There is no dash between the subject and the nominal predicate:

1. If the subject is expressed by a personal or demonstrative pronoun: She his daughter. He wants to understand her(Shcherb.); Is this an office? Is this a bedroom? (Ch.)

Note. A dash is possible: a) if the whole sentence contains a question accompanied by surprise: Is she his daughter?!(both members of the sentence are stressed); b) when emphasizing an indication of a given subject: This is an office (And this is an office.); c) in opposition: I am a teacher and you are an engineer.

2. If one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun or personal pronoun: Who is your protector? What is study? Who is she?

3. If there is a negation with the predicate-noun: Landscape not a appendage to prose and not decoration(Paust.); Russia is not Petersburg, it is huge (Prishv.); Old age is not joy (last). However, when contrasting the predicate with negation, it requires a dash (not ... a): And at the same time he noticed that he was not a master in his house, but only an integral part of it(M. G.) (cf. without opposition: He is not master in his house).

4. If the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle: And your room is so good for a child (Ch.); I have many good people, almost all are good(Sim.); He had two wounds. Wounds easy but the man lost a lot of blood(Paust.); log cabin pink, peeling, country-style small, covered with a green iron roof(Kav.); Severe autumn sad late look (Zabol.); In the dining room, the feast is hot and ardent (Sickness).

However, with a predicate-adjective, a dash is placed with a structural parallelism of parts of a sentence, accompanied in oral speech by intonational emphasis (stress) of both members of the sentence: Everything in her appearance attracted attention: her look - sharp, hairstyle - boyish, clothes - modern, fashionable; cf. with emphasis on only the predicate: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the coachman is stubborn , the horses are not driven, but the caretaker is to blame(P.). A dash is also possible in the presence of several (homogeneous) predicates: Her son is yellow, long and glasses(M. G.).

5. If the predicate is expressed by a turnover with comparative particles like, like, that, exactly, sort of like and etc.: Life is like a legend; Sky like an open tent; Brooch looks like a bee(Ch.); The forest is like a fairy tale; A week is one day . Passes quickly; Pondlike shiny steel(Fet). A dash is not put and when introducing a predicate that lexically matches the subject: Ice like ice, desert like desert (Kav.); The village is like a village; house as a house - old, dark(Shuksh.).

Note. When emphasizing the predicate (usually for stylistic purposes), a dash is possible: This lonely and maybe completely random shot -like a signal(Furm.); His mouth is bitter from tobacco-samosadu, his head -like a kettlebell(Shol.); Blackening glades -like black islands in a white snowy sea(Boon.); Milky Way -like a big society(B. Past.); moon in the skylike a Central Asian melon(Current.).

6. If between the subject and the predicate-noun there is an introductory word, circumstance or addition, as well as a union or a particle: Rook, of course , the bird is smart and independent, but it has no voice(Paust.); my father for me friend and mentor; Moscow now port of five seas; My brother too engineer; This stream just the beginning of the river.

A dash, as a rule, is used in non-union complex sentences to indicate the nature of the semantic connection between its parts. However, there are other uses of this punctuation mark.

The setting of the dash is governed by the following rules of Russian grammar:

1. A dash is placed in sentences with a compound nominal predicate, between the subjects and the predicate. In sentences of this kind, the predicate, as a rule, is a generic concept in relation to the subject. For instance:

• The tiger is a predator;
• Cow - artiodactyl;
• Birch - tree;
• My older sister is a teacher;
• My older sister is my teacher.

Note 1. However, if the subject and predicate is the negative particle “not”, then the dash is not put:

• Poverty is not a vice;
• The goose is not a bird.

Note 2. A dash between the subject and the predicate is not put if they are used in an interrogative sentence, and the subject is expressed by a pronoun, for example:

• Who is your mother?

2. If the subject in the sentence is expressed by a noun , and the predicate is an indefinite form of the verb (infinitive), or they are both expressed in infinitive, then a dash is placed between them, for example:

• To love you is to wag your nerves;
• The desire of every person is to love and be loved.

