“They meet by clothes” - this saying is known to everyone. What we wear can be symbolic, like a white bridesmaid dress, or functional, like maternity wear.

An outfit can express a person's worldview, belonging to a social group, habits. The costume, like a magic wand, distinguishes its owner from the crowd or turns it into an inconspicuous "gray mouse", it is able to make a princess out of Cinderella or a monster out of a beauty. A dress can hide the flaws in appearance and emphasize undeniable advantages, create an image of a frivolous coquette or a cute prude, a strict lady or “tear off your head”. Clothing is primarily a tool, but it itself has an impact on the behavior and attitude of a person. A girl, wearing a smart dress and stilettos, feels and behaves differently than in loose tube jeans and sneakers.

Every person from childhood intuitively tries to use the magical properties of clothing. When the child is very small, the mother decides what kind of baby food she will eat and what blouse her daughter will wear, thereby gradually cultivating her taste in accordance with her preferences. But very little time passes, and the child begins to actively defend his right to wear what he wants. This is especially evident in adolescence. Experiments of teenagers are capable to cause indignation of teachers and horror of parents. But these are only experiments, a search for yourself and the desire to learn how to use clothes to achieve your goals. Some succeed, others choose one style that is comfortable for them and hide in this “case”, forgetting about the wide possibilities that the suit provides.

Following the chosen style once has its pros and cons. On the one hand, familiar clothes give comfort and confidence. But we must not forget that over time, the attitude, figure, social role of a person changes, and the old style may contradict these changes, interfere with them. And then the suit becomes a kind of cage, a trap that prevents you from moving forward.

Many, getting into a difficult life situation, intuitively use clothes as a way to hide, protecting themselves from the outside world. But, if you think about it, it is precisely such a decision that can bring great harm. After all, an outfit is an effective tool that can help change circumstances in your favor. And not only because a well-dressed person causes more trust and interest, but also because beautiful clothes help you feel better, more meaningful, more confident. And, therefore, successfully solve emerging issues, achieve success and change your destiny for the better.

Discussion of the article "Clothes and fate"

With this I agree

That's right, they don't hide under clothes, they use it!

The history of the costume is a reflection of the history of man and human society. The social structure of society, culture, worldview, the level of development of technology, trade relations between countries - all this, to one degree or another, was expressed in the costumes worn by people in a certain era.

Clothing appeared in ancient times as a means of protection from the adverse climate, from insect bites, wild animals on the hunt, from the blows of enemies in battle and, no less important, as a means of protection from evil forces.

The appearance of a person has always been, in a sense, a “work of art”, one of the ways of self-expression and self-awareness that determines the place of an individual in the world around him, an object of creativity, a form of expression of ideas about beauty. The most ancient types of "clothes" are coloring and tattoos, which performed the same protective functions as the clothes covering the body.

The coloring also carried an informational function - it informed about belonging to a certain clan and tribe, social status, personal qualities and merits of its owner. A tattoo (a pattern pinned or carved on the skin), unlike coloring, was a permanent decoration and also denoted a person's tribal affiliation and social status, and could also be a kind of chronicle of individual achievements throughout life.

Jewelry, which originally performed a magical function in the form of amulets and amulets, is the same ancient type of clothing as makeup.

At the same time, ancient jewelry served the function of designating the social status of a person and an aesthetic function. Primitive jewelry was made from a wide variety of materials: animal and bird bones, human bones (among those tribes where cannibalism existed), fangs and tusks of animals, bat teeth, bird beaks, shells, dried fruits and berries, feathers, corals, pearls, metals.

Thus, most likely, the symbolic and aesthetic functions of clothing preceded its practical purpose - protecting the body from the effects of the external environment.

Clothing is usually adapted to the conditions of the geographical environment.

Forms of clothing are closely related to human economic activity.

The shape of the body and the way of life of a person determined the first primitive forms of clothing. Animal skins or plant materials were woven into rectangular pieces and thrown over the shoulders or hips, tied or wrapped around the body horizontally, diagonally or in a spiral.

This is how one of the main types of human clothing of primitive society appeared: draped clothing. Over time, more complex clothing arose: a consignment note, which could be deaf and swinging. The fabric panels began to be folded along the warp or weft and sewn on the sides, leaving slits for the hands in the upper part of the fold and a hole for the head in the center of the fold.

With a cold snap in many regions, it became necessary to protect the body from the cold, which led to the appearance of clothes from skins - the oldest material for making clothes among hunting tribes. Clothing made from skins before the invention of weaving was the main clothing of primitive peoples.

Skins taken from animals killed by men during hunting were usually processed by women with the help of special scrapers made of stone, bones, and shells. When processing the skin, the remains of meat and tendons were first scraped off from the inner surface of the skin, then the hair was removed in a variety of ways, depending on the region.

Various plant fibers were also used to make clothes.

