GOST 2.302-68
Group T52
INTERSTATE STANDARD
Unified system of design documentation
SCALE
Unified system for design documentation. scales
ISS 01.100.01
Introduction date 1971-01-01
APPROVED by the Decree of the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 28, 1968 N 752
INSTEAD OF GOST 3451-59
Change No. 2 was adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 17 of June 22, 2000)
Voted for the change:
State name | Name of the national standardization body |
The Republic of Azerbaijan | Azgosstandart |
Republic of Belarus | State Standard of the Republic of Belarus |
Republic of Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyzstandart |
The Republic of Moldova | Moldovastandard |
the Russian Federation | Gosstandart of Russia |
The Republic of Tajikistan | Tajik State Standard |
Turkmenistan | Main State Inspectorate “Turkmenstandartlary” |
The Republic of Uzbekistan | Uzgosstandart |
State Standard of Ukraine |
Change No. 3 was adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification by correspondence (Minutes No. 23 dated February 28, 2006).
The national standardization bodies of the following states voted for the adoption of the change: AZ, AM, BY, KZ, KG, MD, RU, TJ, TM, UZ, UA [alpha-2 codes according to MK (ISO 3166) 004]
EDITION (August 2007) with Amendments No. 1, , approved in February 1980, December 2000, June 2006 (IUS 4-80, 3-2001, 9-2006).
1. This standard establishes the scale of images and their designation on the drawings of all industries and construction.
The standard does not apply to photographic drawings, as well as illustrations in printed publications, etc.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).
2a. For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms apply with their respective definitions:
scale: The ratio of the linear dimension of a segment in the drawing to the corresponding linear dimension of the same segment in kind;
life size scale: Scale with a ratio of 1:1.
magnification scale: A scale with a ratio greater than 1:1 (2:1, etc.).
reduction scale: Scale with a ratio less than 1:1 (1:2, etc.).
(Introduced additionally, Rev. N 2).
2. The scale of images in the drawings must be selected from the following series:
Scale down | 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40 |
life size | |
Zoom scales | 2:1; 2,5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1 |
3. When designing master plans for large facilities, it is allowed to use scales of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.
4. In necessary cases, it is allowed to use magnification scales (100):1, where is an integer.
5. The scale indicated in the column of the main inscription of the drawing intended for this should be indicated by type 1: 1; 1:2; 2:1 etc.
Documents in electronic form in their requisite part must contain a requisite indicating the accepted scale of the image. When outputting documents in electronic form to paper, the scale of the image must correspond to the specified one.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 3).
Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Unified system of design documentation:
Sat. GOSTs. - M.: Standartinform, 2007
Scale- the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object shown in the drawing to its actual dimensions. Scale can be expressed as a number (numerical scale) or graphically (linear scale).
Numerical Scale denoted by a fraction, which shows the multiplicity of increase or decrease in the size of the image in the drawing. When making drawings, depending on their purpose, the complexity of the shapes of objects and structures, their sizes, the following numerical scales are used ( GOST 2.302-68) *:
reduction: 1:2; 1: 2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 1: 10; 1: 15; 1: 20; 1: 25; 1: 40; 1: 50; 1: 75; 1: 100; 1: 200; 1: 400; 1: 500; 1: 800; 1: 1000;
magnification: 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:I; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1; 100:1;
natural size 1:1.
When designing master plans for large objects, scales of 1: 2000 are used; 1:5000; 1: 10,000; 1:20,000; 1: 25,000; 1:50,000.
In the event that the drawing is made on the same scale, its value is indicated in the column intended for this in the main inscription of the drawings according to the type 1: 1; 1:2; 1: 100, etc. If any image in the drawing is made on a scale different from that indicated in the main inscription, then under the corresponding name of the image indicate the scale of the type M 1: 1; M 1: 2, etc.
Using a numerical scale when making drawings, you have to do calculations to determine the size of the line segments applied to the drawing. For example, to determine the length of a segment in a drawing with a length of the depicted object of 4000 mm and a numerical scale of 1:50, you need to divide 4000 mm by 50 (reduction ratio) and put the resulting value (80 mm) on the drawing.
To reduce calculations, use a scale bar or build an appropriate numerical linear scale, as shown in the figure for a numerical scale of 1: 50.
A straight line is drawn and the scale base is laid several times on it - the value that is obtained by dividing the accepted unit of measure (1 m = 1000 mm) by the reduction size 1000: 50 = 20 mm. The first segment on the left side is divided into several equal parts so that each division corresponds to an integer. If this segment is divided into 10 parts, then each division will correspond to 0.1 m; if into 5 parts - then 0.2 m. Above the points of dividing the line into segments equal to the base of the scale, numerical values \u200b\u200bare inscribed that correspond to natural sizes, while the first division on the right is always set to zero. The value of small divisions from zero to the left is also inscribed, as shown in the figure.
In order to take, using the constructed linear scale, for example, the size of 4.65 m (4650 mm), you need to put one leg of the measuring compass at 4 m, and the other at the sixth and a half fractional division to the left of zero. If the accuracy is insufficient, a transverse scale is used.
Cross scale makes it possible to express or determine the size with an error up to hundredths of the main unit of measurement. So, the figure below shows the definition of a size equal to 4.65 m.
Tenths are taken on the horizontal segment of the scale, and hundredths - on the vertical.
In cases where it is required to build an enlarged or reduced image, performed according to a given drawing, the scale of which can be arbitrary, apply angular (proportional) scale.
The angular scale is built in the form of a right-angled triangle, the ratio of the legs of which is equal to the multiplicity of the image scale change (h:H). Using the angular scale, you can change the scale of the image using abstract values and without calculating the size of the depicted object.
For example, you want to depict a given drawing on an enlarged scale. To do this, we build a right-angled triangle ABC, in which the vertical leg BC is equal to the segment of any straight line taken in the given drawing, and the horizontal leg AB is equal to the length of the corresponding segment on the scale of the enlarged drawing. Thus, in order to increase any segment of a straight line of a given drawing, for example h, it is necessary to lay it parallel to the leg BC of an angular scale (vertically) between the leg AB and the hypotenuse AC, Then the increased size of the segment will be equal to the size H, taken (horizontally) on side AB of the angular scale.
You can apply another method. As in the first case, we set aside some segment of the given drawing h along the vertical. Then, in the same place, we plot the length of the segment h1 with a corresponding increase and draw an oblique straight line AD through the obtained point. We obtain the desired segments in a similar way. It is convenient to use the meter, drawing the angular scale on graph paper.
The angular scale can also be used to convert values from one numerical scale to another.
On an enlarged drawing, as well as on a given one, it is necessary to indicate in numbers the actual dimensions that the depicted object has in kind, and not on the drawing.
The scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image in the drawing to its actual dimensions.
The scale of the images and their designation in the drawings are established by GOST 2.302-68 (table 5.3). The scale indicated in the column of the main inscription of the drawing intended for this should be indicated by type 1: 1; 1:2; 1:4; 2:1; 5:1; etc.
Table 5.3 - Scales of drawings
When designing master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use scales of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.
5.3 Main inscription.
Each sheet is framed with a frame, the lines of which are 5 mm from the three sides of the format from the left side by 20 mm. On the frame line in the lower right corner of the format, the main inscription is placed in accordance with GOST 2.104-68. On A4 sheets, the main inscription is placed only along the short side. The type and thickness of lines in the drawings, diagrams and graphs must comply with GOST 2.303-68. Drawings of the design documentation of the project are carried out in pencil. Schemes, graphs, tables are allowed to be done with black ink (paste). All inscriptions on the drawing field, dimensional numbers, filling in the main inscription are made only in drawing font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.
Thematic headings on the sheets are not depicted, since the name of the content of the sheet is indicated in the main inscription. In cases where a sheet with one inscription contains several independent images (poster material), individual images or parts of text are provided with headings.
The main inscription on the first sheets of drawings and diagrams must comply with form 1, in text design documents - form 2 and form 2a on subsequent sheets. It is allowed to use form 2a on subsequent sheets of drawings and diagrams.
The corner inscription for drawings and diagrams is located in accordance with Figure 5.1. To be filled in with the sheet rotated 180 or 90 degrees.
Figure 5.1-Location of the title block on various drawings
In the columns of the main inscription, figures 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, indicate:
- in column 1 - the name of the product or its component: the name of the graph or diagram, as well as the name of the document, if this document has been assigned a code. The name should be short and written in the nominative case of the singular. If it consists of several words, then a noun is placed in the first place, for example: “Threshing drum”, “Safety clutch”, etc. It is allowed to write in this column the name of the content of the sheet in the order adopted in the technical literature, for example: “Economic indicators”, “Technological map”, etc.;
- in column 2 - the designation of the document (drawing, graph, diagram, specification, etc.);
- in column 3 - the designation of the material (the column is filled out only on the drawings of parts). The designation includes the name, brand and standard or specification of the material. If the brand of the material contains its abbreviated name "St", "SCH", then the name of this material is not indicated.
Figure 5.2 - Form No. 1
Figure 5.3 - Form No. 2
Figure 5.4 - Form No. 2a
Examples of recording material:
- SCH 25 GOST 1412-85 (gray cast iron, 250 - tensile strength in MPa);
- KCh 30-6 GOST 1215-79 (ductile iron, 300 - tensile strength in MPa, 6 - relative elongation in%);
- VCh 60 GOST 7293-85 (ductile iron, 600 - tensile strength in MPa);
- St 3 GOST 380-94 (carbon steel of ordinary quality, 3-serial number of steel);
- Steel 20 GOST 1050-88 (carbon steel, high-quality structural, 20 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent);
- Steel 30 KhNZA GOST 4543-71 (alloyed structural steel, 30 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent, chromium not more than 1.5%, nickel 3%, A - high quality);
- Steel U8G GOST 1425-90 (tool carbon steel, 8 - carbon content in tenths of a percent; G - high manganese content);
- Br04Ts4S17 GOST 613-79 (wrought bronze, O-tin 4%, C-zinc 4%, C-lead 17%);
– BrA9Mts2 GOST 18175-78 (tinless bronze 
, processed by pressure, A- aluminum 9%, manganese 2%);
– LTS38Mts2S2 GOST 17711-93 (cast brass, zinc 38%, manganese 2%, lead 2%);
– AL2 GOST 1583-89 (cast aluminum alloy, 2-order number of the alloy);
– AK4M2Ts6 GOST 1583-93 (cast aluminum alloy, silicon 4%, copper 2%, zinc 6%);
- AMts GOST 4784-74 (wrought aluminum alloy, manganese 1.0 ... 1.6%,).
When manufacturing parts from a range:
- Square 
(from a square profile bar with a square side size of 40 mm according to GOST 2591-88, steel grade 20 according to GOST 1050-88);
– Hexagon 
(from hot-rolled hexagonal steel according to GOST 2579-88 of normal rolling accuracy, with the size of an inscribed circle - turnkey size - 22 mm, steel grade 25 according to GOST 1050-88);
- A circle 
(hot-rolled round steel of ordinary rolling accuracy with a diameter of 20 mm according to GOST 2590-88, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
- Strip 
(strip steel 10 mm thick, 70 mm wide according to GOST 103-76, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
– Corner 
(angular equal-shelf steel 50x3 mm in size according to GOST 8509-86, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, standard rolling accuracy B, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
– I-beam 
(I-beam hot-rolled number 30 in accordance with GOST 8239-89 of increased accuracy (B), steel grade St 5 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
- Pipe 20x2.8 GOST 3262-75 (ordinary non-galvanized pipe of ordinary manufacturing accuracy, random length, with a nominal bore of 20 mm, wall thickness of 2.8 mm, without thread and without coupling);
- Pipe Ts-R-20x2.8 - 6000 GOST 3262-75 (pipe with zinc coating of increased manufacturing accuracy, measured length 6000 mm, with a nominal bore of 20 mm, with a thread);
- Pipe 
(steel seamless pipe of ordinary manufacturing accuracy according to GOST 8732-78, with an outer diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness of 3.5 mm, length, a multiple of 1250 mm, steel grade 10, manufactured according to group B of GOST 8731-87);
- Pipe 
(seamless steel pipe according to GOST 8732-78 with an inner diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness 16 mm, random length, steel grade 20, category 1, manufactured according to group A, GOST 8731-87);
- Column 4 - the letter assigned to this document in accordance with GOST 2.103-68, depending on the nature of the work in the form of a project. The column is filled from the left cell:
-U - educational document;
–DP – diploma project documentation;
–DR – diploma work documentation;
-KP - course project documentation;
-KR - coursework documentation;
- Column 5 - the mass of the product (in kg) according to GOST 2.110-95; on the drawings of parts and assembly drawings indicate the theoretical or actual mass of the product (in kg) without indicating units of measurement.
It is allowed to indicate the mass in other units of measurement, indicating them, for example, 0.25 g, 15 tons.
In drawings made on several sheets, the mass is indicated only on the first.
On the dimensional and assembly drawings, as well as on the drawings of details of prototypes and individual production, it is allowed not to indicate the mass;
- Column 6 - scale (marked in accordance with GOST 2.302-68).
If the assembly drawing is made on two or more sheets and the images on separate sheets are made on a scale different from the first sheet indicated in the main inscription, column 6 of the main inscription on these sheets is not filled out;
- Column 7 - the serial number of the sheet (on documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled out).
Column 8 - the total number of sheets of the document (the column is filled out only on the first sheet).
Column 9 - the name or distinctive index of the enterprise issuing the document (since the department for which the graduation project is being carried out is encrypted in column 2 - the designation of the document, in this column it is necessary to put down the name of the institute and the code of the group). For example: “PGSKhA gr. To-51";
- Column 10 - the nature of the work performed by the person signing the document. In the graduation project, the column is filled in, starting from the top line with the following abbreviations:
- "Developer";
- "Consult.";
- "Ruk. etc.";
- "Head. cafe. ";
- "N.counter."
- Column 11 - the surname of the persons who signed the document;
- Column 12 - signatures of persons whose names are indicated in column 2. Signatures of the persons who developed this document and are responsible for normative control are mandatory;
- Column 13 - the date of signing the document;
When choosing a scale for drawings, we use the following GOSTs:
GOST 2.302-68 Unified system for design documentation. Scales.
GOST 21.501-2011 System of project documentation for construction. Rules for the implementation of working documentation of architectural and design solutions.
GOST R 21.1101-2013 Design documentation system for construction. Basic requirements for design and working documentation
When developing drawings, the dimensions of graphic images of structures, assemblies, schemes, as a rule, do not correspond to actual dimensions. The ratio of the size of a graphic image to the size of the depicted object is in some relation, which is commonly called the scale. To be precise:
The scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object in the drawing to its actual dimensions.
In accordance with GOST R21.1101-2013 on construction drawings, as a rule, the scales are not
affix.
In cases where the images on the sheet are made in different scales, then the corresponding scale is indicated above each of them.
Architectural and construction drawings of residential and public buildings are performed on the following scales:
floor plans, sections, facades - 1:50; 1:100; 1:200
fragments of plans, sections, facades - 1:50; 1:100
knots - 1:5; 1:10; 1:20
master plan - 1:500; 1:1000
In some cases it is necessary to choose other scales. Consider a general list of existing scales.
GOST 2.302 establishes the scale of images for drawings.
Scales can be of the following types:
| natural | zoom scale | Reduction scale |
| 1:1 | 1: 2 | 2:1 |
| 1:2,5 | 2,5:1 | |
| 1:4 | 4:1 | |
| 1:5 | 5:1 | |
| 1:10 | 10:1 | |
| 1:15 | 20:1 | |
| 1:20 | 40:1 | |
| 1:25 | 50:1 | |
| 1:40 | 100:1 | |
| 1:50 | ||
| 1:75 | ||
| 1:100 | ||
| 1:200 | ||
| 1:400 | ||
| 1:500 | ||
| 1:800 | ||
| 1:1000 |
When developing drawings, the image scale should be taken to a minimum, depending on the complexity of the drawing, but ensuring the clarity of copies made from them.
Machines and some of their parts, buildings and their parts are large, so it is not possible to draw them in full size. Their images have to be drawn in . The smallest details of watches and other mechanisms have to be drawn, on the contrary, on an enlarged scale.
In all cases, when possible, the details should be drawn in actual size, i.e., on a scale of 1: 1.
It is not allowed to reduce or enlarge images in an arbitrary number of times. GOST 2.302-68 establishes the following reduction scales: 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:40; 1:50; 1:75; 1:100; 1:200; 1:400; 1:500; 1:800; 1:1000. When drawing up master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use scales of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10,000; 1:20,000; 1:25,000; 1:50,000. Magnifications are written as a ratio to one; the following scales of increase are established by the standard: 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1, 50:1; 100:1. In necessary cases, it is allowed to use magnification scales (100l): 1, where n is an integer. In cases where the full word “scale” is not in the record, the letter M is put in front of the scale designation, for example, they write: M 1:2 (reduction scale), M 2:1 (enlargement scale). On fig. 1, a rectangular washer is shown in three scales: in full size (M 1: 1), on a reduction scale and on an enlargement scale. The linear dimensions of the last image are four times larger than the average, and the area occupied by the image is sixteen times larger. Such a sharp change in the size of the image should be taken into account when choosing the scale of the drawing.
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Rice. 1. Comparison of different scales. Linear scales
In addition to numerical scales, linear scales are used in drawing. Linear scales There are two types: simple and transverse (Fig. 1). A simple linear scale, corresponding to a numerical scale of 1: 100, is a line on which centimeter divisions are plotted from zero division to the right, and one such division divided into millimeters to the left. Each centimeter division of the linear scale corresponds to 100 cm (or 1 m). Each millimeter division obviously corresponds to one decimeter. Taking any size from the drawing with a meter, put one needle on the corresponding full division to the right of zero, on-
example per division 3. Then the second needle will show how many decimeters over 3 m has a measured size. In this case, it is equal to 3.4 m.
The advantages of a simple linear scale over a regular ruler are as follows:
- rn
- it is always on the drawing; rn
- gives more accurate readings, since the dimensions in the drawing are set aside, as a rule, according to a given linear scale; rn
- after photographing the drawing, the scale, decreasing proportionally, makes it possible to obtain dimensions without building a proportional scale. rn
More perfect is linear transverse scale. In the drawing, it is given for the same scale of 1:100. Inclined lines, transversals, allow you to get not only decimeters, but also centimeters. For example, the scale shows a size of 3.48 m. Linear scales are used mainly in construction and topographic drawings.
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Rice. 2. Scale graph
In design and production practice, they often use proportional (angular) scale. It is the simplest chart. Let it be required to build such a graph for a scale of 1:5. On a horizontal line from point A (Fig. 2) Set aside a segment equal to 100 mm; at point B, a right angle is built and a segment reduced by 5 times (100: 5 = 20 mm) is laid on its second side; connect the resulting point C with point A. The value of 12.8 mm, corresponding to 66 mm, is taken with a compass-measuring device directly from the graph, without calculating it and without using a ruler. The graph is built on graph paper or on paper graphed in a cage.
For scale 1: 2.5, 40 mm are laid off on the continuation of the leg of the aircraft, for scale 1: 2-50 mm. The series of proportional scales shown in the figure is called the scale graph. Using it allows you to save a significant amount of time. Having built a graph of scales, they use it throughout the work on the drawing course.