping.

Green roof slope must not exceed 25°

hip view

A hipped or hipped roof is more complicated than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and the roofing will cost more. But you do not have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roofing (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. At more expensive - hardly. Of the positive properties of the hip structure, one can name the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). The slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in the organization of the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple four-pitched attic roof

There are varieties of hip roofs: semi-hip (an intermediate type of roof between a gable and hip), hip with a visor, or their varieties.

The main part of the roof of a rather complex shape is half-hip. On the right, a bay window with a multi-pitched roof is attached, a pediment is arranged.

The windows in the hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their construction and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in a pediment.

Skylights of this type are called "bull's eye"

Multi-slope variety

A hipped roof is called a hipped roof. But if the house does not have four outer corners, but more, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called a multi-pitched roof.

Multi-pitched roof is difficult to install

A hipped roof is called a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. Such a roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Shed roof. Three types of skylights are placed on it at once

Mansard construction

Mansard roofs are called roofs of various shapes and types, which are united by one common feature: the shape of the slope is broken in order to increase the height of the attic rooms. Thus, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings, to arrange full-fledged rooms at the top. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, semi-hip and so on.

The truss construction of a gable mansard roof was assembled.

The design of the mansard roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (puff), racks, rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to somewhat reduce the cross section of the frame elements.

The load from the mansard roof truss is transferred vertically

Mounting the load-bearing structures of mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. Slightly larger roof area. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are paid off by increasing the area of \u200b\u200bnormal height on the attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the eaves area allow creating large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. Slopes divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curvilinear shape

Roofs of complex shape

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in execution and were invented by architects to decorate important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “locks on the ruble”, complex roofs in the architecture of individual residential buildings are not common.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are made up of known elements and are "hybrids" of different types.

This roof combines the features of a gable, hip, semi-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs.

But people tend to decorate their home, make it unusual. Sometimes there are "hybrid" types of roofs, which are difficult to unambiguously define.

The natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

Simple in form, but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this "dugout" would have been designed for sledding in winter, if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

The choice of roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing. The roof can be tiled, metal, shingled, copper and so on. The choice of roofing is primarily determined by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the spouse and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coatings, sheet materials are more suitable for simple shed and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (inclined ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows the minimum roof slopes for different types of roofing.

For roofs of simple shapes, any roofing material can be used without restrictions. Roofs of complex curvilinear shape can only be decorated with small-piece (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible (bituminous tiles) coating. A roof made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with a titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the fold is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money you have to spend. Any builder will cope with a gable roof. In Germany, there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but simple things can be done beautifully.

A huge range of roofing materials for the roof of a country house often creates problems for inexperienced developers. They do not fully understand what factors to focus on and what affects the performance of materials. The roof performs not only a protective function, its value is much wider. Mistakes during selection can create significant problems later on.

The parameters of the truss system have a significant impact on the choice of roofing, there are several factors that must be taken into account, this is the only way to guarantee high-quality and durable coverage of the house.

flat roofs

The angle of inclination of the slopes is not more than 12 °. Such roofs are used during the construction of large country cottages, they can be exploited and ordinary.

On the exploited flat roofs there are winter gardens, areas for outdoor activities or walks.

There are options for arranging car parks on flat roofs. To create exploitable flat roofs, you should buy the most durable and reliable roll coatings or mastics. Currently, it is polyester-based euroroofing material.

This material has the highest strength, service life of at least fifty years. As a waterproofing, modified bitumen is used, which does not lose plasticity at low temperatures. On polyester roofs, heavy structures can be installed, strong concrete reinforced screeds can be made, etc.

The second material for sealing flat roofs is liquid mastics. There is a wide choice in the implementation, according to their technical characteristics, the mastics fully meet the existing requirements.

pitched roofs

The number of slopes is from one to 5–8, it all depends on the complexity of the truss system and the architectural features of the structure. All types of roofing materials can be used on pitched roofs: soft and hard, rolled and piece, profiled and flat, modern and traditional.

