The rules of the Russian language are quite difficult to master, because many of them imply different writing conditions, as well as exceptions to the rules. Therefore, in order to write correctly, you need to clearly know and understand how the rules of the Russian language work in writing. Today we will talk about how the soft sign is written in different words.
Spelling soft mark
- When is the dividing soft mark written? Everything is simple here: the separating soft sign is written after the consonants and before the vowels e, u, u, i inside words (but not after prefixes). Examples: family, blizzard, career, weeds.
- A soft sign is written at the end of words after paired consonants to indicate softness: ice hole, frost, notebook.
- The soft sign is written after the letter "o" in some words of foreign origin. Examples: postman, broth.
- In complex numbers, formed from simple ones, in which there is a soft sign, this letter is also written. For example: five - fifty; nine to nine hundred. But such numerals are an exception: seventeen, sixteen, etc. In the middle of these numerals, a soft sign is not written.
- The soft sign is written in verbs in the imperative mood before -te and -sya (go - go, send) and in indefinite forms before -sya (return, get a haircut, decrease).
- Often a soft sign is written to indicate softness at the end of words after a hard consonant (dark, boil) and in the middle of a word (mow, less).
- The soft sign is used in the instrumental plural form: four, children.
- If a consonant is in front of another soft consonant, then a soft sign is placed between them in two cases. First: if, after changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft (wedding - wedding). Second: in order to indicate the softness "l": clings, boy, herring.
- A soft sign is written in the middle of an abbreviated word if its first part ends in b: waste materials, village council.
Soft sign after sibilants
The soft sign is often not used in words after the hissing w, h, w, and w. But there are a few exceptions. Where is the soft mark written after the hissing ones?
- In the endings of the verbs after the "w" in the handicap of the 2nd person singular. h. of the future and the present: you draw - you draw, you play - you play.
- At the end of feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: mouse, daughter, rye.
- At the end of the verbs he will command. inclination in units. number: eat, smear - smear.
- Also, in the imperative mood in verbs, a soft sign is written in front of -te and -te: smear, eat.
- The soft sign is written in the indefinite form of the verb: guard, beware.
- The soft sign is used in all adverbs that end in w and h, as well as at the ends of particles: away, completely, completely, just, I mean. The soft sign is not written after the hissing w in the following words - exceptions: unbearable, already married.
Where the soft sign is not written
- In verbs in the form of 3 persons singular. numbers (what does he do?): cooks, draws, writes.
- In nouns in the form of gender. case pl. numbers after -en: sweet cherry. Exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawthorns.
- In nouns, pl. number genus. case with stems to sibilant: spectacles, shooting ranges, groves.
- At the end of masculine nouns: ball, doctor, knife.
- At the end of short adjectives: good, hot.
- Between two soft l: illumination.
- In combinations of chn, chk, rch, low, nsh, rsh: brighter, lamplighter, babysit.
- In other combinations between two consonants (except those in the last paragraph): a bunch, a cane.
Here is such a difficult letter - a soft sign. When it is written in different words, you now know. At first glance, it is very difficult to remember this rule with numerous points, but you just have to learn it from examples, as by analogy you will already write similar words correctly, knowing for sure whether to put a soft sign in them or not.
The soft sign is probably the most mysterious letter in the Russian language. It does not denote a sound; it does not belong to the category of vowels / consonants. What is it for then? It turns out that its role in our written language is great. In this article, we will figure out when "ь" is used after sibilants with nouns, adverbs and verbs.
Nouns. Soft mark after sibilant consonants
The exact spelling of the soft sign after these consonants causes the greatest difficulty, since it is not clear by ear whether it should be written or not.
It turns out that the rule is very simple: a soft sign after hissing in it. noun is written only in the words of wives. genus related to the 3rd declension.
The words "oven", "speech", "daughter", "night", "game" refer to the feminine gender, have a nominative case and are in the singular. Therefore, we must certainly write "b" in them.
