Lesson - Presentation: Geographical position. History Study of the study of the mainland of Eurasia.
(7th grade)
Theme of the lesson: geographical position. History Study of the study of the mainland of Eurasia.
Objectives and objectives of the lesson:
- To form students from the idea of \u200b\u200bthe nature of Eurasia, consider the features of the physico-geographical position of the mainland;
- Introduce students with the ideas about Eurasia in antiquity, to acquaint with the Study Study Story; Continue the formation of the ability to work independently with sources of additional information, formulate questions.
- Develop a cognitive interest in the subject.
- Educate interest in the subject.
- Promote the development of spiritual and moral qualities in students.
Equipment: Physical map of Eurasia. Multimedia projector, computer, interactive board.
During the classes.
1. Organizational moment.
2. Actualization and motivation of knowledge.
Today, we will go on a trip to the mainland of Eurasia. Konstantin Powetsky argued that knowledge and travel are inseparable from each other. Therefore, during the trip, we will need to get acquainted with the history of the opening and research of the mainland and describe the geographical position of the mainland of Eurasia.
3. New topic.
Plan for the study of a new material:
- Natural features
- History of settlement and research of Eurasia
- Scientists researchers
So we approached the discovery and study of the last mainland - Eurasia. From today's lesson you will begin to discover this mainland. Find out about his nature, originality of the organic world, about countries and peoples inhabiting Eurasia.
The topic of our lesson "Geographical position and history of research of Eurasia".
Your main task in the lesson is to work out the ability to determine the geographical location of the mainland. To identify such features of the mainland, which make it unique, different from all other continents. You will get acquainted with the names of researchers who made a great contribution to the study of Eurasia.
So, it's time to discover Eurasia.
- Geographical location of the mainland Eurasia
Slide number 4.
Eurasia is the largest mainland in the world. Its area together with the islands is 53.3 million km², which corresponds to 1/3 of the sushi part. In addition, this gigantic mainland lives ¾ of the world's population, i.e. Over 4 billion people.
Slide number 5.
The mainland of Eurasia consists of two parts of light - Europe and Asia. The conventional border passes through the eastern part of the Ural Mountains, the Northern coast of the Caspian Sea, the Ural River, Kuro - Manic Wpadin, then on the Azov and Black Seas and the Strapps connecting the Black Sea with Mediterranean.
- The extreme point in the north of Eurasia - Cape Chelyuskin (77˚43s.sh.),
- Extreme point in the south - Cape Piaay (1˚16s.sh.),
- The extreme point in the east - Cape Roca (9˚34z. D.),
- The extreme point in the West is Cape Dezhneva (169˚40).
Slide number 6.
The distance between the northern and southernmost point is 8000km. If some of the islands are located closer to the North Pole, the Islands of the Malay Archipelago are drawn from the Equator to the south to the 11th.sh.
Slide number 7.
The distance between the extreme point in the east - Cape Rock (9˚34z. D.) - and the extreme point in the West - Cape Dezhnev (169˚40z. D.) - about 16000km.
Slide number 8.
Some parts of the continent overlook the territory of the Eastern Hemisphere and enter the territory of the Western Hemisphere. Due to the peculiarities of the geographical location on the mainland there are all climatic belts and natural complexes characteristic of the northern hemisphere.
The coast of the mainland Eurasia is washed by the water of all four oceans.
Slide number 11.
- Natural features
Eurasia is the mainland on which we live. This is the greatest mainland of the Earth. From other continents of the globe, Eurasia is characterized by a particularly large variety of nature. He can have the right to attach other characteristics "most - most ..." (showing the presentation slide 12-26)
- The highest mountain peak in the world - Jomolungma in the Himalayan mountains, its height is 8848 m.
- The lowest place of the globe, located below sea level, is the Dead Sea in the north-west of the Arabian Peninsula, its level -403m.
- The largest Peninsula of the globe - Arabian, its area is more than 3 million km².
- Polyus cold in the northern hemisphere - the village of Oymyakon in Northeast Siberia, where the temperature of -71 ° C is registered.