Each type has its own characteristics, is selected taking into account the operating conditions, the chosen design project and the financial capabilities of the consumer. The cost of some types of roofing can be very high and most developers cannot afford them.

General characteristics of roofing materials

Regardless of the specific features and technical characteristics, all roofing materials have common evaluation criteria.

Maximum total loads. They must withstand snow cover, gusts of wind, the weight of builders.
Operating parameters. These include durability, ease of installation and maintenance, original design solutions.
Price. It is necessary to take into account not only the price of the material itself, but also additional elements, special nodes of the truss system, requirements for the crate, and other conditions. In addition, the complexity of the installation has a significant impact, the amount of remuneration of roofers depends on it.

Due to the fact that the roof is constantly exposed to numerous negative factors, it must be resistant to mechanical stress, deformation, harsh UV rays, and large temperature fluctuations. At the same time, for a long period of time, maintain tightness and a presentable appearance of the roof, do not require much time for maintenance, be maintainable and replaceable.

Important factors are the durability and maintainability of the roof

What are the most popular types of roofing for a house?

There is no unequivocal and universal advice on choosing the type of roof, each of them has its strengths and weaknesses, many factors should be taken into account during the selection. Moreover, not all of them are objective, caused by the operating conditions of the building. Many are purely subjective, outside advisers cannot influence the choice, the final decision is made only by the consumer, taking into account his personal preferences.

metal tile

To date, the most used material for roofing buildings for various purposes. It is made of thin-sheet rolled products, has several layers of corrosion protection. A profile with interchangeable dimensions is formed on special equipment. External coating - extra strong polymer paints of various colors. Warranty 5-15 years, in practice it is operated up to 30 years. It can have a glossy or matte front surface; dust is less retained on a glossy one.

Disadvantages - on complex roofs, the amount of waste increases to 15%. There is a high probability of purchasing low-quality coatings due to the difficulty of quality control by consumers. It is impossible to independently determine the thickness and uniformity of the zinc layer, it is also difficult to determine the parameters of painting. Another problem is that fire regulations require lightning rods to be installed on all metal roofs, which complicates the installation of the roof.

Prices for metal tiles

metal tile

Bituminous (flexible) tile

It ranks second in popularity after metal coatings. It is made of durable bitumen roofing material on a polymer basis. The waterproof layer is artificial bitumen modified with innovative additives, new manufacturing technologies increase the plasticity of the material even at low temperatures, increase mechanical strength and resistance to sunlight.

The plasticity of the base and bitumen allows you to easily compensate for minor temperature fluctuations in the roof elements. The top layer is covered with stone chips - the appearance improves, resistance to various damages increases, and the operating time increases.

The angle of inclination of the roof must be at least 12 °, the material can be used on roofs of complex geometry. Excellent technological characteristics minimize the amount of unproductive waste (no more than 5%).

Disadvantages - susceptibility to UV rays, over time, mold and moss appear on the surface, which significantly worsens the appearance of the roof. Due to the fact that the laying technology requires a continuous crate and does not provide for natural ventilation, during the construction of the truss system it is necessary to use the most expensive waterproof OSB board, which almost doubles the estimated cost of the roof.

Prices for various types and manufacturers of shingles

Composite polymer sand tiles

Quite complex from a technological point of view, roofing material is made from sand (up to 70%), polymers (up to 25%) and dyes (up to 5%). Resistant to negative influences of external factors, able to withstand significant mechanical loads. Weight up to 21 kg, service life up to 50 years, warranty up to 15 years.

The material is not afraid of static and dynamic loads. According to these indicators, it significantly exceeds the indicators of natural ceramic tiles. It has a low thermal conductivity, which reduces the volume of condensate during temperature fluctuations. The absence of pores increases freeze/thaw resistance, some types can withstand up to 200 cycles.

