One of the most important security elements is burglar and fire alarms. These two systems have a lot in common - communication channels, similar algorithms for receiving and processing information, sending alarms, etc. Therefore, they are often (for economic reasons) combined into a single security and fire alarm (OPS). The security and fire alarm is one of the oldest technical means of protection. And until now, this system is one of the most effective security systems.

Modern protection systems are built on several signaling subsystems (the combination of their application allows you to monitor any threats):

burglar - records an attempt to enter;

alarming - an emergency call system in case of a sudden attack;

fire department - registers the appearance of the first signs of fire;

emergency - notifies of gas leaks, water leaks, etc.

The task fire alarm receiving, processing, transferring and presenting in a given form to consumers with the help of technical means of information about a fire at protected facilities (detecting a fire center, determining its place of origin, giving signals for automatic fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems). A task burglar alarm- timely notification of penetration or attempted penetration of the guarded object, with the fixation of the fact, place and time of violation of the guard line. The common goal of both alarm systems is to provide instant response with accurate information about the nature of the event.

Analysis of domestic and foreign statistics of unauthorized intrusions into various objects shows that more than 50% of intrusions are made on objects with free access to personnel and customers; about 25% - for objects with unguarded elements of mechanical protection such as fences, gratings; about 20% - for objects with an access system and only 5% - for objects with an enhanced security regime, using complex technical systems and specially trained personnel. From the practice of the security services when protecting objects, six main zones of protected areas are distinguished:

zone I - the perimeter of the territory in front of the building;

zone II - the perimeter of the building itself;

zone III - a room for receiving visitors;

zone IV - offices of employees and corridors;

zones V and VI - management offices, meeting rooms with partners, storage of values ​​and information.

In order to ensure the required level of security of especially important facilities (banks, cash desks, weapons storage areas), it is necessary to organize multi-border protection of the facility. First line alarm sensors are installed on the outer perimeter. The second line is represented by sensors installed in places of possible penetration into an object (doors, windows, vents, etc.). The third line - volumetric sensors in the interior, the fourth - directly protected items (safes, cabinets, boxes, etc.). At the same time, each line must be connected to an independent cell of the control and monitoring device so that, if an intruder can bypass one of the security lines, an alarm signal is sent from the other.

Modern fire alarm systems are often integrated with other security systems into unified complexes.

2.2. The structure of the security and fire alarm system

In general, the security and fire alarm system includes:

sensors- alarm detectors reacting to an alarm event (fire, attempted entry into an object, etc.), the characteristics of the sensors determine the main parameters of the entire alarm system;

control panels(Control panel) - devices that receive an alarm signal from detectors and control the executive devices according to a given algorithm (in the simplest case, control over the operation of the security and fire alarm system consists of turning on and off sensors, fixing alarm signals; in complex, branched alarm systems, control and control is carried out using computers);

executive devices- units that ensure the execution of a given algorithm of the system's actions in response to one or another alarming event (giving an alert signal, activating fire extinguishing mechanisms, auto-dialing to specified phone numbers, etc.).

Usually, security and fire alarm systems are created in two versions - an OPS with local or closed security of an object or an OPS with transfer under protection to subdivisions of non-departmental security (or a private security company) and the fire service of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia.

The whole variety of security and fire alarm systems, with some degree of convention, is subdivided into address, analog and combined systems.

1. Analog (conventional) systems are built according to the following principle. The protected object is divided into areas by laying separate loops that combine a number of sensors (detectors). When any sensor is triggered, an alarm is generated throughout the loop. The decision about the occurrence of an event here is "made" only by the detector, the operability of which can be checked only during the maintenance of the fire alarm. Also, the disadvantages of such systems are the high probability of false alarms, localization of the signal with an accuracy of the loop, and the limitation of the monitored area. The cost of such a system is relatively low, although a large number of loops must be installed. The centralized control tasks are performed by the security and fire panel. The use of analog systems is possible on all types of objects. But with a large number of alarm areas, a large amount of work on the installation of wired communications arises.

2. Address systems imply installation on one alarm loop of addressable sensors. Such systems make it possible to replace the multicore cables connecting the detectors with the control panel (control panel) with one pair of data bus wires.