- The highest temperature was observed in the hot and sultry desert of TAR in India + 53˚С.
- The area where the largest annual rainfall falls on the globe is the settlement of Cherapundy on the south-east slope of Himalayas (12000mm).
- In dry sultry Arabia, the annual precipitation is less than 15mm.
- The biggest lake on the globe - the Caspian Sea - is located between Europe and Asia, its area is 390ts.km.²
- The deepest lake on the globe - Baikal, is located in the Asian part of Eurasia, its depth of 1620m.
Working with a contour card.
Slide№27-28
Practical work Po.description of FGP Eurasia
And now let's make a description of the FGP mainland.
FGP Description Description Mainland
- Determine how the mainland is located relative to the equator, tropics (polar circles) and zero meridian.
- Find the coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland in degrees.
- Determine what oceans wash the mainland?
One student works at the board, and the rest perform practical work in the contour cards. The teacher assists.
Tasks:
- Circle in red initial and 180 ° meridian, blue - equator line.
- Mark the dotted line between Europe and Asia.
- Sign the names of the extreme points and their coordinates.
- Sign the names of the oceans by washing mainland.
- The history of settlement and research of Eurasia.
Slide№29
(student message)
In search of new lands, the immigrants of the Mediterranean began to settle the lands of Eurasia. It was there that geographic concepts began to form.
The first geographical information about Eurasia was collected by the ancient Egyptians, the Phoenicians, Greeks.
A significant contribution to the expansion of geographical knowledge about Eurasia was made by the ancient people who inhabited about. Crete in 2500 years BC. Midway established trade relations with Cyprus, Sicily and the current Balkan Peninsula.
Residents of the state Babylon in order to familiarize themselves with the world around them visited Persia and India. Babylonians, and writing, for the first time suggested that the planet Earth has a ball shape and its circumference is 360˚. The first geographical map, drawn by British on the clay plate, is stored in the British Museum.
The Phoenicians, elegantizing on the ships in various directions of the Mediterranean Sea, opened the islands on the Aegean Sea, reached the coasts of Europe through the Gibraltar Strait. During this period, the Phoenicians called the Ereve Ereb land in the West, and the eastern "ACS". On the basis of these concepts of the ancient Greeks introduced the terms "Europe" and "Asia".
In the previous times, the peoples who inhabited Ancient India were trading with the peoples of South-West Asia on land, and water.
In the first century, our era, the ancient Indians opened the islands of Sumatra and Java and began to settle in Indonesia. And Malaytsy, sailing along the All Islands of Indonesia on the light ships, established trade relations with the population of these islands. Later, they opened Madagascar Island, some of the immigrants left there for permanent residence.
The ancient Greeks also contributed to the opening of new Eurasian lands. They organized expeditions to the West and north, floated along the coasts of the Black and Caspian Seas, along the River Danube and Don. And about how the brave Greek seafarers - Argonauts went to Kolkhid in search of the Golden Rune, written in the legend of "Argonauts".
- Scientists researchers
Slide number 31-34.
- N.P. Przhevalsky(Student Study)
Opening made by an expedition under the direction of N.M. Przhevalsky, glorified Russian geographical science for the whole world. A scientist for 15 years of stay in Central Asia passed about 33 thousand km. As a result of four expeditions N.P. Przhevalsky studied several mountain ranges in Tibet and the Gobi desert, explored the upper in the Great Chinese Rivers Juanhe and Yangtze and described the natural conditions of the "wandering" lake Lobnor, which moves along with the sands. N.P. Przhelvalsky, during the trip, caused the route to the route, determined its coordinates and heights, carried out meteorological observations, collected collections of rocks and plants.
N.P.Przhelvalsky died at the beginning of his fifth travel to Central Asia. Before his death, he bequeathed to bury himself on the Bereary Issyk - Kul in Tian - Shan Mountains.
Slide number 35-36.
