Nowadays families are not as big as they used to be. It is enough to know who grandchildren, nephews, grandmothers, grandfathers, and cousins are. And everyone else is simply called relatives. But unlike other languages, Russian is not greedy; it has its own name for everyone. It’s not easy to thoroughly figure out who is related to whom among relatives, and if the relatives of one of the spouses have been added, then it will take a couple of days to remember. To make this process easier, www..
Names of blood relatives
Before moving on to the names of future relatives, first you should figure out who belongs to whom and by whom in your family. There are several degrees of relationship, they count from the first to the sixth, since then the connections become too distant. So, the degrees are in descending order:
- Father - son/daughter, mother - son/daughter.
- Grandfather/grandmother - grandchildren.
- Great-grandfather/great-grandmother - great-grandchildren, uncles/aunts - nephews.
- Cousins/brothers, great-aunts/grandfathers - great-nephews/nieces.
- Cousins/aunts - cousins/nephews/nieces.
- Second cousins and brothers.
Uncles/aunts are the brothers/sisters of the mother or father, as well as their spouses, but wives and husbands, of course, are no longer blood relatives. There is also the concept of great and little uncles/aunts. The sister and brother of the grandfather/grandmother were called first, and the father/mother was called second. Nowadays they are simply called great-aunts/uncles and great-aunts/uncles.
Simply, nephews are the children of brothers/sisters, great-nephews, and, respectively, their grandchildren. But any second cousins are also called grandchildren. Cousins today are often called cousins in the Western manner and their old Russian names - sister and brother - have been completely forgotten. Although the latter is popular in certain youth circles, it does not imply blood relationship. By the way, if you are thinking about how to distribute responsibilities at a wedding, then keep in mind that everyone can be involved in organizing the celebration, even people of the sixth degree of kinship, if, of course, you are familiar with them.
The rite of baptism is important for many families; it is believed that the earlier it is carried out, the better. Therefore, as a rule, a child already has new relatives in the first year of life, and what are the names of the relatives who came to the family in this case, we all know well - godparents, father and mother, among themselves and in relation to the child’s natural parents they are considered godfathers and godfather. The godson and goddaughter, respectively, are the girl and boy they baptized. Further, the word godfather (godmother) is added to all relatives on this side. But cross brothers or sisters have a different meaning. This is the name given to people who themselves exchanged crosses. In addition to godparents, there may also be imprisoned parents. This is the name given to those who replace their relatives father and mother at the wedding ceremony.
Not blood, but close
There are cases when people who are not related by blood become a family, for example, when a man and a woman get married, having children from previous marriages, or spouses adopt a child. In this case, family members will be called:
- stepmother - stepmother,
- stepfather - stepfather,
- stepson - step-son,
- stepdaughter - stepdaughter,
- named son - adopted,
- named daughter - adopted,
- the named mother and father are the adoptive parents,
- half-brothers and sisters - natural and step-children of each other.
Also, non-relatives but close ones include people whose names these days can be found more often in films and books than in reality:
- milk mother - a woman who nursed a step-child in relation to him,
- foster brother or sister - children who are not related to each other, raised by the same woman,
- uncle, mother - a man or woman who looks after and raises a child, today better known as nannies and nannies.
Kinship by property or who is who after marriage
As soon as the young people officially became husband and wife, the number of family ties of each of them multiplied by two. And it would be good to know what the relatives you just acquired are called, because in many families it is still customary to address each other according to a long-established tradition. Let's figure out who is related to whom after the wedding.
Husband, wife and their parents
Everything is simple here, the names of mothers and fathers of spouses are well-known today and are still actively used. The wife's parents are father-in-law and mother-in-law, the husband's parents are father-in-law and mother-in-law. Between themselves, fathers are matchmakers, and mothers are matchmakers. And they were called that because it was with their participation that the bride’s matchmaking ceremony took place. After the wedding, the wife receives the status of daughter-in-law or daughter-in-law (for the husband's father), and the husband - son-in-law. Interestingly, in the Russian language there is a special word for a husband who has settled with his wife’s parents - primak. Previously, this was not accepted, apparently, which is why popular rumor especially singled out such husbands.
Brothers and sisters of young people with their spouses
The husband's brother and sister are respectively called brother-in-law and sister-in-law, while the wife's brother and sister are called brother-in-law and sister-in-law. Speakers of the Eastern European dialect also call the brothers on both sides Schwagers.