3. A dash is placed before words “this”, “means”, “this is”, “here”, etc. in sentences where the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or infinitive. As a rule, these words serve to attach the predicate to the subject, and also indicate that a comparison or definition will now follow, for example:

• Desire is the need of a person in spite of all adversity to make his life better;
• Romance is moonlit walks and admiring eyes;
• Loyalty is the stronghold of true human relationships, trust is the stronghold of a strong family.

4. A dash is placed in sentences with enumerations before a generalizing word. For instance:

• Dreams, hopes, beauty - everything will be swallowed up by the inexorable course of time;
• Neither her tears, nor her pleading eyes, nor sadness - nothing could make him come back.

5. A dash is placed before the application at the end of the sentence in two cases:

a) If it is possible to put the construction “namely” before the application without distorting the meaning of the sentence, for example:

• I don't like this animal too much - a cat.
• In conversation, he demanded one thing - correctness.
• I obey only one person - my father.

b) If explanatory words are used in the application, and the author needs to additionally indicate the independence of this construction, for example:

• I had a cast-iron teapot with me - my only consolation in traveling around the Caucasus (Lermontov).

6. A dash is placed between two predicates or between parts of a complex sentence if the author needs to unexpectedly attach or sharply oppose them in relation to each other. For instance:

• I went into the room, not thinking of seeing anyone there, and froze.
• I'm more likely to Petka - and that's all there.
• I wanted to travel around the whole world - and did not travel around the hundredth part (Griboyedov).
• I wanted to sit down to sew - and the needle pricked my fingers, I wanted to cook porridge - the milk ran away.

Note 1. In order to enhance the shade of surprise, a dash can also be placed after coordinating conjunctions that link parts of one sentence. For instance:

• Make out vacation - and go to the family.
• I really want to go there to meet them, but I'm afraid (M. Gorky)

Note 2: In addition, for even more surprise, a dash can separate any part of a sentence, for example:

• And she ate the poor singer - to the crumbs (Krylov).
• And the grandfather threw the ruff into the river.

According to the rules of the Russian language, there is no need to put a dash in these sentences. However, it is put only in order to better convey the meaning and reflect what really happened.

7. A dash is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if the second part contains the result or conclusion from what was said in the first, for example:

• Praises are tempting - how not to wish for them? (Krylov).
• The moon has drawn a path across the sea - the night has laid a light veil.

8. A dash is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if between them there is a type of connection "subordinate part - main part":

• Gruzdev called himself get in the body.
• They cut the forest - the chips fly.

9. A dash is placed in order to indicate the boundary of the breakdown of a simple sentence into two verbal groups. This is done only if it is impossible to isolate this decay by other means. For instance:

• So I say: do the guys need it?

Very often, such a decay is observed when one of the members of the sentence is omitted, for example:

• Marinka for a good study - a ticket to the sea, and Egorka - a new computer.
• I will - into a fist, my heart - from my chest, and I rushed after him.
• Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing (Pushkin).

10. In addition, with the help of a dash, they distinguish:

a) Sentences and words used in the middle of a sentence and serving to explain what was said, but only if the brackets can weaken the connection between the insert and the one being explained, for example:

• Here - there is nothing to do - I got into his cart and sat down.
• How suddenly - a miracle! oh shame! - the oracle spoke nonsense (Krylov).
• And only once - and then by accident - I spoke to him.

b) A common application if it comes after the noun it defines and needs to emphasize its own independence, for example:

• The senior sergeant - a gallant aged Cossack with stripes for extra-long service - ordered to "build up" (Sholokhov).
• In front of the doors of the club - a wide log house - workers with banners (Fedin) were waiting for the guests.

c) Homogeneous members of the sentence, if they are in the middle of the sentence and need special emphasis, for example:

• Usually, from the riding villages - Elanskaya, Vyoshenskaya, Migulinskaya and Kazanskaya - they took Cossacks to the 11-12th army Cossack regiments and to the Life Guards Atamansky (Sholokhov).
• And again, the same picture - crooked houses, road potholes and dirty puddles - opened up to my eyes.

