The indefinite form of the verb lies. Indefinite Verb Forms: Rules and Examples

The infinitive is the initial meaning of the verb. The peculiarity of the infinitive is that it means only a pure action that is not tied to the person who performs it, does not indicate one or more persons perform the action, and also does not give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe time the action took place. That is, the infinitive does not have the certainty of the past, present or future tense.

This part of the speech is also called the "indefinite form of the verb", because it does not characterize any details of the action performed, revealing exclusively its original meaning. Latin word infintusfrom which this term originated can be translated as "uncertain".

Indefinite Verb Forms: Rules and Examples

The infinitive can only answer questions:

"What to do?";
"What to do?".

It is impossible, for example, to ask “What are you doing?”"What is he doing?",“What are we doing?”“What are they doing?”"What you are doing?",“What did you do?”"What will you do?", since the infinitive is an indefinite form of the verb. Time and face remain unclear, and no reference is made to the details of what is happening.

Infinitive Suffixes

The infinitive ends with word-forming suffixes:

-t - give birth, grow up, die;
-ch, - protect, burn, burn;
-ti - carry, grow, row.

It can also be supplemented with a postfix. -s (Xia)by which we can judge which indefinite form of the verb is irrevocable and which is returnable:

-sya - to toil, pray, watch out.

Signs of the infinitive

The infinitive is a form of the verb that always remains unchanged. It cannot be conjugated, represented in another time or face. Infinitives can have only constant verbal signs that are present in any verbs, regardless of their form. These signs include transition / intransigence, return / irrevocability and perfection / imperfection.

Transitional and Intransitive Infinitives

Transitivity of a verb is determined in accordance with the presence of an additional word of an indefinite form of the verb denoting an object or phenomenon on which the action is partially transferred. Intransitive verbs consist of a single word denoting the action itself. The transitional infinitive may include:

nouns or pronouns in the accusative case that have no preposition: give an injection, thread a thread;
nouns put in the genitive case, not having an excuse, which express a share of something, or involvement: wait for trouble, pour water;
nouns or pronouns in the genitive case, if the verb has a negative expression: not be able to not notice them.

Thus, these words are part of the verb, filling it with meaning, and without them the essence of the action is lost. Part of the action, in turn, goes to the subject or circumstance, giving it a specific meaning.

Returnable and irrevocable infinitives

The indefinite form of a verb can also be reflexive and irretrievable. Irrevocable verbs express an act committed by someone or something against someone and something. Returnees express an action directed by someone or something towards themselves, or mean another other closed interaction or state of the object and have a postfix at the end se. On the on usually the reflexive indefinite form of the verb ends. The rule states that reflexive verbs cannot be transitive.

Examples of irrevocable infinitives: put on, lower, pry. Examples of return infinitives: dress, crouch, sneak.

As we can see from the above examples, some reflexive verbs can be obtained from irrevocable ones by simply adding a postfix on (as with " lower-lower ") From this, only the direction of action changes, but the general meaning remains. In rare cases, according to the rules and norms of the use of verbs, it is impossible to use the verb in both its word forms - perfect and imperfect, as, for example, it is unacceptable to put on the return indefinite form of the verb (example " put on ") “Putting on” means an action performed in relation to some object or person, while “dressing” can be addressed exclusively to the object itself, performing the action (it can be used in other word forms, but provided that this return value is preserved) . Despite the fact that such a limited in use indefinite form of the verb is rare, the rule remains the rule. Also, from some imperfect forms of the verbs, we will not be able to make the perfect, based on their key meaning, which we can see on the example of the verb "peep" peep for himself. According to the same principle in the Russian language there is no imperfect form of the verb "sneak" - you can’t sneak"anything.

Perfect and imperfect infinitives

Infinitives can also be perfect and imperfect. The indefinite form of an imperfective verb expresses actions that continue in time and do not have a specific binding - these are like eternal actions, and without additional indications in the context, it does not give us an idea of \u200b\u200bthe completion or incompleteness of an action. The question will be relevant here. "What to do?". Examples:

Perfect infinitives indicate that the action has already been completed, or will certainly be completed, that the result is already there, or will be (of course, in cases of denial or question, it may have a relatively indefinite color). The question will be relevant here. "What to do?". Examples:

After reading the note, it should have been burned.
Thank me for not having to burn this note.
Have you been instructed to burn the note?

Only a small number of dual infinitives contains the Russian language. The indefinite form of the verb, which relates both to the perfect form and to the imperfect, can be used this way and that, depending on the environment, without changing its word form. That is, she answers the question "What to do?"and to the question "What to do?". Examples:

There was an order to continue to execute all traitors. - "What to do?";
Received the order to execute the traitor. - "What to do?";
In the village they got used to marry girls quickly. - "What to do?";
By the fall, Martha managed to marry all her girls. - "What to do?";
It’s hard to tell your heart. - "What to do?"
How to tell your heart not to love? - "What to do?"
Exploring the caves is very interesting, but at the same time dangerous. - "What to do?"
Tomorrow we have to explore these caves. - "What to do?"
You can attack them from any direction, while I will smash them in the forehead. - "What to do?"
You will have to attack them on the right, and I will come from the flank. - "What to do?"

Conjugation of verbs

Conjugation of verbs reflects their change in accordance with the person and number. Although the infinitives themselves cannot have a person, number or gender, and therefore cannot conjugate, they nevertheless serve as a word-formation basis for other verbs, therefore they are assigned to either of the two verb groups by type of conjugation - or to I or to II. The endings of indefinite verbs related to the first group: th (except for verbs of exceptions). The forms of these verbs have endings -y and -y, -you and -year, -et and -et, -em and -y, -et and -et. Endings of indefinite verbs related to the second group: -and and on -I am (except for verbs of exceptions). When conjugated, the forms of these verbs have endings -y and -y, -you, -it, -im, -it, -at and -yat.

Infinitive function in a sentence

Verbs, as usual, perform the predicate function in a sentence. Together with the subject they form the grammatical basis of sentences. However, the infinitive, in view of its characteristics of use, can perform completely different functions in a sentence. Therefore, the role of any member of the sentence in this case can be played by an indefinite form of the verb. An example of using infinitives as different members of a sentence:

Morphological analysis of the infinitive in the sentence

To carry out morphological analysis of a verb in a sentence, it is necessary to determine its part of speech, general grammatical meaning, ask him questions, determine the word form, indicate constant and non-constant morphological signs, as well as its function in the sentence. Since the indefinite form of the verb does not change, the morphological analysis of the infinitive is carried out without indicating irregular verb signs.

In contact with

Indefinite verbs are used in dictionaries. What is an infinitive? Features are as follows:

Verbs in indefinite form answer the questions “what to do?” and "what to do?"
Endowed with grammatical features of the species (perfect or imperfect).
It is returnable and irrevocable.
Saved.
When forming, suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb -ty, -ty, -ch are used. For some verbs, this is -sti.

Important!Any verb word form can be put in the initial using the question "what to do?" or "what to do?"

Such word forms are called undefined because it is impossible to determine their main grammatical features: time, face, mood, gender and number, which makes them different from the rest.

Indefinite verb form: attributes

Signs of the indefinite form of the verb

The main signs are considered to be the endings of the verbs -i, -t and -ch. The questions “what to do?” Will help to determine this. and "what to do?"

Education Examples

The infinitive ends with a suffix - if it is preceded by a consonant sound: come, crawl, shake. The suffix is \u200b\u200bused after vowels: write, fly, shoot, pull.

In some words ending in -ch, in the initial form there is no ending, and -ch is included in the root structure. For example, attract, bake, protect, crush.

How to use the indefinite form of the verb

Infinitive is necessary for the formation of other verb forms and spelling.

Often the endings of verbs in personal word forms are unstressed, which cast doubt on their spelling. To check the spelling, you need to know how to put a verb in an indefinite form.

For example:

Building - What to do? build. So, it's right to write the ending.
Glues, glued - What to do? to glue. The correct spelling is -it and -il.
Hated - What to do? hate. Writing the vowel correctly

The unstressed suffix in the infinitive indicates its spelling in the past tense, in the participial and participial form.

Glue - glued - glued - glued - glued - glued.

What is a reflexive or irrevocable verb

Sometimes an additional postfix -sya or -sy is used for the word-forming suffix -ty, -ty, -ch. For example, pray, take care, beg, take refuge.

Postfix allows you to determine the return and irrevocable form.

The rule explains that word forms with -s (-s) are considered returnable and mean the action of someone or something directed towards themselves, contact or the position of the object. For example, capsize, spoil, equip, wade.

Irrevocable infinitives express an action to someone, something. For example, winding, eavesdropping, ironing.

Reflexive verb

Signs of transitional and intransitive infinitive

Transition in an indefinite form allows you to identify an additional word that indicates an object or phenomenon involved in the action.

As an additional word is used:

A noun or a pronoun used in the accusative case and without a preposition. For example, put on a coat, cook dinner.
A noun (accusative or genitive) expressing the ratio or proportion of something and used without an excuse. For example, pour tea, wait for guests.
In a negative expression with an infinitive, a noun or pronoun in the genitive is used. For example, to have no chance, not to injure her.

Additional words give the infinitive meaning, and without them the essence of what is happening is lost. Some part of the action is transmitted to objects or circumstances; they acquire a clear meaning.

In an intransitive infinitive, action denotes one word.

Perfect and imperfect species

Verbal words are classified as perfect and imperfect.

Imperfects characterize an action that lasts without a specific time reference. These actions can be called eternal, there is no indication of their completeness or incompleteness. The question “What to do?” Comes up to them.

I am going to travel.
Street lights began to go out.

Perfect infinitives point to action taken or what will happen. The result can already be observed or it is still expected. The question “What to do?” Is used.

After opening the can, the contents must be shifted.
Have you received instructions on what to report?

Known insignificant part of dual infinitives. They are used in both forms in one word form. They are determined by meaning. The dual verbs in the infinitive can pose a standard question.

Tomorrow should be removed the entire territory. - "What to do?".
Take out the trash on your desk and in the room. - "What to do?".
It is necessary to explore the city. - "What to do?".
They had to explore the city at dawn. - "What to do?"

Perfect and imperfect appearance

The indefinite or initial form of the verb (and strictly the language of science - it is called the infinitive) linguists call its form, which means strictly strictly action regardless of such grammatical categories as person and number, and answering the question "what to do?". The word “do” itself is one example of an infinitive, or an indefinite form of a verb.

This gives an answer to the question of what is the peculiarity of the indefinite form of the verb.

In the Russian school, the topic of the infinitive is usually addressed in the middle classes.

Formal signs of the infinitive

In Russian, the signs of the infinitive are the suffixes “t” or “ti”: to go, run, stand, crawl, find, identify, etc. After vowels, “t” is used, after consonants, “ti” is used: run, but go.

It also matters that the infinitive always answers one question - what to do?

The group of verbs that ends with “whose”: lie down, bake, protect, burn, etc. is especially distinguished. Initially, in the Old Russian language, they also had the suffix “ty” at the end after “g”: legty, pecti, bezgot, burned. Such an archaic form has survived to our days in other Slavic languages \u200b\u200bclosest to Russian - Ukrainian and Belarusian. In Russian, the "gti" gradually transformed into a "ch".

In the English indicator of the indefinite form, the particle used before the verb is to: to go, to love, to run, etc. The infinitive has its formal characteristics in every language, but it is not possible to consider them all in one publication, and it’s not makes sense. This is known to everyone who studied English, and it does not matter, in the first grade or in older ones, teaching began.

In the Russian language, a verb in an indefinite form is characterized by its constant features such as transitivity, recurrence, type of conjugation. All this is also studied in the middle classes, which can be easily remembered.

By the indefinite form, conjugation of those verbs is usually determined, the ending of which in other forms is unstressed. All of us have heard about this more than once in a school class in Russian lessons.

Features of the syntactic role of the infinitive

If various variants of conjugated forms of a verb in a sentence are most attracted to the role of the predicate, and other cases of their use are more likely an exception to the rule, then the infinitive can be used as any member of the sentence: subject, complement, definition.

The sentence is usually used together with the predicate, in the role of which a noun, adverb, indefinite form of another verb or full adjective in the instrumental case with a linking verb is used.

Look positively on the world - an important skill.

Believe It’s stupid for a deceiver (option: it makes no sense).

To save - it means to earn.

Come in this area in the evenings became unsafe.

Make no mistake - means to do nothing.

Predicate

There are two cases of using the indefinite form of a verb as a predicate:

As part of a compound predicate of a two-part sentence.
In a one-piece impersonal sentence.

Examples of two-part sentences:

I have to do it.
I really want you to help.
Worker finished grind detail.
He dreams to go abroad.
He continued intensively work over the project.
The new employee soon adapted in the team and stopped set extra questions.

Examples of impersonal one-piece sentences:

Well, how not be in love this city!
Impossible pass the!
How would we to meet.

Definition

As an inconsistent definition, a verb in indefinite is used when it clarifies a noun.

Often we tend to desire (what?) to embrace immense.

Usually in such cases, the indefinite form of the verb is combined with abstract nouns expressing desire, aspiration, intention, habit, inclination, ability, willingness, etc.

Circumstance

Usually in this role the indefinite form appears in the verb of movement or other action and explains why this action was taken. Between the predicate and such a circumstance, goals can be set “in order”.

For example:

I went to drink some water.
The major went out to check the posts.
They arrived in Sochi to relax by the sea.

Addition

The infinitive acts as a complement when it refers to the subject to which the action expressed by the predicate is directed. So, in the sentence "I want to help you," he is part of a compound verb predicate. But, if we say “I asked a colleague to help me”, “help” already acts as a supplement. This nuance must be taken into account in order to determine the role of the infinitive in such sentences.

Here are a few more examples in which the indefinite form acts as a complement:

We asked a friend meet us at the station.
The authorities persuaded him to take leave later.
Chef asked me stop by to him as soon as I show up at work.

Stylistic nuances of the use of the indefinite form of the verb

Verbs in indefinite form are often used in service instructions, orders, written and oral orders. Especially often they are full of speeches addressed by officers to soldiers.

Through the infinitive, an indication of the rigidity of an order or requirement, the rigor of its observance is transmitted. For example: “Ensure the result no later than July 20”. It sounds even stricter than the form of imperative mood - “provide”. Although the imperative itself, especially if not accompanied by the word "please," carries a considerable similar burden.

It is not surprising why their use is so popular in the army, where discipline, diligence and subordination are of paramount importance, and in civilian structures with a rigid managerial vertical, for example, government bodies.

And the various prohibitions, designed as a combination of the infinitive and the “not” particle, carry the same function: do not smoke, do not litter, etc.

After all this, you are unlikely to have doubts about what the indefinite form of the verb is.

It would seem like a simple thing! But this linguistic phenomenon has its own characteristics and even "pitfalls", which will be discussed later in this article.

Brief description of the infinitive in Russian

An indefinite verb is what we see written in a dictionary entry. He has no inclination, face, number, time, that is, is not changed depending on who performs the action, since there is simply no such subject. However, such a verb still has some characteristics - form (perfect or imperfect) and conjugation (first or second). In addition, it is characterized by recurrence or irrevocability, as well as transient or intransitive.

How to understand that a verb is in the infinitive

To determine that a given form of a word denoting an action is actually an infinitive, one needs to ask questions of the indefinite form of the verb. These include: “ what to do?"(For example," read "or" talk ") or" what to do?”(For example,“ give ”or“ drink ”). If the verb answers them, then it stands in its initial form.

In addition, there are always suffixes: -ty-, -ty-, -ch-, -st- and -sti-. It is worth noting that some linguists claim that these are the endings of verbs of indefinite form, since this morpheme is subject to change. However, the debate has not subsided so far.

Why use the indefinite form of the verb

The Russian language is rich enough in various possibilities of using the infinitive. The indefinite form of the verb can be in the sentence subject, predicate, definition, addition, as well as an integral part of the verb predicate, express imperative or future tense. Next, we will take a closer look at each of these cases with examples.

The specific syntactic roles of the verb in the initial form

So, a verb in indefinite form is a subject, if it is characterized in any way. For example:

Drawing was the meaning of his life.
Being a mother is the meaning of Svetlana's life.

In these sentences " paint"And" to be (mother)»Are subject, as these are separate, independent actions.

In addition, the proposal may include two infinitives, one of which characterizes the other:

To live is to love.

Then here " live"- subject, and" be in love"- the predicate. In this case, the member of the sentence is determined easily: the subject goes to the predicate. Also instead of " means " there may be a dash or the words " this "," is"And the like.

An infinitive can be a definition if it stands in this form, for example:

He went to bed with a firm decision to read a book tomorrow.

It turns out that the verb "read" here answers the question "what?" What decision did he go to bed with? Read (tomorrow book). That is, a verb of indefinite form is a definition, if it refers to a noun, which means necessity, decision, desire, expression of will and the like.

The indefinite form of the verb is also an addition if, for example, it is used in such a phrase:

Dad asked Lena to pick up a pencil.

That is, the verb “asked” has full lexical meaning here. Both verbs refer to different people (" asked for"- to dad, and" raise"- to Lena).

The infinitive is an integral part of the verb predicate if used with a verb that indicates the beginning, continuation, or completion of an action, that is, has an auxiliary meaning. For example:

The puppy quickly began to fall asleep.
The teacher continued to teach the lesson.

"Began"and" continued"- such verbs, therefore," fall asleep" and " lead " are parts of the predicate.

The infinitive expresses an imperative mood, if used in a command tone. For example, a squad leader might order: “ Be silent!"And the ship's captain shout:" All hands on deck!»

The initial form of the verb expresses the future tense in sentences like this:

Yes, do not be Ivan a pilot!

That is, it should contain a certain shade of annoyance or regret.

Common spelling mistakes

In most cases, an undefined verb is an easy thing to spell, but sometimes people get confused. This happens when the verb is reflexive. The soft sign before the suffix is \u200b\u200bsimply forgotten - sya-, therefore, it turns out that the verb is in the third person and singular. And sometimes it makes reading very difficult.

In order to avoid mistakes and correctly write suffixes (or the end of verbs of indefinite form), you need to ask them mentally questions each time: “h what to do?"Or" h to do something?»If the verb clearly answers them, you need to put a soft sign. For example, in the last word in the sentence " Petya is going to sleep today " put a soft sign, as Petya going to what to do? Get enough sleep.

Thus, an indefinite verb is a rather interesting and important part of the language that can be used in different cases, the main thing is to learn them well.