As for the brothers' wives, their names and who they are to each other, the Russian language does not skimp on names. There are more of them than for any other relatives - yatrovki, consorts, and in some regions, like the husband's sister, they are called sister-in-law. Accordingly, brothers' wives are also called in relation to each other.
I found a very detailed article on Wikipedia,
Consanguinity in direct line
In neighboring generations
- Father(colloquial) dad, daddy, daddy, folder, dad, dad; rude dad) - a man in relation to his children.
- Mother(colloquial) Mother, mother, mummy, mommy, nurse, mommy, mommy; rude mother) - a woman in relation to her children.
- Son(colloquial) son, sonny, son, son, son) - a boy/man in relation to his parents.
- Daughter(colloquial) daughter, daughter, daughter; outdated daughter, daughter, daughter) - a girl/woman in relation to her parents.
- Parents- a general term for father and mother.
- Children- a general term for sons and daughters.
- Illegitimate children(illegitimate children, bastards, bastards), outdated fatherless children, fatherlessness) - children whose parents were not married.
- Bastards(in Western Europe in the Middle Ages) - illegitimate children of an influential person (king, duke, etc.), now often used in a vulgar, offensive meaning: bastards.
- Broken children- in Pomerania in the 19th - early 20th centuries, children born premarital.
- Morganatic children- children born in marriage between a member of the royal, royal, etc. family with a person of non-royal, non-royal origin. They have no right to succession to the throne. See morganatic marriage.
A generation later
- Grandfather (grandfather, grandpa, grandfather) - a man in relation to the children of a son or daughter, the father of a father or mother, the husband of a grandmother.
- Grandmother (granny, woman) - a woman in relation to the children of a son or daughter, mother of a father or mother, wife of a grandfather.
- Grandson (grandson) - boy/man in relation to grandparents, son of a son or daughter, son of a nephew or niece.
- Granddaughter (granddaughter) - girl/woman in relation to grandparents, daughter of a son or daughter, daughter of a nephew or niece.
After two generations
- Great-grandfather, great grandfather- a man in relation to the children of a grandson or granddaughter, the father of a grandfather or grandmother, the grandfather of a parent.
- Great-grandmother, great-grandmother- a woman in relation to the children of a grandson or granddaughter, mother of a grandfather or grandmother, grandmother of a parent.
- Great-grandson- boy/man in relation to great-grandfather and great-grandmother, son of a grandson or granddaughter, grandson of a child.
- Great-granddaughter- girl/woman in relation to great-grandfather and great-grandmother, daughter of a grandson or granddaughter, granddaughter of a child.
After many generations
It should be noted that in Russian genealogy direct relationship is considered exclusively through the male line: “descending from father to son”; This norm is well illustrated by the now irrelevant status of belonging to the noble class, which, as is known, was not inherited through the mother’s line, that is maternal ancestors and descendants are not directly related(she is the only and last direct descendant in her line). It is no coincidence that there is an expression: “the race is cut short,” which implies, first of all, the absence of sons. Another example of strictness in understanding direct kinship is the rules of succession to the throne.
Indirect blood relationship (on the mother's side, along the branches and lines of the father's family)
In one generation
Native
Fullbred, blood- brothers and sisters (in relation to each other), descended from the same father and mother.
- Brother- a boy/man in relation to another child(ren) of his parents
- Older brother- a boy/man in relation to the younger child(ren) of his parents.
- Younger brother- a boy/man in relation to the older child(ren) of his parents.
- Wedded brother (outdated) - a brother born before the marriage of his parents and recognized by them.
- Sister- a girl/woman in relation to another child (children) descended from the same parents.
- Elder sister- a girl/woman in relation to the younger child(ren) of her parents.
- Younger sister- a girl/woman in relation to an older child (children) of her parents.
- Wedded sister (outdated) - a sister born before the marriage of her parents and recognized by them.
- Twins- children of one mother, developed during one pregnancy. There are identical twins (same sex and absolutely similar in appearance) and fraternal twins. Sometimes only identical brothers or sisters are called twins, in which case fraternal brothers and sisters are called twins, regardless of the number (two, three, etc.).
- Sibs (siblings) is a general term for siblings (in relation to each other) who are descended from the same parents but are not twins.
- Half-blooded- having only one common parent. In turn, half-brothers and sisters are divided into:
- Half-blooded (homogeneous) - descended from the same father, but different mothers.
- Monouterine (monouterine) - descended from the same mother, but different fathers.
