Predicate - the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and answering the questions: “what does the object (or person) do?”, “What happens to it?”, “What is it?”, “What is it?”, “Who is it? » etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons that are expressed by the subject. The predicate is most often expressed by a verb that agrees with the subject, but often the predicate is also expressed by other parts of speech. emphasizeddouble dash.
Simple verb a predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:
· Wind shakes the grass!
· The sun disappeared behind a cloud.
· I AM I will go to the forest.
· He would go to the city.
· You Write me a letter right now!
Compound predicate. The compound predicate is verbal and nominal. It consists of two parts: a copula and a verbal or nominal part.
Compound verb the predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers the questions " what is he doing?», « what to do?», « what have you been doing?» The ligament part can be:
phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe not able).
· He wants to go to college.
· I AM I couldn't meet them for a long time.
· You must learn.
· He was a lover of fun.
· I AM was unable to think about it.
Compound nominal A predicate is a predicate that consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.
The most common is the linking verb. be, are less common, but other linking verbs are possible.
A link in a sentence can be omitted.
The nominal part of the compound predicate is expressed in different ways:
adjective: the weather was good;
· a noun: a book is a true friend;
comparative degree of the adjective: its character is harder than steel;
a brief turn of the passive participle: the grass is mowed;
short adjective: the evening is quiet;
adverb: the error was obvious;
· numeral: twice two - four;
pronoun: this notebook is mine;
- syntactically complete phrase: he sat in a puddle.
Ticket number 37
A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a link, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the nominative case, for example: Moscow – capital of Russia. Gathering place – parade ground(Sholokhov).
As a rule, a dash is placed:
sentences that have the character of a logical definition, for example: Geology – the science of the structure, composition, history of the earth's crust;
in sentences of a scientific or journalistic style containing a description, assessment of an object or phenomenon, for example: A life– a special form of motion of matter that occurs at a certain stage of its development;
after homogeneous subjects, for example: Flattery and cowardice– the worst vices(Turgenev); Space and time – basic forms of any existence;
to clarify the meaning of the sentence; compare: Older brother– my teacher; My elder brother– teacher.
A dash is usually not put, although the subject and predicate are expressed in the nominative case of the noun:
b) in simple sentences of a colloquial style of speech, for example: My sister is a student;
b) if there are comparative conjunctions between the subject and the predicate as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if etc., for example: Pond how shiny steel(Fet); You are among sisters like dove white between gray, simple pigeons(Nekrasov); you have a brooch sort of bee(Chekhov); city houses exactly piles of dirty snow(Bitter).
A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb, or if one of the main members of the sentence is expressed in the nominative case of the noun, and the other in the indefinite form of the verb. For instance: scientist to teach – only spoil(proverb); Our duty – defend the fortress until our last breath...(Pushkin).
A dash is placed before words it, it is, here, it means, it means, connecting the predicate to the subject. For instance: Kremlin-it treasury of Russian architecture, the creation of great masters, a living chronicle of centuries of history(From newspapers). All past, present and future - it we, not the blind force of the elements(Bitter).
Wed: Late autumn - it when the rowan shrivels from frost and becomes, as they say, “sweet”(Prishvin) (the whole sentence acts as a predicate).
A dash is placed if both main members of the sentence are expressed in the nominative case of a cardinal numeral or if one of them is expressed in the nominative case of a noun, and the other in a numeral or a turnover with a numeral. For instance: So nine forty – three hundred and sixty, right?(Pismsky); Big Dipper– seven bright stars; Specific gravity of gold– 19,3 g/cm3.
Note. In the specialized literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not put in this case, for example, the melting point of gold is 1064.4 ◦; The lifting capacity of the crane is 2.5 t, the subtraction of the boom is 5 m.
A dash is placed between the subject, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by the predicative adverb in - O, if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence, for example: Prepare for exams– not so easy(Fedin); yield– shamefully(V. Tendryakov); It's very unbearable– move(Goncharov).
But (with no pause): It's very easy to judge a person in disfavor(L. Tolstoy).
A dash is placed before a predicate, an expressed phraseological phrase, for example: Both woman and man - a pair of nickels (Chekhov); And the porch - God forbid another prince...(A.N. Tolstoy).