11. A dash can be used as an additional punctuation mark after a comma in sentences where there are two repeated words. , and this repetition is necessary in order to connect one part of this sentence with another. For instance:

• I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new, unknown person, but a good person, my husband, whom I knew as myself (L. Tolstoy).
• Now, as an investigator, Ivan Ilyich felt that without exception, the most important, self-satisfied people, everything was in his hands (L. Tolstoy).

12. A dash is placed after a group of subordinate clauses before the main part of a complex sentence in order to emphasize the split into two semantic parts. For instance:

• Whether it was worth it or not is not for me to decide.
• Whether Stoltz did anything for this, what he did and how he did it, we do not know (Dobrolyubov).

13. A dash is placed in paired constructions, meaning any temporal, spatial or quantitative framework , and in this case it is synonymous with a pair of prepositions "from ... to", for example:

• Flight Novosibirsk - Moscow,
• 1991 – 2001,
• Ten to twelve grams.

14. A dash is placed between two proper names if collectively they name any teaching or discovery:

• Boyle's physical law - Mariotte.

You can study the nuances of the Russian language all your life, without mastering this difficult science to the end. In this article, we will talk about special punctuation marks, which are called "hyphen" and "dash". What is their difference and how to write (or print) them correctly - we will understand this.

What it is?

However, first of all, you need to understand the concepts themselves. So, a hyphen and a dash are two completely different punctuation marks not only in spelling, but also in purpose. It is worth mentioning that the rules for writing them are not so simple - there are a huge number of different nuances when and how to correctly apply this or that punctuation mark. Understanding this is the main goal of this article. The main rule to follow in order to avoid mistakes will be important:

• the hyphen is designed to connect parts of one word;
• the dash is intended to separate two words (if the word is pronounced, then a short pause should follow in place of the dash).

Main problems

So, we figured out that the hyphen and dash signs are completely different in their purpose (the difference lies in the rules for writing them). Now it is worth considering the most difficult situations when a person may have doubts about what to put - a hyphen or a dash.

1. A hyphen is placed when writing (Petrov-Vodkin, Gay-Lussac).
2. A dash is placed in the title of those laws that are named after the names of several scientists (Boyle-Mariotte law).
3. The dash is placed in numerical and spatial ranges (20-21st century, on pages 1-2, Kiev-Moscow). However, if this is an elective turnover “either one or the other”, then a hyphen should be put in this case (three to four days).
4. In various numbers, numerical designations, a hyphen is written (tel. 5-36-42).

It is also important to say that if words that are written with a hyphen turn into phrases, then you need to put a dash or even a gap. Example: "half a spoon" becomes "half a tablespoon".

Is there a third?

In Russian, there are two punctuation marks that look about the same - a hyphen and a dash (they differ in the length of the stick when written). However, in the topography there is one more relative of them, which looks about the same - this is a minus. How to determine what is printed on the page? So, the main rule: look at the length of the stick that is printed on the sheet. Everything should look something like this:

• Hyphen: -.
• Minus: -.
• Dash: -.

At first glance, the differences may not be very visible, but they are definitely there. A hyphen is the shortest of the characters, followed by a minus, and only then a dash is the longest punctuation mark.

About computer typing

Having dealt with punctuation marks, you should also learn and remember how to correctly type a hyphen and a dash in Word. Yes, there is a certain

1. To type a hyphen (hyphen, dash), for this you simply need to find the corresponding character on the keyboard (there are two keys for this).
2. Minus (En dash). To type this character, you need to click the key combination Ctrl + hyphen on the right numeric keypad (calculator).
3. Dash (Em dash). To put this punctuation mark, you need to click the following key combination: Alt + Ctrl + hyphen on the right numeric keypad (calculator).