Summary
Half-siblings- children whose parents are married to each other, but do not have children together; - the only and rather interesting case when their position in the genealogy, social and legal status, are classified as consanguinity. Direct family relations between the descendants of half-brothers and sisters will be regarded as characteristic(see below) until their parents have common children - their half-blooded And uterine brothers and sisters. All of them will become blood relatives through descendants, since their descendants and the descendants of their common (half and uterine) brothers and sisters will be in consanguinity by definition - both with their parents, and with them, and among themselves, respectively.
Cousins
Cousins- children of brothers and sisters in relation to each other:
- Cousin(or cousin, from fr. cousin), - a boy/man in relation to the child of an uncle and/or aunt, the son of an uncle and/or aunt.
- Stryjchich (strict) - (outdated) paternal cousin, uncle's son.
- Ujchich (Vujicic, wow) - (outdated) maternal cousin, aunt's son.
- Cousin(or cousin, from fr. cousine), - girl/woman in relation to the child of an uncle and/or aunt, daughter of an uncle and/or aunt.
- Stryechka - (outdated) paternal cousin, uncle's daughter.
Second cousins
Second cousins- children of cousins in relation to each other:
- Second cousin- grandson of a brother and/or sister of a grandfather or grandmother; son of a great uncle or aunt, cousin of a parent.
- Second cousin- granddaughter of a brother or sister of a grandfather or grandmother; daughter of a great uncle or aunt, cousin of a parent.
Fourth cousins
Fourth cousins- children of second cousins in relation to each other.
Siblings have common parents, cousins have common grandparents, second cousins have common great-grandparents, fourth cousins have common great-great-grandparents, and so on.
In neighboring generations
Parent's siblings (and their spouses):
- Uncle (uncle) - a man in relation to the children of a brother or sister, a brother of a father or mother.
- Stryi (striae, build, strytsa) - (outdated) paternal uncle (father's brother).
- Ouch (wow) - (outdated) maternal uncle (mother's brother).
- Aunt (aunt, decomposition aunt) - a woman in relation to the children of a brother or sister, a sister of a father or mother.
- Stryya (striae, weird, stryyna) - (outdated) paternal aunt (father's sister).
- Vuina - (outdated) maternal aunt (mother's sister).
Children of a brother or sister:
- Nephew (nephew, netiy) - a boy/man in relation to an uncle or aunt, the son of a brother or sister.
- Bratych (bro, brother, sonny) - (outdated) brother's son, brother's nephew.
- Bratanich - (outdated) nephew, son of an older brother. The youngest son - brother.
- Sister (little sister, sisterhood, sister) - (outdated) sister's son, sister's nephew.
- Niece (niece, Nester) - a girl/woman in relation to an uncle or aunt, the daughter of a brother or sister.
- Bro (bro, bro, sonny) - (outdated) brother's daughter, brother's niece.
- Sister (sisterly) - (outdated) sister's daughter, sister's niece.
Parent's cousins:
- great uncle (strict small) - boy/man in relation to the children of a cousin = cousin of the father or mother.
- Great Aunt- woman in relation to the children of a cousin = cousin of the father or mother.
Children of a cousin:
- Great cousin- a boy/man in relation to a great uncle or aunt, the son of a cousin.
- Dsherich- nephew by aunt.
- Great niece- girl/woman in relation to a great uncle or aunt, daughter of a first cousin.
- Dchersha- aunt's niece.
Aunt Uncle)
Uncle Aunt)
Cousin
(Cousin)
Bro
(Cousin-in-law)
Great cousin
(cousin)
A generation later
Siblings of grandparents:
- great uncle (great uncle) - a man in relation to the grandchildren of a brother or sister, brother of a grandfather or grandmother, uncle of a parent.
- Old grand - (outdated) elder brother of a grandfather or grandmother, great-uncle.
- Old fellow - (outdated) younger brother of a grandfather or grandmother, great-uncle.
- Great aunt (great aunt) - a woman in relation to the grandchildren of a brother or sister, sister of a grandfather or grandmother, aunt of a parent.
- Great-nephew- a boy/man in relation to a parent’s uncle or aunt, a grandson of a sibling, a son of a nephew, a cousin.
- Great-niece- a girl/woman in relation to a parent’s uncle or aunt, a granddaughter of a sibling, a daughter of a nephew, a cousin.
Grandmother
Great Uncle/Great Uncle
(Great Aunt/Great Aunt)
Father
Great Aunt
(Great Uncle)
great uncle
(Great aunt)
Second cousin
(Second cousin)
Grandparents' cousins:
- Second cousin- a man in relation to the grandchildren of a cousin, cousin of a grandfather or grandmother, cousin of a parent.