3. Address non-interrogation systems are, in fact, threshold, supplemented only by the possibility of transmitting the address code of the triggered detector. These systems have all the disadvantages of analog ones - the impossibility of automatic control of the operability of fire detectors (in case of any failure of the electronics, the connection between the detector and the control panel is terminated).

4. Address polling systems carry out periodic polling of detectors, provide control of their performance in case of any type of failure, which makes it possible to install one detector in each room instead of two. In the address interrogative FSA, complex algorithms for information processing can be implemented, for example, autocompensation for changes in the sensitivity of detectors over time. Reduces the likelihood of false positives. For example, an addressable glass break sensor, unlike an addressless one, will indicate which window was broken. The decision about the event that has occurred is also "made" by the detector.

5. The most promising direction in the field of building alarm systems are combined (address-analog) systems... Analogue addressable detectors measure the amount of smoke or temperature at the facility, and the signal is generated on the basis of mathematical processing of the received data in the control panel (specialized computer). It is possible to connect any sensors, the system is able to determine their type and the required algorithm for working with them, even if all these devices are included in one burglar alarm loop. These systems provide the fastest decision-making and management speed. For the correct operation of the address-analog equipment, it is necessary to take into account the communication language of its components (protocol) that is unique for each system. The use of these systems makes it possible to quickly, without high costs, make changes to an existing system when changing and expanding the zones of the object. The cost of such systems is higher than the previous two.

Now there is a huge variety of detectors, control panels and sirens with different characteristics and capabilities. It should be recognized that the defining elements of the security and fire alarm system are sensors... The parameters of the sensors determine the main characteristics of the entire alarm system. In any of the detectors, the processing of controlled alarming factors is to one degree or another an analog process, and the division of detectors into threshold and analog refers to the method of transmitting information from them.

According to the installation site on the object, the sensors can be subdivided into internal and external, installed respectively inside and outside the protected objects. They have the same principle of operation, the differences are in design and technological characteristics. The installation location can be the most important factor in determining the type of detector.

OPS detectors (sensors) act on the principle of registering environmental changes. These are devices designed to determine the presence of a threat to the security of a guarded object and transmit an alarm message for a timely response. Conventionally, they can be subdivided into volumetric (allowing to control the space), linear, or surface, - to control the perimeters of territories and buildings, local, or point, - to control individual items.

The detectors can be classified according to the type of controlled physical parameter, the principle of operation of the sensitive element, the method of transmitting information to the central alarm control panel.

According to the principle of generating an information signal about the penetration of an object or a fire, the detectors of the security and fire alarm systems are divided into active(the alarm generates a signal in the protected area and reacts to changes in its parameters) and passive(react to changes in environmental parameters). Such types of security detectors as infrared passive, magnetic contact glass-break detectors, perimeter active detectors, combined active detectors are widely used. In fire alarm systems, heat, smoke, light, ionization, combined and manual detectors are used.

The type of sensors in the alarm system is determined by the physical principle of operation. Depending on the type of sensors, the security alarm systems can be capacitive, radio-beam, seismic, reacting to a short or open electrical circuit, etc.

The possibilities of installing security systems, depending on the sensors used, their advantages and disadvantages are given in table. 2.

table 2

Perimeter security systems

2.3. Types of security detectors

Contact detectors serve to detect unauthorized opening of doors, windows, gates, etc. Magnetic detectors consist of a magnetically controlled reed switch installed on a stationary part, and a setting element (magnet) installed on the opening module. When the magnet is close to the reed switch, its contacts are in a closed state. These detectors differ from each other in the type of installation and the material from which they are made. The disadvantage is the ability to neutralize them with a powerful external magnet. Reed shielded sensors are protected from extraneous magnetic field by special plates and are equipped with signaling reed contacts that are triggered in the presence of an extraneous field and warn about it. When installing magnetic contacts in metal doors, it is very important to shield the field of the main magnet from the induced field of the entire door.

Electrical contact devices- sensors that sharply change the voltage in the circuit with a certain impact on them. They can be either unambiguously “open” (current flows through them), or “closed” (no current flows). The simplest way to build such an alarm is thin wires or foil strips connected to a door or window. Wire, foil or conductive compound "Paste" are connected to the alarm through door hinges, locks, and also through special contact blocks. When trying to penetrate, they are easily destroyed and form an alarm signal. Electrical contact devices provide reliable protection against false alarms.