In this case, you can also use special codes for typing hyphens and dashes on the keyboard. Dash - 0151; hyphen - 0150. To enter, you just need to press Alt + the code corresponding to the desired character.

About writing signs

So, we know what a hyphen and a dash are. What is the difference when typing - figured it out. Now it’s worth considering a few rules for writing them. So, if you need to decide what is written - a hyphen or a minus (these signs are very similar to each other), you should remember that the hyphen is small. The minus must be aligned to the width of the plus sign. Another very important rule: a dash on a computer is beaten off with spaces on both sides, a hyphen is not. A very interesting fact: the dash on the computer beats off the width of the letter m, which is why in the English version it is called Em dash. The same applies to other signs: minus - the width of n (En dash), hyphen - just a short stick (dash).

Rules: when to put a hyphen

So, when should you use a hyphen, according to the rules of the Russian language?

1. To attach particles (sometimes, by someone).
2. To attach prefixes (in Russian, firstly).
3. If necessary, the separation of complex words (chemical-biological).
4. If an abbreviation sign is needed (quantity, physical).
5. In phrases (Internet cafe, business lunch).
6. As a sign of transfer (which, however, is practically not found on the Internet today).

Simple rules: when to put a dash

Considering such as a hyphen and a dash, the differences in their application, you should remember the rules. So, when should you use a dash?

1. To indicate direct speech.
2. This sign is placed between the members of the proposal.
3. To connect dates, distances (11-12th century, Kiev-Moscow).
4. To replace repeated words that go in a row in one rubric.
5. Other rules of the Russian language.

Russian language rules

It is worth mentioning that there are a huge number of different nuances when writing such a punctuation mark as a dash. So, when should it be applied correctly?

1. Between the predicate and the subject, when the plot remains zero, and the main members are expressed either by a noun or a numeral (Love is the charm of nature).
2. Before the following words: this, here, means that are between the predicate and the subject (dreams are a serious mental illness).
3. When there is a pause in incomplete sentences.
4. An intonational dash between any members of a sentence.
5. In footnotes, when the word to be explained must be separated from the explanation itself.
6. If the sentence is explanatory, a dash may be used to separate it.
7. To logically highlight an application if it is at the end of a sentence.
8. For highlighting insert structures.
9. Also, a dash is placed in compound sentences if it contains a contrast or a quick change of events.
10. In non-union sentences (if the second part is opposed to the first; if in the second part there is a comparison with the first; in the second part there is a conclusion regarding the first part; if the sentence expresses a quick change of events; the second part of the sentence is the connecting part of the first).

However, it should be said that this is far from a complete list of when a dash should be placed. In total, you can count up to 50 rules and nuances. The most common cases of using this punctuation mark are presented above.

When a dash is not put

When studying punctuation marks such as hyphens and dashes, it is also worth considering situations where dashes are not used in sentences.

1. If there is an introductory word, negation, particle, union, adverb before the predicate (I am very sorry that my husband is not a doctor).
2. If the predicate is preceded by a secondary member of the sentence related to it (All Russia is our garden).
3. The subject is preceded by a nominal predicate (This valley is a glorious place).
4. A dash is not put if the subject together with the predicate is (an alien soul of darkness).
5. If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, the predicate is expressed by the noun in the nominative case.
6. In various conversational style sentences.

Simple Conclusions

Having figured out how and when to correctly use punctuation marks such as hyphens and dashes, you should also know how to distinguish them in already written text. After reading this article, you can easily understand all the nuances and never get into unpleasant situations that relate to the illiterate writing of similar punctuation marks.

The Russian language is large and complex. One of the reasons for the difficulty of learning the Russian language is the flexibility of its grammatical structures. Memorizing the entire set of rules for punctuation is an almost impossible task even for those who consider Russian their native language. One of these characters is the usual dash.