- P.P. Semenov - Tian - Shan(Student Study)
A large contribution to the study of Nature of Central Asia has made a Russian scientist P.P. Semenov. This scientist, twice by performing an expedition to Tian - the Shan Mountains, determined the boundaries of the mining system, opened the peak of Khan - Tengri, who was considered the highest point of these mountains for a long time. P.P. Semenov first described the high-rise belt Tian - Shan and found that their snow line is slightly higher than in the Alps. Scientists have proven the lightlessness of Lake Issyk - Kul, as well as its tectonic origin. For large scientific achievements for the surname of the scientist Added name of the mining system. And the mountain range, the high peak in Central Asia is named after his name. For example, in the Central Tian - Shana there is a Semenov Glacier.
Slide number 37.
- Sh. Walikhanov (Student Study)
In 1856 - 1859, on behalf of the Russian Geographical Society, the Kazakh scientist - the enlightener S. Walikhanov traveled to the inland areas of Central Asia. At first, the scientist passed the part of the Tien Shan mountain system in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, visited the coast of Issyk - Kul and went further to Kashgaria. Schokan went secret under the guards of the merchant six cities of Cashgar and returned, collecting many vintage books, ethnographic valuables, rock samples. The Kazakh researcher described the place of his stay, drawn the maps of the route they passed.
Working with a textbook.
Slide number 38.
Fill in the table using the textbook text:
Researcher | The studied territory |
N. M.Przhelvalsky | The origins of the rivers of Juanhe and Yangtze, the desert mountain ranges, set the location of the Lobnor wandering lake, described new types of animals, including wild horse Przhevalsky |
Peter Petrovich Semenov - Tien Shan | Tian-Shan Mountain, studied Lake Issyk-Kul, proved that it is a heartless |
Sh.Uualikhanov | The internal areas of Central Asia, part of the Tien Shan mountain system in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the coast of Issyk - Kul. |
4. Fastening the material studied.(Answer the questions)
Slide number 39.
1. What is the mainland area of \u200b\u200bEurasia?
(53.3 million km²)
2. What are the hottest place on the mainland of Eurasia?
(Desert Tar)
3. How much oceans is washed by Eurasia?
4. What Peninsula is the Dead Sea?
(north - west of the Arabian Peninsula)
5. Is there a big lake on the mainland?
(Caspian Sea)
6. In what mountains is the peak Khan - Tengri?
(in Tian - Shanskaya)
7. Where falls the greatest annual rainfall on the globe?
(Cherapundy settlement)
8. For the surnames of which scientist for large scientific merit added the name of the mining system?
(P.P. Semenov)
9. The most high mountain peak in the world located on the mainland of Eurasia?
(Jomalungma Peak)
(-71˚С)
5.Krossword.
Slide number 40.
Questions for crossword
1.Krunny point in the west of the mainland Eurasia. / Dezhneva
2. Where does the largest annual rainfall of the globe? / Cherapundy
3. The "wandering lake" natural conditions, which N.M. Przhelzhalsky was described. / Lobnor
4. The lowest place of the globe. / Dead
5. Digid of the mainland in the East / Rock
6.And deep lake on the globe? / Baikal
7. Scanchic scientist - An enlightener who has taken a trip to the internal areas of Central Asia? / Ualikhanov
8. Railway in the north of Eurasia / m. Chelyuskin
9. In what mountains is the highest point in the world? / Himalaya
10. Where is the lowest temperature on the mainland of Eurasia? / Oymyakon
11. How did the surname of the scientist who was studying Central Asia for 15 years? / Przhevalsky
6. The results of the lesson
- Evaluation announcement
Estimates
I knew everything we succeed,
Geography we will know with you.
Active travelers ...... ..
The log will put "good" and "five".
And in conclusion I want to say
What is better than the geography of the subject not to find.
The world of geography is huge,
Strive you to know it.
- Thank you for the lesson
The lesson is over. Thanks for the work.
Slide№41.
7. Homework:
- paragraph 14 (read, retell)
- Reply in writing to questions 1,2,3.
Eurasia - The largest of the mainland of the Earth, its area is $ 54 million km ^ $ 2, or just over a third of the entire Sushi area on the planet.
