According to the meaning and structure, sentences are divided into complete and incomplete sentences.

Complete offers

Complete a proposal is a proposal with all the members that are necessary for the completeness of structure and meaning. For example: I am reading an interesting article. Marya Ivanovna solemnly handed over bright alphabets to the first graders. The forest opened its dark green groves overgrown with thick moss before people.

The predicate in this sentence agrees with the subject and also controls the object. The result is a continuous chain that connects all the members of the sentence with a logical meaning.

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete sentences are sentences in which the terms necessary for completeness and structure are absent. Missing clauses in incomplete clauses are often recovered from context. Most often, incomplete sentences are found in dialogues. For instance:

In the morning, the girl ran up to her mother and asked:

And what about the Tooth Fairy? Did she come?

She came, - my mother answered ...

Is she beautiful?

Of course.

We see that each subsequent replica of this dialogue adds the topic specified in the dialogue itself. Very often incomplete sentences are one-piece offers.

Petya, what class are you in?

In the ninth.

Incomplete sentences can be part of complex sentences. For example: the sun warms the earth, and labor warms a person.
Incomplete sentences also include sentences with a missing predicate. For example: Our strength lies in unity.

Incomplete sentences, as well as full sentences, are divided into two-part and one-part, common and non-widespread. It should be noted that an incomplete two-part sentence, a predicate or subject in which the missing part remains two-part, despite the fact that there is only one main member.

Use of complete and incomplete sentences

Due to the fact that the missing members of a sentence in incomplete sentences greatly simplify the communication process, such sentences are widely used in colloquial speech, as well as in fiction. In scientific literature, as well as in business language, mostly complete sentences are used.

They are divided into complete and incomplete. If none (major or minor) is missing, this is the complete sentence: Trees rustled alarmingly outside the window. If one of the required members is missing, then such a proposal is called incomplete.

Incomplete sentences, their signs

The main signs of an incomplete sentence are the following:

1. In an incomplete sentence, the missing members are easily restored from the context by any of the participants in the situation or conversation. So, for example, if a group of people is waiting for someone from their company, then the phrase: "Coming!" It will be clear to them. The subject is easily reconstructed from the situation: Artem is coming!
2. Incomplete sentences are confirmed by the presence of words dependent on the missing term: Prettier, blossomed, just a miracle! The meaning of this construction can be restored only from the previous sentence: I met Anna yesterday.
3. It is quite common to use an incomplete sentence as one of the parts of a complex: Anton is capable of a lot, you - no matter what! In the second part of this complex non-union sentence, an incomplete construction is visible, in which the predicate is missing ( You are not capable of anything.)

Remember, an incomplete sentence is a complete one.

Dialogue with incomplete sentences

These types of sentences are especially common in dialogues. For instance:

Who will you be when you grow up?

An artist.

In the second sentence, the meaning will not be clear without the previous phrase. Formally, this should sound: I will be an artist... But the speaker facilitates the structure of the sentence, reducing it to one word, thus making speech more dynamic, which is one of the signs of a conversational dialogical structure. But it is important to remember that there are unsaid sentences that are not incomplete. This is a thought interrupted for one reason or another: I seem to know what to do! What if ... No, it won't! (This sentence does not restore the missing word.)

Incomplete sentences: their variants

As incomplete can be both two-part and one-part sentences, widespread and not widespread. And the possibility of skipping words, as mentioned before, is explained by the ease of restoring them from the speech situation, the structure of the sentence itself (we are talking about complex sentences) or from the context. Incomplete sentences are typical for colloquial speech. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences with one main term. By the way, even such sentences may be incomplete:

Where are you going?

To the party.

In this dialogue, only the first sentence is complete: definitely personal, one-piece. And the next two are incomplete one-piece. Let's add them: I'm going (where?) To a party - definitely personal; (wow) good - impersonal.

Incomplete sentences: examples of punctuation

The dash often serves as a punctuation signal that we have an incomplete sentence. It is put in place of the missing word. As a rule, it is due to the presence of an intonation pause here: On the right was my friend, and on the left was a stranger.(the word "stood" is missing). On the windowsill there is a dried geranium in a pot(the word "was" is missing).

incomplete sentences

08.09.2011 22541 1048

Incomplete sentences.

1.Full offers -

Incomplete sentences -

1.In dialogic speech.

elliptical

Incomplete sentences.

1.Full offers -sentences, which contain all the main and secondary members of the sentence necessary for understanding the meaning.

Incomplete sentences -sentences in which individual members can be omitted - major or minor.

Missing members of a sentence can be easily reconstructed from a previous context or situation. Incomplete sentences are found:

1.In dialogic speech.

2.In context (A light flashed at the bend of the river. It flashed brightly, strongly.)

Incomplete can be both two-part and one-part common and uncommon sentences:

You understand me? (two-part, widespread, complete) - I understand. (two-part, uncommon, incomplete).

Punctuation marks in incomplete sentences.

1.A dash is set if there is a pause in elliptical sentences (self-used sentences with a missing predicate): Around the month - pale circles.

In the absence of a pause, the dash is not set: Again, at the hour of the night clouds above the ground.

2. A dash is placed in elliptical sentences, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without subject and predicate, with a clear division into two parts: Motherland - our inspired work.

3. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence that forms part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: They stood opposite each other: Oleg - confused and embarrassed, Nina - with a challenge to face. Petya went to the theater, and Sasha went to the cinema.

4. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type, with the omission of any member of the sentence, or even without a pass: Money disappears, work remains.

3. There are bright stars in the sky.

3. Words-sentences.

Incentive and emotional-evaluative (interjection): Come on. Ayda. Ay. Ay, ay.

4. Mini test.

A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8

2. To describe the proposals. Place punctuation marks where necessary.

1. Vera ran from the garden onto the balcony, followed by Sergei, who jumped three steps.

2. The Mironovites sailed here on a self-propelled barge. They landed ashore.

3. There are bright stars in the sky.

4. Every young worker has a secondary education.

5. One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom, two hydrogen atoms.

3. Words-sentences. Can be used in dialogue. Are divided into:

Affirmative: Yes. Of course. Maybe.

Negative: No. Not at all.

Incentive and emotional-evaluative (interjection): Come on. Ayda. Ay. Ay, ay.

4. Mini test.

1. Identify an incomplete sentence.

A) The happiness of noble minds is to see contentment around.

B) On the table - an open volume of poems presented to you.

C) The greatest book is the book of life.

D) Honesty and accuracy are twins.

E) The true purpose of man is to live, not exist.

2.In the sentence On the side of it, which is facing the sea, waves have thrown splinters of algae, and the stone hung by them seems to be tied to a narrow sandy strip separating the sea from the mountains. you need to put:

A) 7 commas B) 9 commas C) 8 commas

D) 6 commas E) 6 commas and a dash.

3. Specify the number of missing commas in the sentence: Hazel grouse fluttered immediately all outlined in the air flew at us but suddenly soared in fright, turned aside in a hurry, touched a branch and quickly, quickly working his wings disappeared into the forest gloom.

A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8

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1. All simple sentencesby the presence of members, sentences are divided into two types: complete and incomplete.

• Sentences where no members are omitted - full: The sun tilted towards the west.

• Incomplete sentences are sentences in which the necessary member of the sentence is missing - main or minor: Do you want to eat? - I will! (the meaning of the second sentence without the previous phrase is not clear).

Signs of an incomplete sentence:

• the missing member of a sentence is easily restored thanks to previous sentences (by context) or the general situation of speech;

• an incomplete offer is always a variant of a complete offer;

• the omission of a member of the sentence is necessarily confirmed by the presence in it of words dependent on this member, as well as by the context or situation of speech.

2. Complete and incomplete sentences are often confused with two-part and one-part sentences.

But the latter refer to a different classification of simple sentences - according to the nature of the grammatical basis.

• Two-piece sentences are sentences that contain both subject and predicate: Dissuaded the grove golden birch cheerful tongue.

• One-piece sentences are sentences in which there is only one main term (or subject or predicate), and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence: Late autumn... In yards harness dry leaves.

3. How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part?

Sample reasoning (using the example of a sentence in bold) :

— Do you feel pain now?

- Now very small...

1. Let's find out: the sentence “ Now very small... » — complete orincomplete?

The reader understands from the context that in the sentence “Now a very small...»

• words are missing feel and pain;
• besides there is a word smallwhich can only refer to the word pain;
• these missing words can be used to restore the full version of the sentence: Now I feel very little pain ...;
• finally, the previous sentence was given for a reason "Do you feel pain now?", from it we take information to restore the missing members of the sentence.
  

Thus, the sentence “ Now very small... ”is indeed incomplete, since this is a sentence in which the necessary members of the sentence are omitted, which are easily restored thanks to the previous sentence ("Do you feel pain now?").

2. Let's find out: this sentence " Now very small...» — two-part orone-piece?

It is necessary to find a grammatical basis (if there is both a subject and a predicate, then the sentence is two-part; if there is either only the subject, or only the predicate, then the sentence is one-part).

• It should be remembered that when parsing by sentence members not only the words that are available are taken into account, but also those that are implied and are necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence.

So, we have a proposal “ Now very small... ", but its full version should be considered "Now I feel very little pain ...".

• It has a predicate feel (verb of the 1st person indicative mood);

• the subject is absent, it is restored only by meaning - by selecting the desired pronoun for the given predicate verb: I feel(1st person pronoun). There are no signs of an incomplete sentence (see above the paragraph "Signs of an incomplete sentence").

We conclude that the sentence “ Now very small... "one-part, because it only has a predicate.

3. General conclusion: sentence " Now very small...» incomplete, one-piece.

Additionally on Guenon:

1. The concept of incomplete sentences.

2. Signals of incompleteness.

3. Types of incomplete sentences:

· Contextual;

· Situational;

· Elliptical.

Complete or incomplete can only be structurally segmented sentences, both one-part and two-part. Distinguish between semantic (informational) and structural (grammatical) completeness or incompleteness. Semantic completeness is created by 3 factors:

1.situation,

2.the context,

3. the overall experience of the speakers.

When taken out of context, a sentence may not be clear to the speaker. In this case, they speak of semantic incompleteness. For example: And this green world sang along with the little lead singer. This proposal is about green poplar. In terms of structure, this sentence is complete, but in terms of semantics, it is incomplete. One more example: On the bank of the desert waves he stood with high dummies. To understand who we are talking about, you need to have a certain literary competence. In the context, semantic incompleteness is filled.

In the syntax, the term "incomplete" is used only in relation to structurally incomplete sentences. Therefore, to distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences, it is important to take into account the factor of the continuity of syntactic links and relations. Let's compare 2 sentences. The southern winds bring us warmth. Northern - cold... In the second sentence, there is a break in syntactic links. The word "northern" indicates the omission of the subject "winds", similarly the addition "cold" indicates the omission of the predicate "bring". Since the secondary members are always attached to the main ones. The presence of a definition always requires a definable word, the presence of a direct object - a predicate verb. Thus, a violation of the chain of connections is a signal of incompleteness, which is reflected in the definition.

Incomplete sentences - These are sentences in which any member or group of members of the sentence, which is mandatory in structure, is missing. Incomplete offers are updated to a greater extent than complete ones. In incomplete sentences, the rhematic group is most easily distinguished.

First of all, contextually incomplete sentences are distinguished, which are characterized by the omission of one or more members of the sentence indicated in the context. The soldiers walked in a column that stretched out for a block. Sangsongs. What is ringing is not clear. May be, forest or air... Someone is holding me by the shoulder. Holds and shakes ... Contextually incomplete sentences are characteristic of written speech. Their use makes speech laconic and dynamic, avoids unreasonable repetitions. Incomplete sentences are especially widely used in dialogue remarks. They use those words that carry new information, that is, the topic is omitted, but the rema is present.

So you're married! I did not know the wound! How long has it been?

About two years.

- On whom?

- On Larina.

Incomplete replicas are missing both principal members, and their skipping is restored from the context. Usually, the first lines of a dialogue are complete, the rest are based on them.

Incompleteness signals are secondary members of the sentence. The omission of the subject is usually indicated by the presence of a definition, the omission of the predicate is usually indicated by the presence of an addition or circumstance. It is easy to qualify as incomplete sentences. in which one of the main members of the proposal is omitted, since PPPs are structurally binding and in this case, the chain of links is disrupted.

1. The presence of a definition or the very form of the predicate testifies to the omission of the subject. For example, if the predicate is expressed in the plural past tense verb, then such a sentence is incomplete. Vera and Vityakleili wallpaper. Worked amicably... The second sentence is identical in form to a one-part indefinitely personal sentence. However, semantically, the verb “worked” is subject-oriented, since it does not indicate an indefinite agent. Compare this to a vaguely personal proposal: His caused to the blackboard... When differentiating such sentences, we will rely on the semantics of the verb. Sentences with a predicate, expressed by a verb of 1 or 2 persons, we will qualify as one-part definite personal, since the form of the verb self-sufficient indicates the doer. Compare: For you I trudge everywhere at random.

If the presence of a definition testifies to the omission of the subject, then it is much easier to qualify these cases as incomplete, since the violation of the chain of connections is more noticeable. For instance: Old dress ceases to be likedwhen bought new... The omission of the subject is evidenced by the presence of the definition “new”.

2. The omission of the predicate is evidenced by the circumstances and additions that depend on it. The west wind blows in the morning, evenings - eastern.

3. If a minor member of the sentence is missing, then it is more difficult to qualify the sentence as complete or incomplete, since not every minor member is structurally necessary. Let's say. The lack of a definition does not make the proposal incomplete. Incomplete are one-part sentences in which there are no "mandatory" additions. For instance: Is there a wind? Not ( the wind). What's with the roof? Blown away by the wind. ( the roof).

The omission of mandatory members of the sentence is evidenced by the context. All of the above examples are contextually incomplete sentences.

The second group is situationally incomplete sentences. In them, the missing members are prompted by the setting, situation, gesture. They are more typical for colloquial speech. For example: you stand at a bus stop, then shout: "Coming!" It is clear to those present that there is some kind of transport. In the sentence "Coming!" missing subject. Or another typical example. You meet a friend who has returned from vacation:

Fine!

Dialogue responses are incomplete sentences. There are such sentences in literary texts, if they convey spoken language. - How nice! - said Princess Mary, looking at the child.

Naturally, the division into situational and contextually incomplete is somewhat arbitrary. In literary criticism, by the way, the term "consituation" is adopted, since the situation is often described in the text.

Elliptical sentences- these are sentences in which the predicate verb is missing, and it is not required to restore it from the context. VV Babaytseva calls them semantically complete, but structurally incomplete. For instance: I - to you! The information is complete, and the structure of the sentence is incomplete, since the position of the predicate is not replaced, as evidenced by the presence of an addition. Moreover, it is basically impossible to restore the predicate. It can be any verb of movement: ran in, came in, came, looked in, sent, I go. In these constructions, the secondary member of the proposal is actualized - an addition or a circumstance. Elliptical sentences have a certain stylistic coloring. Compare:

No answer. Heagain message :

There is no answer to the second, third letter.

You see, the predicate is "not offset" by the context.

In elliptic sentences, the verb-predicate of the following semantic groups may be absent:

1. Verbs of being, absence, existence. Outside the city - a field. In the garden there is an elderberry, and in Kiev there is an uncle.

2. Skipping verbs of motion. Tatyana - into the forest, the bear - after her.

3. Skipping speech verbs. I told him about Thomas, and he told me about Eremu.

4. Impersonal elliptical sentences with missing selbri not. No fire, no black hut. The sky is clear... Some linguists classify them as genitive sentences, and consider the noun in the genitive case as the main member of the sentence.

5. Nominative-incentive. Syringe! Scalpel! They are also considered incomplete elliptical sentences with a missing predicate in the imperative mood. Compare with a typical incomplete sentence. Into the corner!

One-piece sentences can also be incomplete. Compare 2 constructs: Close the window: through // Close: through... In the second construction, the direct object is missed with the predicate verb, and the strongly controlled verb requires an addition with it. In this case, the addition becomes structurally binding.

So, the problem of distinguishing between one-part complete sentences and two-part incomplete sentences is the most difficult in the syntax of a simple sentence. The fact is that the same constructions can be considered either incomplete or one-piece. You should pay attention to the 3-person singular and plural verbs of the present and future tense. For instance: Goes, like a dead man... This proposal is incomplete two-part. The omission of the subject is indicated by the presence of a personal verb and a separate definition. It gets dark ... One-piece complete. There can be no subject in this sentence, since the verb does not imply an agent. Transmit summary... Complete, one-piece, vaguely personal. The children sat down at their desks. They read it. Incomplete, two-part, since the verb "read" indicates the need for an agent.