IN mechanical door contact devices a movable contact protrudes from the sensor housing and closes the circuit when pressed (door closed). The installation location of such mechanical devices is difficult to hide, and it is easy to disable them by securing the lever in a closed position (for example, with chewing gum).

Contact mats are made of two decorated sheets of metal foil and a layer of foamed plastic between them. Under the weight of the body, the foil bends, and this provides an electrical contact that generates an alarm signal. Contact mats work on the "normally open" principle and a signal is generated when an electrical contact device closes the circuit. Therefore, if you cut the wire leading to the mat, the alarm will not go off in the future. A flat cable is used to connect the rugs.

Passive infrared detectors (PIR) serve to detect the intrusion of the intruder into the controlled area. This is one of the most common types of security detectors. The principle of operation is based on the registration of changes in the flux of thermal radiation and conversion of infrared radiation into an electrical signal using a pyroelectric element. Currently, two- and four-area pyroelements are used. This can significantly reduce the likelihood of false alarms. In simple PIC, signal processing is performed by analog methods, in more complex ones - by digital, using an integrated processor. The detection area is formed by a Fresnel lens or mirrors. Distinguish between volumetric, linear and surface detection zones. It is not recommended to install infrared detectors in the immediate vicinity of ventilation openings, windows and doors that create convection air flows, as well as heating radiators and sources of thermal interference. Also undesirable is the direct hit of light radiation from incandescent lamps, car headlights, the sun on the entrance window of the detector. It is possible to use a thermal compensation circuit to ensure operability in the high temperature region (33–37 ° C), when the signal from human movement decreases sharply due to a decrease in the thermal contrast between the human body and the background.

Active detectors are an optical system made of an LED that emits infrared radiation in the direction of the receiver lens. The light beam is modulated in brightness and acts at a distance of up to 125 m and allows you to form an invisible security line. These emitters can be either single-beam or multi-beam. When the number of beams is more than two, the possibility of false triggering decreases, since the alarm signal is generated only when all beams are simultaneously crossed. The configuration of the zones can be different - "curtain" (intersection of the surface), "beam" (linear movement), "volume" (movement in space). The detectors may not work in rain or heavy fog.

Radio wave volumetric detectors serve to detect penetration of the protected object by registering the Doppler frequency shift of the reflected ultra-high-frequency (microwave) signal that occurs when an intruder moves in the electromagnetic field created by the microwave module. They can be covertly installed at the facility behind materials that transmit radio waves (fabrics, wood-based panels, etc.). Linear radio wave detectors consist of a transmitting and receiving unit. They form an alarm notification when a person crosses their zone of action. The transmitting unit emits electromagnetic oscillations, the receiving unit receives these oscillations, analyzes the amplitude and time characteristics of the received signal and, if they match the “intruder's” model embedded in the processing algorithm, generates an alarm notification.

Microwave sensors have lost their former popularity, although they are still in demand. In relatively new developments, a significant reduction in their dimensions and energy consumption has been achieved.

Volumetric ultrasonic detectors serve to detect movement in the protected area. Ultrasonic sensors are designed to protect premises by volume and give an alarm both when an intruder appears and when a fire breaks out. The emitting element of the detector is a piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer that produces acoustic vibrations of air in the protected volume under the influence of an electric voltage. The sensitive element of the detector located in the receiver is a piezoelectric ultrasonic receiving transducer of acoustic vibrations into an alternating electrical signal. The signal from the receiver is processed in the control circuit, depending on the algorithm embedded in it, and generates one or another notification.

Acoustic detectors are equipped with a highly sensitive miniature microphone that picks up the sound emitted when sheet glass breaks. The sensing element of such detectors is a condenser electret microphone with a built-in field-effect transistor preamplifier. When glass is broken, two types of sound vibrations occur in a strictly defined sequence: first, a shock wave from the vibration of the entire glass array with a frequency of about 100 Hz, and then a wave of glass destruction with a frequency of about 5 kHz. The microphone converts sound vibrations in the air into electrical signals. The detector processes these signals and makes a decision about the presence of intrusion. When installing the detector, all areas of the protected glass must be within its line of sight.