- Second cousin grandmother- a woman in relation to the grandchildren of a cousin, cousin of a grandfather or grandmother, cousin of a parent.
- Great-great-cousin- a boy/man in relation to a parent's great uncle or aunt, grandson of a cousin, son of a first cousin, second cousin.
- Great-great niece- a girl/woman in relation to a parent’s great uncle or aunt, granddaughter of a first cousin, daughter of a first cousin, second cousin.
Relatives through a greater number of generations are called by adding the prefix “great-”. For example: “great-great-great-grandfather”, “great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather”.
Property (Relationship through marriage)
Spouses
- Spouses- married persons.
- Husband (spouse) - a man in relation to a woman married to him.
- Wife (spouse) - a woman in relation to a man married to her.
Parents of spouses
- father-in-law- husband's father.
- Mother in law- husband's mother.
- Father-in-law- wife's father.
- Mother-in-law- wife's mother.
- Matchmaker- the father of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse, that is, the father of a son’s wife or the father of a daughter’s husband.
- Matchmaking- the mother of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse, that is, the mother of a son’s wife or the mother of a daughter’s husband.
Brothers and sisters of spouses
- brother-in-law- Brother husband ( Eastern European dialects - Schwager).
- Sister-in-law- husband's sister.
- Brother-in-law- brother-in-law ( Eastern European dialects - Schwager).
- Shurich (obsolete)- brother-in-law's son.
- sister-in-law (outdated brother-in-law) - wife's sister.
Mother in law
husband's mother
father-in-law
husband's father
Mother-in-law
wife's mother
Father-in-law
wife's father
brother-in-law
Brother husband
Sister-in-law
husband's sister
N
husband
M
wife
sister-in-law
wife's sister
Brother-in-law
brother-in-law
Spouse of a close relative
- Son-in-law- husband of a daughter, sister, niece. In other words, son-in-law- a man in relation to his wife’s family: to her parents (father-in-law and mother-in-law), her sisters (sisters-in-law), her brothers (brothers-in-law) and the latter’s wives (daughters-in-law).
- Primak (Priymak, housekeeper, vlasen, haunted, wabium) - a son-in-law adopted into the wife's family by his father-in-law or mother-in-law into a house for one household.
- Daughter-in-law(Dahl's etymology: son- son's wife - now considered erroneous) - the son's wife in relation to his father (father-in-law).
- Daughter-in-law- wife of a son, brother, brother-in-law, brother-in-law. In other words daughter-in-law- a woman in relation to her husband’s family: his mother (mother-in-law), brothers (brothers-in-law) and sisters (sisters-in-law), brothers’ wives (jatrovkas, consorts) and sisters’ husbands (sons-in-law).
- Yatrovka (Yatrova, brother) - the wife of a brother, brother-in-law, brother-in-law. In other words Yatrovka- a woman in relation to her husband’s family: his brothers (brothers-in-law) and his sisters (sisters-in-law), brothers’ wives (yatrs) and sisters’ husbands (sons-in-law). Yatrovki(daughters-in-law) - women whose husbands are brothers.
- Intercourse- a woman in relation to her brother-in-law's wife (mistress). In other words, prostitutes- women whose husbands are brothers.
Yatrovki = Sexuals
- Brother-in-law- sister-in-law's husband = wife's sister's husband. In other words, brothers-in-law- men whose wives are sisters. See also Brother-in-law (disambiguation).
- Uika (vuyka) - (obsolete) uya's wife, that is, the wife of the maternal uncle, the wife of the mother's brother.
- Bro- cousin's wife.
Non-family relationships
In people's lives, close, non-family relationships are of great importance, which is also reflected in terminology. You should remember the external proximity of these terms to the terms of consanguinity and not confuse them.
Before marriage
- Sweetheart- a girl/girl/woman who is the object of someone’s love in relation to the one who is in love with her.
- Fancy man- a boy/youth/man who is courting or in love with a female person in relation to her.
- Groom- a man intending to get married, in relation to his future wife (bride).
- Bride- a woman intending to get married, in relation to her future husband (groom).
- Betrothed (obsolete)- a man (often abstract, ideal), in relation to a woman with whom he will marry in the future, a future husband.
- Narrowed (obsolete)- a woman (often abstract, ideal), in relation to the man with whom she will marry in the future, a future wife.
Wedding and marriage
- Imprisoned parents- persons replacing the parents of the bride or groom at the wedding.