But be careful: you should not confuse them with the words of the 1st declension, which are in indirect cases: "many clouds", "no tasks", "several heaps". All these words, it would seem, are feminine, and, probably, they should be attributed to the 3rd declension.
But let's take a closer look: they are in the genitive case. If we raise them to the initial form ("cloud", "task", "heap"), then we will make sure that they belong to the first declension, which means that they do not obey this rule.
There is one more "trap" in the Russian language, where in no case a soft sign is used after hissing. Words ending in a hissing consonant, but referring to the second declension, are not written with "ь" ("rook", "doctor", "cloak" - 2nd word). Therefore, carefully ask the question to the noun. Do this before defining the declension, since the genus also depends on it. noun and number.
When do we write "b" in adverbs?
The adverb is one of the unchangeable parts of speech. He is not inclined, endings are not singled out in him. Spelling "b" in adverbs lends itself to not at all difficult rules.
- In those adverbs that end in a consonant "w" or "h", they always write a soft sign. For example: "gallop", "exactly".
In adverbs on "zh", it is never written. The exception is the word "wide open".
- Another rule that the adverb obeys: a soft sign after hissing is always used, with the exception of "already", "married", "unbearable". Undoubtedly, such a comic proposal is easily remembered by schoolchildren, especially girls.
It is not so important which rule you remember, the main thing is that both reflect the essence of the spelling of adverbs.
Verb and soft mark after sibilants
The verb is one of the most used parts of speech, without which our language would be very impoverished. Spelling "ь" with verbs causes a lot of difficulties not only for students, but also for adults.
- If a verb in an indefinite form (infinitive) ends in a hissing, then "b" in this case will always be written. And here there are no exceptions. "Protect", "oven", "burn". It will persist in a returnable form, before the postfix "-sya": "get carried away", "ignite", "beware".
- All 2nd person singular verbs use a soft sign. This applies both to the present tense: ("you are now") "write", "draw", "walk", "sleep", and to the future: ("you tomorrow") "work", "think", "finish "," Redo ". The soft sign will also be preserved before the postfix "-sya": "like it", "use it", "touch", "type", "take shape". In verbs that are in the imperative mood and end in a hissing consonant, they always write a soft sign: "cut off", "eat", "smear", "hide". Before the plural postfix "-te", it must be preserved: "mark", "cut", "hide".
Before the postfix "-sya" it also does not disappear: "take comfort", "do not cut yourself."
And again, be careful not to fall into the "trap" of the insidious Russian language! The words "cry" and "cry" are completely different parts of speech, and therefore are spelled differently.
“Crying” without a soft sign is a noun of the 2nd declension, and, accordingly, a soft sign cannot be written in it. But "cry" with a soft sign is a verb of the imperative mood, and in them, as you know, we must write "b". All this is easily guessed from the proposed context, in which the meaning of the word will become clear.
Conclusion
The soft sign after hissing is used with many parts of speech. Knowing the simple rules, you will never face the problem of spelling it after these consonants. If you suddenly forget some of the nuances, then our article will remind you of them.
When writing numbers, students often have difficulties with writing a soft sign. This article covers the basics of soft-sign spelling in the middle of numbers and at the end of words. It also lists the most common mistakes and correct options with examples.
When writing numbers in words, many have difficulties: almost every word of this part of speech has a spelling. Many rules relate to writing a soft sign in numbers. They can be divided into several groups.
Soft sign at the end of numeral names
On b numbers from 5 to 10 end, as well as all numbers that end in -teen. For example, it will be correct to write "seven", but not "Sem", "eight", but not "Eight", "fifteen", but not "Fifteen".
At the end of the rest of the numbers, the soft sign is not written. A common mistake made by many is to write ь at the end of the number thousand in the plural form. h.r.p .: hundreds thousand.To write correctlythousand_.
Soft sign in the middle of numbers
The soft sign in the middle of a word is written in complex numbers like seventy, eight b ten, six hundred.