Capacitive system sensor represents one or more metal electrodes placed on the structure of the protected opening. The principle of operation of capacitive security detectors is based on recording the value, speed and duration of the change in the capacitance of the sensitive element, which is used as metal objects connected to the detector or specially laid wires. The detector generates an alarm signal when the electrical capacity of a security item (safe, metal cabinet) changes relative to "ground" caused by a person's approach to this item. Can be used to guard the perimeter of a building through stretched wires.

Vibration detectors serve to protect against penetration into the protected object by destroying various building structures, as well as protecting safes, ATMs, etc. signal during vibration of the piezoelectric element. An electrical signal proportional to the vibration level is amplified and processed by the detector circuit using a special algorithm to separate the destructive effect from the interference signal. The principle of operation of vibration systems with sensor cables is based on the triboelectric effect. When such a cable deforms, electrification occurs in the dielectric located between the central conductor and the conductive braid, which is recorded as a potential difference between the cable conductors. The sensing element is a sensor cable that converts mechanical vibrations into an electrical signal. There are also more advanced electromagnetic microphone cables.

A relatively new principle of protecting premises is to use a change in air pressure when opening a closed room ( barometric sensors) has still not met the expectations placed on it and is almost never used when equipping multifunctional and large facilities. These sensors have a high false alarm rate and rather severe application restrictions.

It is necessary to dwell separately on distributed fiber optic systems for perimeter protection. Modern fiber optic sensors can measure pressure, temperature, distance, position in space, acceleration, vibration, sound wave mass, liquid level, deformation, refractive index, electric field, electric current, magnetic field, gas concentration, radiation dose, and etc. Optical fiber is both a communication line and a sensitive element. The optical fiber is fed with laser light with a high output power and a short radiation pulse, then the parameters of Rayleigh backscattering, as well as Fresnel reflection from the joints and ends of the fiber, are measured. Under the influence of various factors (deformation, acoustic vibrations, temperature, and with an appropriate fiber coating - electric or magnetic field), the phase difference between the supplied and reflected light pulse changes. The location of the inhomogeneity is determined from the time delay between the instant of emission of the pulse and the instant of arrival of the backscattered signal, and the loss in the line section is determined from the intensity of the backscattering radiation.

A signal analyzer based on the principle of a neural network is used to separate the signals generated by the intruder from the noise and interference. The signal to the input of the neural network analyzer is supplied in the form of a spectral vector generated by the DSP processor (Digital Signal Processing), the principle of operation of which is based on algorithms for the fast Fourier transform.

The advantages of distributed fiber-optic systems are the ability to determine the location of the violation of the boundary of the object, use these systems to protect perimeters up to 100 km long, a low level of false alarms and a relatively low price per running meter.

The leader among security alarm equipment is currently combined sensor, built on the use of simultaneously two channels of human detection - passive IR and microwave. Nowadays it is replacing all other devices and many alarm installers use it as the only sensor for volumetric protection of premises. The average operating time for a false alarm is 3-5 thousand hours, and in some conditions it reaches a year. It allows you to block such rooms where passive IR or microwave sensors are generally not applicable (the first - in rooms with drafts and thermal interference, the second - with thin non-metallic walls). But the probability of detection for such sensors is always less than that of any of the components of its two channels. The same success can be achieved by using separately both sensors (infrared and microwave) in the same room, and an alarm can be generated only when both detectors are triggered in a given time interval (usually a few seconds), using the capabilities of the control equipment for this purpose.

2.4. Types of fire detectors

The following basic principles of activation can be used to detect fire: fire detectors:

smoke detectors - based on ionization or photoelectric principle;

heat detectors - based on recording the level of temperature rise or some of its specific indicators;

flame detectors - based on the use of ultraviolet or infrared radiation;

gas detectors.

Manual call points are necessary for the forced transfer of the system to the fire alarm mode by a person. They can be realized in the form of levers or buttons covered with transparent materials (easily broken in case of fire). Most often they are installed in easily accessible public areas.

Heat detectors react to changes in ambient temperature. Some materials burn with little or no smoke (eg wood), or the smoke is difficult to spread due to the small space (behind suspended ceilings). They are used in cases where the air contains a high concentration of aerosol particles that have nothing to do with combustion processes (water vapor, flour in a mill, etc.). Thermal threshold fire detectors give a "fire" signal when the threshold temperature is reached, differential- fix a fire hazardous situation by the rate of temperature rise.

Contact threshold heat detector issues an alarm when a predetermined maximum permissible temperature is exceeded. When heated, the contact plate is melted, the electrical circuit is broken and an alarm is generated. These are the simplest detectors. Typically, the threshold temperature is 75 ° C.

A semiconductor element can also be used as a sensitive element. As the temperature rises, the resistance of the circuit drops, and more current flows through it. When the threshold value of the electric current is exceeded, an alarm signal is generated. Semiconductor sensitive elements have a higher response speed, the threshold temperature value can be set arbitrarily, and when the sensor is triggered, the device is not destroyed.

Differential heat detectors usually consist of two thermoelements, one of which is located inside the detector housing, and the other is located outside. The currents flowing through these two circuits are fed to the inputs of the differential amplifier. As the temperature rises, the current flowing through the external circuit changes sharply. In the internal circuit, it almost does not change, which leads to an imbalance of currents and the formation of an alarm signal. The use of a thermocouple eliminates the influence of smooth temperature changes caused by natural causes. These sensors are the fastest in terms of response speed and stable in operation.

Linear heat detectors. The construction consists of four copper conductors with sheaths of a special material with a negative temperature coefficient. The conductors are packed in a common casing so that they are in close contact with their shells. The wires are connected at the end of the line in pairs, forming two loops, touching the shells. Principle of operation: as the temperature rises, the shells change their resistance, also changing the total resistance between the loops, which is measured by a special processing unit. By the magnitude of this resistance, a decision is made about the presence of a fire. The longer the cable length (up to 1.5 km), the higher the sensitivity of the device.

Smoke detectors are designed to detect the presence of a given concentration of smoke particles in the air. The composition of the smoke particles can vary. Therefore, according to the principle of operation, smoke detectors are divided into two main types - optoelectronic and ionization.

Ionization smoke detector. The stream of radioactive particles (usually americium-241 is used) enters two separate chambers. When smoke particles (the color of the smoke is not important) enter the measuring (external) chamber, the current flowing through it decreases, since this leads to a decrease in the path length of β particles and an increase in ion recombination. For processing, the difference between the currents in the measuring and control chambers is used. Ionization detectors do not harm human health (a source of radioactive radiation of the order of 0.9 μCi). These sensors provide real fire protection in hazardous areas. They also have a record low current consumption. The disadvantages are the complexity of burial after the end of the service life (at least 5 years) and vulnerability to changes in humidity, pressure, temperature, air velocity.

Optical smoke detector. The measuring chamber of this device contains an optoelectronic pair. An LED or a laser (aspiration sensor) is used as a reference element. Radiation of the driving element of the infrared spectrum under normal conditions does not fall on the photodetector. When smoke particles enter the optical chamber, radiation from the LED is scattered. Due to the optical effect of scattering infrared radiation on smoke particles, light enters the photodetector, providing an electrical signal. The higher the concentration of scattering smoke particles in the air, the higher the signal level. For the correct operation of the optical detector, the design of the optical camera is very important.

Comparative characteristics of ionization and optical types of detectors are given in table. 3.

Table 3

Comparison of the effectiveness of smoke detection methods

Laser detector provides smoke detection at specific optical density levels approximately 100 times lower than modern LED sensors. There are more expensive systems with forced air intake. To maintain sensitivity and prevent false alarms, both types of detectors (ionization or photoelectric) require periodic cleaning.

Smoke line detectors indispensable in rooms with high ceilings and large areas. They are widely used in fire alarm systems, since it becomes possible to record a fire hazardous situation at very early stages. The ease of installation, configuration and operation of modern linear sensors allows them to compete in price with point detectors, even in medium-sized rooms.

Combined smoke detector(ionization and optical types of detectors are collected in one housing) works at two angles of light reflection, which allows you to measure and analyze the ratio of the characteristics of forward and backward scattering of light, determining the types of smoke and reducing the number of false alarms. This is done through the use of bi-angle light scattering technology. It is known that the ratio of forward scattered light to backscattered light for dark smoke (soot) is higher than for light types of smoke (smoldering wood), and even higher for dry substances (cement dust).

It should be noted that the most effective is a detector that combines photoelectric and thermal sensing elements. Today are produced and three-dimensional combined detectors, they combine smoke optical, smoke ionization and thermal detection principles. In practice, they are rarely used.

Flame detectors. Open fire has characteristic radiation in both the ultraviolet and infrared parts of the spectrum. Accordingly, there are two types of devices available:

ultraviolet- a high-voltage gas-discharge indicator constantly monitors the radiation power in the ultraviolet range. When an open fire appears, the intensity of the discharges between the electrodes of the indicator greatly increases and an alarm signal is issued. A similar sensor can monitor an area of ​​up to 200 m 2 at an installation height of up to 20 m. The response time does not exceed 5 s;

infrared- with the help of an infrared sensitive element and an optical focusing system, characteristic bursts of infrared radiation are recorded when a fire occurs. This device allows you to determine within 3 s the presence of a flame with a size of 10 cm at a distance of up to 20 m at a viewing angle of 90 °.

Now there are sensors of a new class - analog detectors with external addressing... The sensors are analog, but are addressed by the alarm loop in which they are installed. The sensor performs a self-test of all its components, checks the dustiness of the smoke chamber, transmits the test results to the control panel. Compensation of dustiness in the smoke chamber allows to increase the detector's operating time until the next service, self-testing eliminates false alarms. Such detectors retain all the advantages of analogue addressable detectors, are low cost and can work with inexpensive conventional control panels. When setting up several detectors in the alarm loop, each of which will be installed in the room alone, it is necessary to install remote optical indication devices in the common corridor.

The criterion for the efficiency of the FSA equipment is to minimize the number of errors and false alarms. It is considered an excellent work result if there is one false alarm from one zone per month. The frequency of false alarms is the main characteristic by which one can judge the noise immunity of the detector. Immunity Is an indicator of the quality of the sensor, characterizing its ability to work stably in various conditions.

The control of the security and fire alarm system is carried out from the control panel (concentrator). The composition and characteristics of this equipment depend on the importance of the object, the complexity and branching of the alarm system. In the simplest case, control over the operation of the FSA consists of turning on and off sensors, fixing alarms. In complex, branched signaling systems, monitoring and control is carried out using computers.

Modern security alarm systems are based on the use of microprocessor control panels connected to the monitoring station via wired lines or a radio channel. The system can have several hundred security zones, for ease of management the zones are grouped into sections. This allows you to arm and disarm not only each sensor individually, but also a floor, a building, etc. Usually a section reflects some logical part of an object, for example, a room or a group of rooms, united by some essential logical feature. The control and monitoring devices allow: control and monitoring of the state of both the entire fire alarm system and each sensor (on / off, alarm, failure, failure on the communication channel, attempts to open sensors or communication channel); analysis of alarms from various types of sensors; performance check of all system nodes; alarm recording; interaction of signaling with other technical means; integration with other security systems (CCTV, security lighting, fire extinguishing systems, etc.). Characteristics of conventional, addressable and analogue addressable fire alarm systems are given in table. 4.

Table 4

Characteristics of conventional, addressable and analogue addressable fire alarm systems

2.5. Processing and logging of information, generation of control alarm signals of the FSA

For processing and recording information and generating control alarm signals, various control and monitoring equipment can be used - central stations, control panels, control panels.

Alarm control panel (PKP) supplies power to security and fire detectors via security and fire alarm loops, receives alarm notifications from sensors, generates alarm messages, and also transmits them to a centralized monitoring station and generates alarms for triggering other systems. Such equipment differs in information capacity - the number of monitored alarm loops and the degree of development of control and notification functions.

To ensure the compliance of the device with the chosen tactics of use, control panels of the security and fire alarm systems are distinguished for small, medium and large objects.

Usually, small objects are equipped with conventional systems that control several loops of the security and fire alarm system, and address and address-analog systems are used at medium and large objects.