What is beauty?

Each of you at least once in your life has experienced the admiration of the beauty of a winter forest, a flowering garden, sunrise over the sea, enchanting folk tunes, timeless melodies of classical compositions, incendiary rhythms of modern music. Why do we understand that all this is beautiful? The answer to this question is both easy and difficult. You can say without hesitation: "I see that this is beautiful," or "I feel that all this is beautiful." But what exactly is beauty, no one will answer for sure. After all, the understanding of beauty extends to objects, phenomena, and to the appearance of a person, and to his inner, moral essence. When we say "beautiful person" what do we mean? Correct facial features, slim figure? Or his spiritual beauty, kindness, nobility? Or maybe both together? What is more important both in life and in art - form or content?

What is beauty

And why do people deify her?

She is a vessel in which there is emptiness,

Or fire flickering in a vessel

N. Zabolotsky

At all times, people have sought to capture their attitude to life in various forms of art. All life impressions are refracted through the inner world of the artist and addressed to the experience of each viewer, reader, listener. Feelings embodied in art are not identical to life. They are always mediated by an artistic ideal, a system of value ideas. Artistic emotions are not a cast of momentary experiences, but the result of reflection, life experience.

Perceiving a work of art, a person can experience delight, joy, admiration, shock, anger, sorrow, pain, etc. But the miracle of art is in catharsis - in overcoming an ordinary feeling, enlightenment, purification, elevation of the human soul. And fear, and pain, and excitement, when they are caused by art, contain something beyond what they contain. Psychologist L. Vygotsky wrote: “Art encourages you to seek and find the main thing, to think, to worry again and again about the fate of the characters, correlating them with your own life.”

What feelings do the landscapes depicted on the canvases of artists, in the works of photographers evoke in you?

Think of musical and literary compositions that are consonant with these landscapes.

Look at the picturesque portraits of different people. What attitude to their characters expressed by the artists in these works?

Why do we associate the understanding of beauty with art? Does art only present beautiful images?

How do you explain the phrase: "Art awakens artists in people"?

Listen to some music. What feelings do you experience under the influence of this music and what life associations do you have?

Revelation of eternal beauty

Human culture is based on the unity of truth, goodness and beauty. It is generally accepted that truth is the lot of science, goodness is religion, and beauty belongs to art. However, in art, their inseparable connection is especially clear.

In works of art, people have long embodied their idea of ​​ideal beauty.

Through the centuries, beautiful female images have come down to us: Nefertiti, the wife of the Egyptian pharaoh, and Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love; the mournful, soulful face of the Mother of God and the mysteriously smiling Mona Lisa. They are all different. But each of them is an image-symbol of beauty for all time.

19th century the prayer "Ave Mary" is known. Rejoice, Mary, full of grace! The Lord is with you; blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

“Ave, Mary” (lat. Ave, Maria), “Hail Mary” is a Catholic prayer to the Mother of God. This prayer is also called an angelic greeting or angelicosalutatio, since its first phrase is the greeting of the Archangel Gabriel addressed by him to the Blessed Virgin at the moment of the Annunciation.

Many pieces of music have been written on the text of the prayer. Among the authors of music: Palestrina, I.S. Bach, G. Caccini, C. Gounod, A. Dvorak, G. Verdi. The work “Ave Maria” by F. Schubert to the words of V. Scott is widely known.

In Orthodoxy, the prayer "Ave, Maria" corresponds to the Song of the Most Holy Theotokos.

Virgin Mother of God, rejoice, Blessed Mary, the Lord is with you; Blessed are You in women and blessed is the Fruit of Your womb, as if the Savior gave birth to our souls.

frozen music

Symbols of beauty are many monuments of architecture. Moving around an architectural structure and inside it, comparing the appearance and character of the interior, a person perceives its vital and spiritual purpose more deeply.

A white-stone temple stands above the mirror of the calm surface of the Nerl River, as if admiring its reflection in the water. The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165), the most perfect creation of Vladimir architects, is called a poem embodied in stone. This temple is dedicated to the religious holiday of the Intercession of the Virgin. With dignity, he met foreigners at the gates of the Vladimir land, speaking in the language of stone about its strength and beauty. The deep sadness of the Russian prince Andrei Bogolyubsky for his dead son was embodied in the bright image of this temple. His contemplation causes us a feeling of quiet sadness and peace.

The water surface, flood meadows and, like a tower, like a candle, this light one-domed temple sparkling with dazzling whiteness, so wonderfully growing above their expanse in all its infinite grace, in all its enchanting clarity ... and beauty.

The image of the Reims Cathedral in France, an architectural monument of the 13th century, leaves a no less deep impression. The light openwork bulk of the cathedral, its strict composition, majestic interior, the fusion of architectural forms in a single upward movement give rise to a feeling of endless development. The synthesis of architecture and sculpture is perceived as a festive symphony of lancet arches, columns and flourishing, fabulously magnificent sculptural decoration. There is a lively beating of creative thought in it.