- Planted mother- a woman who replaces the mother of the bride or groom at a wedding.
- The imprisoned father- a person who acts instead of the father of the bride or groom at a wedding.
Outside of marriage
- Roommate (vulg. co-bedmate) - a man who lives together with his partner and is in a close relationship with her without official registration. (See Actual marriage)
- roommate(concubina) - a woman who lives with her partner and is in a close relationship with him without official registration. (See Actual marriage)
- Lover (vulg. hahal) - a man who is in a close relationship with his partner, not encouraged by the law or morality of a given society, community, relatives.
- Mistress- a woman who is in a close relationship with her partner, not encouraged by the law or morality of a given society, community, or relatives.
Relationships during the second (and subsequent) marriage
- Half brother, half sister- children who have the same father and different mothers.
- Half brother, Half sister- children who have the same mother, but different fathers.
- Step-brother, stepsister- children from the first marriages of persons in relation to each other, that is, not relatives, not half-blooded or half-bred, but only “brought together” into one family.
- Stepfather (outdated stepfather) - a man in relation to his wife’s child born in another marriage, the mother’s husband, but not the father.
- Stepmother- a woman in relation to her husband’s child born in another marriage, the father’s wife, but not the mother.
- Stepson- a male representative in relation to the partner of his parent in another marriage, a step-son of a husband or wife.
- Stepdaughter- a female representative in relation to the partner of her parent in another marriage, a step-daughter of her husband or wife...
Relationships upon adoption or loss of parents
- Adopted- adopted child.
- Stepdaughter(named daughter, adopted) - a female person in relation to the adoptive parents.
- Foster-son(named son, adopted) - a male person in relation to the adoptive parents (adoptive parents).
- Adoptive mother(named mother) is the step-mother of the adoptive child.
- Adoptive father(named father) is the stepfather of the adoptive child.
- Guardian- a person who is entrusted with guardianship over someone.
- Co-guardian- a person acting as a guardian jointly with another person in relation to the guardian.
- Ward- the person in respect of whom guardianship or trusteeship is exercised, in relation to the guardian/guardians and trustees.
- Trustee- a person who is entrusted with guardianship over someone.
Spiritual Relationships
- Godfather (godfather) - a man in relation to the one whom he baptized.
- Godfather- godfather in relation to the parents of the godson and to the godmother, also receiver. The father of the child in relation to the godfather and godmother.
- Godmother (godmother) - a woman in relation to the one whom she baptized.
- Kuma- godmother in relation to the parents of the godson and to the godfather, also successor. The child's mother in relation to the godfather and godmother.
- Godson (godson) - a male person in relation to those who baptized him.
- God daughter (goddaughter) - a female person in relation to those who baptized her.
- Godfather- father of the godfather or godmother.
- Godmother- mother of the godfather or godmother.
- Godbrother- son of a godfather or godmother.
- Godsister- daughter of a godfather or godmother.
- Cross brothers(brothers on the cross, named brothers, sworn brothers) - men who exchanged pectoral crosses in relation to each other.
- Cross Sisters (sisters of the cross, named sisters, twin cities, sisters) - women who exchanged crosses in relation to each other.
Biological connections
- Donor- a person who gives his blood, tissue, cells or organ for transplantation to other people.
- Recipient- a person who receives a transplant of any organ, tissue or cells of another organism.
- Simera- an organism with an established graft.
- Dairy mother(mother, nurse) - a woman who fed someone else’s child with her breast, in relation to this child.
- Milk brother- a boy/man in relation to a person with whom they were breastfed by the same woman, but who is not a sister or brother on the mother’s side.
- Milk sister- a girl/woman in relation to a person with whom they were breastfed by the same woman, but who is not a maternal sister or brother.
- Surrogate mother- a woman who gave birth to a child for other people as a result of the implantation of an embryo in her, in relation to the child born to her.
Individual status
- Bachelor- a man who has not entered into marriage, an unmarried man.
- Bobyl- an old unmarried man (bachelor).
- Virgo, girl- a woman who has not been married. The term maiden (obsolete) indicates the chastity of a girl.
- Spinster, bobyliha- a woman who has never been married, whose marriage is not expected due to age or personal characteristics.
- Diluted- a man who has divorced and has not remarried.
- Divorced- a woman who has divorced and has not remarried.
- Widower- a man who did not marry after the death of his wife.
- Gander- a man who lives separately from his wife for a long time for a reason depending on her.
- Widow- a woman who did not marry after the death of her husband.