The mainland is two parts of the world: Europe and Asia, according to one of the versions, the names of these parts of the world are given through the ancient Assyrian words having the meanings of the West, Sunset and East, Sunrise.
There is also a version that the names of the mainland are associated with Greek mythology. According to the legend of Europe, this is the daughter of the Phoenician ruler of Agenor. It in the appearance of the bull kidnapped Zeus and took to the island of Crete, where Europe stepped for the first time on this part of the world. Asia called the province between the Aegean and Caspian seas, where the Scythian Tribes of Asiana lived.
The border between Europe and Asia is historically conditionally held in the Ural mountain range (the eastern slopes), R. Emba, the coast of the Caspian Sea (North-Western), R. Kuma, Kumo-Manic Wpadin, r. Manych, Black Sea. (Eastern and South Coast), Bosphorus Strait, Marble Sea, Dardanella Strait, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar Strait. There is no sharp natural boundary between parts of light, and the drying is continuous throughout the continent. The unity of the continent is also ensured by the consolidation of tectonic and climatic processes. European and Asian area correlate as $ 1: $ 4. From the area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland about $ 3 million km ^ 2 $ falls on the islands.
Geographical position
Mainland Eurasia is located between $ 9 and $ 169 ° h. D. $ mostly in the northern hemisphere. Some islands belonging to this mainland are located in the southern hemisphere. The extreme Western and Eastern Points of Eurasia are in the Western Hemisphere, and the mainland is predominantly placed in East. The length of Eurasia from East to West is about $ 18 thousand km $ and about $ 8 thousand km $ from north to south. In the total area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland, $ 54 million km ^ 2 $ about $ 3 million km ^ $ 2 falls on the islands.
Extreme points of Eurasia
The extreme maintenance points of Eurasia are:
- Cape Chelyuskin ($ 77 ° 33 's. W. $) - the northern mainstall point, which is located in Russia;
- Cape Piaay ($ 1 ° 16 's. Sh. $) - the most southern mortgarter, located in Malaysia;
- Cape Rock ($ 9 ° 31 'z. $) - the most western mainstall point located in Portugal;
- Cape Dezhneva ($ 169 ° 42 'z. $) - the easternmost mainstream point, which is also located in Russia;
The island points of the mainland are:
- Cape Flygeli, ($ 81 ° 52 "s. Sh. $) - an extreme northern island point, located in Russia;
- Southern Island ($ 12 ° 4 "Yu. W. $) - an extreme southern island point, which is the territory of the coconut islands;
- the rock of the monoshik ($ 31º16 "z. $) - an extreme western island point located on the Azores;
- Ratmanov Island ($ 169 ° 0 "z. $ $) Is an extreme eastern island point, in Russia.
Peninsula Eurasia
Eurasia coastline is strongly cut, forming a large number of bays and peninsulas.
The largest Peninsula Eurasia are:
- Arabian Peninsula (area $ 3,250 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- indochina Peninsula ($ 2,410,612 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- industan Peninsula ($ 2,000 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- Scandinavian peninsula (about $ 800 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- Pyrenean Peninsula ($ 600 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- peninsula Small Asia ($ 560 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- Balkan Peninsula ($ 505 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- peninsula Taimyr (about $ 400 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- peninsula Kamchatka ($ 270 thousand km ^ 2 $);
- peninsula Korea ($ 220.8 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- peninsula Malacca ($ 190 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- Apennine Peninsula ($ 149 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- peninsula Yamal ($ 122 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- Chukota Peninsula ($ 110 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- Kola Peninsula (about $ 100 thousand km ^ $ 2);
- Crimean Peninsula (Crimea Peninsula) ($ 27 thousand km ^ $ 2).
Eurasia is washed at once $ 4 $ 4 by the oceans - the Northern Arctic in the north, Atlantic in the West, Indian in the south and quiet in the east. It also distinguishes Eurasia from other continents. The sea of \u200b\u200boceans, wash Eurasia, the most profound in the south and east of the mainland.