Disadvantages - high cost, complexity of installation, moderately flammable coating. The main problem is unscrupulous manufacturers. Such companies use recycled polymer, it is obtained after recycling. Secondary plastic is significantly inferior in quality to the primary one, respectively, the actual performance characteristics of polymer tiles do not meet the declared ones.

cement tiles

Piece roofing, made from a cement-sand mixture. To improve the appearance, various dyes are added.

Cement tiles are heavy, which requires special preparation of the truss system. It is the only roofing material that increases strength over time. The maximum values of physical strength cement mortar is gaining in a hundred years.

The roof is durable, holds loads well, including shock. Withstands approximately 50 freeze/thaw cycles and is not afraid of sunlight. It is made from quartz sand and cement. Mineral dyes are added to change the color.

Disadvantages - the complexity of laying, highly qualified roofers are required.

Over time, mosses and mold appear on the surface. At the time of purchase, you should carefully check the uniformity of dimensions, the slightest violation of technology or manufacturing on obsolete equipment causes deviations from geometry. Cement is afraid of acidic environments, in connection with this, it is strongly not recommended to use cement tiles to cover houses located in large industrial cities.

One of the most expensive and difficult to install roofing. Piece material, only the most experienced roofers are allowed to install. It is made from natural clay by pressing and firing. The technology is complex and expensive, it requires a large amount of special industrial equipment and the proximity of a quarry with clay suitable for analysis. The service life is 70 years, but there are many examples of old buildings with preserved roofing.

Natural tiles are considered an exclusive material, used on prestigious buildings or during the reconstruction of historical buildings. It can be repaired, the replacement of tiles that have failed for various reasons is not very difficult.

The main disadvantage is the high cost. The price is artificially high, the production of the material does not require such large financial investments. The complexity of installation increases the cost of the truss system by about 10–15%, the roof can only be mounted on slopes with a large angle of inclination.

Another drawback is that even minor violations of the laying technology will definitely make themselves felt during the operation of the building. It is difficult to check the quality immediately after the completion of work, it is necessary to press on the roof.

Comparative table of characteristics of various types of tiles

Parameter
Average weight kg/m	4–6	8–11	8–9	45–55	45–55
Noisiness	High	Low	Medium	Low	Low
Open fire resistance	non-combustible	Supports open burning	non-combustible	non-combustible	non-combustible
Warranty period from the manufacturer	15–20	25–30	45–50	35–40	60–80
Average cost, rub.	850–950	1050–1250	1250–1500	1150–1300	1600–1800
Approximate wages for roofers, rub.	300–400	400–600	300–500	500–650	600–800
Approximate estimate of the roof, rub.	1150–1350	1400–1850	1550–2100	1650–1950	2200–2600

The profiled sheet is as popular as metal tiles.

Prices for different types of tiles

Roof tiles

Specifications of profiled sheet

Technical parameters differ slightly from metal tiles, service life is 15–20 years. At a cost slightly lower than metal tiles, which makes it the cheapest modern roofing material, except for bitumen and slate. But bituminous coatings are very rarely used on pitched roofs of houses. The profiled sheet has a different thickness and profile parameters, the color is classified according to international standards.

Decking as roofing

Disadvantages - the appearance does not meet modern requirements. This shortcoming is temporary, at present, manufacturers have learned how to make very beautiful profiles with simple geometry. Another problem is the high sound conductivity, but it manifests itself only in cases where the attic space is residential. A lot of noise occurs during heavy rain or hail, such precipitation in most regions of our country occurs infrequently, noise does not bring great inconvenience.

It is made on the basis of cellulose cloth, modified bitumen is used as a hydroprotection, the color is changed by pigments. It has the appearance of a wave slate.

The warranty is 5-10 years depending on the type and manufacturer, but in practice it can last more than 20 years. Resistant to hail, can bend and take the form of a truss system. Special coatings inhibit the development of fungi and mold on the surface, do not impair the initial performance in the temperature range from -40°C to +80°C. Frost resistance not less than 25 cycles, not afraid of chemical compounds. For the price it belongs to the category of budget roofing.