The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (XVI century) is one of the few surviving monuments of the era of Ivan the Terrible in Moscow, one of the first stone tent churches in Russia. Kolomenskoye was a symbol of the Mount of Olives, on which the Ascension of the Lord took place.

What feelings does the contemplation of these temples cause in you? Compare your impressions with the statements above.

Why is the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl associated with a candle?

Why is architecture often referred to as frozen music?

What musical works familiar to you are consonant with the images of temples?

Listen to fragments of Russian and Western European sacred music. What do they have in common, and what distinguishes them?

Why can these monuments of architecture and music be classified as undeniable masterpieces representing the ideals of beauty?

Does beauty have its own laws?

Harmony (Greek harmonia) is consonance, agreement, proportionality, subordination of parts of the whole.

Composition (from Latin compposito - composition, compilation, connection, reconciliation) in art - construction, the internal structure of the work, its integrity and proportionality of its constituent parts.

Beauty really has its own laws! An architectural structure (a temple or just a hut), a painting or a graphic work, a sculpture or a product of folk craftsmen, an old chant or a folk song, a play, a film or a large composition for a symphony orchestra - all of them are created according to the laws of beauty.

The main laws, common to all types of art, which determine beauty, are based on harmony.

Harmony is inherent in the World and all its components. It just needs to be able to see and extract it, as an artist and a scientist do, who feel harmony to a greater extent than other people.

The ancient Greeks, who discovered the concept of harmony, closely associated it with the concept of measure. “Respect the measure in everything,” the ancient Greek sages advised. The measure forced to constantly reveal internal connections through symmetry, proportions, rhythm - the basic concepts in nature, and in art, and in science.

Symmetry, proportions, rhythm are closely related to mathematics. It is no coincidence that the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras and his followers argued that everything is beautiful thanks to the number. They created the doctrine of the harmony of the spheres, arguing that the distances between the planets correspond to the numerical ratios of the musical scale, which determines the integrity and harmony of the Cosmos.

Symmetry as a sign of a living organism is used to be perceived as a principle organizing the world. Everything that is symmetrical is familiar, pleasing to the eye, and therefore is evaluated as beautiful. In art, symmetry finds expression in the compositional construction of works.

Composition is a powerful means of expression in any art form.

Often it is the compositional solution that conveys the pathos of a work of art.

The proportions of the structure of the human body in Antiquity determined the beauty and proportionality of Greek architecture. A particularly important role in art is played by the golden ratio - the proportion of the golden section, which has been used since antiquity. The best works of art - architecture, music, painting, literature - are built according to the rules of the golden section.

The golden ratio is obtained by dividing a segment into two unequal parts, in which the smaller part relates to the larger one as much as the larger one to the entire length of the segment. If you divide the segment in half, it will seem too frozen, lifeless. If the place of division of the segment is too close to one of its ends, then an impression of imbalance, anxiety will be created. Only the golden ratio inspires at the same time feelings of peace and vitality and therefore is perceived as beautiful.

The musical scale is divided into proportional parts, it is literally permeated with proportions, and proportionality is a sign of beauty.

In music, the culmination of a work is usually located at the point of the golden ratio. Rhythm in art determines the nature of the composition. But rhythm is also a characteristic property of any living organism. Biorhythms are the condition of its existence. Rhythm is in everything that depends on time. This is a kind of measure of time and regularity of processes. In nature, literally everything is subject to rhythm: the change of day and night, the seasons, the phases of the moon, etc. A typical sign of rhythm is a certain regularity in the repetition of phenomena, forms, and elements.

Rhythm breathes life into a work of art! It is thanks to the rhythm of the parts that make up the whole work that we capture its character: calm or disturbing, majestic or fussy. Rhythm conveys movement.

The musical rhythm has its own characteristics. In music, rhythm in the broad sense of the word determines the composition - the form of a musical work. Emotions reflected in music are capable of rapid and even instantaneous transitions. For example, when changing compositional sections, the composer freely moves from one emotion to another, just as a writer or film director freely transfers the reader, the viewer, several years ahead or back, from the story of one character to the adventures of another. At the same time, with a gradual, psychologically motivated transition, the composer often uses knowledge of the temporary laws of the connection of life emotions. Some emotions are mobile, changeable, others differ in constancy. This depth of immersion in the emotional state is reflected in the music. The logic of emotional transitions is often reflected in the form of the work, the proportions of its parts.

In a narrow sense, the word "rhythm" means a rhythmic pattern - a sequence of sounds of different duration, which determines the nature of the melody. For example, a dotted rhythm is typical for marching, energetic music, and a measured alternation of even durations is typical for a lullaby.