- Straw Widow- a woman who lives for a long time separately from her husband for a reason depending on him.
- Soldier- a woman whose husband serves as a soldier.
- Single mother- an unmarried woman or a widow raising one or more children.
- Single father- an unmarried man or widower raising one or more children.
- Orphan- a child or minor whose one parent has died.
- Orphan- a child or minor whose both parents, that is, father and mother, have died.
- Foundling- a child of unknown parents, abandoned to strangers.
- Foundling- a child abandoned by unknown parents and found by strangers.
- Changeling- a step-child, who, secretly from the parents, was replaced in infancy by their own child.
Other
- Uncle, mom (mother), nanny (nanny)- a person (a man or a woman, respectively) assigned to care and supervise a child.
- Kunak (Turkic, cf. tat. qunaq) - among the Caucasian highlanders - a person associated with someone by an obligation of mutual hospitality, friendship and protection; friend, buddy.
- Mother heroine- an honorary title for mothers in the USSR who gave birth and raised 10 or more children.
- Sworn brother, sworn sister- a person who is not biologically related to this person, but has agreed to a brotherly (sisterly) relationship voluntarily. Typically such agreements are bilateral.
- Founding Father- a man who initiated, established or founded something.
- Kindred- a native of the same land who is related to someone historically or culturally.
- Countryman (vernacular- land, vulg. zema) - a native of the same area as someone else.
- Like-minded person- a person who has common views, beliefs, and ideology with the subject.
There is a specific name. Relationships can be consanguineous or non-consanguineous, arising as a result of marriage. The latter is otherwise called a property.
Blood relatives
The closest relatives are parents (mother and father) and their children. People who have common parents, brothers and sisters. If there is only one common parent, such brothers and sisters are called half-brothers: half-brothers (common mother) or half-brothers (common father).
The second marriage of a parent introduces some nuances. The father's second wife is a stepmother in relation to his children from his first marriage, and the mother's second husband is a stepfather. Children in relation to their stepmother or stepfather are stepsons and stepdaughters.
The parents of the father or mother are grandfather and grandmother. The parents of a grandfather or grandmother are called great-grandparents, their parents are called great-great-grandparents. The children of a son or daughter are called grandchildren, the children of grandchildren are called great-grandchildren.
Children or sisters are usually called nephews, and brothers and sisters of parents are called uncles and aunts.
In relation to people who have common ancestors in the second generation, the term “cousin” is used. For example, cousins are children of parents' siblings; they do not have common parents, but they have common grandparents. Parents' first cousins are called great aunts and uncles, and cousins' nephews are called first cousins. Brothers and sisters of grandparents are called great-uncles and grandmothers, and grandchildren of brothers and sisters are called great-nephews.
If there are common ancestors in the third generation, the term “second cousins” is used in the same way.
In-laws
When people get married, their family members are included in new family ties. In some cases, their names fit into the system of consanguinity terms. For example, an uncle or aunt can be called an aunt’s husband or an uncle’s wife, a nephew can be called not only one’s nephew, but also one’s spouse’s nephew. But for most properties there are separate names.
A daughter's husband is called a son-in-law, and a son's wife is called a daughter-in-law or daughter-in-law. The husband's parents are the father-in-law, the wife's parents are the father-in-law and mother-in-law.
The brother is the brother-in-law, and his sister is the sister-in-law. The wife's brother is the brother-in-law, the wife's sister is the sister-in-law.
A daughter-in-law is called not only a son's wife, but also a brother's or brother-in-law's wife. However, there is another designation for the brother-in-law’s wife, which is rarely heard nowadays - yatrov.
Spiritual kinship
Christians have a special kinship generated by the “second birth” of a person - the Sacrament of Baptism.
For the newly baptized, the godfather and godmother become the godfather and godmother, and he becomes the godson for them. For the godson's parents and for each other, they become godfather and godfather. Parents are also called in relation to their child's godparents.
Children of a godfather or godmother are the godson's godbrothers and sisters.
Once upon a time there was such a thing as foster brothers and sisters. Such non-blood “kinship” connected people who were raised by the same woman, but who were not brothers and sisters. Currently, such feeding is prohibited by law, therefore, modern children will no longer have foster brothers and sisters.
