If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.
It is the isolated definition that is in it that colors the speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.
Definition concept
The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions "what, -th, -th?"
Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:
- kind (what?) heart;
- gold (what?) nugget;
- bright (what?) appearance;
- old (what?) friends.
In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting the belonging of an object to a person:
- the boy took (whose?) his portfolio;
- mom ironing (whose?) her blouse;
- my brother sent my friends home (whose?);
- father watered (whose?) my tree.
In a sentence, the definition is underlined with a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:
- "Joyful, she broke the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is separate.
- "The vegetable garden overgrown with weeds was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is the participle.
- "Satisfied with the success of her son, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, an adjective with dependent words is a stand-alone definition.
The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of the object or its belonging.
Separate definitions
Definitions that provide additional information about an object or clarify its belonging to a person are considered to be isolated. The meaning of the sentence will not change if the separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:
- "Mom carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mom carried the child to his crib."
- "Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."
As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.
Standalone definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.
Agreed definitions
Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the proposal, they can be presented:
- an adjective - a yellow leaf fell from a tree (what?);
- pronoun - my dog got off the leash (whose?);
- numerals - give him (what?) a second chance;
- communion - in the front garden was visible (what?) green grass.
A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:
- "Briefly said (what?), His speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "spoken" is in the feminine, singular, nominative, as well as the word "speech" that it defines.
- "We went out into the street (which one?), Still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" has the same gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
- "People (what?), Happy from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative, the definition agrees with it in this.
A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear both before the defined word, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.
Inconsistent definition
When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:
- Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: "He loves soft-boiled eggs (what?)."
- Management is the formulation of a definition in the case that the word being defined requires. Often they indicate a sign by material, the purpose or location of the object. For example: "a girl sat on a chair (which one?) Made of wood."
Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent, isolated definition. Examples:
- A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "s" or "v". Nouns can be both single and dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In a chalk, but satisfied with the mark. ("In the chalk" is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
- An indefinite verb answering the question "what?", "What to do?", "What to do?" In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
- Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From afar we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), Brighter than she usually wears.
Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.
Definition structure
By their structure, definitions can consist of:
- from a single word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
- adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted by the news;
- from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted by the news told.
The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often, they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often - by dashes (for example, the greatest luck (which one?) Is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).
Separation of the sacrament
The most popular stand-alone definition, the most common examples of which, is the single participle (participle). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.
- The girl (what?), Frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and stands after it, therefore it is separated on both sides with commas.
- The painting (what?), Painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here the participle with the dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.
If a participle or participle turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:
- The frightened girl walked forward in silence.
- Painted in Italy, the painting became his favorite creation.
You need to be aware of the formation of the participles in order to use such a stand-alone definition. Examples, suffixes in participle formation:
- when creating a valid participle in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -ych is written (thinks - thinker, write - write);
- when created in the present. the time of the active participle is 2 sp., use -shch-yash (smokes - fuming, sting - stinging);
- in the past tense, valid participles are formed with the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
- Passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and –m, –m –– and –t in the present (leads –– driven, love –– beloved).
In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.
Isolation of the adjective
Single or dependent words, adjectives are set apart in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and a rule are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is put, and if before, then not.
- The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).
- Mom, angry, may be silent for several hours. (An angry mom may be silent for several hours.)
Isolation at a definable personal pronoun
When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:
- Frustrated, she went into the yard.
- Tired, they went to bed right away.
- He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.
When the word being defined is shared by other words, the stand-alone definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) are also separated by commas. For example, "All of a sudden the whole steppe shook and, enveloped in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).
Other breakdowns of the definition
A stand-alone definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:
- The professor, a handsome young man, was looking at his new entrants.
- Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.
In such constructs, standalone definitions carry additional messages about the object.
The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.
How to find sentences with separate definitions?
Competent placement of punctuation marks is impossible without understanding the syntax of simple and complex sentences. In some cases, the comma is placed automatically: for example, before the compositional conjunctions like a , but. They often indicate the need to put a punctuation mark on speech pauses, as well as intonation when listing (homogeneous members).
In most obscure situations, the use of a comma, dash, or colon is still closely related to parsing.
In general, any members of a sentence, as well as plug-in constructions such as references and introductory words, can be isolated. Accordingly, before you put this or that punctuation mark, you need to mentally parse the sentence and find a structure that needs to be isolated.
Sentences with separate definitions are very common. This is understandable: without words describing objects from different sides, speech would be inaccurate and lacking in expression.
The definition is easy to recognize in the sentence for adjectives. This member of the sentence is expressed by parts of speech denoting a sign of an object (adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers) or pointing to it (pronouns). But as a definition (inconsistent), in fact, any significant parts of speech can act.
A separate definition is, as is clear from the above, a member of the sentence to which the questions fit: "What?", "What?" , "What?", "What?". Depending on the place in the syntactic structure, such a definition is highlighted with punctuation marks: at the beginning or end of a sentence - one comma, in the middle - two.