There is also a soft sign in the ordinal vos b my.
This letter is written in the middle of a collective numeral. vos b mero.
Letter "B" may appear in the middle of some declension numbers:
- In cardinal numbers four in T. p.: four b me;
- In words eighty and eight hundred in T. p. two are written b: vos b m b ten, ten b m b yustami.
Spelling the soft sign in numbers: common mistakes
Very often, confused by the rules, schoolchildren write in the middle of simple numbers: fifteen, sixteen, seventeen and so on. To avoid such a mistake, you need to remember that there is only one soft sign in simple numbers, which is written at the end: toe b, eighteen b, thirty b .
Another common mistake in the spelling of numbers is the omission of the soft sign in some difficult words of this part of speech. For example: behold md yes, yes ms from... The spelling of these numbers can be remembered by mentally breaking them into two parts: five-ten, nine-hundred, seven-hundred.
Sometimes b placed in the middle of compound numbers that are used without this letter: There were only two hundred b ti rubles. The farm has prepared four b eleven tons of feed.
To remember all the nuances associated with b in the names of numerals, you can use the following table:
Spelling the soft sign in numbers will be remembered faster if you complete several exercises on this rule.
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§ 71. The letter ь is written inside the word not after the prefixes to separate the consonant in pronunciation from the following ones and, e, yu, i, for example: quarry, loach, weeds, clerk, family, gun, at night, rye, passerine, curious, fox, fox, fox, whose, whose, whose, I drink, I sew.
Note. The letter ь before o is written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, broth, guillotine, karmagnola, companion, mignon, pavilion, postman, champignon.
§ 72. The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a consonant, except for ч, ш (see), at the end of a word, for example: drink, dark, horse, and in the middle of a word before a hard consonant, for example: threshing, request, nanny, less.
To indicate the softness of a consonant in front of another soft consonant, ь is written in the following cases:
If, when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nanny (nanny), wedding (wedding), eight (eighth).
To indicate the softness of l, for example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.
In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, u, the letter ь is not written, for example: bones, early, nurse, tip, mason.
Note. Between two soft l, the letter ь is not written, for example: illusion, gullible.
§ 73. The letter ь is also written in the following cases:
In formed from the numbers five, six, seven, eight, nine compound numbers, in which both parts are inclined, for example: fifty (fifty, fifty), sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, but: fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen and etc.
In the forms of art. pad. pl. h., for example: children, people, also four.
In an indefinite form before -sya and in an imperative mood before -sya and -te, for example: drink - get drunk; correct - correct, correct; suspension - weigh, weigh.
§ 74. The letter ь is not written:
In adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from nouns in ь, for example: Kazan (Kazan), Kemsky (Kem), Siberian (Siberia), brutal (beast), January (January).
Note. The adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day (day-day) are written with ь; adjectives derived from Chinese names in -n are also written, for example: Yunnan (from Yunnan).
In the genus. pad. pl. hours from nouns na -nya with a preceding consonant or y and in diminutives formed from them using the suffix -k-diminutives, for example: cherry - cherry, cherry; slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; but: bathhouse - bathhouse, bathhouse; apple tree - apple tree, apple tree; also village - villages, hamlet; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchens, kitchenette.
§ 75. After hissing (w, h, w, w), the letter ь is written only in the following cases:
At the end of feminine nouns in them. and wines. pad. units including, for example: rye, night, mouse.
At the end of the 2nd person unit. h. present and future tense of the verb after the final w, for example: carry - rush, wear - rush, accept - take.
At the end of the verb in singular. h. imperative mood, and the letter ь is preserved and before -sya, for example: smear - smear; hide - hide; eat.
In plural. h. imperative mood before -te, -st, for example: smear - smear; hide - hide; eat.
At the end of the verb in an indefinite form, and the letter ь is written and before -sya, for example: cut, cut.
