Features of the use of vocabulary (another, other, others, the others)

Pronoun other– ‘other’, ‘other’ is used before nouns and is formed either by indefinite or definite articles, depending on the semantic orientation of the statement and the specific conditions of speech.

Another(an+other) is a pronoun with an indefinite article. The following countable noun is always in the singular:

I don't like this pencil; please give me another one.
I don't like this pencil. Give me another one, please.

Pronoun other It has both singular and plural forms and can be used with either the definite or the zero article. In the plural in the absence of a noun, a pronoun other accepts form others . Pronoun other, thus, can take the following forms:

1) the other book = the other
the other books = the others
2) another book = another
3) other books = others

The choice of one form or another, as already mentioned, depends on the semantic orientation of the utterance and the specific conditions of speech.

If the pronoun other is a concretizing definition that singles out the noun that follows it, on the basis of any sign from a number of similar ones, then before the pronoun other there is a definite article:

There are two English books on the table. You are asking:
“Whose books are they?”
“Whose books are these?”
“One of the books is mine and the other is Ann’s.”
“One of the books is mine, and the other is Anina.”

The form the other used for another specific object when choosing from two possible ones. In the event that the choice is made from a larger number of objects, then the pronoun is used another to refer to any other object outside of a specific relation:

Your sister is upset. She lost her pen. You comfort her.
“Don't worry, dear. I'll buy you another one."
"Do not worry. I'll buy you another one."

Pronouns behave the same way. others And the others. If you include other objects in the number known to both interlocutors, then you must select form the others :

There are four English books on the table. You are asking:
“Whose books are these?”
"Whose books are these?"
“One of them is mine, and the others are my sister’s.”
“One of them is mine and the others are my sisters.”

Pronoun others it is appropriate to choose if the word "other" denotes objects simply related to one group or another:

You asked the lab assistant where the books from the lab went. They answered you:
“Some of the books have been taken by the teachers and others by the pupils.”
“Some books were taken by the teachers, and others were taken by the students.”

To test the acquired knowledge on the use of pronouns another, other, others, the others We invite you to take the test on our website.

A pronoun or pronoun is a part of speech that indicates objects, quantities, or signs, without naming them. As in Russian, pronouns in English can act as a subject, a predicate, or one of the secondary members of a sentence.

The whole catch with using pronouns is that without a specific context, the meaning of pronoun sentences can be lost. That is why in most cases pronouns are used to replace the previously mentioned objects, persons, signs.

As you can see from the example above, pronouns help to dilute the text by avoiding frequent repetition of the same words. Thanks to them, the proposals do not sound monotonous and primitive.

But let's dwell on the varieties of pronouns and study in more detail the features of each in order to avoid mistakes or stupor in communication.

By structure, English pronouns are divided into 3 groups:

	Group	difference	Example
1	Simplepronouns or simple pronouns	Consist of a single root	I- I he- is he they- they	us- US the same- same whose- whose
2	Compoundpronouns or compound pronouns	Consist of two or more roots	somebody(some + body) = someone myself(my + self) = myself / self nothing(no + thing) = nothing
3	Compositepronouns or compound pronouns	Consist of multiple words	each other- each other one another- each other

Pronouns in English: types

The types of pronouns in English are a more diverse list, consisting of 9 sub-items. Let's consider each in more detail:

Personal Pronouns or Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns or Personal Pronouns is one of the most widely used groups. This is the only kind of pronoun in English that has a declension. Declension of pronouns in English is much simpler, since the number of cases is limited to only two:

Cases		Nominative	Objective case
difference		Used instead of nouns	Used instead of supplement
declination
person and number
1 l., units	I- I		me- me / me / by me
1 l., pl.	we- we		us[ʌs] - us / us / us
2 l., unit	you- you		you- you / you
2 l., pl.	you- you		you- you / you / you
3 l., unit	he- is he she[ʃi:] - she it- this is it		him- his / him / them her- her / her it- this
3 l., pl.	they[ðei] - they		them[ðem] - them / them / them

It is important to note that:

• the pronoun I (I) in English is always capitalized.
• In English, they don't speak "you" or "you", in both cases the pronoun you should be used, which makes it easier to start a conversation with a stranger.
• The pronoun it in English, in turn, is used when referring to inanimate objects, animals and birds. However, very often pet owners refer to them using the pronouns he and she, so such a substitution will not be considered a mistake.

Examples of using:

I had no idea she is so talented.	I had no idea that she so talented.
I want to warn you that she has a very complicated character.	I want to warn you, what she has very complex character.
He is really proud of them.	He really proud of them.
could you translate me the exercises into English?	Could you you translate to me are these exercises in english?
It is such a pleasure to be surrounded by all these intelligent people.	(This) Such a pleasure to be surrounded by all these smart people.
Whatever happens they will always love you.	Whatever happens, they will always be you be in love.
I love my puppy he (it) is such a lovely boy.	I love my puppy is he such a lovely boy.
It has an indirect relationship to the case.	This is indirectly related to the case.