Each era brings its own musical rhythms associated with human activities. Along with the rhythms of running machines, the sound of wheels of running trains, all kinds of signals, music can also convey the “frozen time” of the cosmos, the Universe, the element of twinkling stars. There are no borders in the world ether. And often it is rhythms that become messengers of cultures. The rhythms of the peoples of Africa, the indigenous peoples of America have become the property of all mankind. Under their influence, the rhythms of classical, modern music became richer.

Look at the fine art on the pages of the textbook. What role does harmony, proportions, symmetry, rhythm play in the compositional solution of each of them?

Listen to several pieces of music, follow the development of the music, the contrast of its parts, determine the place of the culmination using graphic images (phrasing leagues, notation of dynamics, rhythmic patterns).

Listen to the 1st movement of W.-A. Mozart's Symphony No. 40 (or "Unfinished Symphony" by F. Schubert). Follow the changes in the emotional state, the logic of the development of musical thought expressed by the composer.

Create a harmonious composition with an expressive artistic image on one of the topics: “Sports Festival”, “Disco”, “Music”, “Shopping”, “Loneliness”, “Seasons”, etc. Where can such a composition be used?

Have people always understood beauty in the same way?

The art of each era seeks to create an image of a beautiful person who has absorbed the best features of his time. According to the change of ideals, views, tastes of people, styles in art also changed.

Clothing is an important part of a person's appearance. It is no coincidence that they say: "They meet by clothes ...". Indeed, the costume is the hallmark of the era. In it, as in a mirror, people's ideas about a wonderful person, his worldview and tastes are reflected.

Look at the works of art located on these pages.

How has the idea of ​​human beauty changed in different eras? in different strata of society? Describe the ideal of a beautiful person in different eras.

Listen to fragments of works of instrumental music. With the image of a person of what era do they correspond? How does the costume convey the worldview of people?

Artistic and creative task

The ideals of which era in the history of mankind are especially close to you - do you like architecture and clothing, music and painting, is your lifestyle attractive? Dream up and imagine that you live at that time. Think about who you would like to be. Picture yourself as the ideal person of your favorite era. (Materials: pen, ink; appliqué; watercolor; linocut, etc.) Select pieces of music that correspond to that time.

The Middle Ages ... When we think about them, the walls of knightly castles and the bulk of Gothic cathedrals grow before our mental gaze, we recall the crusades and strife, the fires of the Inquisition and feudal tournaments - the whole textbook set of signs of the era. But these are external signs, a kind of scenery against which people act. What are they? What was their way of seeing the world, what guided their behavior? If you try to restore the spiritual image of the people of the Middle Ages, the mental, cultural fund by which they lived, it will turn out that this time is almost completely absorbed by the thick shadow cast on it by classical antiquity, on the one hand, and the Renaissance, on the other. How many misconceptions and prejudices are associated with this era?

The concept of "Middle Age", which arose several centuries ago to designate the period separating Greco-Roman antiquity from modern times, and from the very beginning carried a critical, pejorative assessment - a failure, a break in the cultural history of Europe - has not lost this content and this day. Speaking of backwardness, lack of culture, lack of rights, they resort to the expression "medieval".

Medieval European culture covers the period from the fall of the Roman Empire to the moment of the active formation of the culture of the Renaissance and is divided into the culture of the early period (V-XI centuries) and the culture of the classical Middle Ages (XII-XIV centuries). The emergence of the term "Middle Ages" is associated with the activities of the Italian humanists of the 15th-16th centuries, who, by introducing this term, sought to separate the culture of their era - the culture of the Renaissance - from the culture of previous eras. The era of the Middle Ages brought with it new economic relations, a new type of political system, as well as global changes in the worldview of people.

The entire culture of the early Middle Ages had a religious connotation. The basis of the medieval picture of the world was the images and interpretations of the Bible. The starting point for explaining the world was the idea of ​​a complete and unconditional opposition of God and nature, Heaven and Earth, soul and body. The man of the Middle Ages imagined and understood the world as an arena of confrontation between good and evil, as a kind of hierarchical system, including God, and angels, and people, and otherworldly forces of darkness.

Along with the strong influence of the church, the consciousness of medieval man continued to be deeply magical. This was facilitated by the very nature of medieval culture, filled with prayers, fairy tales, myths, magic spells. In general, the history of the culture of the Middle Ages is the history of the struggle between church and state. The position and role of art in this era were complex and contradictory, but nevertheless, throughout the entire period of development of European medieval culture, there was a search for a semantic support for the spiritual community of people.

All classes of medieval society recognized the spiritual leadership of the church, but, nevertheless, each of them developed their own special culture, in which they reflected their moods and ideals.

The purpose of the work is to study the era, life, costume of Western Europe in the XI-XIII centuries.

1) to study the development of the Middle Ages of the XI-XIII centuries;

2) to consider the life and costume in the XI-XIII centuries.