In all adverbs after the final w and h, for example: completely, gallop, away, as well as wide open in the adverb.
At the end of the particles: see, I mean, only, see.
Introduction
After the consonant in front of the vowel, designate the sound [y "] letters e, e, yu, i (and) help b and b. In this case signs are called dividing marks.
In the lesson you will learn how to choose the one you want from two separating characters.
Lesson topic: "The rule of using the separating b and b signs."
Observe the structure of words with b and b signs
Let's observe the structure of words with a b sign. To find the root, we will select the same root words.
Fun, fun, fun(root-merry-),
bear, bear cub, bear(root -bear-, -bear-),
sparrows, sparrows, passerines(root -sparrow-).
Let's observe the structure of words with a b sign.
I'll eat, eat, ride(root -ed-, prefix c-),
entrance, drive(root -nezd-, prefix under-),
announcement, statement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).
We formulate the rule for using the separating b and b signs
The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, u, i, and.
The dividing b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, u, i.
How to use the rule
1. Pronounce the word, listen if there is a [th "] sound in it after a consonant sound before a vowel.
2. Highlight the root in the word.
3. Look where you need to write the separator - at the root or between the prefix and the root. If at the root - write b, if between the prefix and the root - write b.
We apply new knowledge
Using the rule, determine what needs to be written in place of the gaps - the separating b or b.
Ul_i, nightingale_i, pre_jubilee, raz_dezd, nice, brother_y.
Hives - root -ul-, we write b;
nightingales - nightingale, root-nightingale-, we write b;
pre-jubilee - anniversary, root -jubilee-, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, we write b;
traveling - to drive, the root is to drive, the prefix is to, ends in a consonant, we write b;
edible - food, root -ed-, prefix c-, ends in a consonant, we write b;
brothers - brother, root -brother-, we write b.
Apply new knowledge, correctly spell words with the root -EX-, do not fall into traps.
rode, rode, rode, rode, rode, rode, rode, rode, rode
moved out, drove out, drove in, drove out, drove up, drove out, drove in
In words drove, drove, drove the prefixes for, before- ,- end in a vowel sound, therefore You do not need to write a b sign.
In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove out the prefixes c-, v-, pod-, end in a consonant, therefore you need to write to Kommersant.
Write the words in letters.
[sj "el] - ate. After the consonant [s] before the vowel [e], b helps to denote the sound [y"] to the letter E. C- prefix, root -e. [vy "un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y] to denote the sound [y"] letter Y helps b. Root-loach-. [n "er" y "a] - feathers. After the consonant [p"] before the vowel [a] to denote the sound [y "] letter I helps b.
wings - [wings "d" a], 6 b., 6 stars. I will eat - [sy "edu], 5 b., 5 stars You have noticed that the number of sounds and letters in words is the same.
B, b do not mean sounds, and the letters e, e, u, i mean two sounds[th "e], [th" o], [th "y], [th" a].
We are looking for words with b and b signs in verse lines
Find words with b and b in verse lines.
It suddenly became twice as light,
The yard is like in the sun -
This dress is golden
Have a birch on the shoulders.
In the morning we go to the yard -
Leaves are raining down.
E. Trutneva
Who will have the opportunity
Go to hot lands
Take a camel ride!
Really, great, friends!
S. Baruzdin
Rain, rain is pouring
Beats the drums. A. Barto
An evil blizzard flew away.
The rooks brought warmth.
Ran one after another
Restless streams.
A. Usanova
I see a wonderful freedom
I see cornfields and fields.
This is Russian expanse
This is the Russian land.(Song)
Gray hare under a pine tree
He announced that he was a tailor ...
The hare cuts, the hare sews,
And the bear is waiting in the den.