Rules for placing dashes in texts

The following rules describe when to put a dash in a sentence (examples in brackets to illustrate the rules). So, in what cases is a dash put:

1. Between the predicate and the subject, if the predicate is a noun and is used in the nominative case. (A wolf is an animal. A good car is a man's dream.) If the predicate is with a particle not, then the dash is omitted. (A car is not a luxury.);

2. Between the predicate and the subject, if the subject is in the nominative case, and the predicate is the indefinite form of the verb, or they are both verbs of the indefinite form. (The dream is to live forever. To sleep is not to carry bags.);

3. A dash is placed before this if the predicate is attached to the subject with this word. This rule applies to the words it is, here, it means (A lion is a beast. Flying is a worthy dream.);

4. Before generalizing words, after enumerations. (The eye, nose, mouth - everything is on the face. Neither tears, nor pleas - nothing touched him.);

5. Before the application, if it is at the end of the sentence. (He wanted one thing - money and only money.);

6. Between a pair of predicates or sentences, if in the second there is a sharp opposition or unexpected attachment to the first. (I came - and everyone is already here! I wanted to drink - I dropped the glass.);

7. Between sentences or words connected without conjunctions to emphasize a sharp contrast. (Not the water in that bowl is the nectar of the gods.);

8. Between sentences, if the second contains a conclusion from the first or a result and is not connected by a union. (The palm itches - there will be money. Fingers in the socket - it will shock.);

9. Between the subordinate and main clauses, if the main thing comes second and is not joined by a union. (The forest is cut down - chips fly.);

10. In the place where simple sentences break up into two groups of words, if it is impossible to express it in another way. (The enemy - to the dust! And the sergeant - the medal "For Courage.");

11. In a sentence in the middle, explanations and additions are highlighted with two dashes, if the brackets reduce the expressiveness of the text. (But Pakhomych - a rare bastard and a rogue - did not come at all.);

12. In a sentence in the middle, two dashes highlight a common application if it is necessary to show its independence. (Behind the wall of the house - an ordinary rural five-wall - a whole detachment was hiding.);

13. In a sentence in the middle, a group of homogeneous members is distinguished by two dashes. (Usually building materials - boards, nails, logs and staples - are prepared in advance.) If such a listing is preceded by a generalizing word, then a dash is needed only at the end. (The entire detachment, namely: Petya, Vasya, Igor and Semyon, did not enter the lineup.);

14. After the comma, when it is necessary to separate the main sentence from the group of subordinate clauses and emphasize the breakdown of the whole into parts. (There will be an end of the world, there won't be - no one knows.);

15. After the comma, when you need to specify an increase or decrease in the period. (People fly into space, curbed atomic energy, write brilliant music, create unprecedented structures - and you can’t take out the trash!);

16. Between words, if these words limit the spatial, temporal or quantitative gap. (Flight Ankara-Yerevan. Break 5-7 minutes.);

17. Between the constituent parts of the name of a teaching or scientific institutions. (Law of Biot-Savart-Laplace.);

As you can see, there are a lot of rules explaining when a dash is placed, and not all cases are even listed here when this punctuation mark can be used. Also, information in which sentences a dash is placed can be found in the article "?".

dash or colon

Often when writing, they confuse the cases when a dash is put, and when a colon is put. As a rule, a colon is placed before the enumeration, preceded by a generalizing word or without it; before direct speech; before two or more sentences not connected by conjunctions, one of which clarifies the other.