Small information capacity control panel. Usually, these systems use security and fire alarm control devices, where the maximum permissible number of sensors is included in one loop. These control panels allow you to solve a maximum of tasks at a relatively low cost of completing the system. Small control panels have the versatility of loops according to their purpose, i.e. it is possible to transmit signal and control commands (alarm, security, fire modes of operation). They have a sufficient number of outputs to the central monitoring station, and allow keeping a record of events. The output circuits of small control panels have outputs with sufficient current to power the detectors from the built-in power supply, they can control fire or technological equipment.

Currently, there is a tendency to use instead of a small information capacity control panel a medium information capacity control panel. With this replacement, one-time costs almost do not increase, but labor costs when eliminating faults in the linear part are significantly reduced due to the exact determination of the place of failure.

Control panel of medium and large information capacity. For centralized reception, processing and reproduction of information from a large number of objects of protection, consoles and centralized surveillance systems are used. When using a device with a common central processor with a lumped or tree-like structure for laying loops (both addressable and non-addressable FSA), the incomplete use of the information capacity of the control panel leads to a certain increase in the cost of the system.

IN address systems one address must correspond to one addressable device (detector). When using a computer, due to the absence of a central control panel with limited monitoring and control functions in the control panel units themselves, there are difficulties in power backup and the impossibility of full functioning of the alarm system if the computer itself fails.

IN analog addressable fire alarm control panels the price of equipment for one address (control panel and sensor) is twice as high as for analog systems. But the number of analogue addressable sensors in separate rooms in comparison with threshold (maximum) detectors can be reduced from two to one. Increased adaptability, information content, self-diagnostics of the system minimize operating costs. The use of addressable, distributed or tree-like structures minimizes the cost of cables and their laying, as well as the cost of maintenance up to 30-50%.

The use of the control panel for fire alarm systems has some specific features. The system structures used are subdivided as follows:

1) control panel with a concentrated structure (in the form of a single unit, with unaddressed radial loops) for fire alarm systems of medium and large information capacity. Such control panels are used less and less; it can be recommended to use them in systems with up to 10–20 loops;

2) control panel for analogue addressable fire alarm systems. Analogue addressable control panels are much more expensive than addressable threshold ones, but they have no particular advantages. They are easier to install, maintain and repair. They have significantly increased information content;

3) control panel for addressable fire alarm systems. Groups of threshold sensors form addressable control zones. The control panels are structurally and programmatically composed of complete functional blocks. The system is compatible with detectors of any design and principle of operation, turning them into addressable ones. All devices in the system are usually addressed automatically. They allow combining most of the advantages of analogue addressable systems with the low cost of maximum (threshold) sensors.

To date, a digital-to-analog alarm loop has been developed that combines the advantages of analog and digital loops. It has more information content (in addition to ordinary signals, additional signals can be transmitted). The ability to transmit additional signals allows you to abandon the configuration and programming of alarm loops, to use several types of detectors in one loop at once when automatically setting up to work with any of them. This reduces the number of alarm loops required for each object. In this case, the control panel can simulate the operation of the alarm loop at the command of its detector to transmit information to another control panel of the same type acting as central monitoring console (Monitoring station).

The monitoring station can not only receive information, but also transmit basic commands. This security and fire alarm device does not need to be specially programmed (the setting is automatic, similar to the function in the "Plug & Plau" computer). Consequently, no highly qualified specialists are required for maintenance. In one fire loop, the device receives signals from heat, smoke, manual detectors, engineering systems control sensors, distinguishes between the operation of one or two detectors, and can even work with analog fire detectors. The alarm loop address becomes the address of the room, and without programming the parameters of the control panel or detectors.

2.6. OPS actuators

OPS actuators must ensure the implementation of the specified response of the system to an alarm event. The use of intelligent systems makes it possible to carry out a set of measures related to the elimination of a fire (fire detection, notification of special services, information and evacuation of personnel, activation of the fire extinguishing system), and carry them out in a fully automatic mode. For a long time, automatic fire extinguishing systems have been used, releasing a fire-suppressing agent into the protected room. They can localize and eliminate fires before they develop into a real fire, and act directly on the fires. Now there are a number of systems that can be used without prejudice to technology (including those with electronic filling).

It should be noted that connecting automatic fire extinguishing installations to security and fire control panels is somewhat ineffective. Therefore, experts recommend using a separate fire control panel with the ability to control automatic fire extinguishing installations and voice notification.