Possessive Pronouns or Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns or Possessive pronouns are a type of English pronoun that shows ownership and answers the question “whose?”. There are 2 forms of possessive pronouns:

Attached Form	Absolute form
my- my	mine- my
your- is yours	yours- is yours
his- his	his- his
her- her	hers- her
its- his	its- his
your- your	yours- your
our- our	ours- our
their[ðeə(r)] - their	theirs[ðeəz] - their
This form of the possessive pronoun is in front of a person/thing. It shows ownership and replaces articles. Sometimes these pronouns can be omitted when translated into Russian.	Replaces a noun that has already been discussed to minimize repetition.

Examples of the use of English pronouns of this type in tables:

Attached Form
Her life was full of ups and downs.	Her life was full of ups and downs.
Our relationship with Ann is not your business.	Our relationship with Ann is not your a business.
My goal in life is to make a contribution to the world prosperity.	My the goal in life is to contribute to the prosperity of the world.
I intend to keep my word.	I intend to contain (own) word.
All members of my family study English.	All members my families learn English.
Absolute form
Don't even look at her; this girl is mine.	Don't even look at her; this girl my.
It's not my guilty but yours.	It's not my fault, but yours.
The idea was his, not ours.	The idea was his, but not our.

Reflexive Pronouns or Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns or Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that are equivalent to the Russian pronouns “himself” and “himself” or particle -sya in verbs.

myself	I cut myself while shaving. (I cut Xia while shaving.)
yourself	Can you tell us a little about yourself? (Can you tell me a little about yourself?)
himself	You shouldn't come because George will do everything himself. (You don't have to come, because George will do everything myself.)
herself	She can't write a coursework herself. (She can't write term paper alone (on her own).)
itself	The plan itself was a failure. (Plan on my own was a failure.)
yourselves	My God, look at yourselves! (Oh my God, look on themyself!)
ourselves	We must take care of ourselves. (We should themselves take care of yourself.)
themselves[ðəm'selvz]	They identify themselves as heroes. (They consider myself heroes.)

This type of pronoun cannot be used with self-directed verbs. These include words such as: feel (feel), bath (take a shower), wash (wash), hide (hide).

Reciprocal Pronouns or Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal Pronouns or Reciprocal Pronouns is one of the smallest groups, consisting of two compound pronouns that are used alone or after prepositions.

Interrogative Pronouns or Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns or Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that begin special questions. These include:

what- what / what	What are you going to do next?
who- who will win	Who told you that nonsense? (Who told you this nonsense?)
which- which / which	Which of these cars do you like more? (Which Which of these cars do you like best?
whom- whom / to whom	To whom do you wish to speak? (With whom Do you want to talk?)
whose- whose	Whose order it was? (Whose was it an assignment?
how- how	how much does this dress cost? (How is this dress worth it?
why- why	why did you act like an idiot yesterday? (Why were you acting like an idiot yesterday?
when- when	When do you have time to do Spanish exercises with me? (When Do you have time to do Spanish exercises with me?)
where- where / where	Where do you usually spend time in the evening? (Where do you usually spend time in the evening?

Note that the pronoun who does not require an auxiliary verb. It can also be used in place of the pronoun whose. Often there is a problem of choosing between the pronouns which and what in the meaning of "what". Which is used when the choice is limited, what when the choice is unlimited.

Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns or Relative and Connective Pronouns

Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns or Relative and connecting pronouns - groups of pronouns, the use of which in English is necessary in a complex sentence, or rather in its subordinate clause. Relative pronouns in English have words in their list that are similar to interrogative pronouns, but their translation and functions are different.

that[ðæt] - which (for animate and inanimate objects)	Do you know the girl that is standing over there? (You know girl, which standing over there?)
which- which the (for inanimate objects)	The costume that I saw in this store will suit you. (Costume, which the I saw in this store, will suit you.)
who- which the (for animate objects)	The boy who broke the window ran away. (Boy, which the broke the window, ran away.)
whose- which the (in the meaning of belonging)	Give me the details of the person whose number it is! (Give me details of the person, to whom this number belongs!
whom- which	The doctor whom I know very well will help you. (Doctor, whom I know very well will help you.)
what- what / what	That wasn't what he expected to see. (That's not what what he expected to see.) Sport exercises are what makes people healthy. (Sports exercises - here what makes people healthy.)

Demonstrative Pronouns or Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns or Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that in English indicate a person or object, highlighting them from the mass. In addition to the determiner of the noun, in the sentence there are in the role of subject and object.

Examples of using:

That game was fantastic!	(Ta) The game was fantastic!
This is that man I talked about.	This is the one the person I was talking about.
You deserve to be happy, don't forget about this.	You deserve to be happy, don't forget about this.
Have you done these exercises?	You did these exercises?
Those were the most challenging days of my life.	This were the hardest days of my life.
It is such an honor to be here with you today.	For me such an honor to be here with you today.
He repeated me same thing, trying to convince me not to do it.	He repeated same trying to convince me not to.
I met him in same place.	I met him at same place.
I will never forget those words she told me.	I will never forget (those) the words she said to me.
I fell down the stairs while she was looking at me; that was such an awkward situation.	I fell down the stairs as she looked at me. It was such awkward situation.

Quantitative pronouns or Quantitative pronouns

Quantitative pronouns or Quantitative pronouns are pronouns that are responsible for expressing the number or quantity of objects and persons.

much- many (with uncountable nouns)	There is no much information provided about his last years. (About his last years of life there are few (a little) information.)
many- many (with countable nouns)	I don't have many friends. (I have few (a little) friends.)
little- few (with uncountable nouns)	Little has been found out about the organization. (About the organization few what is known.)
alittle- a little (with uncountable nouns)	We have a little water left. (we have left a little water.)
few- little (with countable nouns	There were few people in the cinema. (The cinema was few of people.)
afew- several (with countable nouns)	I have a few questions to ask. (I want to ask several questions.)
several- several	Several men appeared in front of me. (before me appeared several human.)

As you may have noticed, quantitative pronouns in English with a translation into Russian turn into adverbs. In addition, despite the fact that many quantitative pronouns are translated the same way, in English you need to be able to distinguish them in order to correctly express your thoughts with certain pronouns in certain situations.

Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns or Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns or Indefinite pronouns and negative pronouns are the most extensive group of pronouns.

This group includes the pronouns some, any, no and every, as well as their derivatives, with which you can make both a definite and a negative pronoun.

Basic pronouns	Derivatives
thing	one	body	where
some	something - something	someone - someone	somebody - someone	somewhere - somewhere
any	anything - anything	anyone - someone	anyone - someone	anywhere - anywhere
no	nothing - nothing	no one - no one	nobody - no one	nowhere - nowhere
every	everything - everything	everyone - everyone	everybody - everyone	everywhere - everywhere

Another pair of indefinite pronouns is other and another. Both words are translated as "other", but do not confuse their use cases. The pronoun other is used with certain nouns. It can also be used with plural nouns. While the pronoun another is used exclusively in the singular with indefinite nouns.

Let's look at some examples:

I have something to tell you.	I need you something say.
When I needed help no one picked up the phone.	When I needed help none didn't pick up the phone.
Nobody deserves your tears.	None does not deserve your tears.
each of them should be aware of the great potential of this business.	Every of them should be aware of the great potential of this case.
His shadow follows her everywhere she goes.	His shadow haunts her wherever she didn't go.
Emily is a recluse, and she wants to see nobody.	Emily is a recluse and she nobody doesn't want to see.
Did anyone see my English notebook?	anyone Have you seen my English notebook?
Why should I choose one bag if I can buy both?	Why should I choose one bag if I can buy both?

Actually, that's all. These were all kinds of pronouns in English. Having dealt with the structure and having studied all the categories of pronouns, you will not have difficulties in using them in practice. When confusion arises, refer to the tables above, do the exercises, study these examples and come up with your own.

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English - professional

/ Belyaeva M.A. "English grammar"

PRONOUN (THE PRONOUN)

CATS OF PRONOUNS

Personal Pronouns

Number	Face	case
		Nominative	Object
The only thing	1	I - I	me
	2	thou - you	you
	3	he he she she it he, she, it	him him her it his, her, him, her
plural	1	we are	us us, us
	2	you	you
	3	they	them, them

• Who helps you in your work? - Who helps you in your work?
• Who is the inventor of the radio? - Who invented the radio?

When using who as an interrogative pronoun in the function of the nominal part of the predicate, the linking verb agrees in person and number with the nouns or pronoun that expresses the subject:

• Who are they(those people)? - Who are they (these people)?
• Who is she (the girl)? - Who is she (this girl)?

When using who, who, as a relative pronoun in the subject function, the predicate can be both in the singular and in the plural:

• This girl who was still barely twenty had already worked five years.
• They heard the slow and guarded movements of those who were on the bank.-- They heard the slow, guarded movements of those who were on the bank.

Who as a relative pronoun is used in the turnover it is (was) ... who when highlighting the subject denoting a person.

Pronoun whom is the object case form of the pronoun who. As well as who, the pronoun whom is used in relation to persons; Whom is used as both an interrogative and a relative pronoun:

• Whom do you represent? - Who do you represent?
• Not politely inquired after my brother whom he remembered as a young man

The interrogative pronoun whom with the preposition related to it corresponds in Russian to the pronoun who in oblique cases with and without prepositions. The preposition referring to whom usually takes place after the verb, and if there is an object, after the object:

• Whom was the law discovered by? Who discovered this law?
• Whom did you give the book to? Who did you give the book to?

Note. Modern English tends to use the interrogative pronoun who instead of whom:

• Who is Lily talking to? Who is Lily talking to?
• Who are they going to give it to? Who are they going to give it to?

If whom as a relative pronoun is used with a preposition, then the preposition takes place before whom:

• Is that the roan to whom you spoke yesterday? Is this the man you spoke to yesterday?

More common, however, is the omission of the relative pronoun in the attributive restrictive clause, in which case the preposition takes place after the verb: Is that the man you spoke to yesterday?

Pronoun whose usually used for persons. In a sentence, the pronoun whose performs a defining function and is placed immediately before the noun to which it refers. The article before the noun is not used in this case. Whose as an interrogative pronoun means whose?

• Whose name does Moscow University bear? -- Whose name is Moscow University?

Whose as a relative pronoun means which:

• Doctor Manson, whose specialty was lungs, examined her. “Dr. Manson, whose specialty was lung disease, examined her.

Whose as a relative pronoun is sometimes used in relation to inanimate objects:

• All particles of a rotating body describe circles whose centers are in axis -- All particles of a rotating body describe circles whose centers are on the axis.

Pronoun what refers to inanimate objects * .
* The pronoun what can refer to persons if you are asking about the profession or occupation of the person being asked about.

What as an interrogative pronoun in the function of the subject or direct object, it means that, in the function of the nominal part of the predicate or the definition, which, which.

Note. Pronoun what as an interrogative pronoun, performs the function of the subject when the question refers to the subject; direct object when the question refers to a direct object; definitions, when the question refers to the definition, and the nominal part of the predicate, when the question refers to the nominal part of the predicate. Thus, depending on which member of the sentence the question refers to, the function changes, as well as the meaning of the pronoun what.

The verb-predicate with the pronoun what in the subject function is used in the singular (see):

• What has happened? -- What's happened?

The verb-predicate with the pronoun what in the function of the nominal part of the predicate agrees in number (and person). with the noun (or pronoun) that is the subject of the sentence:

• What is your opinion on this question? -- What is your opinion on this issue?
• What are the physical properties of the material? What are the physical properties of this material?

Pronoun what in the function of the complement in combination with prepositions corresponds in Russian to the pronoun that in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions. The preposition related to the pronoun what usually takes place after the verb, and if there is an object, after the object:

• What is strain caused by? - What causes stress?
• What is he going to talk about? What is he going to talk about?
• What did you do it for? - Why did you do it?

The pronoun what in the definition function comes before the noun to which it refers. If the noun has other definitions, what is placed before them. When what is the definition of a noun, the article is not used with the noun:

• What form of energy does a steam engine produce? What form of energy does a steam engine produce?
• What other forms of motion do you know? What other forms of movement do you know?

The pronoun what in the definition function in combination with prepositions corresponds in Russian to the pronoun what in oblique cases with and without prepositions:

• What temperature does aluminum melt at? -- At what temperature does aluminum melt?

Which as an interrogative pronoun can refer to both persons and things. Which matters which, which (from), who (from) and is used when choosing from a certain number of persons or objects.

• Which of you will go with me? Which of you will go with me?
• In mechanics we classify energy as either kinetic or potential. -- In mechanics, we define energy as either kinetic or potential.
• To which of these classes does heat belong? - To which of these species does heat belong?

Which as a relative pronoun is used for inanimate objects. Usually which refers to one of the members of the main clause and is translated which:

• They returned to their canoe which they had left in the stream. - They returned to their boat, which (they) left on the river.

Sometimes which can refer to the object expressed by the pronoun that includes the element thing (something, etc.), or to the entire sentence as a whole. In this case, which is translated as what

• "I"ve found out something which might improve your working conditions," said Andrew. --- "I have discovered something that might improve your working conditions," Andrew said.
• He goes there whenever he has time, which is not often. “He goes there when he has time, which he often does.
• Then the alternating current was converted into the direct current, which was done by means of a diode rectifier. --Then the alternating current was converted to direct current, which was done with a diode rectifier.

Who, what And which as relative pronouns in combination with an adverb ever are used to reinforce the meanings of pronouns: whoever whoever) whatever whatever (neither), whatever (neither), which ever whichever (neither):

• Friction always opposes the motion, whatever its direction -- Friction always acts in the opposite direction of motion, whatever that direction may be.

Using the relative pronoun that

That which is usually used in relation to nouns denoting inanimate objects, along with which, replacing it with:

• Thermodynamics is a science that (=which) deals with energy. -- Thermodynamics is a science that deals with energy.
• Those are lorries that carry our brothers to the mines. “These are the trucks that take our brothers to the mines.

That is also used in relation to nouns denoting persons, usually in cases where the noun is determined by an adjective in a superlative degree or such a word as only the only one, very the same, any any, and also in the turnover it is ... that:

The preposition related to the pronoun that always takes place after the verb-predicate or after its complement:

• Power is the rate that mechanical work is performed at-- Power is the rate at which mechanical work is performed.

Some

Pronoun some and compound pronouns, which include some ( somebody, someone, something), are used in affirmative sentences, a any and compound pronouns, which include any ( anybody, anyone, anything) are used in interrogative and negative sentences.

no and compound pronouns that include no ( nobody, no one, nothing), are used in negative sentences, and the verb-predicate in the sentence is in the affirmative form.

In affirmative sentences	In interrogative sentences	In negative sentences
some- some, some, several	any- any, any	not ... any, no - none, none, not at all
somebody, somebody someone, anyone	anybody, anyone- anyone	not ... anybody, not ... anyone, nobody, no one-- none,
something- something, anything	anything anything	not ... anything, nothing-- nothing

• He knows nothing about it./ He does not know anything about it -- He doesn't know anything about it.
• Does he know anything about it? Does he know anything about it?
• Doesn't know something about it. He knows something about it.

Compound pronouns, which include body or one, are used only in relation to persons; compound pronouns, which include thing, are used in relation to inanimate objects.

Pronouns some, any And no usually perform the function of a definition in a sentence. Compound pronouns ( somebody, something, nothing, nobody, no one etc.) act in the sentence as a subject or object:

• No substance is a perfect insulator. No substance is a perfect insulator.
• It was clear that something had happened. It was clear that something had happened.
• "No medicine? No one ever told me that before." “No medicines? No one has ever told me this before.”
• Roger never read anything except tables of logarithms. “Roger never read anything, except for tables of logarithms.

Some used before specific nouns in the singular and in the plural and before abstract and material nouns in the singular in the sense of some, some, several, some.

• Some bodies have a motion of vibration or oscillation. -- Some bodies have a vibrating or oscillating motion.
• If you want to slow a molecule, let it do some work. -- If you want to slow down a molecule, let it do some work.

When used with real nouns some And any pointing to a part of a substance matters and are not translated into Russian as a separate word. In this case, the noun with the preceding pronoun some (or any) is usually translated into Russian as a noun in the genitive case:

• Give me some ink. - Give me some ink.
• Have you brought any water? - Did you bring water?

Note. If a real noun is preceded by a definite article, then such a noun is translated into Russian by a noun in the accusative case. In this case, the action expressed by the verb applies to the entire amount of the substance as a whole, and not to part of it:

• Give me the ink. -- Give me some ink (that is, all the amount of ink that is here).
• Have you brought the water? - Did you bring water?

Some used in interrogative sentences in the meaning of a small amount, a little.

• Will you give me some ink? "Will you give me some ink?"

Some (but not any ) is also used in questions containing any offer or request:

• Will you have some biscuits? - Do you want cookies?
• Will you buy some stamps? - Please buy stamps. (lit. Won't you buy stamps?)

Some used before numerals in meanings about, approximately:

• Some three hundred delegates will gather in our city. -- About three hundred delegates will gather in our city

Any and compound pronouns, which include any, are used in affirmative sentences in the meaning of any:

All molecules have the same average energy at any given moment, -- All molecules have the same average energy at any given moment,

Pronouns some And any can also perform the function of the complement in the sentence, and the pronoun some, in addition, the function of the subject:

• "Have you any hews?" -- Do you have any news?
• "Yes, I have some." -- Yes, I have,
• The meeting began and the hall was packed up, still some workers squeezed in, and some were left standing outside, -- vszhe some workers squeezed inside, and some remained standing outside.

The pronoun none is also used in the function of subject and object. None- derived pronoun formed from no one:

• Not used vaccines none of them had ever heard of. "He used vaccines none of them had ever heard of."

many, much, few, little*

* Words many, much, few, few have signs of an adjective (degrees of comparison), the meaning of numerals (the meaning of an indefinite number), the meaning of pronouns (indicate the quantity but do not name it). Therefore, these words in some textbooks refer to adjectives, in others to numerals, but in most textbooks they are usually referred to as pronouns, although their inclusion in the category of pronouns is also conditional.

Pronouns many And much matter a lot few And little matter little. Many a lot and few rarely used with specific nouns, i.e. with nouns denoting objects that can be counted as separate units:

• many books (pencils, days, questions, etc.)
• few books (pencils, days, questions, etc.) -- few books (pencils, days, questions, etc.)
• Gas is made up of a good deal of emptiness and very few molecules. - There is a lot of emptiness in the composition of gas and very few molecules.

Much a lot and little few used with real and abstract nouns, i.e. with nouns denoting objects that cannot be counted as separate units:

• much iron (oil, coal, sugar, air, etc.) -- a lot of iron (oil, coal, sugar, air, etc.)
• little iron (oil, coal, sugar, air, etc.)
• To an ordinary observer the air seems to offer little resistance to bodies moving through it. - To the average observer, air seems to offer little resistance to bodies passing through it.

Much And many usually used in interrogative and negative sentences. In affirmative sentences, much and many are used mainly when they are determined by such adverbs as very, too, so:

• I said I could not permit him to take so much labor upon himself. “I said I couldn’t let him take on such a big job.

In affirmative sentences meaning many expressions are used: a lot (of), lots (of), lots (of), a (large, great) number (of); in meaning much- a lot (of), a (great, large) quantity (of), a good (great) deal (of):

• There seemed a good deal of luggage when we put it all together. There was a lot of luggage when we put it all together.

A few, a little several, a little indicate the presence of a small amount, i.e. have a positive value, while few And little few, a little emphasize the lack of quantity, i.e. have a negative meaning:

• There is a little hope. There is a little hope (lit.: there is a little hope).
• There is little hope. There is little hope.
• Doesn't have a few friends. He has several friends.
• Doesn't have few friends. - He has few friends.
• We "ll rest a few minutes and go back. - We will rest a few minutes and go back.
• Could you spare us a little water? "Could you give us some water?"

Indefinite pronoun one

Pronoun one expresses an indefinite person and is used as a subject in indefinite personal sentences:

• If one halves a bar magnet each of two halves will be a complete magnet, --

If the predicate includes a modal verb, then the sentence containing the indefinite pronoun one in the function of the subject, is translated into Russian by an impersonal sentence:

• One must do it.-- One must do it.
• One should do it.
• One can do it.-- One can do it.
• One cannot see a reactor itself, only its cover. - You can't see the reactor itself, you can only see its body.
• One needs as much data on neutron characteristics as possible. - - It is necessary (to have) as much data as possible about the nature of the neutron.

The indefinite pronoun one can be used in the possessive form one "s:

• I "ve seen photographs of his clinic. One couldn't wish for a more ideal place to treat one"s cases. - I saw photographs of his clinic. One could not wish for a more ideal place to treat (his) patients.

Substitute word one

Substitute wordone is used instead of the previously mentioned noun to avoid repetition. Substitute word one different from indefinite pronoun one because before substitute wordonecan be an article, it can be used in plural form(ones) and, unlike the indefinite pronoun one, cannot be used in the possessive form:

• The normal state for a body is one of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line. -- The normal state of the body is the state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.
• The attractions between gas molecules are very slight ones. -- Forces of attraction between gas molecules are very small.

All

Pronoun all it matters all, all, all, all. It is used with singular and plural nouns in the function of definition. If a noun has a definite article or a possessive pronoun, then all is placed before the article or possessive pronoun:

• All bodies have inertia. - All bodies have inertia.
• Heavy showers had fallen all the morning. “It has been raining heavily all morning.

All is also used in the sentence independently, i.e. without a subsequent noun, and in this case acts as a subject or nominal part of the predicate:

• All is well that ends well. - All's well that ends well (proverb)
• That is all that he asked me. That's all he asked me.

Both

Pronoun both both, and both are used with plural nouns (and pronouns) in the function of definition:

• The total number of particles of both kinds (protons and neutrons) is given by the rough atomic weight. -- The total number of particles of both kinds (protons and neutrons) is given approximately by atomic weight.

Both is used in a sentence without a subsequent noun, and in this case it performs the function of a subject, a nominal part of a predicate or an object:

• Gases have neither volume nor shape of their own, but take both from the containing vessel. - Gases have neither a constant volume nor their own form, but they acquire both from the vessel in which they are located.

each, every

Pronouns each And every everyone matters. The difference between them lies in the use in the sentence. While each can act as a determiner, subject, and object in a sentence, every can only act as a determiner:

• Each atom represents something similar to our solar system. “Each atom is something like our solar system.
• Neither ionium nor thorium is a pure isotope, each is a mixture. -- Neither ionium nor thorium are pure isotopes, each is a mixture.
• Every substance is constantly emitting radiant heat. Every substance constantly emits radiant heat.

The pronoun every can be combined with body, one and thing, forming complex pronouns everybody, everyone everything, everyone, everything all:

• Everybody (everyone) knows it -- Everyone knows it (or: everyone knows it).
• Everything is helpless, hopeless and dirty in East End. “Everything in the East End is helpless, hopeless and dirty.
• Everyone turned suddenly to the windows.-- Everyone turned to the windows at once.

Either, neither

The pronoun either has the following meanings:

1) one of the two, one or the other (but not both), either:

• The property by virtue of which a body tends to remain in either of the natural states is called inertia -- The property by virtue of which a body tends to remain in either of its (two) natural states is called inertia. .

2) both, both, each:

• There was a huge fireplace at either end of the hall. There was a huge fireplace at both (each) end of the hall.

Note. In negative sentences, either is an adverb and has the same meaning:

• does not know about it either. He doesn't know about it either.

Pronoun neither neither one nor the other, nobody is the negative form of the pronoun either:

• Ionium and thorium have different atomic weights. Neither atomic weight is a whole number. -- Ionium and thorium have different atomic weights. Neither weight is an integer.
• There Dirk was waiting for him. Neither of the boys spoke... -- Dirk was waiting for him there. None of the boys spoke...

Note. In short negative turns corresponding to Russian and I (he, she, etc.) too, neither is an adverb:

• Has not yet finished his work. Neither have I. -- He hasn't finished his work yet. And me too.

Other (another)

Pronoun other (another) other matters, others:

• The normal helium atom has no affinity for other electrons. -- An ordinary helium atom does not accept other electrons.
• I took the watch to another watch-maker. “I took the clock to another watchmaker.

Pronoun another has an additional meaning other (different from the given), one more:

• A day passes, then another. A day passes, then another.

Pronoun other can correspond to the previously mentioned singular noun. Pronoun others is the plural form and corresponds to the previously mentioned plural noun:

• Each liquid dissolves a limited amount of the other. -- Each liquid dissolves a limited amount of the other.
• Some liquids are immiscible, others are completely miscibie. -- Some fluids are not miscible, others are completely miscible.

FUNCTIONS OF PRONOUNS IN A SENTENCE

In English, some pronouns can appear in a sentence only as a nominal member of the sentence (i.e., subject, nominal member of the compound predicate and object); other pronouns perform only the function of definition in the sentence. The former include: personal pronouns I, he, she, etc.; interrogative pronouns who? what? who? what?; reciprocal pronouns each other, one another; possessive pronouns (2nd form); compound pronouns somebody, nobody, anybody, etc.

The second includes: possessive pronouns (1st form), interrogative-relative pronouns whose, what and pronouns for and every.

Some pronouns can act in a sentence both as a nominal member of the sentence and as a definition. These include demonstrative pronouns, some indefinite and some interrogative pronouns:

• "A gipsy gave this dog to me," said Tod. -- “Gypsy gave me this dog,” Tod said.
• "This is the bes t dog that ever lived." .-This is the best dog in the world.”
• "Everyone thinks that of his own dog, old man." "Everyone thinks that of their dog, old chap."

(The first pronoun this in these sentences is the determiner, the second this is the subject, and the that is the complement.)

• All is well that ends well. All's well that ends well, (proverb) (All is subject.)
• All bodies have inertia. All bodies have inertia. (All-definition.)

Universal pronouns (Universal Pronouns) in English indicate each of the objects or a number of homogeneous objects. Universal pronouns include:

• each- every,
• every[ˈevri] - everyone, everyone,
• everybody[ˈevribɒdi] - everything,
• everything[ˈevriθiŋ] – everything,
• both/either/ [ˈaiðə] – both, one of the two, any of the two, both, both,
• all[ɔ: l] - all, all, all, all,
• other/another[ˈʌðə] / [əˈnʌðə] - other, others.

Using the pronouns each and every

1. Difference between pronouns each And every is that every used when talking about a whole group (persons / objects); and the pronoun each is used when talking about members of such a group, about each of them individually.

Examples: I asked every student in the same room. I asked the same question to every student in the room.
each student in our group has a computer. Every student in our group has a computer.

2. Pronoun each - each used as an adjective pronoun before a singular countable noun. Pronoun each excludes use before the noun to which it refers.

Examples:each person gave a different answer. - Each (person) gave his answer.
each apartment has a balcony. – Each apartment has a balcony.

When each of.

Examples:Each of we received a ticket to the concert. Each of us received a ticket to the concert.

3. Pronoun every - everyone, everyone is used only as an adjective pronoun before singular countable nouns. The pronoun every eliminates the use of the article before the noun to which it refers.

Examples: I do my morning exercises every day. - I exercise every day.
He has read every book in the library. He has read every book in the library.

But! Combination each of us/you/them does not translate into English using a pronoun every. In this case, the pronoun is used each: each of us/you/them.

4. Pronoun every forms derivative pronouns by adding –thing, -body, -one. Everything does not change, a everybody And everyone have a case category.

Examples:Everybody (=everyone) enjoyed the party. Everyone enjoyed the party.
It was everyone's decision to help him. Helping him was everyone's decision.

Using the pronouns either and neither

1. Pronoun either refers to two objects or persons and has the following translation: one or the other, one/each of two, any of the two, both. Either It is used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun.

Examples: You may go by either road. - You can go on one or another road (on any of the two).
Here are Phil and Alex, you can talk to either boy. – Here are Phil and Alex, you can talk to any of the guys.

2. As a pronoun-adjective either used before a singular countable noun without .

Examples: We can go to either restaurant. We can go to any restaurant (either of the two).

3. When either used as a pronoun-noun, often followed by a preposition of.

Examples: Can either of do your parents speak Italian? Can one of your parents speak Italian?

4. If pronoun either stands in the sentence as the subject, then the verb is put in the singular.

Examples:Either of the answers is correct. Both answers are correct (both answers are correct).

5. Pronoun neither – neither one, neither other, no one, refers to negative pronouns and is, respectively, the negative form of the pronoun either. Pronoun neither has two pronunciations: [ˈnaiðə] or [ˈni:ðə].

Examples: What’s the capital of Switzerland, Geneva or Zurich? - Neither. It's Berne. – What is the capital of Switzerland, Geneva or Zurich? - Neither one nor the other. This is Bern.
Neither of us is hungry. Neither of us is hungry.

Note! Neither…nor And either…or are not pronouns, but UNIONS, and are translated into Russian as no no And or or.

Use of the pronoun both

1. Pronoun both – both, both, both can be used as an adjective or with a preposition of if it comes before nouns with an article, or and .

Examples:both (of) the films– both films (noun with article);
both (of) your sisters- both of your sisters (noun with a possessive pronoun);

2. Pronoun both also used as a noun. In a sentence both often comes after a pronoun we/you/they before the verb-predicate, but always comes after the verb.

Examples: My mother gave me two magazines yesterday; I have read both. My mother gave me two magazines yesterday; I have read both.
We both knew it was risky. We both knew it was dangerous.
They are both sixteen. They are both sixteen.

3. When the predicate is expressed by a modal verb with an infinitive or a complex verb form, then the pronoun both comes after or, not after pronouns we/you/they.

Examples: Thank you ever so much we have both learned so much! Thank you so much, we both learned so much!
We must both read it. We both need to read this.

If there are two auxiliary verbs in a sentence, both placed after the first one.

Examples:We have both been interested in politics. We both showed interest in politics.

4. Both can be used after us/you/them.

Examples: She invited us both to the party. She invited both of us to the party.
I liked both of them. “I loved them both.

Combinations us both, we both = both of us, you both = both of you, And they both, them both = both of them.

Examples: I liked both of them. “I loved them both. = I liked both of them.

5. If pronoun both is the subject of the sentence, the verb is plural.

Examples: He gave me two books; both are very interesting. He gave me two books; both are very interesting.

Use of the pronoun all

1. Pronoun all - everything, everything, all, all, is often used as an adjective with nouns and . self pronoun all is used only if it is followed by , in other cases it is replaced by pronouns everybody/everything/everyone.

Examples: He's forgotten all that I told him. He forgot everything I told him.
He's forgotten everything. He forgot everything.

2. Before nouns without article and or all used as an adjective pronoun.

Examples:all iPhones - all iPhones;
The minister has answered all questions. The minister answered all questions.

3. Before nouns with an article or a possessive or demonstrative pronoun all used as an adjective or with a preposition of.

Examples:all (of) the iPhones - all iPhones;
all (of) her dresses - all her dresses;

4. Pronoun all can often come after pronouns in the objective case - us/you/them.

Examples: She invited us all. She invited us all.
I've answered to them all. “I answered them all.

Combinations we all, us all = all of us, combination you all = all of you, And they all, them all = all of them.

Examples: I've answered to them all. “I answered them all. = I've answered to all of them.

5. Pronoun all used before plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns. With countable nouns in the singular is often used whole - whole, whole, complete.

Examples:all her salary - her entire salary;
all the water - all water;
The wholesale house was kindled into a flame. “The whole house was on fire.

6. All used with some countable nouns in the singular - day, morning, week, year. Also instead of a pronoun all in this case, you can use the whole.

Examples: I work hard all week. I work hard all week.