M.ELISEEVA,
St. Petersburg

All cases of setting a dash.
Repetition

Material prepared by students

One of the effective and interesting methods of working on the rules of Russian punctuation is the independent selection by students of examples for the rule passed from various texts. These can be works of both domestic and foreign literature, both classical and modern. In addition, it can be not only works of art, but also texts of a scientific or journalistic style (fragments or individual sentences from encyclopedias, articles, etc.). The only prohibition is not to use educational literature, especially Russian language textbooks. It is very simple to check whether the student found an example on his own: ask each person to indicate the author (surname and initials) of the book from which the sentence is written, as well as its title. By checking the performance of this task, you will not only get an idea of ​​​​the ability of each student to produce syntactic and punctuation analysis of the text, but also learn the reading habits of your students. Classes in Russian become more interesting, livelier. The best examples should be dictated to the class and analyzed. Be sure to name the person from whose notebook the proposal is taken. The children are also interested in learning more about each other: what they read, what they are interested in besides the school curriculum. Do not forbid choosing examples from children's books, even if your students are high school students. In A. Miln's fairy tale "Winnie the Pooh", translated by B. Zakhoder, one can find almost all possible cases in Russian of setting a dash and a colon.
Gradually, you will collect a collection of wonderful examples that you will use in your lessons instead of boring and boring examples from textbooks for everyone (and especially for you).
Here are sentences collected by my students on one of the most "extensive" punctuation topics. These examples are suitable for a generalizing repetition on the topic “Dash”, when all private topics have been covered: a dash between the subject and the predicate, before generalizing words, when highlighting applications, plug-in structures, between parts of a complex non-union sentence, etc.

A DASH IS PLACED

1. Between the subject and the predicate with a zero link, if the main members are expressed by a noun, an infinitive, a quantitative numeral in the nominative case, as well as a phrase containing the indicated parts of speech.

Is it really, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people's hopes? ( M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time)

Love beautifies life.
Love is the charm of nature... ( MM. Zoshchenko. Blue book. Love)

Love is a form, and my own form is already decaying. ( I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons)

Let me note by the way: all poets are dreamy friends of love. ( A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin)

And genius and villainy are two incompatible things. ( A.S. Pushkin. Mozart and Salieri)

- Prokatilov - power! - the company began to console Struchkov. ( A.P. Chekhov. on a nail)

Know my destiny is to cherish dreams
And there with a sigh in the air
Spread fiery tears.

(A.A. Fet. Rocket)

It's typical foppery to rob a poor widow. ( I.Ilf, E.Petrov. Twelve Chairs)

2. Before words this, that means standing between the subject and the predicate.

And to reduce the sum of human lives by 50 million years is not criminal. ( E. Zamyatin. We)

But we know that dreams are a serious mental illness. ( E. Zamyatin. We)

Live forever in torment
in the midst of deep doubts
This is a strong ideal
Creating nothing, hating, despising
And shining like crystal.

(N. Gumilyov. Evil genius, king of doubt...)

3. If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, a dash is placed in the following cases:

a) in the logical selection of the pronoun:

She is the culprit of that transformation. ( I.A. Goncharov. Oblomov)
You are a ladder in a big, foggy house. ( V.V. Nabokov. Stairs)

b) in opposition:

I thirst and hunger, and you are an empty flower,
And meeting with you is more dreary than granite.

(B.L. Parsnip. Miracle)

Here we are, partners in gatherings.
Here Anna is an accomplice of nature...

(B.A. Akhmadulina. Anna Kalandadze)

v) in reverse word order:

The swan is here, taking a deep breath,
Said: “Why far?
Know that your fate is near
After all, this princess is me.

(A.S. Pushkin. The Tale of Tsar Saltan)

G) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence:

He is all a child of goodness and light,
He is all - freedom triumph!

(A.A. Block. Oh, I want to live crazy!)

4. If there is a pause in place of the missing main or minor member in incomplete sentences.

Wandering eyes, Ivan Savelyevich declared that on Thursday afternoon he got drunk alone in his office at the Variety, after which he went somewhere, but he doesn’t remember where, he drank starka somewhere else, but where he doesn’t remember where he was lying under the fence, but again, he doesn’t remember where. ( M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita)

In winter, there was a lot of light on Peschanaya Street, it was gray and deserted, in spring it was sunny and cheerful, especially when looking at the white wall of the archpriest's house, at the clean windows, at the gray-green tops of poplars in the blue sky. ( I.A. Bunin. Cup of life)

Fire is met with fire
Trouble - misfortune and ailment treat ailment ...