History of opening and research of Eurasia
Eurasia is the most populated and studied from all the mainland. In particular, many patterns and processes were discovered on the example of the territory of Eurasia.
In the mainland, the oldest civilizations of the planet were formed and developed. Many regions (India, China, Assyria, Mesopotamia) are cradle of knowledge of the modern world. The main directions of geographic studies were formed in ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
In the Middle Ages, Europeans travel to China, India, Siberia and Central Asia, as well as the search for marine and ground paths in distant countries significantly expanded knowledge about geography and nature of Eurasia. In subsequent centuries, the expedition contributed to the increment of knowledge of the continent.
The most famous milestones in the history of the study of Eurasia are Marko Polo Travel, Dezhnev Seeds, Afanasia Nikitina, and others. Tibetic Highlands and other hard-to-reach areas of Central Asia were described in the expeditions of P. P. Semenova Tyan Shansky, N. M. Przhevalsky, V. and . Roborovsky, PK Kozlova. S. P. Krasheninnikov described the nature of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the $ XVIII $ century. No less intense than the distant corners of the mainland, various corners of Europe were studied - Carpathians, Alps, Scandinavian Mountains, East European and Middle Eastern Plains.
Note 1.
Despite many years of expeditions and improve technologies, many hard-to-reach areas, for example, the domestic territories of Tibet and Arabia, Hindukush and Karakorum Mountains, Indonesian Peninsula and Indonesia Islands are poorly studied.
Study of continents of the Earth - the process that began thousands of years before our era. It is noteworthy that it still continues, because some hard-to-reach places are still not examined by geographers. Today we will find out who opened Eurasia.
Europe and Asia
Eurasia is the largest continent of our planet. Its area is 54.3 million km² (or 36% sushi). Here lives and most of the population of the Earth - 76%. Located in the northern hemisphere, but some of the islands that belong to the mainland are located in South.
The mainland consists of two parts - Europe and Asia. The border between them is the Russian Ural River. Today, this separation causes numerous disputes, but it has developed historically. A huge continent is a solid land, not separated by the seas and oceans.
Eurasia is a unique continent. There were numerous oldest cultures of China, India, Greece, Babylon, the Arab East. And during the study of the geography of the mainland, the question of who discovered Eurasia inevitably appears. Alas, there is no accurate answer to it, because it gradually examined many navigators.
First people on the continent
It is believed that the first people appeared in Africa. Scientists really have reason to believe so. Approximately 70,000 years ago, the first inhabitants of Africa went on a journey. In 25,000 years later they settled on the Arabian Peninsula. At the same time, numerous groups were separated from nomads and settled in the depths of the continent. It was they who became those who opened Eurasia.
The ancient peoples who inhabited Europe and Asia (from the Danube in modern Mongolia), they were mainly a nomadic or half-blood lifestyle. In these territories, many peoples of the Indo-European family have been formed. There is a version that some tribes, in particular the Shigir, who lived in Russia, were ancestors of hyperboreev.
Antique travel
Eurasia gradually opened its inhabitants. For example, the Mediterranean coast was discovered by the Phoenicians (they are the ancestors of modern Jews). Phoenicians are rightfully considered to be the best antiquity navigators.
The ancient Greeks are continued to study Europe. They not only engaged in research on new territories, but also wrote about them. Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC. E., I visited small Asia and Persia, as well as described in detail the morals and the customs of the peoples with which he met during the journey.
Greeks have made a tangible contribution to geography. They mastered the Asian Coast of the Aegean Sea, the territory of modern Italy, Sicily. Greek cities were erected there with a specialized form of economic development. Greeks also mastered the south of France and the African coast. Setting the North Coast of the Aegean Sea, Greek Marithels settled on the Black Sea coasts. Led the active trade in fish and grain.
The next stage of geographic discoveries belongs to the Romans. The commander Scypion opened the Pyrenees. And the famous Roman emperor Caesar passed with its troops of the territory of many modern countries - Great Britain, France, Germany. At this time, Rhine and Danube rivers were discovered.
In the 6-7 centuries of our era, Irish monks were heard by the most skilled seafarers. During travel, they visited Iceland and a number of islands - Hebrid, Farrene, Orkney.
Arabs were no less beautiful navigators. Starting from the 7th century, they played an important role in geographic discoveries. Arabs not only explored the Arabian Peninsula, India, Iran, Indonesia, Central and Central Asia, but also made maps of these territories.
So who opened Eurasia? It was a whole group of researchers who lived at different times. They opened the same banks of the mainland, then others. But the greatest discovery was that all these particles belong to one continent.
Famous researchers and their discoveries
Among the famous travelers (those who were opened by Eurasia) allocate:
1. Marco Polo is the famous Portuguese navigator, which was distinguished by phenomenal memory. He made swimming for the southern banks of Asia, the smallest details of which described in his "Marco Polo Book."
2. Vasco de Gama is another famous navigator who first visited India.
3. Peter Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shan marked the beginning of numerous expeditions to Central and Central Asia.
4. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky is one of the famous Russian researchers who studied the Far East and wrote about this in his book "Traveling on the Ussuri Territory".
5. Grigory Nikolayevich Potanin visited Mongolia and Tibet. The traveler mainly enjoyed roads unknown to Europeans earlier to get to these countries.
6. Vladimir Atlasov explored Kamchatka. After a few centuries, it was described in detail in detail the paintsinnikov.
7. Evgeny Smurgis became another person who opened the coastal zone of Eurasia. In 1990, he opened the very northernmost point of the continent - Cape Chelyuskin.
Of course, this is not the entire list of the great researchers in Eurasia. Those who opened Eurasia again and again, much more. Often research has been engaged in whole groups of geographers. The names of the participants of many groups remain unknown.
Berengi Strait.
One of those who discovered the mainland of Eurasia, albeit his part, is Vitus Bering - Dane, who lived in Russia and served in the Russian port. In 1704, under Peter I, he entered the service in the fleet by Captain Commander.
Ivan Ivanovich (as in Russia called the sailor) received an order to find out whether Asia was connected with America or there is a strait between them. Today, this strait is called Berengovye. In fact, Bering was not the pioneer of the strait. They became the navigator Semen Dezhnev. He visited Berengie Strait back in 1648, but his report on the detected strait was found in the archives much later.
Conclusion
That is why to say who the first opened Eurasia is impossible. Over the study of this mainland worked whole groups of travelers.
Today it seems to us that we know everything about our world. But there are many hard-to-reach, unexplored territories on Earth - Areas of Tibet and Arabia, Mount Hindukush and Karakorum, as well as Indonesian Islands and Islands.
It rises sooner or later before each lover of history and geography. After all, everyone heard wonderful stories about Columbus, Vasco da Gama and numerous conquistadors who ended up the expanses of Northern and South America. However, with Eurasia, everything is not so simple, because one traveler did not exist, who would belong to the laurels of the lavetler of the largest mainland on the planet. Therefore, it will be problematic to call the one who opened Eurasia. The name of this person is unknown.
It will be more correct to focus on the main stages of the study and descriptions of the peculiarities of the geographical situation of the mainland and people who participated in numerous expeditions, whose goal was to study the surrounding world.
Whoever opened Eurasia first. First people on the continent
All the main stages of evolution, the human species passed in Africa and, only fully formed, began expansion to the neighboring continent. Until recently, Africa and Eurasia were connected by a relatively wide Suez Crest and only in the XLX century. It was broken by an artificially created shipping channel.
It is for this that the first Homo Sapiens turned into the Middle East at the Middle East at the same time, and settled in the Arabian Peninsula. Such a significant event happened, according to some estimates, approximately 70,000 years ago.
According to the theory common among modern scientists, people, coming out of Africa, slowly moved to the east along the coasts in search of new sources of food, which they served mollusks inhabited in shallow water. This path was long and difficult and occupied about 25,000 years old, and of course, the route was not so direct - numerous groups were dismissed and went deep into the continent. Thus, those who opened the mainland of Eurasia became the first people who came out from the African continent, but many thousands of years will need to understand their place in the world in mankind.
Who opened Eurasia and in which year. The appearance of the term
Europeans accustomed to believe that the championship in geographical discoveries is unconditionally belonging to them. And although the contribution of European navigators, merchants and travelers is really great, should not be discounted from the accounts and Asian researchers, who also contributed their contribution to the study of the geography of the continent.
However, the name of the mainland still gave Europeans. For a long time, after the outlines of the continent were more determined, a variety of terms were used in the scientific literature to naming the largest mainland of the Earth.
For example, Alexander Humboldt, a great German scientist, one of whose specializations was geography, used the name of Asia for the entire continent, without sharing it on parts of the world. But his Austrian colleague Edward Zyuss in the 1880s already added the prefix "Euro" and thus formed the name of Eurasia, quite quickly entered into a scientific way.
Great Northern Expeditions
If the southern shores of Eurasia were masked for humanity for many tens of thousands of years, the northern wounded edges of the continent remained unexplored for a long time, since it was hampered by harsh climatic conditions.
First of all, the Northern Areas were interested in the Northern District Research, which had access to the North Atlantic and especially the Russian Empire, whose borders were held according to the uncharted and indescribed lands. Promotion to the north Russians began in the XVL century, but Kamchatka reached only in XVLL.
The first Russian subjects, published on the Kamchatsky Peninsula, from the detachment of the Great and Owner of the North-East Siberia, this, however, was a land expedition.
Bering Strait
For a long time, researchers held the issue of the existence of jumpers between Eurasia and North America, but it was not so easy to answer him. Responding to a question about who discovered Eurasia cannot be avoided mentioning the name of the famous Danish navigator and the Russian submarine Vitus Bering, who made a huge contribution to the study of the banks of the northeastern part of the Eurasian mainland.
The first maritime expedition, the purpose of which was the detection of the strait or proof of his absence, took place in 1724, when, on the personal order of Peter L Bering went into swim, following which he went to the Chukchi Sea, without meeting the obstacles and did not see the American coast. Thus, it was proved that two mainland were separated by the strait, which was named after his discoverer.
The success of the First Kamchatka Expedition inspired researchers to the organization of a whole series of campaigns included in the title called the Great Northern Expedition. Each of these trips made all the new information about the coast of the Northern Ocean, and the outlines of the mainland were increasingly clarified, as if floating from the sea haze.
Colonization and international cooperation
Arguing about who first discovered and explored Eurasia, one cannot call one name, but you can recall numerous travelers who contributed to the study of unknown land and cartography.
At the turn of the XV-XVL centuries, the leaders in the study of overseas lands were Portuguese, but their knowledge was not in a hurry to share, fairly fear of competition. However, the curiosity of competitors was so great that no obstacles could stop the spies of neighboring states from the penetration of the Holy Portuguese cartography - the Indian House, the place where information about newly open lands was stored.
It is as a result of a spy special operation planned for the order of the Duke Ercole L D "Este, the famous card was stolen from this repository, who became a story called Plassels Kantino. You can see the world on this map, how it seemed to be Portuguese in the XV century. On this map Shore is visible to Brazil and a narrow strip of the southern and southeastern coasts of Eurasia.
Great researchers
Today, you can confidently say that such researchers as Vasco da Gama, who has reached the shores of India, and Villem Barents, who stubbornly searched the northern road to Ost-India, made a special contribution to the study of Eurasia.
The era of great geographical discoveries stretched more than two centuries and included the studies of the Spanish and Portuguese navigators, who were looking for new ways to India, as well as the hiking of Russian Cossacks in Siberia and the Bank of the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, Introducing the question about who discovered and explored Eurasia, you can call such names: Bering, Vasco da Gama, Timofey Ermak, as well as the names of many other wonderful people.
1. Fill in passages in sentences
Eurasia is the largest mainland. Its area along with the islands - 53, 4 million km2. Eurasia stretches from north to south by 8,000 km, from the west to the east - by 16,000 km. Eurasia is washed by the water of the Northern Iskoy, the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In Eurasia, two parts of the world are distinguished: Europe and Asia.
11. Before you climatic diagrams (Fig. 28). Determine what types of climate they relate.
1-moderate moderate continental
2-subtropical Mediterranean
3-tropical continental
4-subtropical monsoon
12. Determine the climate type by description
1. In the summer, moderate air masses are dominated, in winter - arctic. The sediments fall mainly in the summer. They are associated with the arrival of temperate air masses.
Subarctic climate
2. In the summer, equatorial air masses are dominated here, and tropical in winter. Summer drops out, winter dry.
Subscance climate.
13. Determine the type of climate in the following indicators: The average temperature of January -28 ° C, July + 18 ° C, the average annual precipitation is 350 mm.
Moderate continental climate
15. Sign the extreme points of Eurasia on the contour card.
16. Sign on the contour map of the oceans and the sea, bays and spills off the coast of Eurasia.
17. Sign on the contour map large islands belonging to Eurasia. Which coast of the mainland is the largest number of islands?
18. Apply to the contour card and sign the flow from the shores of Eurasia.
19. Sign on the contour map of Eurasia Mountains, plains, rivers and lakes mentioned in the text §45-46 textbook.
20. On the contour map of Eurasia, we mark the borders of the states about which there is a question in the textbook, and sign them. Sign also the capital of these states.
Eurasia relief is characterized by greater complexity and diversity, which is associated with the heterogeneity of the tectonic structure.
23. Famous zoologist and traveler B. Grimek wrote: "The pristine nature should be preserved at least than we beat the paintings of Rafael, Cologne Cathedral, Indian temples; If you wish, you can restore ... Destroying or putting at risk of destroying many types of animals on Earth, people expect a nature that does not only surround us, but also themselves. "
How do you understand the words of the scientist? Express your position.
Words of scientist truth. Often, people betray great importance to those things that really have it. We still have the opportunity to admire the real natural landscapes, the beauty of nature. However, if you do not take care of nature, subsequent generations, our children and grandchildren will be deprived of such an opportunity.
26. What letter on the map (Fig. 29) indicates the Pyrenean Peninsula?
BUT); IN); FROM); D)
27. Eurasia washed the water of the bays:
1) Bengali; 2) Biscay; 3) Mexican
1) Bengali; 2) Biscai
28. Eurasia includes Islands:
1) Borneo; 2) Sumatra; 3) New Guinea
1) Borneo; 2) Sumatra.
29. Choose too much:
1) Turan lowland; 2) Mesopotama lowland; 3) Amazonian lowland
3) amazon lowland;
30. What letter on the map (Fig. 30) indicates the mountains of Himalayas?
BUT); IN); FROM); D)
31. Select unnecessary:
1) Rhine; 2) Elba; 3) Darling; 4) SENA
3) Darling
32. What letter on the map (Fig. 31) indicates the Yangtze River?
BUT); IN); FROM); D)
Climate type Territory
1) Arctic a) Pyrenean Peninsula
2) Subarctic B) Wrangel Island
3) Moderate c) Kalimantan Island
4) Tropical d) Iceland Island
5) subtropical D) Island United Kingdom
6) subequatorial E) Industan Peninsula
7) Equatorial
3 - a, g, d
34. What letter on the map (Fig. 32) indicates India?
BUT); IN); FROM); D)
Country Capital
1) Mongolia a) Delhi
2) India b) Tehran
3) Iran c) Ulan Bator
4) China d) Kabul
5) Afghanistan D) Beijing
37. Choose a sure approval.
1. Natural zones in Eurasia are elongated in the meridional direction.
3. The monsonic climate is distributed in the West of Eurasia.
2. Eurasia is washed by all the oceans of the Earth.
38. Which of the statements is correct?
A) the wet place on Earth is Cherrypundy.
B) On the territory of Eurasia there are all natural zones.
1) is true only a;
2) is true only b;
3) both are true;
4) both are incorrect