With the subject expressed by the pronoun it, a dash is put or not put depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:
a) This-Start all beginnings; This-first actress performance; This-loneliness (Chekhov);
b) This is Zverkov's house(Gogol); This is a quail net.(Chekhov); This is a very difficult problem.
A dash is usually not put if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate is expressed by the nominative case of a noun, for example: ...I am an honest person and never compliment(Chekhov); I'm terribly glad you're my brother(L. Tolstoy); He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcer of these places.(Krylov).
A dash in this case is placed in opposition or in logical underlining of the predicate, for example: You-old child, theorist, and I - young old man and practitioner...(Chekhov); I AM - manufacturer, you – shipowner... (Bitter); Not me, not me, but you malicious element (Fedin).
A dash is not put if one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by an interrogative-relative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the nominative case or a personal pronoun, for example: Tell me who is your friend and I am I'll tell you who you are.
A dash, as a rule, is not put if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, a pronominal adjective, a prepositional-nominal combination. For instance: She has a very kind heart, but a troubled head(Turgenev); My cherry orchard!(Chekhov). The back of the shark is dark blue, and the belly is dazzling white.(Goncharov).
Setting a dash in these cases aims to divide the sentence intonation and facilitate the perception of its content, for example: Pupils – cat, long...(Sholokhov); Height near the scattered houses of the farm– command...(Kazakevich).
In footnotes, a dash separates the explained word from the explanation, regardless of the form of the predicate. For instance: Lakshmi is the goddess of beauty and wealth in Indian mythology; Apis is considered a sacred animal by the ancient Egyptians.
Linguistics (linguistics, linguistics; from lat. lingua- language) - the science that studies languages. This is the science of natural human language in general and of all the languages of the world as its individual representatives. In the broad sense of the word, linguistics is divided into scientific and practical. Most often, linguistics refers to scientific linguistics. It is part of semiotics as a science of signs.
Linguistics is professionally practiced by linguists.
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers the questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? etc.
The main features of the predicate:
1. Denotes a predictive feature, i.e. a sign of the subject, called the subject, in the modal-temporal plan. A sign is understood here broadly - it is an action, a property, a state, etc.
The relationship "object - feature" in speech is either stated or established by the speaker. This deep and very significant difference for syntax determines the opposition of predicative and non-predicative features.
The predicative feature is attributed to the subject by the speakers, and the relation of the feature to the subject is compared in time with the moment of speech. The relation of the predicative feature to the subject is evaluated by the speaker in the modal plane. In a non-predicative attributive feature, there is no modal-temporal assessment of the relationship of the feature to the object. The relation of a feature to an object is stated by the speaker regardless of the moment of speech. The connection of a non-predicative attribute with an object is presented as given.
The opposition between predicative and non-predicative signs is based on the difference not in material, but in grammatical meaning. Therefore, a non-predicative attribute can be turned into a predicative one - when expressing a modal-temporal assessment of the attribute's relation to an object: Tree- green (was / will be green); Tree- without leaves (was / will be without leaves); compare: A green tree stands under the window; A tree without leaves lies on the ground.
Thus, the concept of a predicative feature, in comparison with the general syntactic concept of a feature, is more complex, and the expression of a predicative feature includes means of a modal-temporal characteristic of the relationship of a feature to an object.
2. Structurally (grammatically) depends on the subject, but there are not always grammatical indicators of dependence. For instance: The students listened to the musical sketch. - It's nice to listen to music.
3. Other signs of the predicate:
1. It is expressed by the conjugated form of the verb or by the name.
2. Usually takes a position after the subject.
3. Partially corresponds to "reme", i.e. new.
The expression in the predicate of a predicative sign implies the presence of two meanings - real and grammatical. Real value- this is the specific name of the attribute attributed to the subject. It is based on the lexical meaning of a word (or a combination of words) acting as a predicate. Therefore, the predicate must be represented by a significant word or have it in its composition.
grammatical meaning predicate, and, consequently, all its elements, all individual meanings are expressed by conjugated verb forms. This means that the direct material indicators of particular meanings that form the general grammatical meaning of the predicate are verb inflections and formal suffixes. It is these formal verbal elements - or their significant absence - that are a necessary, obligatory component of the grammatical form of the predicate. The verb, as a full-fledged word, as a full-fledged lexical unit, does not necessarily have to express the predicate or be part of it. One of the important tasks in the characterization of the predicate is to clarify the role of the verb, verbal formal indicators in the constructive varieties of the predicate.
Conjugated verb forms express not only modal-temporal meanings, but also the relation of the feature indicated in the predicate to the subject named in the subject. A formal indicator of this relatedness is the grammatical dependence (subordination) of verb forms on the subject. Verbal forms are consistent with the same type of word forms that perform the function of the subject.
So, the grammatical meaning of the predicate is the relation of the feature to the subject and the modal-temporal evaluation of the feature. An indicator of grammatical meaning is a verb in conjugated form or its significant absence.
Unlike the subject, the predicate is endowed with greater complexity and diversity in semantic and structural terms.
The syntax adopted two principles for dividing predicates:
1) by structure (composition), 2) by morphological expression.
To understand the essence of this division, one must turn to the semantics (content) of the predicate. Any predicate expresses a predicative sign. This means that the predicate contains two meanings: 1) the specific (real) value of the attribute - denotes actions, properties, states, etc. This sign, in contrast to the sign transmitted in a phrase, is predicative, i.e. presented in modal-temporal terms. This implies the second mandatory meaning of the predicate 2) the meaning of predicativity (modal-temporal meaning).
Let's move on to the classifications of predicates. By structure, the predicates are divided into simple and compound. Simple predicates are a synthetic designation of a predicative feature, in them the real and grammatical meaning are expressed together, undivided. By structure, this is one word, one component. Compound predicates represent an analytical designation of a predicative feature. Real and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words, therefore compound predicates consist of two or more components ( wanted to study, was a student). Sometimes the so-called complex predicates are distinguished, consisting of 3 or more components: wanted to start working, dreamed of becoming an actor. However, such a selection of a separate type of predicate is not entirely legitimate, since in essence these are complications of compound predicates.
According to morphological expression, predicates are distinguished 1) verbal and 2) nominal. It takes into account what part of speech the real meaning of the predicate is expressed. For instance: studied, wanted to study, began to study- verbal predicates, became a scientist- nominal predicate. This division is not only formal, but also semantic. Verbal predicates are associated with the expression of an effective sign, nominal - an ineffective sign.
These two classifications overlap. The result is the following scheme:
PREDICATE
SIMPLE COMPOSITE
Uncomplicated Complicated Verbal Nominal
uncomplicated complicated uncomplicated complicated
Simple verb predicate
A simple predicate can only be a verb. The morphological standard (sample) and the morphological support of the forms of a simple predicate is a conjugated verb, a set of conjugated verb forms.
Conjugated verbal forms have formal indicators of the grammatical meanings of mood and tense, which determine the essence of the predicative feature contained in the predicate. Functional delimitation in the transfer of the meaning of the predicate (expression of the real content of the attribute and grammatical meaning) is carried out within one word - this is the division of functions between morphemes. A simple verbal predicate is fundamentally synthetic; this determines the syntactic essence of this type of predicate.
The synthetic nature of a simple verbal predicate does not mean that it must be monosyllabic. However, when expressing a simple predicate by a combination of words, there cannot be a complete functional delimitation between words (one word expresses the material content of the feature, the second - the grammatical meaning of the predicate). In any case, only formal indicators (verbal inflections and formal suffixes) are the means of expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate. The basis of the verbal component, to one degree or another, participates in the expression of the material content of the attribute - in naming the action attributed to the subject, which is indicated in the subject. This helps to distinguish between a simple verbal predicate expressed by a combination of words and a compound predicate.
Among the diverse forms of a simple verbal predicate, we will, first of all, distinguish between basic forms that express only the main grammatical meaning of the predicate, and complicated forms that contain additional grammatical meanings in addition to the main meaning.
Uncomplicated simple verb predicate the predominant is expressed by the verb in any of the mood forms: The less we love a woman, the more she likes us.- indicative. At the same time, it should be remembered that among the forms of the indicative mood there are analytical (complex), as a result of which a simple verbal predicate may consist of more than one word. These are the forms of the future tense of imperfective verbs ( Will work), subjunctive mood (would work), some forms of expression of the imperative mood ( Long live the sun. Let the darkness hide! Pushkin; Let bird cherry trees dry with linen in the wind, let lilacs fall like rain. Vysotsky). Also, the composition of a simple verbal predicate may include particles no, it was, as if, and so (And then she would cry. The visitor seemed not to notice me. And that they, well, shout at each other.).
Less commonly, a simple verbal predicate can be expressed by a non-conjugated form of the verb (infinitive, verbal interjection) or by an interjection: And the queen laugh, and shrug her shoulders (Pushkin); An unloaded grenade Terkin of a German with a left shmyak (Tvardovsky); If the guy in the mountains is not "ah" (Vysotsky).
Often the predicate is expressed by verb phraseological units: He does not knit a bast;Here they scour the world, they beat the buckets; This clerk is no match for me; Ivan listened to his grandfather for a long time and shook his head.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed by a descriptive verb-nominal phrase: my friend came here in a terrible despondency. These are combinations of a verb with a weakened lexical meaning with an abstract noun (to make a decision, to assist, to rearrange). These combinations are functionally equal to the verb: they are the integral name of the verb feature and perform the function of one member of the sentence. These phrases are semantically integral and their identity with one word (a full-fledged verb) brings these combinations closer to verb phraseological units, but they are not phraseological units in the full sense of the word. Their syntactic indivisibility is determined not by semantic indivisibility, as in phraseological units, but by the ambiguity of the verbal component.
Complicated simple verb predicates commonly found in colloquial speech. They are formed on the basis of uncomplicated forms and differ from them in the presence of grammatical means expressing an additional meaning that is superimposed on the main grammatical one without changing it. An additional value in complicated forms of PGS has a modal-expressive nature of the assessment of a predicative sign, i.e. does not change the LZ of the verb. Complicated PGS can be expressed in the following ways:
1. Using particles: The forest seemed to be dozing. And then they, well, fight, well, beat each other. So Ivan got married! So I'll tell you the truth! And he sleeps to himself and does not blow in his mustache.
2. Verb form take(by value, this is a particle) connected using unions and yes with the same form of another verb to denote an arbitrary action that can be performed in spite of any obstacle, someone's will: Ivan took it and left.
3. Repetitions of two identical verb forms: I'm going, I'm going in an open field, the bell is ding-ding-ding (Pushkin)
4. Conjugated verb form and one-root adverb: And the girl is crying.
5. The combination of the infinitive with the single-root conjugated form of the verb, expressing a shade of concession or doubt about the appropriateness of the action: I thought about it, but the solution still does not come.
6. Two conjugated verbs in the same form, with the first pointing to the action, and the second to its goal: I'll go for a walk down the street.
7. The indefinite form of the verb is combined with the personal form of the same verb with a particle not: The student does not know, but tries to pass the exam.
8. The composition of the predicate includes a turnover to express the duration or intensity of the action: Ivan did nothing but reread her letter.
Compound verb predicate consists of two components - auxiliary and main. The main component expresses the main information, i.e. a concrete, real meaning and is expressed by a morphological verb or a verb phraseological unit in the infinitive form.
Auxiliary Component a compound verbal predicate is a conjugated verb, a verb phraseological unit or a descriptive verb-nominal phrase: Of course, they had no right to do so. An analytical combination of nominal forms with the conjugated form of the verb copula (including zero) is also possible: You must forget about it forever. The auxiliary component of the verbal predicate expresses two types of meanings: 1) mood, tense, person as terms of predicativity, 2) an assessment of the mode of action or attitude to the action, denoted by the main component - the infinitive. The first is based on the forms of the verb, and the second is based on its lexical meaning. The lexical meaning of the auxiliary verb as part of the predicate is grammatized, i.e. acquires an abstract, evaluative character, while losing the meaning of the action, the process. The estimated value of the auxiliary component distinguishes GHS from ASG. Compare: He was reading. – started to read, wanted to read, could read, had to read. Distinguish phase and modal value of the auxiliary component of the GHS.
Phase value The auxiliary component of the GHS is to assess the course of the action, indicate its stages. Phase verbs are those with the meaning of the beginning, continuation, end of the action ( start, start, start; continue; stop, stop, stop, end). With phase verbs, only the imperfective infinitive is used. The verb is adjacent to the phase become. Not always having the meaning of the beginning of the action, it can indicate the fact of its occurrence: My neighbor began to get the right melodies.
modal value The auxiliary component of the GHS is to assess the attitude of the actor (subject) to the action, called the infinitive of the main verb. Modal meaning can be expressed not only by verbs, but also by verb phraseological units, descriptive turns, analytical constructions. The auxiliary component of the CGS expresses the following modal meanings:
1) possibilities-impossibility: I could not accurately describe my condition; (keep pace, be able to, guess, contrive);
2) obligations: I am forced to do an unloved thing (must, forced, obliged);
3) expression of will as a relation to action, having the following shades: 1) desirability (want, dream, wish, please) Katya did not want to disturb her father with vain suspicions; 2) readiness, determination (decide, decide, intend, think, prepare, gather) I was ready to run for a long time; 3) consent (to agree. Take it, allow yourself) Mishka quickly undertook to help me with mathematics; 4) an expression of will with a hint of the meaning of an act, an attempt to commit it ( try, try, try): we were about to go to bed, but then someone knocked;
4) subjective-emotional assessment: (prefer, get addicted, love) She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony (Pushkin); How glad I am to hear of your decision!
5) assessment of the degree of usual action: (to get used to, to learn, to adapt, to happen) He was not used to taking everyone's word for it.
Neither the modal nor the phase components express their own action.
Also auxiliary component can be expressed or verb phraseological units, or descriptive verb-nominal phrases.
Verbal phraseological units express the same modal meanings as the corresponding modal verbs in specialized forms (possibility, desirability, subjective-emotional assessment, etc.). A few verbal phraseological units with a modal meaning act as an auxiliary component of the predicate. All of them are characterized by this or that stylistic coloring.
In the expression of the modal meaning, the entire composition of the verbal phraseological unit is involved. The general grammatical meaning of the predicate is expressed by the formal indicators of the conjugated verbal member of the phraseological unit. Since the modal meaning is characteristic of the phraseological unit as a whole, it must be considered that the expression of general grammatical meanings and the modal is not distributed between the components of the phraseological unit, i.e. carried out synthetically (cf.: to have the honor, set a goal, burn with desire: He seemed to set out to scare, laugh and surprise the most respectable audience(TO.); Only Chekhov and Korolenko had the courage to do so and resign their honorary titles in protest.(Tel.); When they met, he used to kiss(Tel.); Chapaev had several winning phrases in reserve- he never missed an opportunity to insert them into his speech(Fur.); - In general, the doctor had no right to marry you,- said Nikolai Ivanovich(A. T.).
It must be said that verbal phraseological units with a modal meaning sometimes do not have modal verbs correlative in meaning (for example, be honored) and therefore they expand the range of modal means in the compound verbal predicate, although they are unproductive in themselves due to a well-known stylistic distinction.
Descriptive verb-nominal phrases with a modal meaning are formed from verbs with an extremely weakened meaning (to have, to give, to express etc.) and abstract nouns formed from modal verbs (habit, desire, promise, intention and etc.): to have intention - cf. intend: express a desire- cf. want; give a promise - cf. promise; have a habit cf. get used to; give an oath- cf. swear off etc.
V analytical non-specialized forms of the compound verb The auxiliary component of the predicate has a two-term structure. It consists of a link and a full word from the class of names; each member has its own function. The link in conjugated form expresses the main grammatical meaning of the predicate (the meaning of the present tense of the indicative mood is found in the zero form of the link be). The nominal member expresses the modal meaning (the types of modal meanings are the same as in the predicate with conjugated verbs). Thus, in analytical forms, the grammatical meanings of the auxiliary component are expressed separately. However, the analytical construction as a whole is functionally adequate to the conjugated modal verb (cf.: agreed to leave- agreed to leave).
The nominal member of the auxiliary component can be consistent (consistent with the subject in number and gender) - these are the norms of short adjectives or participles (glad, ready, must, much, compelled, agree and etc.): - You should have loved him faithfully, with all your heart.(A. T.); And then Malinin was not in the power to help him(WITH); - Well I'm ready to apologize(A. T.); With emancipation, the old order was to disappear into eternity.(M.-S). Unproductive analytic combinations of the copula adjoin the consistent forms find with the instrumental case of the full form of adjectives necessary, necessary: Everyone found it necessary to smile and smoke penny incense(Ch.); If Serpilin finds it necessary to summon him,- very good(WITH).
An inconsistent nominal member can be represented by a noun in the nominative case (master, amateur etc.), a noun in the prepositional case with a preposition in (able, able, intent etc.) and modal-predicative adverb (right, don't mind and etc.): The old man was a master of fairy tales to tell(B.); - We are all masters in a drunken state to tear the throat, and just a little, and the tail is tucked(Ch.); - That's lying! Ho-ho-ho! I did not know, Shurenka, that you are such a master of sharpening balusters!(Ch.); - I can't sleep at all.(Ch.); Prokhor can't smile(Shishk.); People were not able to take a step further(WITH); - After all, you would not mind joining their company.(M.-S).
The analytical constructions of the auxiliary component, although in principle they duplicate the main modal meanings of the conjugated verbs, may in particular differ from them both in some shades and in stylistic coloring. Some analytic constructions are not correlative in meaning with modal verbs (should, was glad, had to and etc.).
Therefore, being unproductive due to their grammatical features, analytical non-specialized forms of the compound verbal predicate are a necessary link in the system of forms of the considered structural subtype of the predicate.
All the noted constructions of the main forms of the compound verbal predicate have an essential common feature - the expression of one of the specific grammatical meanings, phase or modal - and differ in the ways of transferring these meanings, the means of expressing the auxiliary component.
SGS can have a complicated form. The auxiliary component becomes more complicated, and the real meaning of the predicate is not affected; compare: continued to work - wanted to continue working, was ready to continue working, expressed a desire to continue working. In the complicated forms of the compound verbal predicate, not one, but two grammatical meanings of the phase or modal type are expressed. This means that in addition to the main, real infinitive component, the composition of the complicated form includes at least two units of an auxiliary nature. The grammatical complication of the compound verbal predicate is carried out at the expense of the auxiliary component. For example, in a sentence Shubin wanted to start working, but the clay crumbled(T.) the auxiliary component is represented by a combination of two verbs, each of which concludes its own grammatical meaning (wanted- modal, to begin - phase), and the conjugated form of one of them is a morphological means of expressing the main grammatical meaning.
Compound nominal predicate includes components that are different in morphological nature. The main component is represented by the forms of names and other categories of words, similar in meaning to names. The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations), which lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called a link, and the main component is called a nominal (binding) part.
Bundle performs the following functions: 1) expresses the main elements of the predicative meaning; 2) connects the predicate with the subject, formally expresses its dependence on the subject; 3) contains a modal assessment of the relationship between the subject and the feature. The link does not participate in the expression of the real value of the predicate.
In SIS, ligaments express the following main types of modal-evaluative values:
1) possession of a feature ( be, be, stay) Sister was a doctor .;
2) the occurrence of a feature, its evaluation as changing ( become, become) The weather became cloudy;
3) feature detection ( turn out, turn out, get out) With the arrival to you there was a misunderstanding;
4) assessment of the feature as a supposed, apparent, imaginary ( to appear, to appear) My words seemed to him impudence;
5) assessment of the sign as corresponding to someone's opinion, idea (to be considered, to be reputed) His departure to the city was considered a matter decided in the family.
Ligaments can be specialized, i.e. achieve a high degree of grammaticalization and be used with any form of names ( to be, to appear, to become, to become, to seem, to be reputed, to appear, to be considered, to appear, etc.). Other connectives allow the use of only certain forms of nominal parts, moreover, the lexico-semantic range of names can also be limited. These are non-specialized links. Their lexical meaning has not been completely grammaticalized, it is more specific than the meaning of bundles of specialized (distinguish, stand out, be famous, have a look, acquire character, look. position).
It is disputable to include structures of the type lay in a faint, returned rejuvenated. The conjugated verb partially performs the function of a link, expressing modal-temporal meanings and dependence on the subject. However, the verb does not convey modal-evaluative meanings, it is not grammatical. It denotes an independent action. In such sentences, two predicative features active and passive are simultaneously expressed, therefore, the predicate can be classified as “double” (A.A. Shakhmatov). In a different interpretation, these predicates are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of PGS with a predicative definition. According to Lekant, such predicates should not be considered in the SIS series in the strict sense of the term, since the conjugated verb here cannot be regarded as a bunch. However, it is impossible to consider the examples given by him the same. Compare: Vera Dmitrievna got up sad and tearful; After the seventh grade, we parted as friends.
So, the link SIS has an abstract meaning, it does not participate in the expression of a real value. It certainly contains indicators of conjugated verb forms, including the zero connective to be. The so-called bunch-particles ( it, here, such, as, precisely, as if, means, etc.) do not replace the verb copula, but only combine with it, including the zero one.
The nominal part of the SIS varied in formal expression and meaning.
1. Names are combined with a bunch in various forms. Some of them are typical for a given function (predicative forms), while others are atypical, formed in a phrase to perform an attributive function (non-predicative forms).
Predicative forms include:
1) indeclinable forms - short forms of adjectives and passive participles: The days were cloudy. Construction completed on time;
2) inflected forms - nouns, full adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns: The river was deep. He considered it his duty. Two yes two - four;
3) the invariable form of the comparative degree of qualitative adjectives: The weather got better in the evening.
All forms of indirect cases of a noun are non-predicative, except for the instrumental predicative (however, instrumental comparisons are included here: You have a potato nose). These forms are not motivated by the verb copula. Non-predicative forms include stable prepositional-case combinations with a metaphorical meaning fixed in the language (on knives, with money, on the nose).
2. The real value of a passive attribute can be transferred to the SIS by invariable words - an adverb, a gerund, an infinitive. These are unproductive forms of the nominal part. The absence of a form change makes it impossible to express their connection with the subject, with the copula. Only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of a state or a qualitative characteristic of an object ( alert, alert, ready) used regularly in SIS. The participles are used as part of the SIS in common parlance and only with the meaning of the state. The infinitive in the SIS does not lose the meaning of the action, but acts as a characteristic of the object named by the subject: Our task is to protect the gate.
The auxiliary component can be complicated by a conjugated verb or a phraseological unit with a phase or modal meaning (the verb link is used in the infinitive): His story could have been more interesting.
The predicate is one of the main members of the sentence, consistent with the subject (in number, gender, person) and answering the questions: “what does the subject do?”, “What is it?”, “Who is it?”, “What is it?” "What's happening to him?"
Syntax in Russian provides ample opportunities for making sentences. The predicate can be a verb, an adverb, an adjective, and even a noun.
verb predicate
Most often, the predicate can be expressed by a verb. At the same time, a simple verbal predicate, a verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. Simple verb predicates include:
- verbs in the imperative, indicative or subjunctive mood (for example: “Don't touch the toy!”, “It's raining”, “I would like to take a walk with friends”);
- phraseological turns based on verbs (“He lost his temper”);
- phrases of two verbs of the same form, the first of which denotes the action, the second - the purpose of the action ("I'll go, is everything all right").
A compound verbal predicate is a phrase whose grammatical and lexical meaning is expressed in different words: an auxiliary and a main verb, the latter being used in the form and carrying the lexical meaning of the predicate (“I wanted to talk about you”). A compound verb predicate can be complicated if it consists of several auxiliary words (“He decided to stop being angry”).
A compound nominal predicate is expressed by a phrase from a linking verb and a nominal part. A linking verb can be:
- the verb “to be”, deprived in this case of its lexical meaning “to exist”, “to be available” (“She was a student”);
- semi-significant verbs “appear”, “appear”, “be”, “appear”, “become”, “become”, “be known”, “be considered” and some others (“He is her hero”);
- full-valued verbs expressing action, movement, state (“Children came to the guests already grubby”).
Other parts of speech, as a predicate
The predicate can only be expressed by an adverb, without using a copula, in the event that the sentence does not need to specify the time of the ongoing action (“It's just monstrous!” Compare: “It was monstrous!”).
A short adjective is often used as a predicate in colloquial and artistic styles ("Our grandfather is not yet old at heart"). Using this technique allows you to vary the composition of the sentence, improve the readability of the text.
The noun becomes a predicate in qualifying sentences and is often separated from the subject by a dash. For example: "My mother is a cook", "The book is a storehouse of wisdom."
Also, sometimes the numeral (“Twice three - six”) also acts as a predicate.
The predicate denotes any action or state of the object, is one of the main members of the sentence along with the subject. Consider what questions the predicate answers.
- What is (object, person)? Examples: The picture (what?) is beautiful - The person (what?) is good.
- What does (person, object) do? What will (person, object) do? These questions are also presented in past and future tenses. Examples: Marina used to (what did she do?) draw - He (what does she do?) plays the piano - The boys (what will they do?) will play football with rivals.
- Who is he (face)? What is it (it) is (an object)? Examples: He (who is he?) is an engineer. This device (what is he?) is a telescope.
- What is happening to him (with his face)? What is being done with it? Example: Data (what is done with it? can also be set: what is done?) is transferred to the site.
The predicate is both nominal and verbal. A simple verbal predicate is expressed in the form of mood.
- Indicative mood: Children (what are they doing?) are playing in the yard.
- Imperative: (What do you do?) Draw me the sun!
- Subjunctive: I (what would I do?) would go on a trip if I had money.
A compound verb predicate is formed from several verbs - an auxiliary verb plus a verb in an indefinite form. Examples:
- What did you do? - he stopped jumping;
- What is he doing? - he wants to sail away;
- What will do? - it will work.
A compound nominal predicate contains a word (linking verb) that expresses not only the exact grammatical meaning of this predicate, but also its nominal part (noun or adjective), which conveys the meaning of the verb. Examples:
- He was kinder than his brother. What was he like? - was kinder. "Was" here is a linking verb, "kinder" is an adjective in the comparative degree. all together - a compound nominal predicate.
- She is now a teacher. Who is she? - teacher. There is no linking verb here, so the link in this sentence is zero. The word "teacher" is the nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the noun in the accusative case. So, in this example, "she" will be the subject, "teacher" - the predicate.
- The sky seemed close. What did the sky do? seemed close. "It seemed" is a linking verb, "close" is an adjective in the instrumental case.
- He will be famous. Who will he be? - be a celebrity. "Will" is a linking verb, "celebrity" is a noun in the instrumental case, the nominal part of the predicate.
Now you know by examples what predicates are in Russian and what questions the predicate answers.
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Compound predicate is a predicate consisting of more than one word. In a compound verbal predicate, one part of such a predicate expresses the semantic meaning of the predicate, and the second expresses the mood and tense of the predicate:
She started to sing- She sang.
The compound verb predicate consists in two parts:
1) The main part of the compound verb predicate, which expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate and is expressed by the infinitive;
2) , which expresses the tense and mood of the verb and is expressed by the verb in conjugated form.
I AM can fly. I AM I want to drink. I AM start running in the morning.
Many infinitive phrases with conjugated verbs can be mistaken for compound verb predicate. But there are two conditions by which you can make sure that we have exactly a compound verb predicate:
1) The action that denotes the main part of the predicate (infinitive) must refer to the subject. If the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence, then we do not have a compound verb predicate, but a simple predicate and an objective infinitive. Compare:
I AM I want to drink. I AM asked bring my sister to me drink.
In the first case, we have a compound verbal predicate, in the second - a simple verbal predicate with an addition "drink" expressed as an infinitive.
2) Auxiliary part of the compound verb predicate cannot exist on its own in a sentence, since the sentence will not have a complete lexical meaning. Compare:
I can hear.(Compound verbal predicate. Sentence "I can" is not such, since it does not have semantic completeness without an infinitive "hear").
He came over to take a look. He approached.(The infinitive in this sentence is not part of the compound verb predicate, but an addition).
The meaning of the auxiliary verb of the compound verbal predicate.
The auxiliary part of the compound verb predicate can have the following meanings:
- Modalities. In this case modality verbs are used: to be able, to be able, to want, to love, to hate, to desire, to try and many others.
- The value of the phase or duration of the action. Expressed using verbs: p continue, start, finish, stop, quit etc.
Scheme for parsing a compound verb predicate.
1) Type of predicate.
2) The form of the verb and the meaning of the auxiliary part and how the main part of the predicate is expressed.
Parsing example.
Rain started clattering even stronger.
Started to rattle- compound verb predicate. The main part (to drum) is expressed by the infinitive. The auxiliary part has a phase meaning and is expressed by the verb in the form of the past tense of the indicative mood.