The personal form of the verb. General information

Morphology of the Russian literary language *

VERB

Conjugation of verbs

Future tense, simple and complex

Future tense forms of verbs are perfect. and imperfect. species, differing in meaning, also differ in their education. The verbs are perfect. the form of the future tense corresponds in formation to the form of the present tense of imperfect verbs. species, i.e. form, relative to it and in meaning. Both of these forms are synthetic forms in which the totality of real and formal meanings is expressed in the same word, cf. the present tense of the verbs is imperfect. kind i write, I read and the future tense of verbs is committed. kind i will write, read.

Verbs are imperfect. the form of the future tense is formed analytically, by combining the future tense form of the auxiliary verb be with the infinitive of the conjugated verb, i.e. the verb from which the future tense must be formed, for example: i will read, you will write, they will decide etc. In the future tense form formed in this way, the infinitive of the conjugated verb expresses real and non-syntactic formal meanings (type, recurrence or irreversibility, transitivity or intransitivity), while the auxiliary verb expresses syntactic formal meanings (mood, tense, person, number).

According to the terminology accepted in Russian grammar, the synthetic future tense of verbs is perfect. species is called future simple (write, read), and the analytical future tense of verbs is imperfect. species - future complex (I will write, I will read).

Verb face shapes

In the present and future tense, verbs form forms called personal, or persons... These forms designate the person to whom the speaker refers to the process expressed by the verb, and the person denoted by the verb is determined by its relation to the speaker. There are three such personal forms: 1st, 2nd and 3rd person. Each of them is presented in unit. and plural. number.

The faces of the verb, opposing each other in meaning, form two pairs of correlative forms. One of them is formed by the forms of the 1st and 2nd person. These forms, as actually personal, are opposed by the form of the third person, which in its meaning can be defined as impersonal and which is designated as the form of the third person only in relation to the first and second persons.

The personal meaning of personal forms proper, i.e. forms of the 1st and 2nd person, basically corresponds to the meaning of personal pronouns-nouns. 1st person form unit numbers means that the speaker refers to the process expressed by the verb to himself: i write, I read... In other words, the person to whom the process belongs is "I". 1st person pl. numbers are used in the case when the speaker refers the process expressed by the verb to a group of persons, which include himself, i.e. refers it to "we": we write, we read.

2nd person shape unit numbers means that the speaker relates the process expressed by the verb to his interlocutor, i.e. to the one to whom the speech is directed, to "you": you write, you read... The corresponding form is plural. numbers means that the speaker relates the process expressed by the verb to a group of persons (more than one) to whom he speaks, or to a group of persons, which includes the speaker's interlocutor, i.e. refers the process in general to "you": write, read... In addition, the 2nd person is plural. numbers are used as a form of polite or formal address to one person (to "you"): Listen, Gorsky ... You yourself know that I'm not being capricious now. (I. Turgenev), I want to know: how do you explain this? - And I want to know what right you have to question me - I replied... (I. Turgenev)

2nd person shape unit numbers are also used in the so-called generalized personal meaning. This happens when the speaker means through it that the process expressed by the verb does not refer to any particular interlocutor, but to any possible person, including the speaker himself, for example: Has completely ruined a man ... What are you going to do! (A. Pisemsky), Until you know him, you will not enter him - you are afraid, as if you were shy; and if you come in, it’s as if the sun will warm you up, and you will be all cheerful... (I. Turgenev) In this meaning, the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers are widely used in proverbs: You will learn from the smart, you will unlearn from the stupid, You cannot help grief with tears, You plant a seed - you will grow an apple tree etc. Generalized personal meaning can have a 2nd person not only in the form of a unit. numbers, but also in the form of plural. numbers: A quarter of an hour before the sun goes down, in the spring, you go out into the grove with a gun, without a dog. You look for a place for yourself somewhere near the edge, look around, inspect the piston, wink with a comrade ... Birds babble chatterously; young grass glistens with a cheerful sparkle of emerald ... you are waiting.(I. Turgenev)

Contrasted in meaning to the 1st and 2nd persons in their totality, the form of the 3rd person means that the speaker does not attribute the process expressed by the verb either to himself or to his interlocutor. In unit. number, the form of the third person in the absence of a subject has an impersonal meaning, i.e. it indicates the impossibility of attributing the process to any subject: My head is still pounding.(N. Gogol), Heat from her and glows... (I. Turgenev), There is a smell of fresh milk in the air.(N. Nekrasov), The sawmill is on fire... (A. Chekhov) Only if the subject is attached to the verb or it comes out of the context, "is implied", this form means that the process refers to the speaker to an object, but not to a person in the narrow sense of the word, i.e. .e. to the speaker and his interlocutor: he writes, reads... The same meaning in the presence of a subject has the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers indicating only the plurality of objects to which the process belongs: they write, read... In the absence of a subject, the form of the 3rd person is plural. number has an indefinite personal meaning, i.e. it means that the process refers to the speakers of some objects, but indefinite and undefined, since the speaker is indifferent to who is doing the process expressed by the verb: They carry! carry! carry!(N. Gogol), What is the name of this bridge? (A. Pushkin), After a fight, they don't wave their fists... (Proverb), Ask not to smoke... Thus, the use of the form of the 3rd person unit. number in the impersonal meaning corresponds to the use of the form of the 3rd person pl. numbers with an indefinite personal meaning. The latter cannot have an impersonal meaning, since this is hindered by the plurality expressed by it. number. The value of plurality indicates that the process is produced by some objects (more than one) and, therefore, it cannot be represented in complete abstraction from the object that produces it.

decide
decide
decide

will will you will be	}	solve
we will will be will be	}	solve

Personal forms, as already mentioned, are present in the forms of the present and future tense. Moreover, since the present tense of verbs is imperfect. species and the future is simple for verbs perk. species are synthetic forms, their personal forms are formed by changing the conjugated verb itself. In the complex future tense, the verbs are imperfect. species being an analytical form, personal forms are indicated by changing the auxiliary verb be, i.e. are indicated by his personal forms.

Impersonal verbs

Some verbs from personal and generic forms form only the 3rd person singular. numbers in the present and future tense and average. genus in the past tense. 3rd person and medium shapes the gender of these verbs does not indicate any person and denote a process that occurs as if by itself, without anyone's active participation: I can't sleep, No fire.(A. Pushkin), He didn't walk, didn't walk, didn't even want to climb up... (N. Gogol), There, here, but not at home... (A. Pushkin), It was already dark when we returned home... (I. Turgenev) Such verbs are called impersonal. They are usually names or some natural phenomena: dawn, dusk, freezes, dusk, soars (before the rain), etc., or various experiences and states of a person: asleep, I think, asleep, unwell, sick, feverish.

Formation of personal forms of the verb

Personal forms are formed by joining the base of the present. time. special endings that simultaneously denote not only the person, but also the number of the verb. Therefore, verbs have six personal endings, three for each number. According to the differences in the sound expression of these endings, most of the verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second... The first conjugation is characterized by the endings: -y, -sh (-e), -ot (-e), -th (-em), -ote (-e), -ut; second: -y, -you, -it, -im, -it, -at.

In oral speech, the endings of the first and second conjugations in many people differ only when the ending is stressed. In the same case, when the stress falls on the stem, the same unstressed endings for all verbs are pronounced: -ish (kol'ish, l'ub'ish), -it (kol'it, l'ub'it), -im (kol'im, l'ub'im), -it '(colitis', l 'killed'), -ut (kol'-ut, l'ub'ut)... Therefore, in both the first verbs and the second verbs, the conjugation without stress is pronounced in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular. numbers and 1st and 2nd persons pl. end numbers of the second conjugation (since and - phoneme variant<and\u003e rather than <о> ), in the 3rd person pl. numbers - end of the first conjugation. Such pronunciation of unstressed personal endings is typical, for example, of the language of many Muscovites.