Students often mentally equate the participle with a separate definition. They are partly right - the participle with dependent words is often included in the structure of a sentence with separate definitions. But, firstly, it is not always necessary to separate such a definition with commas, and, secondly, single participles and adjectives are also separated. For example, if uncommon definitions (two or more) appear after the main word:
The sailor, experienced and courageous, returned from a voyage around the world.
The sun, bright, blinding, gradually receded beyond the horizon.
There is another myth regarding a sentence with separate definitions. Remembering that the participle phrase is highlighted only after the main word, students forget about definitions with the meaning of a circumstance or addition. Such constructions require a comma, regardless of the position of the word being defined. 
An example of a similar sentence with standalone definitions:
Pretty tired from the chase, the horse slowed down.(That is, the horse began to run slower, because it was tired of the chase - adverbial meaning.)
Also, it does not matter where the participle or single participle (less often the adjective) takes place, if they refer to a personal pronoun:
Upset by yesterday's incident, we walked in silence and hardly spoke.
Joyful and excited, he was explaining something heatedly.
Inconsistent definitions are singled out selectively, in cases where such emphasis is justified by a logical emphasis.
So, a sentence with a stand-alone definition is easy to spot if you understand the syntactic function of this minor member, as well as the ways of expressing it. This is perhaps the main condition for the correct placement of punctuation marks.
What are peer-to-peer sentences?
Nata lipovetskaya
While playing, my son touched a computer that was not working well.
"playing" - a separate circumstance, expressed by the gerund;
"working poorly" is a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase.
I know, an example of a curve, but the simplest))
Enter in Google: "Standalone circumstances, stand-alone definitions". =)
Better yet, add the words "punctuation rules for" = 3
Because a stand-alone definition is not necessarily participial.
It can still be homogeneous members after the defined word, connected by the union "and" ^^
Anatoly Ledenev
As a rule, they separate (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence are separated by commas on both sides) common definitions expressed by a participle or adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the defined noun or substantive word, for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with tender aroma (Chekhov); A pale light, like a slightly diluted blue water, flooded the eastern part of the horizon (Paustovsky); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (Gorky).
Simply put, commas are put, in definitions
Examples of stand-alone definitions (10 sentences)
Yuliya
Dew-covered poplars filled the air with a delicate scent.
The prince, red with embarrassment, apologized for his awkwardness.
Cinderella, excited by the appearance of the fairy and frightened by such an unusual phenomenon, could not utter a single word.
Child, beloved and the only one, Sveta connected the family for some time
In our yard, covered with straw, chickens roam and always give way
Dust, pink from the blaze of lightning, swept across the ground
4 is not enough for me yet)
Diana alieva
Parting for the summer, the guys exchanged addresses. (isolated provision_)
An optometrist, or eye doctor, sees it in the morning. (standalone application)
Instead of an answer, Kirill Petrovich was given a letter. (stand-alone addition)
What is a stand-alone definition?
The definition is a minor member of the sentence, which indicates the attribute of the object and answers the questions which one? which? which? which? whose? whose, whose? whose? which the?
The definition can be isolated, that is, distinguished by meaning and intonation, in the following cases:
1) the participle turnover AFTER the defined word. The sounds approaching from the river became distinctly audible.
2) the participle or single definition BEFORE the defined word has the meaning of a reason, concession or condition.
Concerned about the approaching boat, the birds began to stir.
3) an adjective with dependent words AFTER the defined word.
I walked across the terrace, still strong and beautiful.
4) two or more single definitions following the word being defined.
Night fell, moonlit and clear.
5) definitions that stand after the defined word, which already has a definition.
Sad days, autumn, quiet, we still love.
6) the turnover or single definition is separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence
Sun-drenched wheat fields across the river.
7) a definition referring to a personal pronoun, regardless of its location in a sentence
As an adult, I was a little ashamed.
Alarmed and perplexed, it was difficult for him to explain something.
8) the definition, expressed by the indirect case of a noun with a preposition, after the word being defined
Two girls, apparently about eight and ten years old, were sitting next to her.
9) noun - infinitive ...
I went to you with the only impulse - to do good.
1. Single and common agreed definitions are separated and separated in writing by commas if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example:
1) Tired of a long speech I closed my eyes and fell asleep. (L); 2) And he, rebellious, asks for the storm, as if there is peace in the storms. (L); 3) But you leaped irresistible and the flock is sinking ships. (NS.)
Note. From separate agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is necessary to distinguish adjectives and participles that are part of a compound nominal predicate, for example: 1) He came especially excited and happy... (L. T.); 2) He went home sad and tired... (M.G.) In these cases, adjectives and participles can be put in the instrumental case, for example: He came especially excited and cheerful.
2. Common agreed definitions are set apart and separated in writing by commas if they come after the noun being defined: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. (Kupr.); 2) Wisps of smoke billowed in the night air, full of moisture and the freshness of the sea. (M.G.) (Compare: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled on the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and freshness of the sea - there is no separation, since the definitions come before the nouns being defined.)
3. Single agreed definitions are isolated if there are two or more of them and they come after the noun being defined, especially if there is already a definition in front of it: 1) There was a field around, lifeless, dull. (Boon.); 2) The sun, magnificent and bright, rose over the sea. (M. G.)
Sometimes definitions are so closely related to a noun that the latter does not express the desired meaning without them, for example: In the forest, Ephraim was awaited by the atmosphere suffocating, thick, saturated with the smells of pine needles, moss and rotting leaves... (Ch.) The word atmosphere acquires the necessary meaning only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be isolated from it: it is important not that Ephraim was "awaited by the atmosphere", but that this atmosphere was "suffocating", "thick" etc. Wed. one more example: The face of his [counselor] had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression (P.), where the definitions are also closely related to the word being defined and therefore are not isolated.
4. Agreed definitions that precede the noun being defined are set apart if they have additional adverbial meaning (causal, concessional, or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names: 1) Attracted by the light, butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern. (Ax.); 2) Tired of the day's transition, Semyonov fell asleep soon. (Cor.); 3) Still transparent, the forests seem to be green in fluff. (NS.); 4) The July night, not cooled by the heat, shone. (Tyutsch.)
5. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns with prepositions, are isolated if they are given greater independence, that is, when they complement, clarify the idea of a person or object already known; this usually happens if they refer to their own name or personal pronoun: 1) Prince Andrey, in a cloak, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych. (L. T.); 2) Today, in a new blue hood, she was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M.G.); 3) An elegant officer, in a cap with golden oak leaves, shouted something to the captain. (A. N. T.) Wed: The engineer with a thunderous voice, wearing tortoiseshell glasses, was most dissatisfied with the delay. (Paust.)
In addition, inconsistent definitions expressed in indirect cases of nouns are usually isolated: a) when they follow separate definitions expressed by adjectives and participles: A boy with a haircut, in a gray blouse, served Laptev tea without a saucer. (Ch.); b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by compositional unions: The poor guest, with a torn floor and scratched to blood, soon found a safe corner. (NS.)
Standalone Application: Example. Standalone application: sample sentences. Standalone offerings
Questions regarding stand-alone applications are often encountered in exam tasks for the Unified State Exam and the State Examination Agency, and very many examiners are unable to answer them correctly. How do you learn to find an application in a sentence and correctly define it?
What is an application?
An application should be understood as a definition that is expressed using a noun and is consistent with the word being defined. The application can denote completely different qualities of objects, provide information about profession, nationality, age and many other characteristics of a person or object.
There are standalone applications and non-standalone applications. The first should be studied more carefully, as for the second, here we can talk about proper names that are combined with common nouns, as well as about cases when common nouns are followed by proper names.
Standalone Application: Example and Analysis
Common applications that are expressed by a common noun with dependent words and which themselves refer to a common noun can be isolated. Such applications are most often located behind the defined word and very rarely in front of it. For example: "The father joked more, a man with gray sideburns."
In this case, the appendix "man with gray sideburns" refers to a common noun, so it is separated by a comma. Also, structures of the following type can be isolated: "The engineer spoke, he is also one of the developers of this engine, Igor Sikorsky."
Single application
An uncommon application can be isolated if it is found behind a common noun, and if this noun has attached a number of additional explanatory words to itself. They come across in speech much less often, so it is much easier to find standalone applications with examples.
Even less often, such an application can be isolated, but this is possible if it is located with a single noun, and is used to enhance the semantic role of another application, avoiding merging with the defined words, for example: “Father, disabled, fed and dressed from an early age , and myself. "
Hyphenated Applications
A separate common application, examples of which can be found in a large number of reference books, can be attached to a common noun using a hyphen: mother-heroine, teenage boys, etc. Sometimes hyphenation becomes possible if there is a definition that explains the general essence of the sentence. it can refer to the whole utterance, or it can refer to just one word.
Hyphenated writing is possible after proper names (very often this happens when geographical names are indicated), for example: Moskva River. There are cases when a hyphen is placed after a proper name, this is possible when the application, along with the name, is able to form a single semantic core, for example: Ivan Tsarevich.
When should you not use a hyphen when using applications?
There are cases when an application is used without a hyphen, for example, when it equates in its lexical meaning to an adjective. Another principle is also used if, when combining two nouns of a common type, one of them has the meaning of a generic concept, and the other - a specific one (with the exception of terms).
If the appendix or the noun being defined is itself written with a hyphen, there is no need for additional delimitation here. Two uncommon applications can stand next to the noun being defined; in this case, they will not be isolated either.
Standalone Sentences: Examples
Those applications that relate to a proper name can be separated from two sides if they are located after the word being defined. For example: "This morning Kataev, the driver of the first bus, talked about yesterday's incident." If the application comes before a proper name and has an additional adverbial lexical meaning, it will also stand out: “Confident in himself, Maxim remained so even in the most difficult situations”.
A stand-alone application, an example of which may look like the proper name of a person or animal, takes place in a sentence if it has an explanatory character or is used to clarify a common noun: “Masha's dog, Rosalind, did not like strangers and constantly tried to protect from them his mistress. " Quite often, double punctuation is possible here, everything will depend on whether the sentence has an explanatory connotation of meaning or not.
Application + unions
A stand-alone application, with example sentences with which inexperienced native speakers are often confused, in fact, does not carry much complexity. So, it can be joined with the help of the union "how" and combinations such as "by last name", "by nickname", etc. For example: "Katya, as an intelligent girl, wanted to get an ideal groom."
If the union has the lexical meaning "as something", then the turnover that will be added with the help of it cannot be considered an application, and even more so, isolated from all other commas. Also, applications that have the "how" union are not isolated if they characterize an object from only one side. A stand-alone application, an example of which can be found in the sentence "He could not get used to her as an actress," will not be highlighted with commas.
Appendix + pronoun
A standalone consistent application, examples of which are sometimes difficult to understand, are always separated by commas next to the pronoun. In these cases, different pegging options are possible. They will directly depend on the intonation with which it was pronounced, as well as on the presence of pauses after pronouns.
The comma can be omitted in those sentences where the demonstrative particle together with the pronoun are located behind the noun, but before the appendix. The writing in this case is controversial, now the largest linguists studying the issue are trying to come to any consensus.
Difficult cases
Even if you know what a standalone application is (example sentences with it do not scare you), be prepared for various kinds of exceptions to appear. For example, an application might refer to a word that is not in the sentence at all, but implied by the context.
Most often this happens in the absence of a pronoun in a sentence, it, as a rule, is prompted either by the personal forms of the predicate, or by other available means. For example: "Always, bitch, I do not drink, but for such a case I will definitely drink." Using the form of the verb, you can guess that the sentence is missing the pronoun "I".
Dash instead of comma when separating
In some cases, a separate application, examples of sentences with which you need to study in preparation for the Unified State Exam, may be highlighted in the letter not with commas, but with a dash. Most often this happens when you can insert any word in front of the application without changing the general meaning of the sentence.
A dash is also placed in front of the appendix at the end of the sentence, provided that the nature of the appendix is clarified by means of a punctuation mark. The dash can be used to isolate explanatory applications. For example: "Some boring picture - the creation of a sad artist - was hanging a hole in the wallpaper."
A dash is used as a punctuation mark if there is a comma behind a separate application. For example: "With the help of special equipment for diving - scuba gear, anyone can dive into the depths of the ocean and take a closer look at the inhabitants of the seabed."
A separate application, an example of which looks like this: “Leading specialists - heads of departments spoke at the meeting” - in this case expresses the concretizing meaning of the word being defined, which has a more general meaning, from which it is impossible to draw a conclusion about whom exactly it is.
Sentences with stand-alone applications, examples of which may look like this: “The main person of the department, Tatiana Petrovna, said that we are not going anywhere today,” are structured so that the application is in front of the word being defined. The dash in this case plays the role of a tool for isolating the application.
The dash can be used if the application is combined with a homogeneous member of the sentence, clarifying its meaning. For example: "Father, mother, their daughter - Katya, two friends, grandchildren met at dinner." Complicated by a stand-alone application, the examples of which are very conservative, this sentence does not have a second dash.
The dash can also be used to separate homogeneous applications preceding the defined word from each other. For example, "The author of hundreds of books, scripts, stories and fables - Alexey Petrovich decided to suddenly change his activity, and got carried away with skydiving and diving."
Also, the dash can be used in the following types of constructions: "Pushkin - Bezrukov was magnificent." In this case, the application is not isolated, but plays the role of a clarifying element with the subject. From the proposal it becomes clear that the role of the famous poet was played by an equally famous actor.
Conclusion
A stand-alone application, an example of which can help you deal with a difficult question in the exam, is actually not too difficult to understand. If necessary, any student can use the reference materials on the Russian language to make sure that he really understands what an application is and how to properly highlight it within any structure.
Chapter 30. Syntax. Standalone members of the proposal
§1. Isolation. General concept
Segregation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only the minor members of the proposal are isolated. Typically, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-segregated members, the peg-off clauses are more independent.
Segregations are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: A boy who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on a suitcase shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
- Standalone addition: I didn't hear anything other than the ticking of the alarm clock.
- participle phrase: The child, asleep in my arms, woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and content, fell asleep quickly.
- single definition: agitated girl;
- two or three singular definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- a common definition, expressed by the phrase: a girl, agitated by the news, ...
- single: After eating, the child fell asleep.
- as part of adverbial phrases: After discussing the results of the work, we dispersed.
- comparisons: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
- assimilations: Her teeth were like pearls.
- kind (what?) heart;
- gold (what?) nugget;
- bright (what?) appearance;
- old (what?) friends.
- the boy took (whose?) his portfolio;
- mom ironing (whose?) her blouse;
- my brother sent my friends home (whose?);
- father watered (whose?) my tree.
- "Joyful, she broke the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is separate.
- "The vegetable garden overgrown with weeds was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is the participle.
- “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a stand-alone definition.
- "Mom carried the baby, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mom carried the baby to his crib."
More often than not, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
The child, asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed stand-alone participial definition)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent stand-alone definition)
Agreed definition
An agreed stand-alone definition is expressed:
A single consensus definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He was well fed and fell asleep quickly.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed in nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper nouns. Examples:
How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?
Olga, in her wedding dress, was unusually beautiful.
An inconsistent stand-alone definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to the defined word, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap was looking around all the time.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the defined word, only if the defined word is expressed by a pronoun:
She was agitated and could not sleep.
(single stand-alone definition after the definite word expressed by a pronoun)
Agitated, she could not sleep.
(single stand-alone definition before the definite word, pronounced pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are separated if they stand after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not sleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is possible in a position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.
(isolation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)
3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and comes after it:
The girl, agitated by the news, could not sleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the defined word expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then a common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:
Alarmed by the news, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, agitated by the news, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
The definitions preceding the defined word are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both widespread and single definitions, standing immediately before the noun being defined, if they have additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if clause of assignment with the union although.
To check for the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of a qualifying phrase with a turnover with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:
Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.
(additional value of reason)
Even when she was ill, the mother went to work.
(additional value of the assignment)
Thus, various factors are important for pegging:
1) what, what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional circumstantial meanings.
§3. Standalone applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden... The application can be:
1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;
2) common: Teddy bear, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He, an excellent doctor, helped me a lot.
An excellent doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, heals our whole family.
A single uncirculated application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, a baby, and immediately smiled.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:
Mishka, the son of a neighbor, a desperate tomboy.
An application, expressed by a proper name, is isolated if it serves to clarify or clarify:
And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in a position before the defined word - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time.
An architect from God, Gaudi, could not have conceived an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
App with union how separates if the shade of the cause is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Single appendices after the word being defined, which are not highlighted during pronunciation intonationally, are not isolated, since merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.
Standalone applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted with a pause.
Soon New Year is a favorite holiday for children.
§4. Standalone add-ons
The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: excluding, other than, over, excluding, including, excluding, instead of, along with. Include-exclude or override values are passed to them. For example:
No one, except Ivan, knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective preparation online
§5. Separate circumstances
Isolate circumstances expressed:
2) circumstances with a pretext in spite of:
Despite the rain, the children ran away for a walk.
3) comparative turnover with unions: as if, as if, as if, what, than, rather than and others similar:
The clouds, like cotton, floated low and unhurriedly above the ground.
§6. Separation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are distinguished:
1) with unions: how, as if, exactly, as if, what, how, rather than and others, if they matter:
2) with the union as well:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:
1.are phraseological in nature:
Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down from the bucket.
2.the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or a noun in the T.p .:
We walk in a circle.
(We walk(how?) as in a circle... You can replace noun. in T.p .: cru ´ gom)
3) turnover with the union how expresses the meaning "as":
It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from how is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate qualifying members of the proposal
Clarifying terms refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? and others. Most often, the clarification is transmitted by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying terms can refer to an addition, a definition, or the main members of a proposal. Clarifying terms stand out, standing out in oral speech intonationally, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:
We sat up late into the night.
Below, in the valley stretching in front of us, a stream was rustling.
The qualifying term usually stands after the qualifying term. They are connected intonationally.
Clarifying terms can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) using unions: that is, namely:
I am preparing for the exam C1, that is, for an essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, for example:
It was clean and beautiful throughout, especially in the living room.
Test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Standalone definition: examples. Clauses with standalone definitions: examples
If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.
It is the isolated definition that is in it that colors the speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.
Definition concept
The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions "what, -th, -th?"
Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:
In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting the belonging of an object to a person:
In a sentence, the definition is underlined with a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:
The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of the object or its belonging.
Separate definitions
Definitions that provide additional information about an object or clarify its belonging to a person are considered to be isolated. The meaning of the sentence will not change if the separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:
- "Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."
As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.
Standalone definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.
Agreed definitions
Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the proposal, they can be presented:
A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:
A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear both before the defined word, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.
Inconsistent definition
When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:
Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent, isolated definition. Examples:
Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.
Definition structure
By their structure, definitions can consist of:
The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often, they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often - by dashes (for example, the greatest luck (which one?) Is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).
Separation of the sacrament
The most popular stand-alone definition, the most common examples of which, is the single participle (participle). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.
Segregation(comma-separated) definitions agreed upon depends on several factors:
a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meanings in the definition (adverbial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and the way of expressing the definition.
Segregation conditions for agreed definitions
A) Defined word - pronoun
1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( me, you, we, you, he, she, it, they) are isolated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the way of its expression (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:
I AM , learned from experience, I will be more attentive to her. Tired she she fell silent and looked around. AND, tired of his happiness, he immediately fell asleep.
2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, someone, something), usually do not separate, since they form a single whole with pronouns:
This romance cannot be compared nothing written by the author earlier... His face flashed something like a smile.
Notes.
1) With a less close connection, in the presence of a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive turnover is isolated. For example: AND somebody , sweaty and panting running from store to store(Panova).
2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words associated with the attributive pronoun all are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all acts as a dependent definition. For example: All latecomers to the lecture stood in the hallway... (cf .: Late to the lecture stood in the hallway). If the main word is the pronoun whole, and the attributive turnover clarifies or clarifies it, then such a turnover is isolated. For example: Everything , railway-related, still fanned by the poetry of travel for me(cf .: Everything still fanned by the poetry of travel for me).
B) Defined word - noun
1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated if they appear after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they come before the noun being defined.
Wed: Glades, strewn with leaves were full of sun. - Leafy glades were full of sun; I especially liked eyes big and sad... - I especially liked big and sad eyes.
Notes.
1) Common and homogeneous single definitions after a noun are not isolated, if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is on these definitions that the logical stress falls, and there is no pause between the defined word and the definition. For example: Instead of a cheerful Petersburg life, boredom awaited me aside the deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life clean, graceful, poetic (Chekhov).
2) A single definition after a noun is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible... A single definition can be isolated only if it has additional adverbial meaning (it can be replaced by a subordinate clause with unions if, when, because, though and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: To the young to a person in love, it is impossible not to blurt out(Turgenev). - For a young man, if he is in love, it is impossible not to blabber; People, astonished, became like stones(M. Gorky). - People have become like stones because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always the author's (!).
2. Before the noun being defined, a common definition (a participle or an adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions why? in spite of what? and etc.; they can be replaced with adverbial clauses with unions because though and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily highlighted with pauses.
Wed: Always cheerful, lively, nurses now concentrated and silently moved around Tanya (Kazakov). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they were moving with concentration and noiselessness around Tanya.
However, this delineation is usually optional rather than mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position in front of the main word - the noun will be isolated or non-isolated.
Wed: Wounded in the head, scout could not crawl (Since the scout was shot in the head he couldn't crawl- a pause after a noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head could not crawl(pause after noun scout).
3. Common and single definitions stand out if they are torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are before or after the main word).
For example:
1. angry, sullen, walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, sullen refer to the noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.
2. To meet me clean and clear,, the sound of the bell came(Turgenev). Definitions clean and clear, as if washed in the morning cool stand before the noun being defined the sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - the predicate brought.
Note!
1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.
Glades, strewn with leaves were full of sun.
2) The definitive turnover after the compositional union ( and, or, but, but and others), but not related to it, is separated by a comma from the union as a general rule.
Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, sullen, walked around the room.
The union also connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. The definitions can be withdrawn, and the union retained: Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked across the room... Therefore, a comma is placed after the union and.
But between the union (usually this is the union a) and the defining turnover, a comma is not put if, when omitting the turnover, a restructuring of the sentence is required.
The ball is held on the surface of the pool, a submerged, pops up quickly.
In this case, it is impossible to withdraw the qualifying phrase without the union a.
The ball stays on the surface of the pool and floats up quickly.
3) The adjective and participle associated with the predicate verb are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives, participles do not obey the above rules.
Wed: Until the hut we got wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.
I. Separate agreed definitions can be common and singular, post-positive and pre-positive. The isolation of definitions depends: 1) on the way of expressing the isolated member of the sentence, 2) the way of expressing the word being defined, 3) the position of the isolated definition, and 4) the degree of its prevalence.
Separate:
1. Common agreed definitions, expressed by participial or adjective turnover, if they appear after the noun being defined. Good done in secret is clearly rewarded. However, if a noun has an incomplete lexical meaning ( face, expression, state, kind etc.), then separation does not occur. Andrey returned home to condition depressed and irritated.
2. Common and single definitions, regardless of position, if they refer to a personal pronoun. Taught by experience I am did not hope for Yermolai.
3. Two or more uncommon definitions, if they come after a defined word that already has an agreed definition in front of it; if there is no prepositive definition, then the isolation of the definitions in the postposition is optional, i.e. possible, but not required: The March night, cloudy and misty, surrounded the earth.
4. Common and single definitions immediately before the noun being defined, if they have additional adverbial meaning (reasons, concessions). Excited by her brother's story, Elena could no longer fall asleep. Cut off from the whole world, the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor.
5. Common and single definitions, if they are cut off from the noun defined by other members of the sentence. Inspired by a new idea, the insurgent people rose up.
II. Isolation of inconsistent definitions. Inconsistent definitions are definitions expressed by nouns in indirect cases with and without prepositions, comparative adjectives and infinitives. They stand out in the following conditions:
1. If they are expressed by IS in indirect cases, they appear after the word being defined and it is necessary to emphasize the meaning expressed by them. The professor entered, in a heavy fur coat, with a stick in one hand, a briefcase in the other.
2. Usually, inconsistent definitions are always isolated if they are in a homogeneous row with an agreed definition: Katya appeared, barefoot, with a backpack over his shoulders and with shoes in hand.
3. If the inconsistent definition refers to its own IP or personal pronoun, regardless of their location. Larissa and Pavel, both already in their coats, stood opposite each other.
4. If the inconsistent definition refers to the names of persons by kinship, profession, position, etc. They were military doctors, almost all with glasses, with smart faces.
5. If a widespread or single inconsistent definition is expressed by an adjective in a comparative degree and an agreed definition is used before the noun being defined. Another smaller table was covered with a tablecloth.
Isolating applications... Standalone applications perform the same functions as standalone definitions: they contain an additional message or have adverbial meaning. Usually stand out:
1. Common applications before or after the defined word - a common noun: The eagles, the companions of the troops, rose over the mountain.
2. Single and widespread applications after a proper name. It was sung by the beautiful Nonka, the daughter of Makar. In the preposition, such applications are isolated if they have additional circumstantial value.
3. Single and common applications, regardless of location, if they refer to personal pronouns: We, historians, have a good memory for all significant events.
4. The proper name of a person can act as a separate application if it serves to clarify or clarify a common noun (an explanatory union can be placed before such a proper name namely ). It was Mitin's friend, Nikolai, who came.
5. Applications attached to the defined word using 1) union how (with causal meaning); 2) union or (with an explanatory meaning), unions that is , namely ; 3) and with the help of words by name, surname, nickname, nickname etc. The elder son, named Victor, is all like a father. As a longtime northern resident, Mikhail knew the bear's habits well.
The application can be highlighted with a hyphen:
1. If the solitary concordant attachment and the designated noun are common nouns: an excellent son, a warrior-hero, a neighbor-writer.
2. If a single application, expressed by a common noun, appears after the proper name: Don-river, Dumas-father, Grishka-saddlery.
Isolation of circumstances characterized by a special specificity, due to which circumstances are divided into two large groups: 1) circumstances expressed by gerunds and adverbs and 2) circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions or adverbs.
I. Circumstances expressed by adverbs and adverbs are distinguished:
1. If a common circumstance is expressed by an adverbial turnover. The wave, ringing in rings, sings over the pebbles. The adverbial turns are not isolated:
a) if they are phraseological units ( without taking a breath, rolling up your sleeves, carelessly, holding your breath, reluctantly, hanging your ears, not closing your eyes etc.).
b) if the adverbial turnover is closely related to the predicate verb and logical stress falls on it. The Artamonovs lived without meeting anyone.
2. Circumstances expressed by a single adverb that retains verb features (more often such adverbs stand before the predicate verb, less often after it). He got up and hunched over to the shelf.
3. Two or more homogeneous circumstances, expressed by single gerunds. Frowning and nervous, the soldier began to pack his things. The gerunds and adverbs that are in a homogeneous row with the circumstances expressed by other parts of speech are not distinguished: Calmly and not in the least hurry, Boris climbed into the village.
II. Circumstances expressed by prepositional-case forms of nouns or adverbs are isolated depending on their semantic load, the nature of the connection with the predicate verb, and the degree of prevalence. Usually stand out:
1. Circumstances of the assignment expressed by the IP with pretexts in spite of ,regardless of . Despite the early hour, Sintsov met several military men.
2. Circumstances of reason with pretexts due, according to, due, due, due, due to the occasion, due to lack of, due to ; circumstances conditions with pretexts subject, upon availability, upon absence ; circumstances of pretext assignment in spite of usually stand apart if: 1) they are widespread 2) are at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate). As a result of unprecedented downpours, the Ussuri River overflowed its banks. But: Trains arrive according to the timetable.
3. Sometimes (quite rarely), for special emphasis, circumstances expressed by adverbs can be isolated: He blushed more and more, painfully.
Standalone revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution. Derivative Preposition Constructions except, instead of, over, other than, excluding, including express various additional semantic meanings: exclusion, inclusion, substitution, limitation, generalization, etc. Their isolation is caused by their relative independence, and the desire to highlight them in the sentence.
Isolated phrases with the indicated prepositions in the linguistic literature do not have an unambiguous qualification. In some manuals and school textbooks, such constructions are referred to as separate additions, but this is purely external, conditional reckoning based on the ability to put questions of indirect cases to nouns (albeit with the same derivative prepositions): except for whom? what? except for whom? what? etc. Such phrases cannot be considered as an addition, since they do not indicate the object to which the action is directly or indirectly directed.
Usually stand out:
1. Turns with the meaning of exclusion with prepositions excluding, excluding, excluding . All the guys, with the exception of Boris, were doing well. Besides the pictures, there were many interesting things around.
2. Turns with the meaning of inclusion with prepositions besides, over, along with, including if they stand in front of the predicate and acquire relative semantic independence. And you, against your will, look away.
3. Turnovers with a substitution value with a preposition instead of may or may not stand out. Usually, the turnover with the preposition is not isolated instead of meaning ‘ for, in return '. Instead of Ukrainian borscht, we were served ordinary cabbage soup.
§1. Isolation. General concept
Segregation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only the minor members of the proposal are isolated. Typically, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-segregated members, the peg-off clauses are more independent.
Segregations are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: A boy who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on a suitcase shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
- Standalone addition: I didn't hear anything other than the ticking of the alarm clock.
More often than not, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
- agreed
- uncoordinated
The child, asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed stand-alone participial definition)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent stand-alone definition)
Agreed definition
An agreed stand-alone definition is expressed:
- participle phrase: The child, asleep in my arms, woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and content, fell asleep quickly.
Note:
A single consensus definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He was well fed and fell asleep quickly.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed in nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper nouns. Examples:
How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?
Olga, in her wedding dress, was unusually beautiful.
An inconsistent stand-alone definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to the defined word, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap was looking around all the time.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:
- single definition: agitated girl;
- two or three singular definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- a common definition, expressed by the phrase: a girl, agitated by the news, ...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the defined word, only if the defined word is expressed by a pronoun:
She was agitated and could not sleep.
(single stand-alone definition after the definite word expressed by a pronoun)
Agitated, she could not sleep.
(single stand-alone definition before the definite word, pronounced pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are separated if they stand after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not sleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is possible in a position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.
(isolation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)
3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and comes after it:
The girl, agitated by the news, could not sleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the defined word expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then a common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:
Alarmed by the news, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, agitated by the news, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
The definitions preceding the defined word are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both widespread and single definitions, standing immediately before the noun being defined, if they have additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if clause of assignment with the union although.
To check for the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of a qualifying phrase with a turnover with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:
Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.
(additional value of reason)
Even when she was ill, the mother went to work.
(additional value of the assignment)
Thus, various factors are important for pegging:
1) what, what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional circumstantial meanings.
§3. Standalone applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden... The application can be:
1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;
2) common: Teddy bear, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He, an excellent doctor, helped me a lot.
An excellent doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, heals our whole family.
A single uncirculated application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, a baby, and immediately smiled.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:
Mishka, the son of a neighbor, a desperate tomboy.
An application, expressed by a proper name, is isolated if it serves to clarify or clarify:
And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in a position before the defined word - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time.
An architect from God, Gaudi, could not have conceived an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
App with union how separates if the shade of the cause is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single appendices after the word being defined, which are not highlighted during pronunciation intonationally, are not isolated, since merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.
Note:
Standalone applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted with a pause.
Soon New Year is a favorite holiday for children.
§4. Standalone add-ons
The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: excluding, other than, over, excluding, including, excluding, instead of, along with. Include-exclude or override values are passed to them. For example:
No one, except Ivan, knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective preparation online §6. Separation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are distinguished:
1) with unions: how, as if, exactly, as if, what, how, rather than and others, if they matter:
- comparisons: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
- assimilations: Her teeth were like pearls.
2) with the union as well:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:
1.are phraseological in nature:
Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down from the bucket.
2.the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or a noun in the T.p .:
We walk in a circle.
(We walk(how?) as in a circle... You can replace noun. in T.p .: circle)
3) turnover with the union how expresses the meaning "as":
It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from how is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate qualifying members of the proposal
Clarifying terms refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? and others. Most often, the clarification is transmitted by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying terms can refer to an addition, a definition, or the main members of a proposal. Clarifying terms stand out, standing out in oral speech intonationally, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:
We sat up late into the night.
Below, in the valley stretching in front of us, a stream was rustling.
The qualifying term usually stands after the qualifying term. They are connected intonationally.
Clarifying terms can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) using unions: that is, namely:
I am preparing for the exam C1, that is, for an essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, for example:
It was clean and beautiful throughout, especially in the living room.
Test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic separation or refinement?
Is it true that only the minor members of the proposal stand apart?
What can be the stand-alone definitions?
- common and uncommon
- agreed and inconsistent
Are isolated definitions always expressed in participle?
In what case are the definitions in front of the defined word isolated?
- if additional circumstance is expressed
- if additional circumstance is not expressed
Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of definition, expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate additions?
- oh, in, on, to, before, behind, under, over, before
- except, other than, over, excluding, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate the adverbs and adverbs?
Is it necessary to isolate the circumstances with the pretext in spite of?
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