Ondulin - budget roofing

Disadvantages: the color of the surface changes under the influence of ultraviolet rays, the edges are slightly wrapped. Ondulin burns, requires unconditional compliance with all fire safety rules. According to the total quality indicators, it occupies the last position among all roofing materials.

Prices for various types of ondulin

Sheet galvanized steel

Currently, it is rarely used and only in seam roofs. It is installed on a continuous crate, due to its flexibility it can copy the shape of the roof. It is rarely used on houses, it is recommended for various sheds and outbuildings.

Disadvantages - the design does not meet the needs of modern developers, a continuous crate is required for coverage. Low bending strength indicators exclude the possibility of arranging natural ventilation of the under-roof space. To increase the service life, all wooden elements of the rafter system must be impregnated several times with antiseptics, if possible, use moisture-resistant plates.

Prices for galvanized steel sheets

Galvanized steel sheet

Keramoplast

It is made from a special modified polymer with increased parameters of physical strength and resistance to UV rays. To reduce the cost, natural fillers are introduced into the composition, the color depends on coloring additives. A relatively new roofing material, in appearance it resembles wavy slate. It has a variety of colors, service life of 30 years.

Does not absorb moisture, respectively, is not afraid of freezing / freezing. Plasticity allows you to dampen shock loads, the roof can be used in various climatic zones, except for the Far North. It is easy to cut, during laying there is no need to use special devices and tools. The installation technology resembles the laying of ordinary slate.

Disadvantages - high cost does not match the same high performance. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, plastic gradually loses its original properties, becomes brittle and cracks under slight loads. It makes no sense to repair the roof, physical aging occurs on the entire roof area. The only way out is to completely replace the roof, which is expensive and time consuming.

Asbestos-cement wave slate

Traditional roofing material, made of cement and asbestos fillers. It can have a different number of waves, currently it is used only on non-prestigious buildings. In our country, slate is made from safe asbestos, which is not listed as a carcinogen. Sheets can have a natural color or be painted in various shades. Despite the wide variety of modern roofing materials, traditional slate still occupies a high position in sales today. Warranty period of service is not less than 30 years, in practice more than fifty are operated.

There are several disadvantages - a lot of weight and low mechanical strength. Large weight complicates the installation process and requires special measures to strengthen the truss system. Slate cracks easily with minor changes in the linearity of the roof, the coating has to be repaired. If a strong hail falls in the region, then the roof will have to be completely changed.

Slate roof - photo

Prices for various types of slate

Slate

Roofing made of natural stone, serves as a decoration of any prestigious building. It is characterized by excellent indicators of the duration of operation, resistant to chemical compounds, including aggressive ones. Unaffected by urban smog.

Disadvantages - high weight, high cost, low physical strength characteristics. Exclusive coverage, very rare. It is recommended to make to order, taking into account the architectural features of the roof. This approach reduces the amount of unproductive waste and has a positive effect on the cost of roofing.

Aluminum roof

It is used as a sheet roofing material or material for the manufacture of piece tiles. The service life is practically unlimited. Coatings easily take the desired shape, does not require additional processing of the front surface. It is laid only on a continuous crate. Aluminum can be used for the manufacture of various profiles, there are options for covering the roof with even sheets.

copper roof

Very beautiful, very expensive and very durable material. Over time, it becomes covered with a patina - a protective anti-corrosion film. The service life is at least 100 years, it is not afraid of negative temperatures and heating.

The main disadvantage is the high cost. Can be made from 100% copper or alloys with tin and aluminum. Elite material, used only on the most expensive houses, historical or religious buildings.

Disadvantages - it is required to completely exclude contact with iron, with such contact corrosion processes are accelerated by several orders of magnitude. Another disadvantage is that the color of the patina changes over time, areas with different shades may appear. Not all users like it.

thatched roof

The traditional roofing of last century's poor country houses is making a comeback among the most modern builders today. Used by lovers of natural eco-friendly houses, the roof gives the building a unique look. Roofers of the highest qualification are involved in the work; if all the rules are followed, the coating can last up to fifty years. The roof does not require additional thermal insulation, perfectly dampens noise. Due to the special laying technology, fire safety characteristics are significantly increased.

Video - Characteristics of different types of roofing

Ceramic tiles have a long service life. And the best confirmation of this is that old tiles are often used for the restoration of buildings. In addition, archaeological finds also confirm the long service life of this roofing material. The age of some samples, for example, exceeds 5 thousand years.

It is better to solve such a problem by replacing the slate sheet, but it is quite difficult to deal with this alone. The quickest and easiest solution would be to lay the slate on the damaged area or seal it (the place). If nail holes are visible on the slate, then they can also be sealed; as an option - you can solder a piece of roofing material using a burner.

The roof load indicator can be from 70 kg to 200 kg per 1 m² of horizontal projection. Tellingly, the roof - no matter how much it weighs - must also withstand the so-called temporary loads, which include repair work, a layer of snow in winter and its (snow) cleaning.

The soft roof has its drawbacks, and significant ones. So, it is not always possible to completely seal the vapor barrier layer, because water vapor, getting into the layer of insulating material, accumulates there (after all, due to the dense waterproofing carpet, moisture does not evaporate). Over time, the moisture accumulated in the insulation begins to flow down and wet spots appear on the ceiling. In addition, moisture freezes at sub-zero temperatures, its volume increases, and the waterproofing, as a result, comes off the base. Even during operation, the waterproofing is subjected to mechanical / climatic influences, due to which cracks appear on it. Through these cracks, water enters the house, and it is sometimes quite difficult to detect and eliminate the cause of such leaks.

Hanging rafters are those that rest only on two outer walls. This is a type of roof truss, to which the attic floor is attached. If the span in the hanging rafters exceeds 6 meters, then a vertical suspension beam is additionally attached between the upper ends of the rafter legs. If the span varies from 6 to 12 meters, then the design of the rafters is complemented by struts, which reduces the length of the rafter legs.

To ensure a long service life and optimal conditions for the use of metal tiles, it is necessary to periodically inspect the roof. To keep the polymer coating clean, rainwater is often enough, but fallen leaves and other contaminants are not washed off in all cases. Therefore, at least once a year it is necessary to clean the surface. The same applies to drainage systems.

Use water and a soft brush to remove dirt and surface discoloration. You can clean the roof with a jet of water (pressure should not exceed 50 bar), and to remove stubborn dirt, use detergents intended for painted polymer coatings. Before starting work, be sure to read the instructions for the detergent in order to make sure that it is exactly suitable for such a surface. If the dirt does not come out, you can try to remove it with a piece of cloth soaked in alcohol. The roof must be washed from top to bottom, so that the detergent is completely washed off. Then the surface and drainage systems are washed with water.

As for the snow, it is usually rolled off the roof, and what remains is quite consistent with the bearing capacity of the structure.

It is important that the material that will be used for roof insulation has good thermal insulation characteristics and is:

safe(that is, it did not contain harmful substances);
effective(insulation material must meet all energy efficiency requirements);
reliable(the original properties of the heat insulator should not be lost throughout the entire operational life of the structure).

The main function of a vapor barrier is to prevent the appearance of a "dew point" inside the building. For those who don't know, the "dew point" refers to the temperature at which the level of air humidity is more than 100%, as a result of which excess moisture turns into dew (condensation occurs) and freezes. Moreover, this causes mold and fungus to appear - both inside the roofing pie and in the building itself.

It is difficult to overestimate all the advantages of thatched roofing. In summer it is cool under it, and in winter it is warm, the building itself “breathes” and generally lives a quiet, calm life. Even the sounds of rain in the presence of such a roof are “extinguished”, it is characterized by resistance to winds and other atmospheric influences. In addition to all this, a thatched roof allows you to significantly save money on the foundation and ceiling, since they will not need to be counted on for heavy loads.