Differences of a certain kind exist for the verbs of the first and second conjugations in the nature of the stem from which personal forms are formed, i.e. bases of the present time. The verbs of the first conjugation have the base of the present. time. in the form as it is found in the form of the 3rd person pl. numbers, may end in posterior palate consonants (pek-ut, bereg-ut), into hard consonants, paired with soft (push-ut, met-ut, ved-ut, nes-ut, carry-ut, row-ut, swim-ut, zhm-ut, or-ut), on hissing and j (pash-ut, knit-ut, cry-ut, shine-ut, splash-ut, playj-ut, drawj-ut) and soft p ', l' (pore, count), while the verbs of the second conjugation have the base of the present. time. into soft consonants, paired with hard (let-yat, sid-yat, vis-yat, voz-yat, yell-yat, love-yat, catch-yat, noise-yat, ring-yat, gor-yat, vel-yat)as well as hissing and j (kish-at, trembling-at, shout-at, crack-at, squeal-at, poj-at)... Thus, the basis of the present. time. on the posterior palatine consonants and hard consonants, paired with soft, have only verbs of the first conjugation, and the basis on soft consonants, paired with hard (except p ', l'), - only verbs of the second conjugation. The stems do not differ in conjugation only if they have hissing consonants at the end, j and soft p ', l'.

The formation of personal forms by adding endings is accompanied by a change in the stem, expressed in the alternation of consonant phonemes at its end according to certain norms. These alternations are presented in verbs only with certain final consonants in the stem and occur in forms that are specific for each conjugation.

For verbs of the first conjugation, the alternation of phonemes at the end of the stem occurs when the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person sing. numbers and 1st and 2nd person pl. numbers. In these forms, the posterior palatine consonants change to hissing: bake-ut, bake-you (bake-bake, bake — bake, bake), shore — — — take care, and hard consonants paired with soft ones - to the corresponding soft ones: push-ut - push-yosh (push-yot, push-yom, push-yote), met-ut - meth-yosh, ved-ut - ved'-yosh, nes-ut - carry eat, carry-ut - carry-eat, row-ut - row-eat, swim-ut - swim-eat, press-ut - press-eat, or-ut - or'-eat etc. A completely single exception is only one verb weavewhich has a posterior to replaced in alternating order with non-hissing h, like other verbs, but on soft to', cf .: tk-ut - tk'-yosh, tk'-yot etc. It is interesting to note that the personal forms of the verb weave from to' are basically, apart from a few borrowed words, the only case in the Russian language where to' acts in a phonetically independent position, i.e. as a separate phoneme, not a variation of the posterior palatine phoneme<to>.

For verbs of the second conjugation, the alternation of the final consonants of the stem occurs when the form of the 1st person is formed. numbers. Here soft teeth change to hissing ones: let'-at - leach-u, sid'-at - sit-u, pros'-at - prosh-u, voz'-at - lead-u, sad'-at - sad-u, ride'-at - ride; and soft labial - on combinations of labial with soft l ': yop'-at - yell'-u, lub'-at - lyubl'-u, graph'-at - graph'-u, lov'-at - catching, shum'-at - shuml'-u etc.

The verbs are distributed by conjugation as follows: the second conjugation includes verbs in which the base of the present. time. non-derivative to a soft consonant or hissing, and the stem of the past. time. derivative with suffixes -and-(bel-and-l - bel-yat, resh-i-l - resh-at, lyub-i-l - lyub-yat and etc.), -(gor-e-l - gor-yat, years-e-l - years-yat, sid-e-l - sid-yat and etc.), - (shout-a-l - shout-at, stoj-a-l - stoj-at, sp-a-l - sp'-yat and etc.). Consequently, the second conjugation includes, firstly, the IV productive class verbs (bel-and-l - bel-yat) and, secondly, verbs of the second group I of the unproductive class (gor-e-l - gor-yat, cry-a-l - cry-at)... All other verbs, with the exception of a few, which differ in peculiarities in the formation of personal forms, refer to the first conjugation.

Three verbs – want to runand honor – form some personal forms according to the first conjugation, and others according to the second. Of which the verb to want has a plurality of the number of endings of the second conjugation that are attached to the usual soft consonant stem for this conjugation t ': hot-it, hot-it, hot-it... The personal forms of units. the numbers of this verb are formed by the endings of the first conjugation, and they are attached to the stem in which the consonant t ' is replaced by h: want, want, eat, want... The other two verbs - run and honor, having the stems of the present characteristic of the verbs of the first conjugation. time. to the posterior r(cf. run-ut and shore-ut) and solid t (cf. th-ut and met-ut), which in the formation of the 2nd and 3rd person unit. numbers and 1st and 2nd person pl. numbers are replaced by f (cf. run-ish and save-eat) and t '(cf. what are you and met'-you), from personal forms according to the first conjugation form only the 3rd person pl. numbers: running-ut, th-ut, in other forms they have the endings of the second conjugation: run-ish, run-it, run-it, run-it and th-it-th-th-th-th-th.

The verbs are quite apart in the formation of personal forms eat, get bored, give, create... They differ from other verbs primarily in that they have special personal endings in singular. number: 1st person -m, 2nd person you, 3rd person -st, and these endings are attached to a stem other than the stem of personal plural forms. numbers, i.e. to a vowel stem, not a consonant, as in plural. number.

Multiple number

Base pl. the number of these verbs ends in a consonant d: soft for verbs eat, get bored (cf. ed-yat, annoying-yat) and hard in alternation with soft in verbs give, create (cf. dad-ut - dad'-im, create-ut - create). The former have a plurality in all personal forms. the numbers of the end of the second conjugation, the second in the 1st and 2nd persons - the end of the second conjugation, and in the 3rd person - the first. As well as eat, get bored, give, create, form personal forms and verbs derived from them with prefixes.

Past time

Verbs in the past tense change in numbers, and in the singular they change, in addition, in gender. Gender and number in the past tense are indicated by endings. Namely, male. the genus is characterized by the absence of an ending (zero ending), feminine. the genus has an ending -and, average genus – -about, pl. number - ending -and... In addition to endings, generic singular forms. numbers differ from the plural form. numbers in that the first have a past tense suffix - a solid l, and the second has l soft.

Multiple number

Verbs in which the past tense is formed from a stem ending in consonants: b, n, d, k, x, s, s, rin man's. genus have no suffix -l, cf .: perished - perished, blinded - blinded, shore-whether - shore, tolk-whether - clean, dried-up - dried up, carried - carried, carried - carried, died - died.

Gender and number of the past tense are syntactic forms that, by means of agreement with the subject noun, show that the process expressed by the verb refers to the subject masculine, feminine. or average kind or to the subject in plural. number, for example: The artillery grew louder. We received the order to move on the offensive. Suddenly the flames of fire licked the ranks of the front soldiers. A land mine exploded.

Average In addition, the gender of the past tense is used when words that do not distinguish between gender, for example, numerals, act as the subject: About ten men were sitting beside him.(I. Turgenev), or the infinitive. I didn't have to lie... (I. Herzen), It never crossed my mind to laugh... (I. Turgenev) Finally, in the middle. the past tense is also used in impersonal sentences: A tree lit up with a thunderstorm, and there was a nightingale's nest on the tree... (N. Nekrasov), The open window felt damp and delightful. (A. Fadeev) In this case, the average. the genus of the past tense acts as a parallel form to the 3rd person of the present and future simple tense, when they are used in an impersonal meaning (see above, p. 35).

Plural form the number of the past tense can be used in an indefinite personal meaning corresponding to the same value of the third person pl. numbers of the present and future tense: He was caught at the station. They took me to the sponge check. When interrogated, he answered willingly and cheerfully. - The name of? - Grigory Ivanovich Peskov.(L. Seifullina)

The past tense has no personal forms. Therefore, the person to whom the verb refers is denoted in the past tense by personal pronouns, which are always put with the verb if the process expressed by it refers to the 1st and 2nd person of both numbers, except for those cases when the person is clear from the context of speech: We were ordered to move on the offensive. Crawling forward quietly.

Short form of the verb

In emotional language, from some verbs (mainly onomatopoeic or denoting movement), a special short form is used with the meaning of a sudden single action: Grab a friend in the forehead... (I. Krylov), Then the knight jumped into the saddle and threw the reins.(I. Krylov), To the left, to the left, and from the cart - thump into the ditch! (I. Krylov), A whip click - and like an eagle he rushed... (M.Lermontov), I shouted at her, and she suddenly slammed on the sofa... (A. Pisemsky) The short form is expressed by a non-derivative stem of the verb and is usually used in the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood without indicating the person, number and gender. It has a transitive or intransitive meaning, depending on which verb it is derived from, cf. from transitive verbs: enough, knock, blurt out (someone or something) - grab, knock, break – and from intransitive verbs: jump, plump, splash (somewhere) - jump, bang, bump.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood means that the process expressed by the verb is not considered as real, but as intended: He would have helped you, I would have done it better, He would not have done that... Depending on the syntactic conditions and the general context of speech, this meaning, which is basic for the conditional mood, can be slightly modified. So, in a complex sentence when the process is limited by any conditions expressed in the subordinate clause, the conditional mood in the main sentence expresses the process as possible under certain conditions, i.e. it becomes conditional in the proper sense of the word: He wouldn't do that if he knew, If I fell, I would never get up.(A. Pushkin) In a certain context, the conditional mood can express the process as desired: If only he came, I would like to talk with you, would you tell us something, you would sit better at home and others, approaching in this case in meaning with the imperative mood.

The conditional mood is formed analytically, by combining the past tense of the conjugated verb with a particle would or b, expressing the value of the assumption. The very form of the past tense at the same time loses its temporal meaning, and the conditional mood expresses a process, the intended implementation of which is irrespective of the moment of speech. Gender forms and numbers with their meanings, as well as the ways of expressing attitude to a person, in the conditional mood are the same as in the past tense.

Multiple number

Particle would, b mobile: it can stand both after the verb and before it, finally, it can be separated from the verb in other words: I would come if I was not busy, Whatever happens, you will be to blame for everything, No matter how much you ask him, he still will not say... The most common place of a particle would - after the first word of the sentence.

Imperative mood and its forms

The imperative mood, expressing a demand, an incentive to action, is an expressive form, which expresses the speaker's volitional attitude to the producer of the action. On this basis, it opposes the indicative and conditional moods, which are not in themselves forms of will. As an expressive form, the imperative mood is characterized by a special motivating intonation, often accompanied by appropriate gestures and facial expressions. Through this intonation, the meaning of motivation, command can be given to almost any word: Be silent! Keep quiet! Hush! Here! To the corner! Go away! etc. But while in this case intonation is the only means of expressing the motivation, in the imperative mood the motivation is expressed, in addition to intonation, and by its very forms. It, therefore, is a special grammatical form of the verb, which serves to express the urge, the expression of the will of the speaker.

The imperative mood is expressed by a number of forms, which, contrasting in meaning to each other, form a system of correlative forms. So, first of all, forms are opposed to each other, which express, on the one hand, the urge to action, addressed to the interlocutor of the speaker, and on the other hand, the urge addressed to the object of speech, i.e. 3rd person. The latter are called forms 3rd person imperative: Let me be denounced as an Old Believer... (A. Griboyedov), Let the Finnish waves forget their old enmity and captivity ...(A. Pushkin) The first, i.e. the forms expressing the urge addressed to the interlocutor, in turn, are divided into opposed correlative forms: joint shape and form 2nd person.

The joint form, or, as it is less accurately called, the form of the 1st person, expresses the urge addressed to the interlocutor to perform an action together with the speaker himself, i.e. the speaker encourages the interlocutor to take part in the action that he himself intends to perform: Let's go, let's go, Pyotr Ivanovich!(N. Gogol), Give me your hand, dear reader, and come with me... (I. Turgenev), Let's get out of here, Nikolai! Father, let's go! (A. Chekhov)

Unlike the joint form, the 2nd person of the imperative mood expresses an urge to action without indicating its implementation by the interlocutor together with the speaker: Look, Pavlusha, study, don't be foolish and don't hang around.(N. Gogol), Don't tell me about him, please, don't tell me... (A. Ostrovsky) Thus, both of these forms, uniting in the sense that both express an appeal to the 2nd person, are subdivided into the joint form and the form of the 2nd person, depending on whether they contain or do not contain an indication of the joint performance of an action by the speaker's interlocutor with the speaker himself.

In the forms of the 2nd person of the imperative mood, there are known semantic differences associated and determined by the type of the verb. The verbs are perfect. of the form of the 2nd person is often expressed in a softer, polite appeal to the interlocutor than the corresponding form in imperfect verbs. species, cf .: clear the tableand clear the table, sweep the roomand sweep the room, write a letterand write a letter, solve the problem and solve the problem etc. This difference is due to the fact that the motivation expressed by the verb is committed. species, is no longer directed at the action itself, but at its result, while the form of the 2nd person imperative mood in verbs is imperfect. species expresses the urge to action, as if ignoring its result. Somewhat different differences in meaning, determined by the type of the verb, are observed when the forms of the 2nd person of the imperative mood are formed in negative verbs, i.e. particle-prefixed verbs not... Namely, for negative verbs, per. the form of the 2nd person imperative usually has a warning meaning: don't fall, don't slip, don't catch a cold, don't forget (the warning refers to the result of the action), and for verbs it is imperfect. this semantic shade is absent: don't read this book, don't go there, don't listen to him etc., and the imperative mood has the meaning of prohibition. It is characteristic that such differences are not observed in a joint form.

The joint form and the 2nd person of the imperative mood form a singular. and pl. numbers, and the ratio of these forms is such that the value of unit. numbers are defined negatively with respect to pl. number. Multiple forms numbers indicate that the motivation for action is directed at more than one person: Workers of all countries, unite! Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? Well die near Moscow ... (M.Lermontov) Forms unit. the numbers do not indicate the number of persons to whom the motivation for action is directed. Therefore unit. the number can be used as when referring to one person: Look, Pavlusha, study, do not be foolish and do not hang... (N. Gogol), Prove that you are my friend, let's go together. Let's go shake the old days... (A. Chekhov), and when referring to the number of persons, more than one: Listen to my command! Build up! (A. Fadeev), Nothing to do, break down the door guys... (N. Chernyshevsky), Friends! Let's go with a sad soul to repay him... (N. Karamzin) a number, in addition to its main meaning, can also have the meaning of a polite appeal to one person: Give me your hand, dear reader, and come with me... (I. Turgenev), ... (I. Turgenev)

As already mentioned, the forms expressing an appeal to the interlocutor, i.e. the joint form and the form of the 2nd person in their totality are opposed by the forms of the 3rd person. The meaning of the face of these forms generally corresponds to the personal meaning of the forms of the third person of the present and future tense. In particular, the form of the 3rd person pl. numbers can have an indefinite personal meaning, for example: Let me be denounced as an Old Believer... (A. Griboyedov)

Joint. the form

{

units h.
pl. h.

Done. view

Imperfect. view

(let's) decide
(let's) decide (those)

let's decide
let's decide

{

units h.
pl. h.

decide
decide

{

units h.
pl. h.

let him decide
let them decide

In addition to these forms, the imperative mood also has forms that denote a certain kind of intimacy in relation to the speaker to the person he is addressing. The meaning of intimacy in addressing is often accompanied by a tinge of some familiarity. These forms are formed by means of a special suffix -ka, which can be attached to any imperative mood: Listen, we'd better look for a ford... (I. Krylov), Jacob, raise the curtain, brother... (A. Chekhov), "Let's go to Lgov," Ermolai once told me... (I. Turgenev), Anyway, let's start drinking tea better... (I. Turgenev), etc. Depending on the presence or absence of this suffix, all forms of the imperative mood can be subdivided into forms indicating intimacy in addressing the face and into forms without such an indication.

Use of the 2nd person singular imperative

In the system of forms will command. inclination form of the 2nd person unit. number stands out in the sense that it can be used not only in the meaning of command. inclinations. The possibility of such use is explained mainly by the peculiarities of the personal meaning of this form. Appearing, as he generally commands. mood, a form that expresses the speaker's willful attitude to the person, the form of the 2nd person has the meaning of command. mood, however, only when it is used to refer to a specific specific person or persons. In the same case, when it is used in a generalized personal meaning, corresponding to the generalized personal meaning of the form of the 2nd person of the present and future tense, it will command it to a greater or lesser extent, or even completely lose its meaning. inclinations: Well, I admit, cut the forests out of need, but why destroy them.(A. Chekhov), Need some tea, sugar? Do you need tobacco? Here and turn around. (A. Chekhov), Though die of longing, will they regret you? How, wait... At the same time, the characteristic will be lost. mood motivating intonation. It is significant that in a similar meaning it is precisely that form that will command. mood, which is largely characterized by negative grammatical features: the absence of an indication of the joint implementation of an action and an indication of the number of persons to whom the speaker addresses with urge.

Losing meaning will command. mood, form of the 2nd person unit. number remains, however, an emotional, expressive form and is used mainly in oral speech to express various shades of predicative meaning. The generalized personal meaning of this form allows at the same time to use it when applied to 1st and 3rd persons. So, the form of the 2nd person will command. mood can be used in the meaning of a forced action, usually reported with a tinge of discontent, protest: He and serve the master, and sweep, and clean... (I. Goncharov), They have a ball, and the father dragged to bow... (A. Griboyedov), Here you sin, and the bosses are responsible for you... (V. Sleptsov), And he keeps laughing, but make others laugh... (I. Turgenev) and others; or in the meaning of an involuntary action with an emotional tinge of surprise: It’s my father that he should love him: what will you order me to do?... (I. Turgenev), Well, he must think of me, this man... (V. Sleptsov), And get them together at night, convicts... (L. Tolstoy), But all of a sudden she bowed, but supine, and even broke her leg. (I. Turgenev)

In a complex sentence, the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers will command. mood, mainly formed from the verbs perv. species, can be used in the meaning of the conditional mood. The action expressed by her in this case can refer to any person and with her (usually after) the subject is put in any of the numbers: Be he seven spans in his forehead, but he will not leave my judgment... (A. Pushkin), And if there were pistols, he would have been gone for a long time... (N. Gogol), And if not me, you would smoke in Tver... (A. Griboyedov), Do not spare the fox a pinch of hair, it will have a tail... (I. Krylov)

Formation of forms of the imperative mood

In the conjugation system, the verb will command. the inclination is distinguished by the wide use of the analytical method of forming forms. So, the form of the third person and to a large extent the joint form will command. moods are formed by combining an auxiliary word or particle with the form of the conjugated verb, which in this case mainly expresses only the real meaning and non-syntactic formal meanings, while syntactic formal meanings are expressed as a separate auxiliary word. Extremely characteristic of the command. inclinations are also agglutinative forms, i.e. forms formed by attaching suffixes expressing only one formal meaning, so that several formal meanings are conveyed by a series of suffixes that "stick" to each other. In this respect, the forms of the 2nd person will command are especially indicative. inclinations. True, their main forms are unit forms. numbers - are formed in the usual inflectional way for the Russian language, i.e. by means of a suffix denoting several formal meanings, with a change in the base through alternating phonemes, and represent not one, but two types of forms, but derivatives from singular. form numbers are formed in a typically agglutinative way, by "gluing" single-valued and uniform suffixes. There are also elements of agglutination in the joint form will command. inclinations.

Joint form unit. numbers coincide in form with the 1st person pl. future tense numbers. Moreover, since the verbs are imperfect. type of future tense, the so-called complex future, is formed analytically, then their joint form is also analytical, cf. view decide, say, do and imperfect. view we will decide, we will speak, we will do... However, some verbs are imperfect. species form a joint form unit. numbers according to the pattern of verbs perk. species. These are the verbs with the meaning of a certain movement, in which this form coincides with the form of the 1st person pl. present tense numbers: go, run, fly and etc.

Analytical joint form, coinciding with the form of the 1st person plural. the number of the future tense is used, in general, relatively rarely. Instead, the verbs are imperfect. species, the analytical form is usually used, which is formed by connecting a movable auxiliary particle come on and the infinitive of the conjugated verb: let's decide, let's talk, let's do etc. The same particle is often put in the joint form of the verbs. kind: let's decide, let's write, let's fly away and etc.

2nd person shape unit numbers will command. mood is usually formed from the stem of the present tense. Very few verbs are an exception in this respect. Thus, verbs VII are unproductive. class, i.e. verbs with the basis of the past. time. on the suffix -wa- and the basis of the present. time. without this suffix to suffix -j- (yes-wa-l - yes-j-ut) have in the 2nd person will command. inclination a special basis on -vaj-, cf .: yes-j-ut - yes-wai, (so) zda-j-ut - (so) zda-wai, (u) know-j-ut - (u) know-wai, (in) hundred-j-ut - (c) stop-wai... Then, verbs VI have a non-product. class with the basis of the past. time. on a vowel and and the basis of the present. time. without this vowel on j (bi-l - bj-ut) the base of the 2nd person will command. mood differs from the base of the present. time. fluent vowel e, cf .: bj-ut - bey, vj-ut - wei, lj-ut - lei, nj-ut - drink, shj-ut - shey... Isolated verbs give, create form will command. inclination with stem give, create, and the verb there is - with base eat... Finally, the verb go as the 2nd person will command. mood is a form formed from a completely different root : go.

In modern Russian, there are two types of formation of the 2nd person will command. inclinations. For some verbs, it is formed by joining the base of the present. time. suffix -and: id-ut - id-i, nes-ut - nes-i, push-ut - push-and, for other verbs - without this suffix, and then it is equal to the stem: get up - get up, hide-ut - hide, play j-ut - play j, draw j-ut - draw j.

With suffix -and will command. mood is formed in verbs that are singular in the 1st person. numbers of the present time. have an emphasis on the ending: i keep - keep, shout - shout, carry - carry, to the shore - take care, walk - walk, take off - take off,except for a few with the base of the present. time. on j: i sing - sing, I stand - wait, I'm afraid - be afraid, I chew - chew etc. The stress in such forms is on the suffix -and... Also, the form with the suffix -and, already unstressed, also form some verbs in which the stress in the 1st person singular. numbers of the present time. falls on the stem, but only if this stem ends in two consonants: cum - cum, jump - jump, knock - knock, clean - clean (but cleanse), spoil - spoil(but more often spoil), etc. Also with unstressed suffix -and form the command form. mood verbs with a prefix you-, putting stress on themselves, when they themselves are formed from verbs that have in command. mood suffix -and, cf .: carry and take out, buy and redeem, write and write out etc. The rest of the verbs form the 2nd person will command. moods without a suffix.

With the formation of both one and the other form, i.e. both with a suffix and without a suffix, in certain cases there is a change in the basis from which the command is made. mood. Namely, for verbs with a base of the present. time. to a hard consonant, paired with a soft one, this consonant will command. the mood is replaced in the order of alternation with the corresponding soft consonant. So in forms without a suffix: sit-ut - sit, bud-ut - be, climb-ut - climb, den-ut - day, get up - get up, throne-ut - touch etc. The same is observed in the formation of forms with a suffix, where before the phoneme and, i.e. in a phonetically independent position for hard phonemes, however, soft consonants are pronounced: met-ut - met'-i, id-ut - id'-i, nes-ut - nes'-i, vez-ut - vez'-i, push-ut - tolkn'-i, call-ut - call '-i, row-ut - row'-and etc.

The replacement of hard consonants by soft consonants occurs only in relation to those hard ones for which there are paired soft consonants. Hard phonemes that do not have paired soft ones remain with the formation of the 2nd person will command. inclinations without replacement. Therefore, solid sibilant consonants are not replaced w, w: hear-at - hear, write-ut - write-and, dir-ut - cut, lie-at - lie-and and others, and therefore the posterior palatine consonants are not replaced: lie-ut - lie... The form lie down, although it is completely isolated, but it is formed quite naturally, not representing any "exception". Its uniqueness is only in the fact that no other verb with the base of the present. time. on the posterior palatine form of the 2nd person will command. mood is not formed without a suffix and, cf .: pek-ut - pek-i, tk-ut - tk-i, bereg-ut - bereg-i, lg-ut - lies and others. However, even in the form with a suffix, there is no replacement of hard phonemes with soft ones. The softness of consonants here is not the result of replacing one phoneme with another, i.e. their alternation, and the consequence of the phonetic change in the posterior palatine phonemes k, g in their position before the phoneme and, since this position is known to be phonetically dependent for the posterior palatine, in which they change into softened variations k ', g'... So at the end of the stem in forms like tk-i, lg-i etc. - the same posterior palatine phonemes as in the form lie down... The difference between them is purely phonetic.

As a result of the replacement during the formation of the 2nd person, he will command. the inclinations of hard consonants paired with soft ones, to the corresponding soft ones, the base of this form can have only soft consonants at the end, and from hard consonants only unpaired with soft ones, i.e. hissing w, w and posterior k, g.

Education plural. the number of the joint form and the shape of the 2nd person has an agglutinative character. Multiple the number of both forms is formed by attaching the plural suffix -those to the form unit. numbers: decide, say, let's go; sit down, climb, play, push, call etc. In the joint form formed analytically, the suffix -those joins an auxiliary verb we will or particle come on, i.e. to a word that is the carrier of not real, but formal meanings: let's work, let's write, let's decide and others. Also to the auxiliary particle come on prefix plurality suffix -those in the case when this particle is placed in the joint form formed from the verbs perk. species, cf .: decide and let's decide, do and let's do, write and let's writeand etc.

Similarly, forms with the meaning of intimate appeal are formed. They are formed by attaching the suffix -ka, but not only to unit forms. numbers: let's decide, let's go, sit down, play, go,and also to plural forms. numbers: decide, come on, sit down, play, come on... In analytical forms, the suffix -ka is attached, as is the plural suffix. numbers -those, to the auxiliary word: let's work, let's write, let's do (cf. let's write) and etc.

Some peculiarities should be noted in the order of attachment of the suffix -ka in education will command. moods of reflexive verbs. While the suffix -those joins unit forms. numbers before the return particle: walk, walksuffix -ka joins unit forms. and pl. numbers after the return particle: take a walk, walk.

The shape of the 3rd person will command. mood is an analytical form. It is formed by combining an auxiliary particle let be or let it with the shape of the 3rd person present. or bud. simple tense depending on the type of the verb: let be or let it go, let it go or let him come... Unlike other analytical forms in the 3rd person will command. moods, an auxiliary word are expressed, however, not all formal meanings. So, the person and the number in it are indicated by the conjugated verb: 3rd person singular. numbers - the form of the 3rd person unit. numbers of the present or bud. (simple) time: let it go, come; 3rd person pl. numbers - the form of the 3rd person pl. numbers: let them come, come... Only the meaning of intimacy in circulation is expressed in the usual way for analytical forms, by attaching a suffix to the auxiliary particle -ka: let them go, let them come.

In a solemn poetic speech, he will command as an auxiliary word for the formation of the third person. inclination is used instead of particles let it be particle yes: May the defeated element be reconciled with you!(A. Pushkin), May he greet a century with abundant honor, may he be a glorious participant ... (V. Zhukovsky), Honor to calloused hands! Yes their work is arguing! (F. Miller)

PARTICIPLE

The predicative forms of the verb are opposed by the attributive forms - participleand gerunds, i.e. forms in which the verb acts as secondary members of the sentence.

The participle is an attributive form of the verb that expresses the process indicated by the verb as a property of the object: wastelands overgrown with bushes, a dimly burning lamp, a bone-chilling wind, cracked rocks, a slow moving wagon etc. Therefore, in a sentence, it acts as a minor member that defines a noun, i.e. as a definition. The relation of participles to a noun is expressed by the syntactic forms of gender, number and case, through which the participles are consistent in gender, number and case with the noun they define. The participles, therefore, are inflected forms, and their declension is the same with the declension of adjectives, with which they approach the consistent forms of gender, number and case, as well as the similarity in syntactic use.

Participles express non-syntactic formal meanings of time, which denote the relationship between the moment of the process, expressed by the participle, and the moment of speech. According to the differences in this ratio, the present participles and the past participles differ. Their temporal meaning generally corresponds to the temporal meaning of the forms of the present and past tense indicative mood.

The participles of the present tense denote that the process expressed by them occurs regardless of the moment of speech: Everyone was jealous of the agreement that reigned between the haughty Troekurov and his poor neighbor... (A. Pushkin), and therefore, can occur at the time of speech: I saw a horse slowly climbing up the hill, carrying a wagon of brushwood.(N.Nekrasov) These participles are formed only in imperfect verbs. species. Past participles denote that the process expressed by them preceded the moment of speech: I walk along the field with a narrow border, overgrown with gruel and tenacious swan.(A. Maikov), The steppes were teeming with herds of deer and wild horses roaming in herds.(N. Gogol), The sun was already hiding in a black cloud resting on the ridge of the western mountains.(M.Lermontov) These participles are formed as in imperfect verbs. species, and for verbs perk. species. Thus, verbs are imperfect. species have participles of both present and past tense ( playing and playing whitening and whitened, painting and painted etc.), and the verbs are committed. view - only past participles ( played, turned white, painted etc.). True, the verbs are perfect. species in some cases, participles are formed according to the type of present participles in imperfective verbs. species, for example: We are very glad when someone who comes from the capital finds that they have the same thing as in Petersburg.(N. Gogol), Kalinovich involuntarily recalled Nastenka, doomed to live in the wilderness and throughout her life, perhaps not seeing balls or theaters. (A. Pisemsky), however, such forms are not established in the language and are perceived as erroneous. Some verbs of this kind have the meaning of adjectives, for example: future, coming, next and etc.

Thus, participles are attributive forms of the verb, which, expressing the process as a property of the object, have a non-syntactic formal meaning of time and syntactic consistent forms of gender, number and case, indicating the relation of a participle to a noun.

In terms of their meaning and syntactic use, participles are very close to adjectives, into which they often pass, losing their temporal and verbal meaning. Some syntactic conditions favor such a transition, for example, the use of participles without controlled words or even without words that define participles, in the position before the noun being defined. In this case, it is often difficult to determine whether a given form is a participle or an adjective. In particular, the transition to adjectives of present participles is often observed, for example: brilliant mind, pleading eyes, evocative voice, aspiring writer, prominent politician etc. The temporal meaning of this form, essentially negative, can easily be perceived as the absence of an indication of time, as a result of which the sign denoted by the word appears in the meaning of a constant property and quality, and not a process taking place in time.

To be continued

* From the book: Avanesov R.I., Sidorov V.N.An outline of the grammar of the Russian literary language. Part I. Phonetics and morphology. M .: Uchpedgiz, 1945.

It is not for nothing that our ancestors called speech a “verb” in principle, as this word is interpreted in the dictionary of V. Dahl. We will analyze examples of verbs, their use, change in this article.

Verb as part of speech

The part of speech denoting an action and answering the questions "what to do?", "What to do?" - this is the verb. Relating to independent parts of speech, it is determined by the general grammatical meaning.

For a verb, this is an action. However, this part of speech differs in shades of meaning.

Any physical labor: cut, chop, knit.
Intellectual or speech work: observe, speak, think.
Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
Subject's state: hate, hurt, sleep.
The state of nature: it got colder, froze, it is getting dark.

Morphological and syntactic features

As for the morphological characters, we will analyze all sorts of examples in detail later, but for now we will just list them. Inclination, face, time, number, recurrence, gender, species and conjugation.

As for that, most often the verb is used as a predicate, it together with the subject forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in the sentence can spread. This function is performed by a noun or an adverb.

Infinitive

Each verb has an initial form, which is called the infinitive. We ask the following questions: "what to do?", "What to do?" Examples of indefinite verbs: learn, draw (what to do?), Learn, draw (what to do?).

The verb is unchangeable, the time is not determined by it, the person and the number are purely action. Let us compare two examples: "I work in my specialty" - "It is necessary for a person to work for life." In the first example, the verb indicates that the action takes place in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun "I" indicates 1 person, singular). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without specifying the number and person.

There are still debates among linguistic scholars about what is (s) in the infinitive: a suffix or an ending. We agree in this article with those who position it as inflection. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, bake, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be borne in mind that when a word is changed, alternation can occur: bake-bake; flow-flow; burn - burn.

The infinitive can act both as a predicate and as a subject: "Reading is knowing a lot." Here the first verb "read" is the subject, the second, "know" is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.

Types of verbs

The type of the verb is determined by the question to which it answers. In Russian, there are imperfect (what to do? What to do? What to do?) And perfect (what to do? What to do? What did?) Types of verbs. Examples: speaking, speaking, speaking - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.

The types of the verb differ in semantic meaning. So, imperfect means a certain duration of action, its repetition. For example: writing - writing. The action has duration, duration. Compare with the meaning of the perfective verb: write - write - write. It indicates that the action is completed, it has some kind of result. The same verbs determine the single action (shoot).

Inclination form

Verbs also change in moods. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.

If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to take the form of time, person and number. Examples of verbs in this mood: "We are making this craft" (present) - "We will make this craft" (future tense) - "We made this craft" Or by faces: "I made this craft" (1 person) - "You made this craft "(2nd person) -" Anya made this craft "(3rd person).

Subjunctive verbs indicate the performance of an action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding to the past tense the particle "would" ("b"), which is always written separately. Such predicates vary by person and number. The time category is not defined. Examples of verbs: "We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher" (plural, 1 person) - "I would make this craft with the help of a teacher" (singular, 1 person) - "Anya would make this craft with with the help of a teacher "(singular, 3rd person) -" The guys would make this craft with the help of a teacher "(plural, 3rd person).

The speaker encourages an action with a verb To prohibit an action, imperative verbs are also used. Examples: "Don't yell at me!" (ban) - "Wash your hands before eating!" (urge) - "Please write a letter" (request). Let's take a closer look at the last example. To give your petition a polite tone, add the word "please" to the imperative verb ("be kind", "be kind").

It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in, and it is also retained for those that end in -ся and -te. There is an exception to this rule - the verb "lie down" (lie down - lie down - lie down).

The elapsed time implies that by the time of speaking the action has already completed. For example: "I bought this dress last year." Typically, these verbs are formed with the suffix -l- added to the infinitive stem: buy - bought. These predicates change in numbers, and in units. number - and by gender. The shape of the face is not determined.

The form of the present tense is characteristic exclusively of the imperfect species. To form it, you need to add verbs. Examples: mine - wash - wash - wash - wash.

Verbs of both types, perfect and imperfect, can have the form of the future tense. It is of two types: simple and complex. The first is characteristic of the perfective verbs: build, glue, file, etc. The complex future is formed by imperfect verbs. Let's compare: I will build, I will glue, I will saw. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb "to be", placed in the future simple, and infinitive.

In present and future tenses, verbs have a face and a number. We will talk about them below.

Face and number

If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the speaker himself performs the action. For example: "I am tempered every day, pouring myself with cold water and wiping myself with snow."

The fact that the action is performed by the speaker's interlocutor will tell us the second person of the verb. For example: "You know perfectly well how much is twice two." Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning, denote actions that are characteristic of any person. Most often this can be found in the proverbs: "You cannot throw a scarf on someone else's mouth." It is easy to distinguish such sentences: as a rule, there is no subject in them.

Verbs in the third person express the action that the object of speaking produces or produced. "Lermontov was lonely all his life." "The hurricane was so strong that centuries-old trees bent like twigs."

For each person in a singular or characteristic a certain ending of the verbs. Examples: "I am flying" - "We are flying" - "You are flying" - "You are flying" - "She (he, it) is flying" - "They are flying".

Conjugation and personal endings of the verb

Conjugation of a verb is a form that implies its change in persons and numbers. It is typical not for all predicates, but only for those that stand in the indicative mood, present or future tense.

There are two conjugations in total. Let's present them in the table.

I conjugation All verbs, except those in -s, plus 2 exceptions: shave, lay	II conjugation (endings) Verbs in-to, except shave, lay (they refer to I conjugation), as well as drive, hold, look, see, breathe, hear, hate, depend, endure, offend, twirl	Examples of verbs

		We carry (I); talking (II)
		Carry, carry (I); talk, talk (II)
		Carry, carry (I); speak, speak (II)

Impersonal verbs

Personal verbs, examples of which we have discussed above, are not the only ones in the Russian language. They are opposed by those that denote action without a character. They are called impersonal.

With them, there is never a subject, in a sentence they play the role of a predicate. Such verbs have no category of number. That is, they define purely time, present and future. For example: "It gets colder" (present time) - "It will freeze even more at night" (future), "It got colder. It froze even more at night" (past).

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY

GRAMMAR GUIDE OF VERB AND ITS FORMS

"ENGLISH LANGUAGE"

For 1st and 2nd year students of the Faculty of Geodesy, the Faculty of Cartography and Geoinformation Systems and the Faculty of Applied Astronautics and Aerial Photography

(I-IV semester)

Moscow 2010

FOREWORD

This manual is a course of lectures on the topic "The Verb and Its Forms" of English grammar and is intended for 1st and 2nd year students of the Faculty of Geodesy, the Faculty of Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, and the Faculty of Applied Astronautics and Photogrammetry. The aim of the manual is a consistent explanation of the basics of verb grammar, taking into account the phenomena that present the greatest difficulties for students.

In contrast to the traditional approach to explaining grammar, which consists of describing a phenomenon and demonstrating its use, this manual is structured differently:

1. first, the forms of verbs are described and their definitions, distinctive features and capabilities are given - the source material for constructing the predicate and other verb formations;

2. then the properties of the predicate and verb formations are described, which provide the ability of the language to convey meanings;

3. finally, the rules by which the verb forms construct the predicate and verb formations for expressing the mentioned properties are explained, and also described

the logic of these rules for the intuitive and productive use of these rules and the expansion of language capabilities.

So instead of approach "What does it look like and where is it used?"proposed approach "What, for what and how is it used?"... This allows us to change the way we look at grammar rules: not the traditional sum of restrictions on utterances, but a set of tools for expanding the possibilities of transmitting thoughts.

The traditional way of presenting linguistic material in the form of tables cannot be effective due to the fact that, in accordance with the principle "where you put it, you get it from there," it rather hinders than helps to master grammar.

On the contrary, the approach proposed in this manual is oriented in accordance with this principle.

It should be noted that the manual includes tables, one of which, the table "Verb groups", is basic and simplifies the understanding of the principles of interaction between verb forms.

The verb conjugation paradigm table, given at the very beginning of the manual, is also key, but its purpose is only to demonstrate to students that

in the future, it can be abandoned due to its simplicity.

It seems that the task of increasing the efficiency of assimilation of language material can be performed by complex sentences of exercises taken from the original texts presented in the anthology that accompanies this grammatical aid. Teachers are encouraged to pay attention to the phenomena presented in the tables, using texts from the reader for this purpose.

This manual mainly uses original, almost unadapted language material. Sentences can seem complex, sometimes overloaded phenomena, not related to the studied grammatical topic.

It should be noted, however, that in the examples the phenomenon itself is underlined, and the complex context shows the possible environment in which the given phenomenon may appear. Learning is not a matter of one-time learning, therefore an early passive encounter with an unfamiliar, even an incomprehensible phenomenon, may facilitate easier assimilation of this material in the future. In addition, assumption and linguistic guessing also contribute to the successful mastering of a foreign language. The teacher may well (and, in general, should) lower the degree of exactingness to what the student does not yet know, does not understand and cannot do. What has been said, given that

― the language material of the manual is related to the future specialization of students;

― a dictionary and table of irregular verbs are attached to the manual;

― the manual is accompanied by an anthology;

― finally, excess material (including grammatical) is preferable narrowly thematic (learning a little is useless and harmful),

suggests the feasibility of such an approach to the selection of language material.

Language is a medium, each speech manifestation of which is not an end goal, but a vector, a direction for understanding offered to the interlocutor. Therefore, if the goal of a sentence, utterance or text is not defined, if the vector of understanding is not established, understanding of the text is impossible. The quality of the translation depends on how sensitive the student is to the slightest metamorphosis of the text that changes the direction of the vector of understanding.

This tutorial is an attempt to represent the language by means of such a coordinate system.

Personal form of the verb

As in Russian, most sentences in English are built around the agreement of the predicate with the subject, while the subject names the topic of the utterance, and the predicate names its purpose. This basic agreement on general categories (person and number) is called conjugation. Unlike the Russian conjugation system, in which it can affect several verb forms in the predicate at once, the English conjugation system is simpler and more consistent: only the first verb of the predicate is conjugated, for example, "Should they have come by Sunday" (III sheet, plural,

last vr.) - “They should have come by Sunday” (3rd person, plural, Past tense). This first verb of the predicate is called personal form of the verb... Despite the simplicity of the English conjugation system, incorrect conjugation is the most common mistake students make.

It should be noted that, in addition to agreement in person and number, the personal form of the verb is determined by the category of tense. Moreover, it is lfg and only it that expresses the formal time of the sentence, and since the category of time in English implies only two forms (Present and Past), formally a sentence can only be in two tenses - Present and Past. At first glance, this state of affairs may seem strange: where has the future tense gone, Future tense? But we are talking about formal (!) Time, about the forms that are given a common name for time. With this approach, there are also two tenses in Russian. To be convincing, let's turn to an example in our native language - conjugate the verb "to do":

Doesn't the suspicion arise that the form we have attributed to the future tense of a perfect kind is in fact the form of the present tense and conveys the future only by meaning? But the imperfect view of the future tense even more frankly betrays its formal belonging to the present tense: if u - could u, see u, sit u, write u. At first glance, such a formalized approach may seem unpromising. For English grammar, as we shall see, this is not the case. For now, it is enough to draw a preliminary conclusion: the name of a form does not always contain the meaning of this form; in any case, the form itself is more important, and the meaning, being conditional, is secondary. The correct interpretation of the exact form provides an exhaustively high-quality translation of a foreign language text. In this way:

Person, Number, Tense

The personal form of the verb has I, II, or III person; singular or plural, present or past tense. These three categories of predicate expressed only

(only!) the personal form of the verb (лфг), that is, the first verb of the predicate.Say,

that lfg is conjugated, that is, it agrees in person and number with the subject, and determines the formal time of the sentence, for example:

Present (Present)

Unit number

Mn. number

Unit number

Mn. number

Starts

Past tense

I and III persons

Started

In the present tense, according to the model of the verb “start”, all English verbs are conjugated, except for modal verbs, in which in the present tense all forms coincide. Thus, it is important to remember

the ending "-s" in the third person singular present and

the ending “-ed” for regular verbs in the past tense (a list of irregular verbs is given at the end of the manual).

In oral speech, the endings of the first and second conjugations in many people differ only when the ending is stressed. In the same case, when the stress falls on the stem, the same unstressed endings for all verbs are pronounced: -ish (kol'ish, l'ub'ish), -it (kol'it, l'ub'it), -im (kol'im, l'ub'im), -it '(colitis', l 'killed'), -ut (kol'-ut, l'ub'ut)... Consequently, in both the first verbs and the second verbs, the conjugation is pronounced without stress in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular. numbers and 1st and 2nd persons pl. end numbers of the second conjugation (since and - phoneme variant<and\u003e rather than <о> ), in the 3rd person pl. numbers - end of the first conjugation. This pronunciation of unstressed personal endings is typical, for example, of the language of many Muscovites.

A certain kind of difference exists for the verbs of the first and second conjugations in the nature of the stem from which personal forms are formed, i.e. bases of the present time. The verbs of the first conjugation have the base of the present. time. in the form as it is found in the form of the 3rd person pl. numbers, may end in posterior consonants (pek-ut, bereg-ut), into hard consonants, paired with soft (push-ut, met-ut, ved-ut, nes-ut, carry-ut, row-ut, swim-ut, zhm-ut, or-ut), on hissing and j (pash-ut, knit-ut, cry-ut, shine-ut, splash-ut, play j-ut, draw j-ut) and soft p ', l' (pore, count), while the verbs of the second conjugation have the base of the present. time. into soft consonants, paired with hard (let-yat, sid-yat, vis-yat, voz-yat, yell-yat, love-yat, catch-yat, noise-yat, ring-yat, gor-yat, vel-yat)as well as hissing and j (kish-at, trembling-at, shout-at, crack-at, squeal-at, poj-at)... Thus, the basis of the present. time. on the posterior palatine consonants and hard consonants, paired with soft, have only verbs of the first conjugation, and the basis on soft consonants, paired with hard (except p ', l'), - only verbs of the second conjugation. The stems do not differ in conjugation only if they have hissing consonants at the end, j and soft p ', l'.

The formation of personal forms by attaching endings is accompanied by a change in the stem, which is expressed in the alternation of consonant phonemes at its end according to certain norms. These alternations are presented in verbs only with certain final consonants in the stem and occur in forms that are specific for each conjugation.

For verbs of the first conjugation, the alternation of phonemes at the end of the stem occurs when the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person sing. numbers and 1st and 2nd person pl. numbers. In these forms, the posterior palatine consonants change to hissing: bake-ut, bake-you (bake, bake, bake, bake), shore-ut - take care of, and hard consonants paired with soft ones - to the corresponding soft ones: push-ut - push-yosh (push-yot, push-yom, push-yote), met-ut - meth-yosh, ved-ut - ved'-yosh, nes-ut - carry eat, carry-ut - carry-eat, row-ut - row-eat, swim-ut - swim-eat, press-ut - press-eat, or-ut - or'-eat etc. A completely single exception is only one verb weavewhich has a posterior to replaced in alternating order with non-hissing h, like other verbs, but on soft to', cf .: tk-ut - tk'-yosh, tk'-yot etc. It is interesting to note that the personal forms of the verb weave from to' are basically, apart from a few borrowed words, the only case in the Russian language where to' acts in a phonetically independent position, i.e. as a separate phoneme, not a variation of the posterior palatine phoneme<to>.

The verbs are distributed by conjugation as follows: the second conjugation includes verbs in which the base is present. time. non-derivative to a soft consonant or hissing, and the stem of the past. time. derivative with suffixes -and-(bel-and-l - bel-yat, resh-i-l - resh-at, lyub-i-l - lyub-yat and etc.), -(gor-e-l - gor-yat, years-e-l - years-yat, sid-e-l - sid-yat and etc.), - (shout-a-l - shout-at, stoj-a-l - stoj-at, sp-a-l - sp'-yat and etc.). Consequently, the second conjugation includes, firstly, the IV productive class verbs (bel-and-l - bel-yat) and, secondly, verbs of the second group I of the unproductive class (gor-e-l - gor-yat, cry-a-l - cry-at)... All other verbs, with the exception of a few, which differ in peculiarities in the formation of personal forms, refer to the first conjugation.

Three verbs - want to runand honor -form some personal forms according to the first conjugation, and others according to the second. Of which the verb to want has a plurality of the number of endings of the second conjugation that are attached to the usual soft consonant stem for this conjugation t ': hot-it, hot-it, hot-it... The personal forms of units. the numbers of this verb are formed by the endings of the first conjugation, and they are attached to the stem in which the consonant t ' is replaced by h: want, want, eat, want... The other two verbs - run and honor, having the stems of the present characteristic of the verbs of the first conjugation. time. to the posterior r(cf. run-ut and shore-ut) and solid t (cf. th-ut and met-ut), which in the formation of the 2nd and 3rd person unit. numbers and 1st and 2nd person pl. numbers are replaced by f (cf. run-ish and save-eat) and t '(cf. what are you and met'-you), from personal forms according to the first conjugation form only the 3rd person pl. numbers: running-ut, th-ut, in other forms they have the endings of the second conjugation: run-ish, run-it, run-it, run-it and th-it, th-it, th-it, th-it.

Verbs are quite apart in the formation of personal forms ... They differ from other verbs primarily in that they have special personal endings in singular. number: 1st person -m, 2nd person you, 3rd person -st, and these endings are attached to a stem other than the stem of personal plural forms. numbers, i.e. to a vowel stem, not a consonant, as in plural. number.

Past time

Verbs in the past tense change in numbers, and in the singular they change, in addition, in gender. Gender and number in the past tense are indicated by endings. Namely, male. the genus is characterized by the absence of an ending (zero ending), feminine. the genus has an ending -and, average genus - -about, pl. number - ending -and... In addition to endings, generic singular forms. numbers differ from the plural form. numbers in that the first has a past tense suffix - a solid l, and the second has l soft.

The gender and number of the past tense are syntactic forms that, by means of agreement with the subject noun, show that the process expressed by the verb refers to the subject masculine, feminine. or average kind or to the subject in plural. number, for example: The artillery grew louder. We received the order to move on the offensive. Suddenly, the flames of fire licked the ranks of the front soldiers. A land mine exploded.

Plural form the number of the past tense can be used in an indefinite personal meaning corresponding to the same value of the 3rd person pl. numbers of the present and future tense: He was caught at the station. They took me to the sponge check. When interrogated, he answered willingly and cheerfully. - The name of? - Grigory Ivanovich Peskov.(L. Seifullina)

Short form of the verb

In emotional language, from some verbs (mainly onomatopoeic or denoting movement), a special short form is used with the meaning of a sudden single action: Grab a friend in the forehead... (I. Krylov), Then the knight jumped into the saddle and threw the reins.(I. Krylov), To the left, to the left and from the cart - whack into the ditch! (I. Krylov), The whip snapped - and like an eagle he rushed... (M.Lermontov), I shouted at her, and she suddenly slammed on the sofa... (A. Pisemsky) The short form is expressed by the non-derivative stem of the verb and is usually used in the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood without indicating the person, number and gender. It has a transitive or intransitive meaning, depending on which verb it is derived from, cf. from transitive verbs: enough, knock, blurt out (someone or something) - grab, knock, break -and from intransitive verbs: jump, plump, splash (somewhere) - jump, bang, bump.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is formed analytically, by combining the past tense of the conjugated verb with a particle would or b, expressing the value of the assumption. At the same time, the very form of the past tense loses its temporal meaning, and the conditional mood expresses a process, the intended implementation of which is irrespective of the moment of speech. Gender forms and numbers with their meanings, as well as the ways of expressing attitude to a person, are the same in the conditional mood as in the past tense.

Verb. General characteristics of the verb. The personal form of the verb.

Lecture 6.

Verb - this is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical meaning of an action, that is, a dynamic feature that occurs in time. The grammatical meaning of an action is commonly understood: it is not only an activity in the proper sense of the word, but also a state and simply an indication that a given object exists, that it belongs to a certain class of objects (persons): A chair is a piece of furniture. He wrote a letter. He will soon recover.It is important that the verb conveys a sign not statically, not as a property attributed to an object (person), but as a sign that necessarily occurs in some temporal (albeit unlimited) segment. This attribute is not an abstract name for an action; the so-called personal (Finite) forms of the verb always convey the action as coming from a certain subject͵ in this regard, the syntactic function of the personal forms of the verb is unambiguous: they are always the predicate of the sentence.

The inflectional system of the verb is richer and more diverse than that of other parts of speech; it includes not only the synthetic method usual for inflectional languages, that is, the attachment of formants to the stem, but also analytical forms.

Morphological classification of verbs.All English verbs are divided into two unequal groups based on certain morphological properties, namely, by the way the past tense forms and the second participle are formed. The most numerous group is standard verbs, the second group is formed by non-standard verbs, which break down into many subgroups.

Functional classification of verbs.By functional classification, it is customary here to mean the classification of verbs according to their ability to act in a particular type of predicate. This ability directly follows from the degree of the lexical fullness of the verb. Significant verbs are verbs lexically complete, independently expressing one or another action or state. Service verbs are verbs, the function of which in the composition of predicates is purely grammatical.

Service verbs are subdivided into auxiliary and connective verbs. Auxiliary verbs participate in the analytical form of the verb as a purely grammatical component. The second subclass of service verbs are linking verbs. Their grammatical function is to indicate the connection of an object (phenomenon) with any of its signs. Verbs to be, to keepdenote the preservation of the feature verbs to become, to get, to turn -changing it.

Grammatical categories of the verb.The English verb has a very developed system of temporal forms, the opposition of the active and passive voice, the opposition of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods. These are the main verb categories that cover the entire verb system as a whole. At the same time, there are residual forms of the face and numbers that do not represent a systemic series.

All of these categories are valid within personal forms. But there are, in addition, impersonal forms - participle, gerund, infinitive, which have special functions and convey other relationships than personal forms.

Verb. General characteristics of the verb. The personal form of the verb. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Verb. General characteristics of the verb. Personal form of the verb." 2017, 2018.