(W. Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet. Per. B.L. Pasternak)

5. Intonation dash between any members of the sentence.

The dead lay - and babbled a terrible, unknown speech. ( A.S. Pushkin. Feast in Time of Plague)

The prince removed the lock, opened the door and stepped back in amazement, even shuddered all over: Nastasya Filippovna stood before him. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Moron)

This is a giant of thought, the father of Russian democracy and a person close to the emperor. ( I. Ilf, E. Petrov. Twelve Chairs)

6. In the notes, the explained word is separated from the explanation by a dash (regardless of the form of expression of the predicate).

Sibyl Samiiska - from the name of the island of Samos. ( D.S. Busslovich. People, heroes, gods)

7. With generalizing words:

a) if the generalizing word is after the homogeneous members of the sentence:

Disgrace, execution, dishonor, taxes, and labor, and hunger - you have experienced everything. ( A.S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov)

The triumph of self-preservation, salvation from the crushing danger - that was what filled his whole being at that moment. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment)

b) when a generalizing word is in front of homogeneous members, a colon is placed after it, and a dash is placed after homogeneous members if the sentence continues after them:

everything around: the blood-drenched field, the French lying in a pile everywhere, the scattered dirty rags in the blood - it was disgusting and disgusting. ( L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace)

A crowd of buildings: human, barns, cellars - filled the yard. ( N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls)

8. Between words and numbers to indicate spatial, temporal or quantitative limits ("from ... to").

The milestone was once along the large waterway Voronezh - Azov. ( M.A. Sholokhov. Quiet Don)

Note. If between nouns - proper names or numbers you can insert or, then put a hyphen.

There were also two or three former literary celebrities who happened then in St. Petersburg and with whom Varvara Petrovna had long maintained the most elegant relations. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Demons)

9. To isolate the application, if it is of an explanatory nature.

Another thing - getting money - met with obstacles in the same way. ( L.N. Tolstoy. Anna Karenina)

10. Before an application at the end of a sentence, if it is logically selected.

In my room I found the clerk of the neighboring estate, Nikita Nazaritch Mishchenko. ( A.I. Kuprin. Olesya)

He walked the whole Bogoyavlenskaya street; finally it went downhill, my feet rode in the mud, and suddenly a wide, foggy, as if empty space opened up - a river. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Demons)

11. To isolate common agreed definitions at the end of a sentence, especially when listing:

This is in some showcases, while in others hundreds of ladies' hats appeared, and with feathers, and without feathers, and with buckles, and without them, hundreds of shoes - black, white, yellow, leather, satin, suede, and with straps, and with pebbles. ( M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita)

12. To isolate the secondary members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive, which are of an explanatory nature, both at the end and in the middle of the sentence:

Cat Vasily took a spring vacation - to get married. ( A. and B. Strugatsky. Monday starts on Saturday

Because of Sibgatov, Dontsova even changed the direction of her scientific interests: she delved into the pathology of bones from one impulse - to save Sibgatov. ( A.I. Solzhenitsyn. Cancer Corps)

13. For separating plug-in structures.

Killed him - what a strange word! - a month later, in Galicia. ( I.A. Bunin. Cold fall)

But don't try to keep for yourself
Given to you by heaven:
Condemned - and we know it ourselves -
We squander, not hoard.

(A.A. Akhmatova. We have the freshness of words ...)

14. Between parts of a compound sentence, if the sentence contains a contrast or indicates a quick change of events.

The horses walked at a pace - and soon they stopped. ( A.S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter)

The hetman has reigned - and it's great. ( M.A. Bulgakov. White Guard)

15. For the intonation separation of the subordinate and main clauses (often in sentences with structure parallelism).

If death is light, I die
If death, I will burn lightly.
And I do not forgive my tormentors,
But for the flour - I thank them.