A thatched roof can be laid on a roof of absolutely any design, there are no restrictions in terms of shape in this case. Finally, the service life of such a roof reaches 50 years. It's not worth talking about the uniqueness of the design at all!

The variety of roofs misleads the layman inexperienced in construction.

Considering the options for roofs, it is difficult to determine what exactly is needed for the future structure, which one is advisable to build in a particular case.

In addition, I want the roof to be not only beautiful, but also strong, durable, and meet all the requirements. A variety of designs allows architectural designers to translate all the most unpredictable projects into reality.

There are various types of roofs of private houses, we will talk about them now.

Shed roof is a rectangular plane, based on opposite load-bearing walls.

Single pitched roof is:

ventilated;
unventilated.

Design features

Directly depends on the slope. Since the slope of the structure is affected not only by the finish coating, but by the peculiarity of climatic conditions, then all these values should be correctly calculated.

An important indicator for the design of any roof is also the total load.

Slope angle

It directly depends on the coating material: coatings are distinguished by their ability to retain snow precipitation.

It is recommended to choose materials for covering a shed roof based on their ability to self-clean from snow.

In addition, depending on the natural features, in places where winds prevail, the area is not sufficiently protected by trees, it is recommended to change the slope angle.

Shed roof truss system options

FROM truss roof structure with one slope can be:

sliding;
layered;
hanging.

It is most often performed from wooden elements for various purposes.

Shed roof truss system

Mounting Features

Installation of a shed truss structure is carried out on a Mauerlat.

If a hanging-type frame is being installed, then a farm is first made on the ground. According to a given template, the entire structure is made.

The roof can be equipped with an insulation system. To do this, mount the elements necessary for a warm roof.

The final covering of the roof is a protective covering material.

Advantages and disadvantages of a pitched roof

Despite the ease of installation, the simplicity of the design, the shed system has its own characteristics.

Advantages:

Inexpensive construction;
ease of installation;
resistance to strong winds.

Repair work during operation on pitched roof not difficult to produce, not too expensive.

disadvantages:

Need for snow removal
low height of the attic space. The advantages of this type are in strength and reliability in terms of resistance to the vagaries of the weather.

shed roof

gable roof

The design, which consists of two slopes, is called gable.

Gable structures can be classified according to the location of the slopes:

symmetrical;
asymmetric;
broken lines;
multi-level;
double-sided with a skate on a slope.

In addition, other configurations of gable roofs can be designed: broken from one slope, double broken, with elongated peaks or extensions.

Design Options

Particular attention is paid to the load.

Besides, the angle of inclination is important in accordance with the coating.

Quite simple, with the correct determination of all indicators (angle, roof load, natural load), the roof will be reliable and durable.

Tilt angle

The average amount of snowfall in the region is taken into account when calculating the roof load. Besides, the strength of the wind currents affects the slope of the slope.

With a different slope for different materials, a certain one corresponds. For all materials, their indicators.

truss system

It can have a layered structure, hanging, combined.

The roof structure option is selected based on the span between the outer walls. In addition to truss beams, the structural elements of the truss system are: ridge, mauerlat, crossbar, puffs, and other elements.

Each of the additional elements distributes the load, fixes or strengthens the more vulnerable parts of the structure.

Gable roof truss system

Mounting

When installing a gable roof you need to follow the basic steps:

Install beams;
fix the crate;
install roofing.

In the case of lengthening the rafter legs, additional rails are mounted under the overhang.

Advantages and disadvantages

A gable roof is the most common roofing model.

This is due to the advantage of this design:

The possibility of arranging an attic;
there is no need to independently clean the coating from snow;
simple project;
variety of coatings.

disadvantages:

The dependence of the roof height on the span;
when arranging an attic space, additional reinforcement of the structure and arrangement of window systems and heating elements are required.

A gable roof is not the most complex structure, and when fully equipped, it is the most in demand.

Gable roof