C China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world. The vast plains in the eastern regions of the country, the fertile valleys of numerous rivers and lakes have been used by the local population for thousands of years for growing a variety of crops. Less favorable for agriculture are the western provinces of China, where mountainous terrain predominates. But there are also agricultural areas; plateaus and plateaus have long been used for the development of cattle breeding. Numerous rivers have long played an important role in agriculture in China, serving as a source of additional moisture. The waters of the rivers carry a valuable fertilizer in the form of silt. At the same time, during floods, many of China's rivers pose the threat of floods, with which peasants constantly have to fight.

Climate peculiarities predetermined the great importance of artificial irrigation. In China, since ancient times, they were engaged in the construction of canals, reservoirs and wells, with the help of which fields were irrigated. Irrigation facilities protected the fields from devastating flooding due to the rapid flooding of rivers, mainly during the monsoon period. However, the irrigation system, built tens and hundreds of years ago, was largely destroyed by the time of the victory of the people's revolution. This circumstance further aggravated the dependence of agriculture on the vagaries of nature, inflicting enormous material losses on the peasantry.

1. The place of the country in the international geographical division of labor.

At the stage of rapid industrial development, which turned out to be the last two decades, Chinese achievements in the field of enhancing foreign economic relations, using the advantages of the international division of labor and modern economic instruments have led to the fact that today the PRC is the first in the world in the production of grain, meat, cotton, peanuts. , rapeseed, fruit, steel, coal, cement, mineral fertilizers and televisions, second for tea, soybeans and sugarcane and third for shipbuilding orders, so these clear signs of Chinese economic expansion are worrying experts not only in the surrounding region, but all over the world.

2. The level and pace of economic development.

China's economy is developing at a high rate - 7-10% per year. However, this is due to extensive factors and structural changes. The manufacturing industry (light) and the service sector have developed greatly. By 2002, the share of the newest industries in the total volume of industrial production should increase to 30%. China has about 2,100 overseas firms.

Despite the high rates of economic growth, an increase in the PRC's share in world industrial production and GDP, GDP per capita production and labor productivity remain significantly lower than those of developed countries. But the PRC has the necessary potential to maintain high rates of economic development, further integrate the PRC into the regional and world economy, and transform the country into a power comparable in terms of GNP to Japan.

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Ffederal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education

russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural University named after K.A. Timiryazeva

Faculty of Economics

Department of World Agriculture and Foreign Economic Relations

Course work

on the topic "China's agricultural economy and its place in the world"

Work completed:

student of group 305

faculty of Economics

Lysova A.A.

Checked:

D.E.N., associate professor

Panteleeva O. I.

Moscow 2013

• Introduction
• Chapter 1. China's Economy and Agricultural Development in the Country
• 1.1 General characteristics of the country, its potentials and capabilities
• 1.2 Agriculture in China, its features and problems
• 1.3China Key Economic Indicators
• Chapter 2. State and development directions of the country's participation in world trade
• 2.1 China's foreign trade, its problems and prospects
• 2.2 Structure of foreign trade in agricultural products of China
• 2.3 Analysis of the dynamics of foreign trade in agricultural products
• Chapter 3. State regulation of the economy and participation of the country in international trade in agricultural products
• 3.1 The main problems of government regulation and support for the participation of the Chinese agricultural sector in international trade in agricultural products
• 3.2 The role of China in the development of agriculture in Russia
• 3.3 Trade and economic relations between Russia and China
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

Introduction

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors in the economy, with its help the population is provided with food, and the country shows its independence and level of development. Agriculture creates food products for the population, raw materials for many industries (food, animal feed, textile, pharmaceutical, perfumery, etc.) For both developed and developing countries, it is the basis of the economic system.

Each country has its own place in the world economy and is important in its own way, but developed countries with strong economies that have the most impact on the world economy, such as China, are of greater interest. Today, China is the fastest growing country in the world, increasing its production annually. It is a State located in East Asia, ranked third in the world in terms of area and first in terms of population. In the 20th century, agriculture accounted for about 70% of the structure of social production and national income in China. Over the years after the revolutionary development, the relative importance of agriculture has decreased, but its position as a basic branch of the economy has remained, it remains the main supplier of raw materials for light industry (70%). The number of people employed in rural areas is 313 million people, and with family members about 850 million people, which is 6 times more than in Russia, Japan, England, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico combined. A. Illarionov "Secrets of the Chinese economic" miracle "The topic of this course work is quite relevant, because already mentioned above, China is today a powerful country with a great development of economic potential and is becoming an attractive partner for cooperation with other countries. The purpose of this work is to consider the economy of a given country, its agriculture, determine the position of China in the international trade system, as well as the degree of the country's influence on global economic processes. The tasks that make it possible to achieve the designated goal are, first of all, characterizing the country's potential, analyzing relevant statistical and theoretical information regarding the main economic indicators, identifying trends in the further development of a given country, formulating conclusions that clearly reflect the current position of a given country in the world economy and determine the specifics China's economic policy.

Chapter 1. China's Economy and Agricultural Development in the Country

economy agriculture china

1.1 General characteristics of the country, its potentials and capabilities

China is a great power, a permanent member of the UN Security Council, the BRIC organization. The capital is Beijing, a famous historical and cultural center. The PRC is the most populous country in the world (population in 2013 was 1 349 585 838 people, including 16% - urban). 95% of the population is Chinese (Han). About 90% of the population lives in the eastern part of the country (1/3 of the territory). The country is one of the leading space powers, it has the largest army in the world in terms of the number of military personnel and nuclear weapons. It is the second largest economy in the world, the world leader in the production of most types of industrial products, including the production of cars and consumer demand for them. The world's largest exporter ("factory of the world"). It has half of the world's foreign exchange reserves.

The monetary unit of China is the yuan. The recent history of China is as follows: until 1911. China was an empire, in February 1912. The Republic of China is proclaimed. From 1925 to 1949 (with interruptions) a civil war was going on in the country between various military-political groups. In 1931. on part of the territory, the Soviet Republic of China was proclaimed. In October 1949, after the defeat of the government of Chiang Kai-shek (Kuomintang party) in the civil war, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed. The remnants of the Kuomintang troops and the government of the former Republic of China were evacuated to the island of Taiwan. Until 1971. the representative of Taiwan took a seat at the UN, after which this seat was transferred to the representative of the PRC.

In terms of its territorial and political structure, the PRC is a unitary state with autonomous entities. Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (excluding Taiwan), 5 autonomous regions and 4 cities of central subordination - Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing and Tianjin.

The head of state is the President of the PRC, elected by the NPC. His term of office is the same as that of the NPC, but he exercises it until the assumption of office by the newly elected NPC Chairman. In 2003, a new leadership came to power headed by Hu Jintao. No one can hold the office of President of the PRC for more than two consecutive terms. On the basis of the decisions of the NPC and its Standing Committee, the President of the PRC exercises the authority to publish laws, appoint a number of senior officials (the prime minister, his deputies, members of the State Council, etc.), award state orders and confer titles, appoint and recall representatives in foreign countries, ratification and denunciation of treaties with foreign states, publication of decrees on pardon, on mobilization, on the introduction of a state of emergency and the declaration of a state of war. The PRC chairman is assisted by a deputy who is elected by the NPC under the same conditions and in the same manner as the chairman.

The central executive body of the state is the State Council of the PRC, which is described in Article 85 of the Constitution as "the Central People's Government, the executive body of state power, the highest state administrative body." It consists of the Premier, Deputy Prime Ministers, members of the State Council, ministers, chairpersons of committees, chief auditor, and head of the secretariat. The Prime Minister, his deputies, members of the State Council and the head of the secretariat form the Standing Committee of the State Council. His term of office is 5 years. The State Council directs the administrative work of a nationwide scale, the activities of ministries and departments, and is endowed with appropriate powers. He is responsible to the NPC and its Standing Committee and is accountable to them.

The People's Republic of China is located in Central and East Asia, on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean, bordering many countries (Figure 1). China borders with Russia in the northeast (border length 3,605 km) and northwest (40 km), in the north - with Mongolia (4,673 km), in the north-east - with North Korea (1,416 km), northwest - with Kazakhstan (1,533 km) and Kyrgyzstan (858 km), in the west - with Pakistan (523 km), Tajikistan (414 km) and Afghanistan (76 km), with India - in the southwest and south ( 3,380 km), in the south - with Myanmar (2,185 km), Vietnam (1,281 km), Nepal (1,236 km), Bhutan (470 km), Laos (423 km).

Figure 1. Political map of China

In the south, the country is washed by the waters of the South China Sea, in the east - by the Yellow and East China Seas. There are many islands off the coast of China, among them the largest are Taiwan and Hainan. The total length of the border is 22,143.34 km, the length of the coastline is 14,500 km. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 9,560,000 sq. km (land area - 9 326 410 sq. km). China is a predominantly mountainous country - only 30% of the territory is located below 1,000 m above sea level. In the south, the Nanling Mountains and Yunnan-Guizhou Highlands rise. In the southwest there is the Tibetan plateau with an average height of about 4500 m, framed by the mountain systems of the Himalayas, Karakorum, Nanshan, Kun-lun. On the border with Nepal there is the highest peak in the world - Chomolungma (Everest, 8,848 m). In the west and north-west lie the Takla-Makan desert, the high plains - Tarim, Dzhungarskaya and Alashan, as well as the Eastern Tien Shan, to the south of which there is the Turfan depression (-154 m). The Gobi Desert stretches in the north of China. In the northeast there are the Big Khingan Mountains, the Small Khingan Mountains and the ranges of the North Korean Mountains. To the south are the Loess Plateau and the Great Plain of China. Arable land occupies 10% of the territory, meadows and pastures - 31%.

The relief of China is predominantly mountainous, with significant amplitudes of heights. There are 2 main parts of the territory: the western, or Central Asian, mainly with alpine or plateau relief, and the eastern, in which deeply dissected medium-altitude and low mountains prevail, alternating with low-lying alluvial plains. The south of the Central Asian part is occupied by the Tibetan Plateau, the base of which lies at an altitude of 4000-5000 m. Large mountain systems with peaks up to 7000-8000 m and more stretch along the outskirts of the highland.

Naturally, the climate in different regions of such a large country is not the same. China is located within three climatic zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. Differences in air temperature are especially pronounced in winter. So, in January in Harbin, the temperature often drops to -20 ° C, and at this time in Guangzhou 15 ° C. In summer, the temperature difference is not so great.

The density of the river network in the West (in the Central Asian part of China) is very small, in the East it is great. Within the vast areas of the West, there are no drainages or flow only sporadically. The largest rivers here are Tarim and Edzin-Gol. The eastern part of China has many large rivers, of which the Yangtze and the Yellow River are the most significant.

The vegetation of the Central Asian part is predominantly herbaceous and semi-shrub. In the Tien Shan and the eastern part of Nanshan there are coniferous forests with a predominance of spruce. The Tibetan Plateau is dominated by low and herbaceous vegetation from the Tibetan sedge and swamp. In the valleys of the eastern part of the highland, there are coniferous and deciduous forests. The natural vegetation of the eastern part of China is mainly forest.

Thus, the natural conditions of China are quite favorable for the cultivation of various crops and the breeding of farm animals.

1.2 Agriculture in China, its features and problems

Agricultural production is the most important branch of the PRC economy, designed to provide food to the largest population in the world. In addition, more and more of the industry's products are exported. China is a country of ancient agricultural civilization.

The most important sector of the Chinese economy is agriculture. The leading branch of agriculture in China is crop production. The arable land area is 100 million hectares. The main food crop is rice, which can be grown almost throughout China. In the southern and southeastern provinces of China, rice is harvested 2 or 3 times a year. The second most important crop in China is wheat. Spring wheat growing areas are located north and northeast of the Great Wall of China, as well as in the western regions. Winter wheat is grown in the basin of the Huang He and Yangtze rivers. Also, corn, millet, gaoliang, barley are grown. The main oilseed crop is peanuts. Among legumes, soybeans, peas, and beans are widespread. Tuberous crops include sweet potatoes (yam), white potatoes, yams, taro, and cassava. The production of industrial crops is of great importance for the country: cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beet, tobacco. Vegetable growing and fruit growing are developed. Livestock in China remains the least developed sector of agriculture, but in terms of livestock, China occupies one of the first places in the world (40% of the world's pig population). The main branch of animal husbandry is pig breeding (90% of gross meat production). Other livestock sectors are less developed. The main areas for sheep and goat breeding are the north of the country, the foothills of the south and west. Sheep products supply light industry and are exported. Poultry farming, beekeeping and sericulture are developing. Shrimp, shellfish and algae are grown on the sea shallows. In terms of fish catch and seafood production, China is among the world leaders. In terms of the variety of cultivated crops, it occupies one of the first places in the world: more than 50 types of field crops, more than 80 garden crops and over 60 types of garden crops are used. Agriculture of the country is traditionally plant growing, primarily grain oriented, the main food crops are rice, wheat, corn, millet, tubers and soybeans. Rice is the staple food crop of which China ranks first in the world. In the vast territory of the country, rice growing is spread everywhere, with the exception of highlands with a harsh climate and deserts. About 33% of the sown area of \u200b\u200bgrain crops is occupied by rice, it accounts for about 38% of the total grain harvest in the country. The main rice growing areas are located south of the Yellow River. Over the centuries-old history of rice cultivation in China, about 10 thousand cubic meters were bred. varieties of this cereal. The production of processed rice in the country is 125.3-134.3 million tons. Consumption - 127.42-144.0 million tons. Exports are 0.4-1.4 million tons and imports are 0.2-2.9 million tons. The carryover stocks range from 37.8 to 46.9 million tons. In the 2012/13 season, for the first time in history, the gross harvest of corn in China exceeded the harvest of raw rice and amounted to. 205.6 million tons. In terms of corn harvest, the PRC ranks second in the world after the United States. On the sown area of \u200b\u200b29.5-35.0 million hectares with a yield of 5.2-5.9 tons / ha, 152.3-205.6 million tons are produced. Exports over the past six years have steadily declined from 0.5 to 0.05 million tons, while imports have grown from 0.04 to 5.2 million tons. Domestic consumption increased from 150 to 207 million tons. The carryover stocks increased from 38.4 to 60.9 million tons. Wheat is the second most important food crop. In its collection, the PRC is also the leader in the world. On the sown area of \u200b\u200b23.76-24.3 million hectares with a yield of 4.6-5.0 tons / ha, 109.3-121.0 million tons are produced. Exported - 0.7-2.8 million tons. Imports amount to 3.2 million tons. Consumption 106.0-125.0 million tons. Wheat carry-over stocks vary from 39.1 to 59.1 million tons.

In addition, sweet potatoes (yams) are grown in large quantities, the tubers of which are rich in starch and sugar. The cultivation of industrial crops is of great importance in China. As a result of the prevailing price structure, their production is much more profitable than grain, cotton, vegetables and fruits, even though China ranks third in the world in growing, for example, cotton. In addition, the cultivation of oilseeds, which are the main source of edible fats, is widespread in the country. The main oilseeds grown in China are peanuts, rapeseed and sesame seeds.

In the last decade, animal husbandry has also started to develop actively. The farmers of China have ensured such productivity in their industry that now for every inhabitant of this country there is 58.8 kg of meat, which is higher than the world average. The PRC Ministry of Agriculture says that from 2005 to 2010, the country's livestock sector provided stable supplies of eggs, milk and meat to the domestic market.

Pig breeding is the most developed in China. The total pig population reaches 400 million heads. The Great Plain of China is the main pig farming region in the world. Pigs are raised here mainly on the private farms of peasants and serve as the main source of meat.

By 2010, China produced 78.5 million tons of meat, 27.6 million tons of eggs and 37.4 million tons of milk. Over the course of five years, these indicators increased by 13.1%, 13.2% and 31%, respectively. If we talk about every inhabitant of the Celestial Empire, then it accounts for at least 20.7 kg of eggs - these figures bypass even the data of developed countries.

In 2010 pig farms (more than 50 heads) and dairy farms (more than 20 heads) in China accounted for 66% and 47% of the total number of all agricultural enterprises. If we compare these indicators with 2005, we can see that they grew by 29% and 20%, respectively.

In order to preserve existing pastures and expand their areas, from 2005 to 2010, the Chinese authorities allocated about 16.5 billion yuan. During these five years, the area of \u200b\u200bpastures has grown 1.5 times. Such achievements can be safely considered a real breakthrough in the preservation and expansion of the natural fodder base for livestock. A characteristic feature of animal husbandry in China is a high proportion of draft animals and the underdevelopment of dairy farming.

One of the main features of agriculture is the constant shortage of land (Figure 2). Of the 320 million hectares of plowed areas, only 224 million hectares can be used. In total, the area of \u200b\u200barable land is slightly more than 111 million hectares, which is about 8% of the world arable land. According to the Chinese classification, only 21% of the land fund belongs to highly productive lands characterized by favorable conditions for plant growing: a long vegetative period, high amounts of active temperatures, and an abundance of precipitation. These conditions make it possible to grow two, and even three crops a year in the extreme South of China. The location of the country's territory in three climatic zones determines the complex geography of crop production.

Figure 2. Structure of agricultural land in China

Agricultural land		5 528 320	km 2
Agricultural land area per 1000 inhabitants			km 2 / 1000 people
Agricultural land area from the total area			% of the total area
Agricultural land area from land area			% of land area
Arable land		1 406 300	km 2
Arable land area per 1000 inhabitants			km 2 / 1000 people
Arable land area from total area			% of the total area
Arable land area versus land area			% of land area
Arable land area from agricultural land area			% of agricultural land area

A side effect of China's active industrial development is increasing environmental problems. 38% of the country's territory is subject to soil erosion, with the affected area increasing by 1,500 square miles annually. Over the past four decades, about half of China's forests have died, and now the country lacks clean water, and air pollution is recorded in most areas, which has a very negative impact on agricultural development.

Despite the constant shortage of land, the impressive successes achieved by the PRC in the course of economic reforms are attracting the attention of the whole world.

1.3 Main economic indicators of China

Today, the processes taking place in the Chinese economy attract the attention of specialists and the wider world community. “We are closely following the economic development of your country and admire your successes,” former Russian President Vladimir Putin said during his visit to China, addressing President of the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao. And indeed it is. The achievements demonstrated by the Chinese people in rebuilding the country cannot leave anyone indifferent. And they even scare some people. Thus, the Financial Times wrote in 2004: “We are still afraid of China. Of course, he is no longer as dangerous as before. China is now dangerous as a cheap labor competitor, robbing us of jobs and market share ... In the eyes of too many, China remains a threat. ” However, the enemies of China are forced to admit that the changes taking place in this country are amazing.

In order to consider the economic situation of a given country, one should start with an analysis of key economic indicators such as population, GDP and GNP. Today, China has become one of the economic powers with the world's largest development potential. Thanks to the serious work of the Chinese government to implement macro-control, the standard of living of the population, along with other indicators, is also increasing every day.

Table 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of China, 2001 - 2011

	GDP, USD billion	GDP per capita, dollars	Share in world GDP,%	GDP growth rate,%

Table 2. Gross National Income (GNP) of China, 2001-2011

	National income, billions of dollars	National income per capita, dollars	Share in world national income,%	Growth rate of national income,%

It can be noted that from year to year, the economic situation of China is improving and the role of this country in the world economy is increasing. The growth rates of GDP and GNP over the past forty years are clearly shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3. GDP per capita in China

Figure 4. China's GNP

The structure of China's GDP should also be considered, according to the diagram (Figure 4), agriculture ranks second in the structure of GDP and accounts for 21%, while, for example, in Russia, the share of agriculture varies around 7%.

Figure 5. The structure of China's GDP by industry

It will also be interesting to consider such an indicator as agricultural production per capita, this indicator also shows a steady growth trend.

2000 - $ 222.7 / person

2005 - $ 296.9 / person

2006 - 334 USD / person

2007 - $ 349 / person

2008 - 363.7 USD / person

2009 - $ 408.3 / person

2010 - $ 482.5 / person

In China, the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture, information is presented in table 3.

Table 3. Sectoral structure of employment,%

Figure 6. Sectoral structure of employment,%

As mentioned above, China most of all specializes in crop production, namely in the cultivation of legumes, the data in Table 4 shows the yield indicators for cereals and legumes in China and a number of other countries.

Table 4. Indicators of productivity of cereals and legumes in China and other developed countries

Germany

China lags slightly behind other developed economies such as Germany, Japan and the United States in terms of growth, but outstrips Russia and Canada. This lag is most likely due to the lack of arable land in China.

Thus, we can say that China is a major power with a stable economy, the growth rates of the most important economic indicators are increasing from year to year, and agriculture, being an integral part of the economy, is also developing quite rapidly, so the country can provide not only itself, but also supply their products to other countries.

Chapter 2. State and development directions of the country's participation in world trade

2.1 China's foreign trade, its problems and prospects

In modern conditions, exports from China are extremely extensive. This is primarily due to the huge volumes of production and special government policy, which is aimed at covering ever larger territories. China's export structure is the most attractive for many countries. Numerous companies constantly purchase a variety of goods in China due to their low cost. Export volumes over the past ten years can be traced in Table 5.

Table 5. China's export volumes, 2001-2011

	Export, billion USD	Share in world exports,%	Share of exports in GDP,%	Export per capita, dollars	Export growth rate,%

The share of China in world exports is large and continues to increase, and the share of exports per capita is also increasing. In recent years, China has firmly held a leading position in terms of the growth rate of its economic indicators, Table 6 shows data comparing the value of exports of China and some other developed countries.

Table 6. Export volumes of China and leading countries, billions of dollars, 2001-2011

			Germany		Great Britain

In five years, China has taken a leading position, increasing its exports by more than seven times in ten years.

Table 7. Volumes of China's imports 2001 - 2011

	Import, bln. USD	Share in world imports,%	Share of imports in GDP,%	Import per capita, dollars	Import growth rate,%

As for imports, according to Table 6, it can be noted that its rates are not as high as those of exports. The difference between import and export is more clearly shown in table 8 and figure 7.

Table 8. Comparative characteristics of China's export and import volumes

	China's exports, billions of dollars	China's imports, billions of dollars

Figure 7. Dynamics of China's foreign trade, 1970-2010

However, in connection with this difference, the President of the PRC said in a public speech that China has taken a course towards increasing imports. According to him, the country needs to level the foreign trade balance. To this end, the economy and manufacturing will work with the goal of increasing imports of goods from China to $ 8 trillion.

China holds the record for the number of exports and over the past decade, the country's growth rate, both domestically and externally, has increased enormously. China's current policy is to increase imports in order to balance the foreign trade balance and provide the ever-growing population with the necessary food.

2.2 Structure of foreign trade in agricultural products of China

In the first paragraph of the second chapter, the ratio of exports and imports was considered, the purpose of this chapter is to find out which agricultural products are involved in China's foreign trade. In December this year, China began importing wheat and flour from Kazakhstan. JSC "NC" Food Contract Corporation "within the framework of an agreement with the state company of the People's Republic of China began supplying milling wheat to the Chinese market.

“At the end of November this year. the first wagons were shipped to China. In general, the Food Contract Corporation's contract with the largest grain trader in China provides for the supply of 10 thousand tons of grain by the end of this year. After its implementation, it is planned to hold further negotiations with the Chinese side to increase the export of Kazakh wheat, ”the message says.

Wheat is exported in accordance with the instructions of the head of state following agreements with the Chinese side on the supply of Kazakh flour and grain.

Also, China continues to be the largest importer of feed products in the world, and the country's livestock industry, apparently, is not going to stop there. In 2012, the PRC increased imports of all types of feed crops from all countries.

According to a report by the international division of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the largest increase in imports was recorded in terms of soybean imports from the Russian Far East. So, over the 12 months of last year, soybean exports from the Amur Region to China increased 73 times from 1 thousand tons to 73 thousand tons. All in all, Russia exported 120 thousand tons of soybeans to China.

The report also says that last year, imports of Canadian canola amounted to 2.9 million tons, an increase of 134% compared to 2011. Rapeseed oil from Canada imported 1.3 million tons, that is, an increase of 113%. Canadian rapeseed meal imports last year were equivalent to 314,087 tonnes, up 56% from last year. China imported a total of 58.4 million tons of soybeans in 2011, an 11% increase over 2011. Of these, 44% were from the United States, 41% from Brazil, 10% from Argentina and 3% from Uruguay. China also imported 1.8 million tons of soybean oil, increasing this figure by about 60%, including 50% from Brazil, 38% from Argentina and 11% from the United States.

Also in the near future, it is expected to import meat to China from countries such as Canada and Ukraine.

Sino-Latvian relations have also begun to develop in recent years. Currently, the volume of agricultural trade between China and Latvia is not large, but China is interested in increasing it.

Vice Minister of Agriculture of China Dong Niu said this at a press conference after a meeting with the Minister of Agriculture of Latvia Laimdota Strauyuma.

According to him, China is especially interested in the import of Latvian blueberries, fruits, drinks, fish, beef and poultry meat.

"Today we are working to more effectively organize the export and import of agricultural products, because the population of China is very large and the state cannot provide itself with some agricultural products," said the vice minister.

Straujuma said that the export of agricultural products from Latvia to China is currently 6.62 million euros (4.63 million lats) per year, and 97% of exports are blueberries. Imports of Chinese agricultural products to Latvia amount to 8.78 million euros (6.15 million lats) per year, and these are mainly canned fruits and vegetables, fish, fresh fruits and nuts.

"We discussed with the vice minister previous successful cooperation and decided to create a working group at the ministerial level that will deal with issues of interest to both sides - agricultural technologies, the development of bilateral trade, relations with competition and phytosanitary control services," Strauyuma said. The potential of this market is huge, and Latvia alone will not be able to meet the demand in China, "said the vice minister.

Also, according to him, fish products from Latvia, fruits, high-quality beer and other drinks are in demand in China.

"We want to learn more about producers of beef, poultry, eggs, dairy products. In turn, we want to expand the export of fruits, vegetables, drinks, mainly juices, and agricultural animal products," the minister said.

With regard to the export of agricultural products, China continues to supply rice, cereals, pork and others to the world market.

Since the mid-1980s. the provision of the population with food was achieved. Today, fruits, fish, seafood are exported (the main market for food is the CIS countries, especially the Far East region of Russia, which is provided with Chinese food by 44%). In addition, cotton is the leading agricultural export product.

Thus, at present there is a steady trend in China to increase imports and agreements with many countries for the supply of products to China due to the lack of resources and problems with agricultural resources.

2.3 Analysis of the dynamics of foreign trade in agricultural products

Over the next 10 years, China will become increasingly dependent on imports of grains and oilseeds. In the first ten days of June 2013, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development published a forecast for food demand in China.

China's imports of coarse grains, mainly used to feed herd, are projected to double by 2022. Soybean imports will rise by 40%, while beef imports are also forecast to double.

The report says: "The problem is clear: providing food for China in the context of its rapid economic growth and limited resource opportunities is not an easy task, the growth of consumption in China will outstrip the growth of production."

The forecast was made due to the fact that at this stage China is acting in the world agricultural market as a player actively concluding mergers and acquisitions in the agro-industrial complex.

The Shuanghui Group, China's largest meat processing corporation, announced earlier this month that it had bought US pork company Smithfield in the amount of $ 7 billion. At the same time, commodity traders, including Archer Daniels Midland and Marubeni, spent about $ 10 billion last year buying up grain traders from Australia and the United States targeting the Chinese food market.

China is already the world's largest soybean importer; the new middle class is gradually changing food habits, meat consumption is increasing, and soy is a key element and source of nutrition for the meat industry.

The Food and Agriculture Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in the report also point to restrictions on land use for farmland in China. These restrictions, in turn, are likely to increase China's dependence on international food commodity markets. A shift towards greater dependence on food imports could have serious implications for global food markets because China's overall demand for grain is enormous even at the size of global commercial markets.

Chen Xiwen, one of China's agricultural officials, confirmed earlier this year that increased food imports are inevitable. “It is necessary to fully use international resources, the international market is very important for us,” he said.

Greater reliance on imports of food raw materials into China, together with other factors such as biofuel production, will put pressure on the global cost of raw materials.

“Rising prices for grain and livestock products are projected over the next decade due to a combination of factors such as slower production growth and rising demand,” the report said. "Prices for meat, fish and biofuels are projected to rise more strongly than prices for primary agricultural products."

It is expected that China will become the world leader in per capita pork consumption, by 2022 it will overtake the indicators of the EU countries. Despite the fact that historically China has always been self-sufficient in pork production, the Food and Agricultural Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in their report predict an increase in international pork prices at the level of 5-8% due to the PRC purchases.

China is also the largest importer of milk, but the growing demand for dairy products gives reason to expect imports to grow by 60% over the next 10 years.

Consumption growth in China is projected to outpace production growth by about 0.3% per year, indicating further liberalization of China's agricultural sector, the report said.

China's imports of raspberry seeds are expected to increase by 40% over the next 10 years, accounting for 59% of world trade.

The meat and dairy sectors will continue to expand, leading to increased imports of feed grains. China is projected to become the world's largest per capita consumer of pork, surpassing the European Union by 2022. China should maintain a leading role in world aquaculture production at 63% of world production and remain the largest exporter of fish products.

China will remain self-sufficient in major crops, although production growth will slow over the next 10 years.

China's food security has improved, according to FAO estimates, with the number of undernourished people falling by almost 100 million since 1990, although the population has increased by 200 million. Food security for an estimated 158 million people remains an unresolved issue.

Summing up, we can say that China is a strong power, a major representative in the world market in many groups of goods, the export of this country exceeds imports in almost all goods, excluding agricultural products. Due to a shortage of agricultural land, problems with irrigation of land and a population that is constantly growing in a non-decreasing geometric progression, at the moment China cannot fully provide itself with the necessary food, so the country has to import more and more goods in order to ensure its food security.

Chapter 3. State regulation of the economy and participation of the country in international trade in agricultural products

3.1 The main problems of government regulation and support for the participation of the Chinese agricultural sector in international trade in agricultural products

The world experience of the functioning of the economy of foreign countries at the present stage demonstrates the imperfection of the market economic system, since there are a number of issues facing society that cannot be resolved without government intervention. The most common questions include the problem of negative externalities associated with the costs of market transactions that are not reflected in the price, for example, environmental pollution; antitrust regulation; anti-inflationary policy; supplying market participants with complete and high-quality information; redistribution of income and social policy; development of science and technology.

At the same time, it is necessary to observe the basic principle of state regulation of the economy - correction of imperfection of market functioning, and a reasonable combination of macro control and an efficiently working market mechanism to solve the main socio-economic problems of modern society.

The most important problem of agriculture in China is the lack of land, along with this, the possibilities of extensive growth of agricultural production are almost completely exhausted; the growth of the national economy of the PRC is impossible without the development of a capacious domestic market, which rests on an increase in the standard of living of rural residents.

Therefore, the possibilities for further development of the country's economy are associated with overcoming barriers to the intensive growth of agriculture and the formation of a new mechanism of state support for the agricultural sector.

It is especially necessary to note the need to resolve the issue of land. This decision should be multifaceted. Since the peasants in the PRC retained the skills of independent agricultural production and large, highly productive farms have already emerged through the use of long-term land leases, it was necessary to introduce private ownership of land in order to achieve economies of scale and competitive size of crop cultivation.

As a result of the privatization program, the land was divided among families in the communes and its cultivation is carried out on a family contract basis. At first, the land was leased for 1-3 years, but then a long-term tenure system was introduced (50 years or more). The Chinese government has made a number of adjustments to the purchase prices for grain and meat, which has become a stimulus that has helped to significantly increase labor productivity.

Modification of the mechanism of state support for agriculture should play a crucial role in transferring the PRC's agriculture to an intensive development path. This will require a change in the role of the state, which should take place in two ways in the modern economy of the PRC. On the one hand, there is a reduction in the number of economic functions currently performed by the state. Secondly, a fundamental, qualitative change in the role of government agencies in the economic system.

Government support for the agricultural sector has grown substantially since 2004 and is driven by the country's main policy objectives. Self-sufficiency in cereal crops, increasing farmers' incomes, promoting rural development. 20% of gross agricultural output is exported to the external market.

In addition, the country's leadership has put forward a number of political guidelines and is actively implementing them. Since the second half of 2004, the PRC government has taken a number of agricultural measures to stimulate grain production and increase the income of peasants. Taxes on special agricultural products were abolished, direct subsidies will be provided to peasants-grain producers in the next 5 years, peasants from the main grain regions will be provided with benefits when buying agricultural machinery. 45 billion yuan is allocated from the state budget directly to support grain production. All this should significantly increase the interest of peasants in grain production.

Thanks to these measures, a rich grain harvest was collected in 2008, the gross grain harvest amounted to 484 million tons with an increase of 3.1%. Since 2006, farmers in China have been completely exempt from paying agricultural tax. This measure was introduced in stages: in 2001-2004. Farmers were exempted from agricultural taxes totaling US $ 2.9 billion, and in 2008 the tax burden on farmers was cut by half.

Thus, in the near future, agriculture will receive great support from the country's leadership, but the most likely scenario is a slow development of agriculture and the continuation of the trend of importing agricultural products, while the government is diligently trying to balance the country's foreign trade.

3.2 The role of China in the development of agriculture in Russia

At present, it has become popular in China to buy land in Russia, cultivate it, providing themselves with profit, and many people with work. When a Chinese investor bought a farm near this village a few years ago, he was so pleased with the purchase that he called it the "Golden Land." The soil is fertile, there is plenty of sun and rain. But there were few people in this place, located in the depths of rural Russia.

Now everything has changed. In the rows of greenhouses that have grown here, dozens of Chinese people are picking tomatoes. According to the foreman, in the most productive seasons, he would gladly hire several hundred more workers.

The influx of Chinese agricultural workers into Russia reflects increased trade and stronger economic ties between the two countries, one rich in land and resources, and the other in people. For many years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, they have tried to turn these complementary strengths into real business opportunities. Several mining enterprises are flourishing. State-owned companies enter into major oil, coal and timber supply deals that form the backbone of economic relations.

While Chinese investment in Russian agriculture is on a smaller scale, it could be just as important - not least because it is causing tensions over immigrant flows similar to those in the United States over Mexican labor migrants working in agriculture.

According to the World Food Program, Russia has the largest land reserves in the world suitable for cultivation and in a fallow state. This situation is the result of the collapse of the Soviet collective farm system and the depopulation that has taken place in the Russian countryside over the past two decades. The population of Russia is now 141 million people, China - 1.3 billion.

China is constantly concerned about food security and employment for its rural population. Some Chinese farms in Russia supply soybeans to China. Now the Chinese presence in the Russian agricultural sector is growing, as is the potential for food exports (however, vegetable farms like Golden Land sell their products domestically).

When food prices soared five years ago, before the financial crisis, the Chinese government began negotiations to invest in Russian agricultural land. This year, the program has begun to bear fruit. The China Investment Corporation has invested $ 1 billion in a joint Russian-Chinese fund investing in agriculture and forestry in Russia and other former Soviet republics, notably Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

Under a program supported by the Russian government, Chinese companies also formally lease millions of acres of agricultural land, often along the border with China's northeastern regions. In addition, they lease about two million acres of Siberian forests. Chinese lumberjacks harvest timber there for export to China.

In some cases, Chinese investors buy land. Zolotaya Zemlya is one of nine Chinese farms that are located in the Sverdlovsk region in central Russia, according to the local ministry of agriculture. To the south, in the Chelyabinsk region, there are much more of them. Chinese vegetable farms have sprung up even outside Moscow and St. Petersburg, thousands of miles from the Chinese border.

The Golden Land business can grow as fast as the tall stalks and whips of tomatoes in local greenhouses, says foreman Zhang Wei Dong, who is called Lesha here and who acts as a translator when needed. “Look at this empty land,” he shows around.

Mr. Zhang received a quota from the Federal Migration Service for 70 agricultural migrant workers this year, but he said he would find work for many more people.

Recruiting workers is easy. Chinese polishers, planters, and pickers are more than willing to travel through Siberia from Manchuria, sweating in a packed third-class carriage. These paths to economic opportunity are familiar to countless Mexican grape pickers in California, Filipino nannies in Dubai, and Algerian janitors in France.

Hunched over a tomato garden, Li Hunlao, a peasant woman from the vicinity of Harbin in northeastern China, explains through an interpreter why she came here: "I'm here for money, what did you think?" The $ 650 a month earnings are about five times that of a Chinese agricultural worker, she said.

Recently, the Kremlin has focused its foreign policy on improving ties with China, as the European economy is on the brink of recession. This was one of the main topics of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit held in Vladivostok last week.

“We have had very positive years of cooperation, very effective for both countries,” President Vladimir Putin said in an interview with state-run RT. Russia as the host country determined the agenda of the event. Given Russia's land abundance, it is characteristic that Putin has chosen food security and agriculture as one of the main topics, recognizing Russia's growing role as an exporter of grain to developing countries.

The Russian government has set a goal to increase trade with China to $ 200 billion this year. In 2011, it was $ 80 billion. By comparison, according to the US Department of Commerce, trade between the United States and China was $ 503 billion in 2011.

Many are skeptical about the prospect of strengthening economic ties between Russia and China, pointing out deep mistrust between the countries, dating back to the 1969 border clashes on the Ussuri River, which froze the development of Russian-Chinese relations for decades. The final demarcation of the border took place only in 2009.

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Topic 13. Features of China's economic development

13.1 General characteristics of the Chinese economy

13.2 Economic reforms in China

13.3 Chinese economic model

General characteristics of the Chinese economy

China (Chinese. "Zhongguo", literally "middle state") - one of the oldest states in the world, occupies a fifth of Asia, its area exceeds 9.6 million square meters. km., it is the third largest state in the world, after Russia and Canada. The official name of the country is the People's Republic of China (PRC), the capital is Beijing. China is divided into 26 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and cities of central subordination - Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing and Tianjin.

The People's Republic of China is a huge, but compact state located in Central and East Asia, occupies a central position (it is not for nothing that the state was called the Middle Empire) in relation to the vast region. The country has access to the Pacific Ocean, the eastern border is washed by the Yellow, East China, and South China Seas, where more than five thousand islands are located, the largest is Taiwan. The large size of the country and the coastal position of the territory have always been the basis of the country's strong geopolitical position, and the country's unheard-of rise in recent decades has made it a leading global player in the political and economic arena.

The relief of the country is diverse, but 2/3 of the territory is located in mountainous regions, plains occupy only 12% of the territory. The complex and diverse geological structure of the territory determines the large reserves of natural resources, of which China has almost 150 species, in terms of the reserves of many of them, the country occupies a leading place in the world. These are ores of non-ferrous and rare metals: in terms of reserves of tungsten, tin, titanium, first place, copper - second in the world, antimony - 75% of world reserves. The country has the world's largest reserves of uranium, coal (second in the world, after the United States), which is the basis of energy, as well as significant reserves of oil and gas on the continent and the sea shelf.

The population of China is one fifth of the world's population and exceeds 1343 million people (2011), the country is ethnically homogeneous, the Chinese (Han) make up 94% of the population, in addition, there are over 50 nationalities - Mongols, Tibetans, Koreans, Kazakhs. Currently, the level of urbanization in the country is 43.5%, most of the country's population - 56.5% lives in rural areas, although in 2000 this share was 70%.

In 1997, Hong Kong (now Hong Kong), a former colony of Great Britain, was annexed to China. In 1999, Macau, the former Portuguese colony of Macau, came under the jurisdiction of China. Hong Kong and Aomin are special administrative regions with their own legislatures, and this autonomy will be maintained for 50 years.

The island of Taiwan until 1949 was a province of China, after the socialist revolution the overthrown government of Chiang Kai-shek fled there, establishing the Kuomintang regime and retaining the name "Republic of China", which was proclaimed in 1927. The Taiwanese government was supported by the United States and several other countries. Many countries, including Russia, do not recognize Taiwan's sovereignty and support the PRC's policy of joining the Republic of Taiwan to its own territory. PRC, Xianggang and Aomin are collectively called “Greater China”.

The PRC is a unitary state of the parliamentary type, the 1982 Constitution defines the country as a socialist state with a democratic dictatorship of the people. The supreme organ of state power is the unicameral National People's Congress (NPC), which consists of 2,979 deputies. Despite the fact that there are eight parties in the country, the PRC is actually a one-party state, the ruling party is the Chinese Communist Party.

In the country's Constitution, “socialism with Chinese characteristics” is enshrined as an economic course. At present, a system of socialist market economy has been created in the country, based on state ownership and state control, market institutions have been strengthened, especially in the distribution of resources.

China, whose economy is largely based on public property and is developing according to plan, is the world's largest industrial state. In terms of total industrial production, it came in second in the world after the United States, overtaking Japan in 2001, although the country is in 120th place in terms of per capita income.

After World War II, the communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong created a socialist state, practically autarky, tightly controlling not only the economy, but also the daily life of the population. Voluntaristic decisions have cost tens of millions of lives. The year 1979 is considered to be the key starting point in the economic development of the PRC, when the economic transformations of an overly bureaucratized and closed economic system of a non-market type that took shape in 1950-60 began. With the establishment of the market sector, the Chinese economy has been developing at the highest and most stable rates (7-10% per year) for three decades, setting a kind of economic record. The country managed to avoid the transformational recession characteristic of the first stage of structural reforms in almost all countries reforming the administrative-command economy, and at the same time significantly improved the indicators of the population's living standards.

Over the 20 years of reforms associated with the transition to a market economy (from 1978 to 2000), China has increased its GDP 5.6 times, per capita GDP 4.4 times, and production increased 7 times. The pace of development at the beginning of the 21st century accelerated, from 2002 to 2009, GDP grew 1.5 times (Table 36), per capita GDP increased six times and in 2011 amounted to $ 8400, in special administrative regions of China, per capita income is much higher ( in Aomin - more than 30,000, in Hong Kong (Xianggang) - more than 42,700 USD). In the last five years, from 2007 to 2011, the country's share in world GDP increased from 10.8 to 14.3%.

In terms of foreign exchange reserves, the country has ranked first in the world in recent years; as of December 31, 2011, they amounted to USD 2.206 trillion. The rapid growth of foreign exchange reserves is determined by the rapid growth of the country's exports and the formation of a significant trade balance, which was almost unaffected by the global financial crisis (Table 37).

Table 37

The main socio-economic indicators of the development of the PRC economy at the present stage

The crisis did not have a significant impact on the growth of socio-economic indicators such as GDP and per capita GDP; it was expressed only in a slowdown in the growth rate of economic indicators. In 2009, there was a decrease in the volume of foreign trade, the emphasis was placed on the domestic market, which is characterized not only by a large population, but also by an increase in its income. The economic slowdown in Europe is expected to further curb China's economic growth in 2012. In the 12th five-year plan of the government, adopted in March 2011, it is planned to continue economic reforms, increase domestic consumption, to reduce the dependence of the economy on exports in the future.

Agriculture plays an important role in the Chinese economy. The main agricultural regions are located in the east of the country, where rice, wheat, corn, tea are produced; in terms of the production of these crops, the PRC ranks first in the world.

Over the years of economic reforms, China has confidently moved from an agrarian-industrial to an industrial society, which is illustrated by the ratio of sectors of the national economy (Table 38).

Table 38

Dynamics of the structure of the PRC's GDP for 1978-2010,%

Compiled by:.

Over the past three decades, China has seen great changes in its employment structure. Almost half of the GDP is created in industry with the beginning of economic reforms. By 2000, the share of agriculture in GDP had almost halved, but this sector employs 70% of the active population and the economy is more of an agro-industrial nature. For 30 years, the share of industry in the structure of GDP over these years has changed little, there is an increase in the share of the service sector due to a decrease in the share of agriculture, which now creates only 10% of GDP, and employs 36.7% of labor resources. A more modern system of the national economy is being formed, for the maintenance of which it is necessary to develop the transport, financial system, education system and other areas of the service sector.

In the world economy, the PRC is the leader in the extraction and processing of ore; smelting steel, cast iron, aluminum and other metals; in mechanical engineering, including the production of weapons, transport equipment, cars, railway cars and locomotives, ships, aircraft, telecommunications equipment, launch vehicles and satellites; the production of consumer goods - the production of textiles, ready-made clothes and shoes, toys and electronics, the food industry, the production of electricity (4604 billion kWh in 2011), ahead of the United States.

The basis of the fuel and energy complex of China is the coal industry (a large coal basin - Datong is located in the northern part of China). The Daqing oil field accounts for 1/2 of the country's oil production, electricity production is based on thermal power plants, and the main cascades of hydroelectric power plants are located on the Yangtze and Huang He rivers. Since the 1980s, the chemical industry has developed greatly: the production of mineral fertilizers (nitrogen), household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Structural shifts are taking place in China's industry. In mechanical engineering, heavy types are giving way to electrical engineering and other science-intensive and socially oriented industries. Light industry has developed greatly, the main branch of which is the textile industry, whose share in the structure of the economy is constantly decreasing. If at the beginning of the 90s the share of the latest industries in the total volume of industrial production was 10%, then by now it is 30%, and it tends to constantly increase.

There are three economic zones in China.

1. The eastern (coastal) zone is economically the most developed. Most of the industrial centers and free economic zones (FEZ), seaports, offices of large international multinational corporations are located here. The most high-tech production is developed here - the production of electronics, electrical engineering, as well as consumer goods, the production of which is oriented towards foreign markets. Agriculture is based on crop production. The population of this zone is 21.8% of the total. This part of the population, according to the World Bank classification, has a medium-high income, and in Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, where 2.2% of the country's population lives, incomes are high by world standards.

2. Mining and heavy industry prevails in the Central and North-Eastern zone, many of which were built in 1950-60 with the help of the Soviet Union. It is home to 26% of the total population of the country, which has medium-low incomes.

3. More than half of China's population lives in the Western Zone, whose income level is low. There are deposits of oil, gas, coal, providing the country with hydrocarbon raw materials, and the extractive industry and processing of mineral raw materials are developing. The basis of agriculture is animal husbandry.

The PRC is a country in which all technological methods of production known in history are preserved and intertwined. In agriculture, manual labor predominates; non-agricultural production in rural areas is represented by manufactory. In cities, machine production prevails.

Despite the high rates of economic growth, an increase in the PRC's share in world industrial production and the world gross product, GDP per capita and labor productivity remain significantly lower than those of developed countries. However, the PRC has the necessary potential to maintain high rates of economic development and further integration into the regional and world economy.

Similar information.

Crop production is traditionally the leading branch of agriculture in China. The arable land area in China is about 100 million hectares, and there is a steady downward trend. It is widely used (up to 50% of arable land).

In terms of the variety of cultivated crops, it occupies one of the first places in the world: at present there are over 50 types of field crops, more than 80 types of garden crops and more than 60 types of garden crops.

Rice is the main crop, it can be cultivated almost throughout the country, but the northern border of the main rice cultivation areas runs along an isohyte of 750 mm, approximately along the Qinling ridge - r. ... In many areas, 2-3 harvests are harvested. The second most important crop is wheat (winter and spring). It is grown almost throughout the country. In Tibet, spring wheat crops reach an altitude of 4100 m.

Other important crops for China include corn, millet, gaoliang (a kind of sorghum), barley.

The main oilseed crop is peanuts (Shandun Peninsula, eastern regions of the Great China).

Among the legumes, the most common are soybeans, broad beans, and peas. More than 1,200 soybean varieties have been bred for all climatic conditions.

Tuberous crops are used to grow sweet potatoes, potatoes, yams, taro, and cassava.

The most important industrial crops are cotton, sugar cane, tea, and sugar beets.

Animal husbandry in China remains a backward part of agriculture. Its share in the total agricultural volume. production is now about 20%.

In terms of livestock, China occupies one of the first places in the world: the country has about 40% of the world's pig population, 10% of sheep and goats, and 5% of cattle. However, in terms of production per capita, the PRC lags far behind.

The most dynamically developing industry is poultry farming. The poultry is raised mainly in a personal subsidiary farm (mainly chickens, turkeys, geese). Poultry meat production is about 1 million tons and is concentrated mainly in the suburban areas.

Other widespread are beekeeping and silkworm breeding. Beekeeping is widespread throughout the country, but most strongly in Northeast China. In terms of honey export, China ranks 2nd in the world (gives 1/3 of world exports).

Sericulture is developing in the south of China (where the silkworm is grown) and in northeastern China (the oak silkworm).

The importance of water crafts in the PRC is great. Fish are raised in rice fields, and fish, shrimp, shellfish and seaweed are raised in the sea shallows.