Skeleton of Neanderthal and modern man: ours looks much more elegant
In this reconstruction, the Neanderthal did not turn out to be too scary - however, according to the generally accepted theory, they were our first enemies and became one of the first species completely exterminated by humans
From left to right: Homo habilis, Homo rudolphis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthal. Homo sapiens can be seen in the mirror
Of all the “relatives” of our species, none have survived to this day
Human bones were found in the cave “Pestera-mueri” (“Cave of the Elderly Woman”) back in 1952, but only now the find has been studied in detail. A team of researchers led by Erik Trinkaus has determined that six bones found in a Romanian cave are 30,000 years old. Archaeologists have found that the bones belonged to one of the first modern humans to appear in Europe. Previously, it was believed that the most ancient modern man found in Europe lived here about 28 thousand years ago. However, new research has pushed this date back even further and raised many new questions regarding the relationship of Neanderthals with modern humans.
The most interesting thing about the find is that specific anatomical features characteristic of Neanderthals were found in the structure of the bones. This is indicated, in particular, by the presence of the occipital node on the back surface of the skull, a number of features of the attachment of muscles to the lower jaw, as well as some other subtle structural details characteristic of the Neanderthal skull. Meanwhile, already during the migration of the ancestors of modern people from Africa, these traits were absent.
The first Neanderthals arrived on the European continent 400 thousand years ago, and modern people are believed to have arrived here only 40 thousand years ago. The fierce confrontation between primitive subspecies led to the fact that after 10-15 thousand years, Neanderthals disappeared from the face of the continent. Their last refuge, discovered on the Iberian Peninsula, is believed to have been abandoned 24 thousand years ago.
Scientists are divided on the issue of the departure of Neanderthals. There are two main versions of their disappearance. Adherents of the first version believe that the Neanderthal species was simply exterminated by modern people or ceased to exist due to harsh natural conditions, such as climate change. Others believe that Neanderthals mixed with modern humans and enriched the species with their genes Homo sapiens. As Eric Trinkaus says, “the data obtained in the course of our research refute the theory that the Neanderthals disappeared due to their complete extermination by modern people.”
It is worth saying that earlier studies demonstrate a connection between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. For example, there is the so-called skeleton of the child “Lagar Velho”, who lived about 25 thousand years ago, found in 1999 in Portugal. Presumably, it belonged to a hybrid of a human and a Neanderthal. And work on dating the last refuge of the Neanderthals showed their close proximity to our direct ancestors.
Perhaps the reconstruction of the Neanderthal genome, if it can be carried out, will resolve the issue of kinship Homo sapiens sapiens- that is, us - and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis(in accordance with the latest trends in anthropology, Neanderthals are considered to be a subspecies of Homo sapiens).
In everyday life, we hardly think about who our close relatives are. We call close - all blood and step-relatives from the same generation, as well as from the older or younger generation.
But in addition to the simple, philistine idea of kinship relationships, there is an official, legal definition of this phenomenon.
Confirmation or refutation of a close family relationship may be required in many legal respects:
- upon marriage;
- upon deprivation or limitation of parental rights;
- when drawing up contracts;
- when paying taxes and state duties in case of receiving an inheritance or gift;
- when involved as witnesses in criminal proceedings;
- when inheriting by law, by will;
- when moving in and out of residential premises;
- upon employment, receiving paid and unpaid leaves, additional payments.
For example, the order of inheritance by law assumes that the priority applicants for inheritance are close relatives belonging to the first and second lines of inheritance. In other cases, if the testator left a will in which he indicated that the heirs were “close relatives”, but did not indicate specific persons, the husband or wife of the testator may find himself without a share, since by law he does not belong to this category.
But the given list of legal relations that follow from the concept of close kinship is far from complete.
The concept of kinship from the point of view of law is complex and ramified. In this article we will look at who is called a close relative by the legislation of the family, labor, housing, administrative and criminal branches of law.
Close relatives and family members
Oddly enough, in Russian legislation there is no uniform idea of kinship relations. Each branch of law categorizes different individuals as close relatives.
Close relatives
Close relatives are direct ancestors or descendants along a vertical line (children and parents, grandparents and grandchildren, granddaughters), as well as along a horizontal line (full, half-sisters and brothers). Close kinship is based on the principle of common blood.
However, there are exceptions to this principle. So, despite the presence of consanguinity, great-grandmother, great-grandfather and great-grandson, great-granddaughter are not close relatives. Uncle, aunt and niece and nephew, cousin and cousin are not close relatives.
On the other hand, despite the lack of consanguinity, adoptive parents and adopted children are recognized as close relatives, the relationship between whom is identical to the relationship between children and parents.
As for the relationship between spouses, according to the principle of common blood, a husband and wife are not recognized as close relatives. The law calls such relationships a property. In-laws are also considered relatives from the spouse's side - mother-in-law and father-in-law, mother-in-law and father-in-law, son-in-law and daughter-in-law.
- common-law spouses;
- guardians, trustees and wards, wards;
- sister's husband, brother's wife.
Family members
The concept of family members is much broader. According to the Housing Law, a family is considered to be all persons living in the same residential premises, even not the closest relatives, for example, mother-in-law or father-in-law, mother-in-law or father-in-law, cousin or sister.
The concept of “close relatives” in the legislation of the Russian Federation
Constitution
Article 51 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation affirms one of the principles of criminal law - “no one can be obliged to testify against himself, against his spouse and close relatives” - while indicating that the circle of close relatives is determined by federal legislation. First of all, such a legislative act is the Family Code of the Russian Federation, as well as other legislative acts that we will consider below.
Family law
According to Article 14 of the RF IC, close relatives are...
- children and parents;
- grandfathers, grandmothers and grandchildren, granddaughters;
- sisters and brothers (full - having common parents, not full - having a common father or mother).
Administrative legislation
According to Article 25.6 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, close relatives include...
- children and parents;
- adopted children and adoptive parents;
- siblings;
Criminal procedural law
Article 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation expands the circle of close relatives compared to the administrative law...
- husband and wife;
- children and parents;
- adopted children and adoptive parents;
- siblings;
- grandfathers, grandmothers and grandchildren, granddaughters.
According to the norms of the constitution and criminal procedural legislation, the listed persons have the right to refuse to testify in the investigative process and in court against close relatives.
Housing legislation
In housing legislation there is no concept of “close relatives” at all.
But according to Article 31 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, members of the homeowner’s family are husband and wife, children and parents. In addition, the owner has the right to move into the residential premises any person, even if he is not related to him by family ties. And this person will be recognized as a “family member”.
Tax law
Clause 18.1 of Article 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, speaking about close relatives, makes reference to the above-mentioned Article 14 of the RF IC. For them, tax legislation provides special privileges - income from transactions made between close relatives is not taxed. Also, tax is not paid on gifts and inheritances. Even the amount of the state fee that must be paid when entering into an inheritance depends on the degree of family ties. Close relatives pay only 0.3% (no more than 100 thousand rubles), the rest - 0.6% (no more than 1 million rubles).
Are they close relatives...
…husband and wife
The status of the spouses should be given special attention; according to family law (Article 14 of the RF IC), husband and wife are not close relatives, since they are not related by blood. But who then? According to Article 2 of the RF IC, husband and wife are family members.
However, marriage is a special type of relationship, secured by a special document (marriage certificate), a legal union that implies many privileges, including:
- Right of inheritance. In the absence of a will, the widow or widower is the first priority claimant to the inheritance along with the children and parents of the deceased, despite the lack of blood relationship;
- Joint marital property. Everything that is acquired by a husband or wife during their legal marriage belongs to them on equal rights, regardless of who acquired it and with what means. If necessary, joint property can be divided equally.
Adult citizens of different sexes can enter into marital relations, except in cases...
- one of them is legally married;
- presence of blood relationship (mother and son, father and daughter, grandfather and granddaughter, grandmother and grandson, brother and sister);
- the existence of a relationship between an adoptive parent and an adopted child;
- the presence of incapacitated status for one of them;
...ex-spouses
Former spouses, that is, husband and wife who have legally dissolved their marriage, lose all relations with each other. They are no longer family members and do not have the special privileges that the law grants to spouses.
…grandmother
The grandmother is a close relative for her grandson and granddaughter in accordance with Article 14 of the RF IC and other legislative acts.
…grandfather
A grandfather, like a grandmother, is a close relative to a grandson and granddaughter.
…grandson
A grandson and granddaughter are a close relative to the grandparents on the father's or mother's side.
...mother-in-law
The father-in-law and mother-in-law are not relatives - in relation to the daughter-in-law, father-in-law and mother-in-law - in relation to the son-in-law. The law calls such relationships a property. This category also includes the relationship between stepfather, stepmother and stepson, stepdaughter, as well as other relationships. However, relatives can be considered family members.
…brother or sister
Full-born (born from a common father and mother) and not full-born (born only from a common father or only from a common mother) are close relatives.
…cousin or brother
Unlike siblings, the law does not classify cousins as close kinship. For example, if we are talking about inheritance, then they relate only to the third line of heirs, and then only by right of representation instead of the aunt or uncle of the deceased.