S. Mikhalkov
The dress(root-dress-),
leaves(root -leaf-),
go(root -zd-, prefix c-, ends in a consonant),
friends(root -friend-),
snowstorm(root-blizzard-),
brooks(root -ruch-),
freedom- space, free life (root -vol-),
expanse- dol, valley (root-dol-),
announced(root -av-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant).
note: in words sews, pours, beats and in related words sew, spill, beat b is written in the root (roots: -sh-, -l-, -bb-).
We are looking for words with separating signs b and b in the text
Find words in the text with separators b and b signs.
A small birdie hovers over the river in a frosty haze. She dives swiftly into the water. In a moment - rise. This is a dipper, a visitor from the northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(see Fig. 1)
Curls- vit, vyu, root -v-, we write ü,
rise- you can see in the books two options for highlighting the root: the root is -em-, the prefix under-, the root is lifting-, we write ъ,
guest- living room, stay, root-guest-, we write
explain- clear, clear, explain, the root is clear-, the prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, we write ъ.
Explaining which letters are missing
The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Russia, samovars of different shapes and sizes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. The Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: "Whoever drinks tea will live a hundred years."
Volume- used to allocate the prefix ob-, now they allocate the root -volume-;
removable- filming, before they allocated the prefix c-, now they allocate the root-removal;
a family- family, root-seven-;
drinking- drink, root -py-.
We observe the words that answer the question of whose?
Listen to the dialogue.
That would be for you, hare, but fox teeth!
If only you, gray, and wolf legs!
If only you, scythe, and lynx claws!
- Uh, what do I have fangs and claws?
My soul is still a hare.
In words that answer the question of whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdb is written in the root.
Listening to proverbs
Listen to proverbs, find words with b and b signs.
The streams will merge - the river will be. People will unite - their power cannot be defeated.
Happiness is not a fish, you can't catch it with a fishing rod.
Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor.
Brooks- stream, in the root - stream - after the consonant before the letter and is written b.
Will merge- pour, pour, in the root -l- after the consonant before the letter NS spelled b.
Will unite- union, single, root -in-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, spelled b.
Happiness- happy, at the root - happiness - after the consonant before the letter e spelled b.
Flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter NS spelled b.
Honor- in the root - honor - after a consonant before a letter NS spelled b.
We memorize foreign words.
Memorize foreign words with Kommersant:
object, subject, adjutant, injection(injection of medicine, injection)
Memorize the words with b:
bouillon- a decoction of meat
battalion- unit in the troops
pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park
postman- a carrier of mail by addresses
champignon- edible mushroom
Conclusion
The dividing b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, y, i, and.
The dividing b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, y, me.
Bibliography
- M.S. Soloveichik, NS Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveichik, NS Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T. V. Koreshkova Practice! A notebook for independent work in the Russian language for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - SPb .: KARO, 2003.
- G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in the Russian language. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.
Homework
- Write down the words in two columns: on the left - with a soft dividing sign, in the right - with a hard dividing sign.
Sh.yet, p.yut, lyut, b.yut, s.el, healthy, announcement, come, iz.yan, hug, sparrow and, go away, happy. e, rainy e, cheerful e, present, unite, rasp.interpretation. - Insert b or b. Highlight the prefixes in words with a hard separator mark.
In winter, titmouse Zin? Ke liked it in the forest. So many trees! She jumped on the branches. A bale with a sharp nose into a crack in the bark. He will pull out the insect and eat it.
Zin? Ka looks: a forest mouse has jumped out from under the snow. Trembling, all ruffled. She explained to Zin her fear. The mouse fell into the bear den.
(According to V. Bianchi)
Read the notes. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Guess riddles. Solve spelling problems.
1.B. They beat him, but he is not angry,
He sings and has fun
Because without the beat. I
No life for the ball. (To Berestov)
2. Itself, like a rocker,
It hung in the air.
It chirps with its wings,
He wants to eat a mosquito.
3. Dust underfoot, twists and turns.
Lies and runs and circles. What's the name?
- School-collection.edu.ru Internet portal ().
- Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
- Festival.1september.ru Internet portal ().
- Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru ().