The decision-making at any control level always relies on information. Features of management information at the enterprise are associated with the organization of its automated processing, which affects its organization and classification. Information in management is presented in information systems.
In most cases, information is collected, transmitted and processed using signs that may transmit information if there is an agreement on their meaning content between sources and information receivers. A set of signs for which there is an agreement is called a sign system. However, information as a signing system can exist only in a certain subject area (finance, personnel, technique, technology).
The specified area determines the type of subject area and, respectively, a system of signs, which is characteristic only for this area. For all areas there will be their own sign (informational) system.
By the possibility of a numerical evaluation of the data obtained, such types of information differ as quantitative and high-quality. Quantitative information allows you to express in specific numerical information about the state of the objects under study: the volume of the issue, market share, the number of employed, the size of the investment Quality information allows you to describe the state of the objects under study in quality characteristics: the composition of consumers by sex and age, social position and place of residence, ways Acquisitions and types of goods and the nature of consumer behavior, the attitude of experts on the subject of research (growth - decline, like - do not like), description of activities.
In the frequency of occurrence and receiving data, information may be: constant - reflects stable and long time not changing environmental factors variable - shows the actual quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the functioning as a system as a whole and its individual elements. Episodic - formed as needed, for example, if additional data on competitors and assessment of the possibility of changing the prices of goods sold are needed. For purpose, it is allocated: reference information - wears a familiar, auxiliary nature, reflects relatively stable features of the objects under study and is presented in the form of a system of reference books on organizations, technical and operational characteristics of products, prices, tariffs.
Recommendation information is formed as a result of special studies or based on data analysis given in printed publications and commercial databases. It contains, for example, product sales predictions, market selection priorities.
Signal information - occurs during the appearance of deviations of the actual behavior of objects of the medium from the planned one. Regulatory information - includes norms and standards for various elements of the organization's current activities, as well as regulatory legislation.
Regulatory information - reflects the relevant activities that are performed after establishing the causes of deviations to eliminate them.
In accordance with the sources of production, it differs: primary information - information collected for the first time for any particular purpose. Primary information is formed directly in the process of "laboratory" or "field" studies, as a result of a survey (interviewing or questioning) of observation, experiment or simulation modeling. Secondary information - information that already exists somewhere, being collected earlier for other purposes.
In accordance with the environment of the organization, from which it was received, the information is divided into external and internal: external - the one that comes from the external environment, which characterizes its condition. Internal - comes from the inner medium, characterizing its condition.
According to the degree of openness stands out. Open information is the one that is in free access. Closed information is that access to which is limited. According to the status varies. Official information is the one, which is contained in the official statement of the representative of the organization, is supported by the signature of the official and the seal of the organization, the officials of the organization are responsible for its accuracy. Nefial information is the one, which is informal, the personal opinion of the citizen.
Management information company Volume. Management of production, technical and technological, social and socio-economic processes of the enterprise requires a surround system of indicators characterizing these processes.
Management information of the enterprise is specific to the form form and is reflected in the form of primary and summary documents.
Management information is cyclical. For most manufacturing, technical and technological, social and personnel processes, the repeatability of the components of their stages and information reflecting these processes is characterized (this allows the created information processing programs to use multiple times.
Management information of the company reflects the results of production and economic activities with the help of a system of natural and cost (monetary) indicators.
Management information is specific to processing methods. During the processing process, arithmetic and logical (sorting, selection) of the operation prevail, and the processing results are presented in the form of text (analytical) documents, tables, charts and graphs.
Classification of management information can be carried out by various criteria.
- · By sources of occurrence. Information is the primary derivative.
- · According to the method of fixing, information is oral and documented. By the character of data fixation information is not fixable
- · In the direction of movement distinguish incoming and outgoing information.
- · In stability distinguishes operational, variable and conditionally permanent information.
- · According to general management functions, it is planned, accounting, analytical, regulating, coordinating information.
- · According to specific control functions, production is distinguished
- · Technological, accounting, planning and economic, personnel, sales information.
- · In the time of occurrence, there are information about past events, about current events, o future events.
Additional features of the classification of management information enterprises include the following.
- one). Affiliation (attitude) to this system. This feature allows you to divide messages to the entrance (enterprise of the enterprise with customers), the internal (production plan of the workshop) and the weekend (payment order to the bank).
- 2) Sign of time. Regarding the time of events are divided into promising (about future events and processes) and retrospective. The first class includes planned and forecast information (for example, financial plan). To the second - credentials.
- 3) Functional signs. The first functional feature classifies information on enterprise functional subsystems (for example, information about labor resources).
The classification of management information systems (IP) depends on the types of management processes, the level of control, the functioning of the control object and its organization, the degree of control of management.
The basic classification features of management information systems are the following.
- 1. Level in the management system (for example, federal, regional, municipal).
- 2. The range of functioning of the control object (economic, social and other spheres).
- 3. Types of management processes (technological, economic, personnel, sales processes in the enterprise).
- 4. The degree of automation of information processes (from the manual information system to the full automation of the management process).
There is a classification and information criteria.
- 1. The nature of information processing.
- 2. Scale and integration of information system components.
- 3. Information and technological architecture of the information system.
By the nature of the processing of information and the complexity of the processing algorithms, information systems are customary to divide into two large classes.
- 1. Information system for operational data processing. This is a traditional information system for accounting and processing the primary data of a large volume using algorithms, a fixed database structure (database).
- 2. Information system for support and decision-making. They are focused on the analytical processing of large amounts of information, the integration of heterogeneous data sources, the use of methods and means of analytical processing (modeling, methods of forecasting and extrapolation).
A system-structural classification is possible. The structure of the information system is a combination of its individual parts, called subsystems. The subsystem is part, the system component, highlighted by any sign.
- 1. Functional subsystems. This class is allocated in accordance with the management functions carried out in the enterprise. For example, the following functional subsystems are included in the automated complex "Enterprise Management": production management, personnel management, warehouse management, finance management.
- 2. Enterprise. According to individual functional areas, the "Accounting", "Sales", "Finance", "Staff" may allocated.
Another functional feature shares IP into two types.
- 1. Information and search systems (IPS).
- 2. Data processing systems (SOD).
In the organizational management systems allocate economic information related to human management, and technical information related to the management of technical objects.
Economic information reflects the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services. Due to the fact that economic information is mostly associated with social production, it is often called production information. Economic information is characterized by a large volume, repeated use, updating and transformation, a large number of logical operations and relatively simple mathematical calculations for many types of results. The structural unit of economic information is the indicator. It can be represented as:
N \u003d (np * zp),
NP - the name of the indicator; SP - indicator value. The indicator is a controlled parameter of an economic object and consists of a set of details. The props has completed semantic content and consumer importance. Thus, props is a logically indivisible element of the indicator, reflecting certain properties of the object or process. Props can not be divided into smaller units without destruction of its meaning. Each indicator consists of one substitution requisite and one or more attribute details. The substitution props characterizes the semantic value of the indicator and determines its name. The props of the base characterizes, as a rule, the quantitative value of the indicator (weight, cost, time rate).
The word "function" translated from the Latin language means "committing", "execution".
Managers can be represented as a continuous process of performing managerial functions.
Management functions - specialized types of management activities; Separate directions of management activities that allow control effects.
Any control feature includes a collection of information, its transformation, solving solutions, giving it a form and bring to performers.
The control functions are characterized by the following properties:
· Are carried out in each production system and at each control level;
· Inherent in the management of any organization;
· Share the content of management activities on the types of work on the sign of the sequence
· Their time performing;
· Relatively independent and at the same time interact closely.
In the scientific literature, both foreign and domestic, there are different points of view on the classification of management functions, although, in essence, they differ only in separate parameters. For example, E.P. Doves highlights features such as:
· Determining the goals and objectives of the organization's activities;
· Planning;
· Organization;
· Motivation;
· Coordination and regulation;
· Accounting, analysis and control. Golubkov E.P. Management. M., 1993. P. 11.
In turn, M. Meson refers to the function of management of the following activities:
· strategic planning;
· Planning the implementation of the strategy;
· Organization of interaction and powers;
· Building organizations;
· Motivation. Meson M., Albert M., Hedomry F. Fundamentals of Management. M., 1995. P. 20.
Describing control functions as follows:
|
Control functions |
Operations |
|
Planning |
Perform forecasting. Define goals. Develop a strategy. Note a program action. Calculate time and standards. Determine sources of financing. Develop policies and procedures |
|
Organization |
Develop an organizational structure. Transfer authority. Determine attitudes to work. Develop a decision-making process. Determine Communications. |
|
Motivation |
Find out staff needs. Determine the methods of stimulation that allow you to meet the needs of each employee |
|
Control |
Determine the standards of results. Ensure their measurement. To assess the results. Implement them to adjust. Take into account the behavioral side of control |
|
Marketing activities |
Define the mission and social responsibility of the organization. Study and form products and services |
|
Innovative activity |
Provide a flexible organizational structure. Create an analytical department capable of catching weak signals from the external environment. To form an entrepreneurial type of organizational behavior. Create innovator support system. |
|
The development of human resources |
Ensure a set and selection of personnel. Develop "Philosophy of the Company", including the Code of Business Personnel. Career planning. Annually hold certification of personnel. Develop a learning and development program. |
|
Management consulting |
Provide diagnosis of organizational pathologies and management dysfunctions. Develop a plan to overcome them. |
In the practice of management distinguish two types of management functions: basic and specific.
The main functions of the management can be fully referred to the entire set of mandatory work, which is subject to strict implementation in the process of implementing a specific management function in a specific sequence: forecasting, organization, planning, motivation, control, accounting analysis, preparation and adoption of management decisions.
The planning feature is to determine the objectives of the organization and the development of measures to achieve them. These are actions by which management gives a single direction to the efforts of all members of the organization.
The function of organizing activities is to create a structure for managing the enterprise, determining the tasks of divisions, the establishment of the procedure for their interaction, selection of people for specific work, empowering their powers and responsibility. This is the only function that ensures the relationship and improving the effectiveness of all other control functions.
The coordination function is aimed at achieving consistency and harmony in the joint activities of all elements (activities, divisions, services, departments, subsystems) of the enterprise. The coordination function of the joint activity can be called "System Setup".
The regulatory function ensures the execution of current measures related to the elimination of deviations from the specified mode of operation of the organizational system. It is used in the process of operational management of joint activities of people by dispatching based on control and analysis of this activity.
The motivation function is to encourage personnel to effectively conscientious activities to achieve the objectives of the organization. Aims to identify the needs of personnel, the development of remuneration systems for the work performed, the use of various wage systems.
The control function is monitored by the processes in the managed object, comparing actually achieved results with the planned, detection of deviations. The most closely related to the planning function, because it controls the organization's movement to the goals.
The function of accounting is implemented to obtain comprehensive information on the status of activities (production, commercial, financial, etc.). It consists in measuring, registering and grouping data characterizing the control object. Break accounting, operational and statistical accounting.
The activity analysis function is a comprehensive study of the activities of the enterprise with the help of analytical and economic and mathematical methods in order to objectively with its assessment, the determination of bottlenecks in the development of the organization and possible ways to improve the current situation. An important task of analyzing is to establish the degree of survival of the company, its ability to withstand external and internal destabilizing factors.
The decision-making feature is to choose which the head must be done to fulfill official duties. Using management solutions, all the above control functions are implemented.
Specific management functions as more separable, independent areas of professional activity in relation to new business conditions occupy key positions. It is based on the analysis of specific functions that form the management structure is formed, the selection and personnel layout are carried out, the information systems, the organization of office work, are being developed.
Specific control functions will clearly determine what, to whom and when to do. The performance of specific functions in the complex is the management process of the organization (enterprise). From here, it is possible to make the basic conclusion that the performance of specific functions depends on the competence, flexibility, efficiency, enterprise managers and, as a result, the successful performance of production tasks, quality of work and products, competitiveness of the product being produced. Management functions contribute to the establishment and successful operation of all units of the current control structure for vertical and horizontal bonds. Based on such a parcel of A.Ya. Kibanov divides all control functions to external, domestic, main, main, auxiliary, useful, harmful, unnatural, duplicate. Kibanov A.Ya. Management - science management. M.: 1997.
The following specific functions can be distinguished:
· Management of main production;
· Management of auxiliary and servicing production;
· Labor management and wages;
· Product quality management;
· Personnel Management;
· Financial management;
· Marketing management;
· Management of the social development of the team;
Each specific control function in the organization is a comprehensive content and includes general functions: planning, organization, regulation, motivation, control, analysis, etc.
So, there are general and specialized management functions. General management functions are planning, organization, regulations., Motivation, control and analysis. Specialized functions are classified depending on the scope of management.
From the point of view of the reflected management functions, economic information is divided into planned, forecast, regulatory, design and technological, accounting, financial.
Important, especially when creating machine information systems, has a division of information, depending on the degree of stability on permanent(conditionally constant) and peremn.The first remains unchanged or subjected to ignorable adjustments for a more or less long period of time. These are various reference information, standards and rates, etc. Variable information reflects the results of the production and economic operations, corresponds to their dynamism and, as a rule, participates in one technological cycle of machine processing.
Usually, if the value of the stability coefficient is not lower than 0.85 (K - -0.85), information aggregate is considered to be conditionally constant.Most of the conditionally permanent information when using computing equipment is recommended to be stored on machine media. At the same time, there is no need to include these details as part of the primary document indicators, due to which it is significant to simplify their forms, reduce the complexity of filling. The use of conditionally permanent information arrays in automated data processing technology ensures an increase in the doubtability of the result information, allows you to supplement it with the necessary reference information and thereby more in-depth and versatile characterize the object, process, phenomenon.
Information technology solutions include the following important procedures that may be grouped by functional-temporary stages: collecting and registering information, its processes to the processing place, machine coding, stored and search, computational processing, information replication, Use of information, i.e. Decision making and generating management impacts.
As a rule, information is subjected to all education procedures, but in some cases some procedures can try. The sequence of their execution also happens different, while some procedures can be repeated. Composition percentage
the transformation and features of their implementation largely depend on the economic object leading the automated processing of information. Consider the features of the implementation of key information conversion procedures.
Collection and registration of information occur in different ways in various economic objects. This procedure is most complex in automated management processes of industrial enterprises, firms, etc., where the collection and registration of primary accounting information is made, reflecting the production and economic activities of the object.
Special importance is attached to reliability, the completeness of the timely of the primary information. At the enterprise, the collection and registration of information occur when performing various economic operations (receiving finished products, receiving and starting materials, etc.). First, the information is collected, then fixed. The credentials may occur at workplaces as a result of counting the number of processed parts, past: assembling nodes, products, identification of marriage, etc. To collect actual information, measurement is made, counting, weighing objects, obtaining the time and quantitative characteristics of individual performers. Collection of information, as a prazer, is accompanied by its registration, i.e. fixation of information on the material carrier (document or machine carrier). For - letters in primary documents are mainly carried out manually, therefore, the procedures for collecting and registration remain the most time consuming. In terms of automation of the enterprise management, special attention is given to the use of technical means of collecting and / registering information that combine quantitative measurement operations, registration, accumulation and transmission of information on communication channels to the computer in order to form a primary document.
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Federal Agency for Education
Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management - NINH
Specialty: Finance and Credit
Department: Economic Informatics
Test
Training Discipline: Informatics
Student: Kargapolova Lyubov Aleksandrovna
Answers to test questions
9 According to control functions, information happens:
a) planned, accounting, operational;
b) intermediate, result;
c) primary, secondary.
31 What is a label:
a) icon denoting file;
b) a special icon that provides quick access to objects;
c) A file that runs the program to execute.
34 What is the device driver:
a) a device for managing a printer;
b) the OS program for managing standard external devices;
c) A program testing the main blocks and computer devices.
39 Computer virus is ...
a) program verification and treatment of disks;
b) any program created in low-level languages;
c) a program copied with a poorly formatted floppy disk;
d) A special program of a small size that can attribute itself to other programs, it has the ability to "multiply".
60 In technical devices, information are:
a) information, messages from various sources;
b) the sequence of signals of various nature;
c) information affecting decision making;
d) information that takes off completely or partly the uncertainty of knowledge.
63 Alu - an arithmetic logical device is part of:
a) microprocessor;
b) system unit;
c) RAM.
76 The subscriber's address to the Internet may be:
a) synchronous, asynchronous;
b) digital, analog;
c) digital, domain.
81 Local network is:
a) computers running operating system;
b) Personal computer and a printer and scanner attached to it;
(c) A combination of personal computers and other means of computing equipment, combined with cables and network adapters, and running a network operating system;
d) Two personal computers interconnected by a special cable and operating system running.
96 The main element of the database in Excel is:
a) recording;
c) Table.
111 Macro is:
a) button;
b) formula;
c) Order of certain commands.
Practical work
printer logical base histogram
|
Computer manufacturers models |
Revenues, million y. e. 2009 |
Revenues, million y. e. 2010 |
Trading share from sales of 2009. |
Trading share from the sale of 2010. |
Saluation share assessment |
||
Formulas for calculation:
Trading share from sale \u003d income of each model / total
Evaluation of the share of sales is determined depending on the trading share of the sale:
· "Equal", if the shares from the sale of 2009. and 2010 equal
· "Exceeding" if the share of sales 2010. more than 2009,
· "Reduction", if the share of sales 2010. less than 2009
To fill columns, use the function if.
2. Using an extended filter, to form a list of models of computer manufacturers of computers, sales revenues and in 2009, and in 2010 would be more than 70 million y. e.
3. Using the function of the category "Working with the database" boss, calculate the number of models of computer manufacturers, the trading share of which is less than 30%.
4. Build a volume histogram of the income of 2009-2010.
Bibliography
1. Computer information processing technologies. Ed. Nazarova S. V. M., Finance and Statistics, 1995.
2. Tutorial computer science. 10-11 class. Edited by Professor Makarova N.V. Publisher Peter, 1999.
3. Informatics. Workshop on computer technology. Edited by Professor Makarova N.V. The edition is the third, recycled. M., Finance and statistics. 2002 ..
4. Basics of modern computer technology. Tutorial for higher and secondary institutions ed. Khomonenko A.D. Spb. Crown Print, 1998, 446s.
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Question 2. Economic Information
Economic information is adopted divide first of all, on the following signs:
· control functions ;
· place of origin (control level).
Typical functions Economic information are as follows: planning, rationing, accounting, analysis and regulation.
Planning - A function by which the goal of management is implemented in perfect form. Planned (directive) information includes the directive values \u200b\u200bof the planned indicators of business planning for some period in the future (five-year plan, year, quarter, month, day). For example, production of products in physical and value terms, planned demand for products and profits from its implementation, etc.
Regulatory and referringinformation (NSI) contains various reference and regulatory data related to production processes and relationships. This is the largest and diverse type of information. Its volume takes up to 50-60% of the total circulating information on the company. An example of NSIs can be: technological standards for the manufacture of parts, nodes, products in general; cost standards (rates, tariffs, prices); reference data on suppliers and consumers of products, etc.
Accounting – Function aimed at obtaining information on the progress of the enterprise. Accounting reflects the actual values \u200b\u200bof the scheduled indicators for a certain period of time. Based on this information, planned information may be adjusted, an analysis of the organization's activities was carried out, decisions were made to more effectively manage the firm. As accounting information is the information of the natural (operational) accounting, accounting, financial accounting.
Analysis and regulation - Comparison of actual indicators with regulatory, determination of deviations beyond the permissible parameters, establishing the causes of deviations, identifying reserves, finding ways to correct the situation and decide on the conclusion of the management object to the planned trajectory. An effective tool for identifying causes of deviations is factor analysis , And to search for ways to exit the situation - expert systems .
Types of economic information on control levels (The occurrence) includes input and output information.
Input information – This information comes to the firm (structural unit) from the outside and used as primary information to implement management functions and management tasks.
Output – This is information coming from one control system to another.
The same information may be a day off for one structural unit of both its consumer and the output - for the division of its generating.
By stability:
variable - one-time information arising in the process of fixing on the material carrier of financial transactions and economic facts;
conditional and permanent - Does not change for some period (reference books, norms, etc.).
To attribute information to a particular class, you can use the stability ratio :,
where V. ne Z. m. , V common - Accordingly, the amount of information (in characters, lines, bytes, bits, etc.), which remains unchanged for some period, and the total amount of information. It is believed that To art\u003e 0.5 information is conditionally constant. for exampleThe document has 220 lines, among which 10 lines are updated monthly. This document is conditionally constant, since its To art= 0,95;
In addition, it is required to allocate the following types of information:
Birzh and financial information- information on quotations of securities, exchange rates, accounting rates, markets of goods and capital, investment, prices. Sources of such information are the stock exchanges and serving their special services for exchange and financial information. The commercial value of such information is ensured by its completeness, accuracy and efficiency.
Statistical information- Numerical economic, demographic and social information, which is provided by statistical authorities (state and non-state) in the form of dynamic series, reports, assessments, forecasts, etc.
Commercial information- Address and detailed data on industries, enterprises and their responsible employees (including data on areas of activity, assortment of products, prices, etc.). Data sources - state and a number of non-state organizations publishing various selections, catalogs.
Information on commercial offerscomes from specialized firms - information trading intermediaries.
Political, Economic, Military and other similar newsinteresting representatives of different social groups, in particular entrepreneurs.
Normative legal acts,including: General Acts -Cradanskoye, Arbitration, Tax Law; Acts regulating certain types of activities; Regulatory and recommending documents on standardization are necessary to economists, accountants, lawyers and many other specialists and other users.