(Z. Gippius. Martyr)

And today the air smells of death:
Open a window - what to open the veins. ( B.L. Parsnip. Gap)

16. In non-union complex sentences, if:

a) the second part is opposed to the first:

They were chasing me - I was not embarrassed in spirit. ( A.S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov)

Do good - he will not say thank you. ( A.S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov)

b) the second part contains a consequence, a result, a conclusion from what is said in the first:

Veli - I will die; commanded - I will breathe only for you. ( A.S. Pushkin. stone guest)

I met you - and all the past
In the obsolete heart came to life;
I remembered the golden time -
And my heart felt so warm...

(F.I. Tyutchev. K.B.)

I'm dying - I have nothing to lie. ( I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons)

c) the second part contains a comparison with what is said in the first:

It will pass - as if the sun will shine!
Look - the ruble will give.

(ON THE. Nekrasov. Jack Frost)

d) the sentence expresses a quick change of events, an unexpected addition:

Come to me for a glass of rum
Come - we will shake the old days.

(A.S. Pushkin. Today I'm at home in the morning...)

e) the first part indicates the time or condition for performing the action referred to in the second part:

Condition:

God willing - ten, twenty years,
And twenty-five, and thirty he will live.

(A.S. Pushkin. Miserly knight);

I don't give a damn, Varvara Ardalionovna; whatever you want, at least now fulfill your intention. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Moron)

Time:

And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn,
And azure, and midday heat ...
The time will come - the Lord will ask the prodigal son:
“Were you happy in your earthly life?”

(I.A. Bunin. And flowers, and bumblebees...)

e) with the explanatory meaning of the second part (you can insert a union before it what); however, a colon is usually used in this case, compare:

I know there's a nail in my boot
more nightmarish than Goethe's fantasy!

(V.V. Mayakovsky. A cloud in pants)

I will tell you with the last
Directness:
All just nonsense - sherry brandy -
My angel.

(O.E. Mandelstam. I'll tell you...)

g) the second part is a connecting sentence (it is preceded by or you can insert the word it):

Screaming stones state -
Armenia, Armenia!
Hoarse mountains calling to arms -
Armenia, Armenia!

(O.E. Mandelstam. Armenia)

17. With direct speech.

DO NOT DASH

Between subject and predicate, expressed nouns, if:

1. Before the predicate there is a negation, an introductory word, an adverb, a union, a particle:

I really regret that my husband is not a doctor. ( A.P. Chekhov. Name day)

One more question: how do you feel about the fact that the moon is also the work of the mind? ( V.M. Shukshin. cut off)

Compare with a pause:

Styopa was well known in the theater circles of Moscow, and everyone knew that this man was not a gift. ( M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita)

That is how they begin to understand.
And in the noise of a running turbine
It seems that a mother is not a mother,
that you are not you, that the house is a foreign land.

(B.L. Parsnip. That's how they start...)

2. The predicate is preceded by a minor member of the sentence related to it:

[Trofimov:] All Russia is our garden.

(A.P. Chekhov. The Cherry Orchard)

Compare with a pause: Mr. G-v serves, and Mr. Shatov is a former student. ( F.M. Dostoevsky. Demons)

Drowning out the whispers of inspired superstition, common sense tells us that life is but a gap of faint light between two perfectly black eternities. ( V.V. Nabokov. other shores)

3. The nominal compound predicate precedes the subject:

What a glorious place this valley is!

(M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time)

4. The subject in combination with the predicate is a phraseological phrase:

“Another's soul is dark,” Bunin answers and adds: “No, my own is much darker.”

(I.A. Ilyin. Creativity I.A. Bunin)

5. The subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case:

Yes, Lewis is a type. Of course, he is a bore, but his vocabulary is gigantic. ( J. D. Salinger. The Catcher in the Rye)

6. In conversational style sentences:

What hair! Nonsense hair! This is what I'm saying! It's even better if it starts to fight, I'm not afraid of that ... ( F.M. Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment)