In the lesson about the concept of a verb, you learned that an action can have a variety of properties and can be thought of in completely different ways. And the verb expresses all this diversity in its forms. In this lesson, you will learn what properties of an action a verb can express using mood.
1. Educational observation
Let's consider different forms of verbs and try to determine when these actions are performed:
went
walk
will walk
would go
walk
So, went... What did you do? - the action takes place in the past.
Walk... Now. What are you doing? - this is the present. The action is taking place now, at the moment when we utter this word.
Will walk... He will walk in the future after we have spoken these words. That is, the action is only will be committed.
I would go. When does this action take place? Would you visit us more often... Is this action performed at all? No! Someone only wants it to happen. And we cannot determine the time here!
Walk! When does the action take place? In present time? In the past? In future? And in none of the times! The action is presented as a request, an order. And again, it is not known whether it will happen or not.
2. Three moods of the verb
With the help of inclination, the attitude of action to reality is expressed. In Russian, the verb has three moods.
Indicative mood: the action is presented as taking place in reality in the present, past or future tense: I read, I read, I will read.
The conditional (subjunctive) mood stands outside of time, it denotes a desired, possible action, that is, an action that did not occur does not occur, but can occur under certain conditions: would read, read, read.
The imperative mood also stands outside of tense, and the verbs in this mood denote an action that, in accordance with the order, wish or request of the speaker, may (or may not) occur: read read.
The inclination of the verb is a fickle sign.
3. Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood
Formation of conditional (subjunctive) mood forms
Took + W (B)
Conditional mood - analytical form.
Verbs in the conditional mood change in numbers, and in the singular - in gender.
The tense and face of the subjunctive verbs do not stand out!
Shades of conditional inclination values:
If you had come earlier, we would have done everything on time. (condition, possible action)
I would love to eat ice cream now. (desirability)
No matter how the thunderstorm starts ... (fear, doubt)
4. Verbs in the imperative mood
The meaning of the forms of the imperative mood:
1. Order : Stand still!(Attention: Stand!- this is not an imperative mood, but an indefinite form of the verb)
2. Request: Come to us more often.
3. Simple motivation Listen carefully to what I am going to tell you now.
4. Resolution, permission: Well, okay, go for a walk.
5. Warning: Look, do not yawn, otherwise you will miss everything!
6. Plea: Have mercy!
7. Ironic urge: Hold your pocket wider!
Formation of forms of imperative mood:
Suffix and+ (those): come, come, learn, learn
- Let (let), yes, let+ present / future tense form: Let's let's see, Yes well, let be comes.
The verb in the imperative mood changes in numbers and in persons and does not change in tenses and gender.
Note!
Hide
Hide
Cut off
Eat
Soft sign before - those saved!
Bibliography
- Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cl. - M .: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6 cl. / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lecant. - M .: Bustard, 2010.
- Edu.glavsprav.ru ().
- Gramma.ru ().
1. Group verbs by mood:
say, I would say, throw it away, ask, give up, work, work, recover, I see, I would go, fly, I will walk, scatter, breathe, lose weight, lie down, lie down.
2. How to change the mood of a verb without changing a single letter?
walk, hold, wear, stop.
3. Form the imperative mood of the verbs:
get out, go, lie down.
4. In the name of some old children's toy, the imperative mood of the verb is written together with a particle - ka ?
5. Give examples of the use of the conditional mood in the meaning of the imperative.
Such a concept as the category of mood in verbs expresses the relationship of action to reality, which is established by the speaker. An action can be thought of as a completely real fact that took place in the past, takes place in the present, or as such, which will necessarily come true in the future.
In this case, the verb should be used in the indicative mood in the form of the present, past or future tense. For example me read book "," she told a lot of interesting things about her journey "," Alexander hears what will they tell him "," we will write at the lesson". These phrases clearly and clearly indicate that the action is taking place at the moment (I read the verb), the action exactly happened in the past (I told the verb) or will definitely happen in the future, and there is no doubt (the verbs “will hear” and “we will write ").
The verbs are in the indicative mood and change in tense. But there is one peculiarity here. Imperfective verbs in the indicative mood have three tenses: present, as well as past and future.
And the verbs of the perfect indicative mood have two tenses - the past and the future simple. For example: “Seryozha carefully listened teachers in the classroom and performed home assignments with attention and very diligently. " In this sentence, the verb is in the past tense. Or another example: “I leave to the dacha and meeting there is the arrival of spring, I will see the first leaves bloom on the trees. " In this example, the verbs "leave" and "meet" are used in the simple future tense, but this action does not raise doubts about the speaker.
The indicative verbs, in contrast to the imperative or subjunctive verbs, do not raise doubts about what is happening, even if it is planned in the future. You can compare the two sentences and you will understand the difference. (Maksim fell, and his hit… and " Hit it, hit it, hit it his!" - the guys shouted that they had gathered in the school yard). In the first sentence, the verb is used in the indicative mood and in this case the action is over - fell, hit. And in the second sentence, the form of the imperative mood is used - hit, hit, but no one knows whether this action will be perfect. This verb only expresses a call to hit, but there is no action as such, and therefore the imperative mood is used in this case.
In the subjunctive mood, a request is also made to do something, but more gently than it is done in the imperative mood, the action seems possible or desirable, but not yet implemented. (I AM would fall, but the path was abundantly covered with sand. Alexey with great pleasure would go to the theater, but ...).
The topic of the mood of the verb is one of the most uncomplicated grammatical categories, which is learned quickly and easily. Only the difficulties of the unusual and unpredictable nature of the native language can interfere. On the one hand, it seems that everything is clear, but on the other hand, when faced with a specific task, you can "fall into a stupor."
What is the verb mood, where did it come from and why is it needed?
The term itself and the need to designate it arose in the Middle Ages. The origins of the appearance come from the Greek dictionary and Latin, where this word sounds about the same: enkliss and inclinatio. In Russia, the concept of inclination was introduced into the structure of Slavic languages by Melety Smotritsky back in the 16-17th centuries.
The number of types of inclinations was far from three, as it is now considered the norm. Someone argued that it does not exist, while someone singled out even vague, potential, invalid moods and the same amount. The infinitive of the verb was considered the indefinite mood. Invalid - the use of a combination of the words "almost caught", for example. And, potential: "I will not say that ...". Even the voluntary mood has been preserved in the modern grammatical encyclopedia. This is the use of the future tense of the perfect verb in conjunction with the "how" particle. For example: "how he will crack!". Fortunately, there are only three basic ones that need to be known and understood.
The function of inclination is to determine the nature of the connection of an action (its presence or absence) with a person or an object. That is, this category assesses the real connection between some action and the one who performs it, or is going to, and whether it happens at all. To better understand the meaning of these words, it is necessary to consider all the differences in forms and corresponding nuances.
How are the forms of verbal moods different?
To answer the question of how to determine the mood of a verb, you need to clearly know all three of its forms.
The indicative mood is not very complex. Here you just need to know about the following:
- This inclination testifies to the reality that actually happened, which differs in time.
- The following should be known about the perfect and imperfect form: the imperfect form has all temporary forms, including the past, present and complex future. For example, I caught - I catch - I will catch. And the perfect species only has a past with a simple future, for example, if you catch it, it will catch it.
- It should be remembered about the ability of past tense verbs to change in numbers, and in the singular they can change gender. Example: fled (plural), escaped (singular), escaped (singular), escaped (singular, mean)
- The suffix -l- from the form of the past tense should shine in the eyes with a red rag. After all, it immediately joins the base of the word and after it comes the generic, zero (in m.r.) or numerical ending. Example: win-l, win-l-a, win-l-i.
If in a verb its stem has a final consonant letter, there is a suffix -nu- or -ch-, then they are changed or deleted. For example, take out - take out, get out - get out; to erect - erected - erected-l-a; lie down - lie down - lie down.
It is easy to notice exactly this form of inclination by what has actually happened, is now going on or is planned to be done in the future for sure. It is not without reason that the word "indicative" itself has the root "reality".
Video about moods of verbs A couple of nuances are also possible here:
- The indicative mood of the verb can be confused with the imperative when the verb in the 1st person plural is the same.
- The endings of verbs in the indicative (I.N.) and imperative mood (P.N.) are different. In I.N. - the ending -te- or -ite- in 1 person plural depends on the conjugation, in PN. almost always -te-. Comparison: If you choose (1 conjugation, 2 face) chebak - pike or perch will bite. Choose (P.N.) this particular live bait, you will not regret it! In the first case, in I.N. necessarily in the sentence there is a condition under which the action must be performed. Conjugation is taken into account, but in the second case it is not.
A small text will be given as an example.
An excerpt from the cycle of stories about the worm Pashka
The text uses past tense verbs. This is a perfect verb: it came, turned out, hung up, hit, did not know, shrank, got fat, did not chew, put it down, hummed, hit; and imperfect - did not chew.
The main sign of the past tense is the suffix -l-. This should be hacked to death on the nose.
Present tense verbs of the imperfect form: pierces, does not suspect, waits, does not want, enjoys, hurts. Here the sign will be the ending -et 3 singular. (Endings are also put according to conjugation).
The future tense denotes the words: will fish (the future is difficult), will appear and explore (the future is simple).
In the context of the last sentence, the phrase "exploring the place" will speak of the indicative mood, although the meaning may seem to be imperative. You should be careful here, because here is a statement of the fact of the future, and not an incentive to fight.
How not to be mistaken in detecting the conditional mood?
Firstly, the name itself - the conditional mood of the verb speaks of some obligatory condition under which something should happen, but this has not happened yet, or about the desire to accomplish something. Secondly, it is often referred to as the subjunctive mood of the verb. And thirdly, here the main point will be the past tense verb with the particle would or b, which is always written separately from the verbs. It can appear anywhere in the sentence. Verbs in this mood can change only in numbers and gender in the singular, however, like the usual past tense verb.
Consider an example with different locations of particles b / w:
… While Pashka was lying in a box on the refrigerator shelf, he kept dreaming: “If I were strong, I would tear this container and run away with my friends! Eh! I wish I could break these holes on the lid and run away! "- thought the worm with anguish, -" I would think of such a good plan to escape from here! "
How to distinguish the imperative mood from the rest?
The imperative mood of the verb can express such motivating emotions as an order, a request, prohibition, advice, suggestion or command. He has no time at all. Here, the forms of the imperative mood of the verbs depend on the person, number and demonstrative words.
- In the first person - a proposal is usually made to do something for everyone together, and it can begin with the word "let's".
- In the second person singular, the leading role is played by the 0th suffix or -i-. In the plural, the ending -te is attached to the verb.
- In the third, the words “let it, yes, let it” are often found in combination with the future tense verb.
It is important to distinguish one nuance: the 2nd person plural forms are as follows:
Imperative mood: choose, bed
Indicative: choose (I right.), make bed (II right.)
Using the example of the same story, let's see how it looks in practice:
... "Let's make an escape!" - shouted Pashka's friend the worm Chatterbox. "Do not! Don't run while we're cold! There must be warmth around to feel the smell of the native land! " - but no one heard him, because the panic began. One tore a hole in the lid, the other jumped out and fell onto the bottom shelf of the refrigerator. Everyone is cold and scared, but everyone got ready to run: they crawled closer to the lid. But then Zakharych remembered them and took the jar to the garden, not suspecting that the worms are not as simple as they seem. And that was their happiness. "Forward! We crawl to freedom! "- Pashka squeaked, -" Don't forget me! " Grandfather was annoyed after losing 50 well-fed worms, but Pashka and his family were gone.
Do you remember the moods of verbs in Russian? Did this article help you refresh your memory or learn something new? Share your opinion on
Quite a simple question, although for many it causes certain difficulties. In fact, everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.
What is it?
Before going into the rules regarding moods, you need to figure out what it is all about. This is a special grammatical indicating the connection between action and reality. That is, it is not an independent part of speech, but a form of a verb that shows an action already existing or possible in the future.
Types and forms of moods of verbs
In linguistics, the following types of this category are distinguished:
- Indicative.
- Subjunctive.
- Imperative.
- Desired mood (middle between subjunctive and imperative).
- Permissible.
- Prepositional.
- Intentional mood (expressing intention).
- Negative-supplicatory (expression of a request that the action not be carried out).
- Unreal (typical of Indian and Pacific languages; it characterizes an action that almost happened).
- Retelling (used in Latvian; exists to translate direct speech into indirect speech).
The first three of the above moods will be analyzed in more detail, because they are what verbs in Russian have. However, since there is a whole multitude of species, in the Russian language each of the available ones has different characteristics of modality, that is, it combines several moods.
Indicative, subjunctive and imperative mood - features
The indicative mood or indicative is a category that expresses a process at any time. This type does not have a morphological indicator; instead, the morphemes of the tense and the face of the verb are used.
Additional modal characteristics of this subtype of the category are determination, readiness, threat, and other intonational moments.
The imperative mood or imperative is a category responsible for the expression of a request, order, or motivation for action. It is also called the incentive mood. This category does not have tense forms, but it is possible to distinguish forms of 2 persons singular and plural and 1 person plural, that is, such a verb is combined with the pronoun “you”, “you” and “we”, respectively.
Additional modal characteristics of this subtype of the category are desirability, assumption, obligation, and others.
The subjunctive mood or subjunctive is a category denoting a desired, intended or possible process. This species has no forms of time, but it changes in numbers and genders. A feature of this subspecies is the presence of the particle "would", that is, the question to the verb is not "what (s) to do?", But "what (s) to do?" Therefore, this mood is also called conditional.
Other modal characteristics of this given subtype of the category are desire, advice, regret.
Table with examples
Let's give examples for each type of mood of the verbs in the table.
Indicative (indicative) | Subjunctive (subjunctive) | Imperative (imperative) |
I write / wrote / will write | I would write | |
You write / write / will write | ||
He / she writes / wrote / will write | He / she would write | |
We write / wrote / will write | We are writing! |
|
You write / wrote / will write | You write! |
|
They write / wrote / will write | They would write | |
features - not available | features - no forms of time and faces | features - no forms of time, not all forms of faces |
How to determine the mood of a verb?
Determining the grammatical category being described can be quite difficult. But to solve this problem, the table of moods of the verbs, which we bring to your attention, will help you. You need to ask the questions from the first column and find the answers in the columns on the right. You can think of this as an algorithm explaining how to determine the mood of a verb.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|
What does | action that was, is or will be | action that could be | order, request, urge to action |
In what form is used | all forms of face, number, time and gender | only forms of number and gender, always in the past tense | there are no forms of genus, time, only forms of 2 y. units and many others. numbers and 1 l. pl. number |
An example for clarity | I eat / eat / will eat tonight | He would eat tonight | Eat tonight! |
There is another easy way. To determine the mood of a verb, you must first ask yourself the question, does the word carry an order or an impulse? Thus, the imperative will be eliminated. Next, you need to find the particle "would". If it is not there, then the subjunctive is also removed from the possible options. In general, the indicative mood is the most frequently used among the other subspecies of the category, but sometimes this still does not interfere with checking.
As you can see, the topic of moods in Russian is far from the simplest, but not the most difficult either. To correctly determine whether a glalol belongs to this category, you just need to understand what meaning it carries, and pay attention to the words surrounding the verb. Often this is what helps to draw the right conclusions.
The inclination of the verb is a very important characteristic of it. When morphological analysis, it must be indicated. The mood also affects other signs of this part of speech, for example, time. Do not forget that certain spelling norms are associated with this category, which we will touch upon in this article. We will also consider in detail what forms of mood the verb has, we will give examples so that this constant morphological feature does not cause difficulties.
What does the mood category express?
The verb gives our speech liveliness, makes it dynamic. It is not for nothing that our ancestors, the Slavs, called their entire speech in principle the word "verb". Sentences without these parts of speech are rare.
One of the characteristics of the verb is its ability to express the relationship of the object of speech to reality: an action takes place with the object in reality or simply desirable, imaginary. This characteristic is also called modality. It is she who is realized through the mood of the verb.
Thus, it is this important category of the predicate that contains the main meaning. What forms of mood does the verb have? Let's give the answer right now: indicative, conditional and imperative. Each of them is designed to inform about the correspondence of the action to reality. Let's prove it.
For example, let's compare the sentences: I will drink tea. - I would drink tea. - Have some tea. It is easy to guess that all three verbs in these sentences are used in different moods. And if the first of them speaks about a specific action that will take place in the future, then the other two speak either about the conditionality of the action or the urge to action (events may not take place).
Indicative
The most common form of mood, which speaks of the reality of what happens to the object, is indicative. A distinctive feature is the presence of a form of time, this indicates that the action took place earlier or will be in the future, or maybe it is being performed at the present moment.
The verb in the form changes not only in tenses, but also in persons, also in numbers.
This type of mood is closely related to the predicate type. So, they have all three temporal characteristics. Moreover, the future tense of such words is complex, i.e. formed by adding to the verb to be, used in the simple future of the infinitive, containing the main meaning.
For example: I study for the exam all day. (present) - I have been preparing for the exam all day. (past tense) - I will be preparing for the exam next days.
What forms of mood has If we talk about the indicative, then such predicates are presented in two tenses: the past and the simple future.
I prepared very well for the exam. (past tense). - I will prepare for the exam very well.
The indicative mood category is found in all types of speech in various speech situations. Reasoning, narration, description, dialogue or speech to a large audience - these predicates will be the main ones everywhere, they are universal and emotionally neutral.
Conditional mood
The verb in the form speaks of the action that will occur if certain conditions are met. Otherwise, it is impossible.
For example: With your help, I would cross the gorge. You would have crossed this small bridge yourself. The second sentence expresses not so much the presence of a certain condition as the desire to perform an action.
It is very easy to shape this mood. It is enough to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle to (b): I would call, I would come, I would take it, I would take it.
The role of this is to logically isolate the necessary word. It can appear anywhere in the sentence. For example, let's compare: Would you bring the goods today. - You would have brought the goods today. You would bring the goods today. In the first sentence, the emphasis is logically placed on the predicate verb, in the second on the subject, and in the third on the circumstance of tense.
Imperative mood
Speaking about what mood forms the verb has, it should be said about the latter - the imperative. From its name it becomes clear that such a predicate contains some kind of motivation for the listener's action. Depending on the design, grammatical and emotional, this meaning can range from a polite request to an order.
Please solve the problem. - Write the following example. - Get the notebooks!
If there is a particle not in front of the verb in the imperative, then such a sentence will express the undesirability of the action. For example: Don't hurt animals! This is a request that the action "offend" not be performed.
Formation of the imperative mood
To make a polite request, special introductory words are often attached to the imperative verbs: please, be kind, be kind. Do not forget that these constructions are separated by commas: Please, provide your last name and first name.
Also, for a polite inducement to action, it is necessary to put the verb in the plural form: Ekaterina Valerievna, please pass the book.
From verbs singular, the imperative mood is formed using the suffix -i. He joins the base of the present tense: bring - bring, put - put, take - take. The use of this suffix is optional: get up - get up, pour - pour.
Particular attention should be paid to close - close - close; but close - close - close. In the first case, imperfective verbs are used, in the second - perfect.
An imperative mood can be formed and with the help of particles let them, let them: Let the boys clean the class today.
If you want to reach a rude order, you should form this mood with the help of the infinitive: Everyone, go to bed!
As a rule, in sentences with verbs of the imperative mood, the subject is absent, however, this does not apply to those in which the form is formed using let / let. Let Natasha set the table. The subject Natasha, the predicate - let it cover.
How to determine the inclination?
To distinguish what forms of mood a verb has (we gave examples of them above), you must follow the algorithm:
However, it should be remembered that one mood can be used in the form of another. For example, indicative in the sense of imperative: Brought me coffee! Take a newspaper with you. The opposite situation may also be: Take it and jump out of your hands. In this case, what forms of mood the verb has is determined solely by the meaning of the entire sentence.