Autonomous fire extinguishing systems it is most effective to install in places where fire is especially dangerous and can cause irreparable damage. Autonomous installations necessarily include devices for storing and supplying fire extinguishing agents, devices for detecting fire centers, automatic start devices, means for signaling a fire or triggering an installation. By the type of fire-suppressing agent, the systems are subdivided into water, foam, gas, powder, aerosol.

Sprinkler and deluge automatic fire extinguishing systems are used to extinguish fires with water on large areas with finely sprayed streams of water. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of indirect damage associated with the loss of consumer properties of equipment and (or) goods when wet.

Foam fire extinguishing systems they use air-mechanical foam for extinguishing and are used without restrictions. The system set includes a foam mixer complete with a strapping and a bladder tank with an elastic container for storing and dosing foam concentrate.

Gas fire extinguishing systems used to protect libraries, computing centers, bank depositories, small offices. In this case, it is possible that additional costs will be required to ensure proper tightness of the protected object and to carry out organizational and technical measures for the preventive evacuation of personnel.

Powder fire extinguishing systems are used where it is necessary to localize the fire source and ensure the safety of material values ​​and equipment not damaged by the fire. Compared to other types of autonomous fire extinguishers, powder modules are distinguished by their low price, ease of maintenance, and environmental safety. Most of the powder fire extinguishing modules can operate both in the electric start mode (according to the signals of fire sensors) and in the self-start mode (when the critical temperature is exceeded). In addition to the autonomous mode of operation, as a rule, they provide for the possibility of manual start. These systems are used to localize and extinguish fire centers in confined spaces and in the open air.

Aerosol fire extinguishing systems- systems that use fine solid particles for extinguishing. The only difference between an aerosol fire extinguishing system and a powder one is that at the moment of operation, an aerosol is released, and not a powder (larger than an aerosol). These two fire extinguishing systems are similar in function and principle of operation.

The advantages of such a fire extinguishing system (such as ease of installation and installation, versatility, high extinguishing capacity, efficiency, use at low temperatures and the ability to extinguish live materials) are primarily economic, technical and operational.

The disadvantage of such a fire extinguishing system is the danger to human health. The service life is limited to 10 years, after which it must be dismantled and replaced with a new one.

Another important element of the FSA is alert notification. Alarm alert can be carried out by manual, semi-automatic or automatic control. The main purpose of the warning system is to alert people in the building about a fire or other emergency and control their movement to a safe area. The notification of a fire or other emergency should be significantly different from the notification of a burglar alarm. The clarity and uniformity of the information presented in the voice announcement is critical.

Warning systems differ in composition and principle of operation. Block operation control analog warning system is carried out using a matrix control unit. Control digital warning system usually implemented using a computer. Local warning systems a previously recorded text message is broadcast in a limited number of rooms. Usually, such systems do not allow for prompt evacuation control, for example, from a microphone console. Centralized systems automatically broadcasts the recorded emergency message to predefined zones. If necessary, the dispatcher can transmit messages from the microphone console ( semi-automatic broadcast mode).

Most fire alarm systems are modular. The procedure for organizing the warning system depends on the characteristics of the protected object - the architecture of the object, the nature of production activities, the number of personnel, visitors, etc. and light signals to all rooms of the building). In notification systems of the 3rd, 4th and 5th types, one of the main methods of notification is speech. The choice of the number and power of switching on the sirens in a particular room directly depends on such fundamental parameters as the noise level in the room, the size of the room and the sound pressure of the installed sirens.

As a source of audible alarms, loud bangs, sirens, speakers, etc. are used. The most frequently used light displays are “Exit” light boards, “Direction of movement” light indicators, and flashing light annunciators (strobe flashes).

Typically, alarms control other security features. For example, in the event of a non-standard situation, advertisements that seem ordinary at first glance can be transmitted between advertisements, which inform the security service and the staff of the enterprise about incidents with conventional phrases. For example: "Security guard on duty, call 112". The number 112 could represent a potential attempt to carry unpaid clothing out of the store. In emergency situations, the warning system should provide control over the evacuation of people from premises and buildings. In normal mode, the notification system can also be used to transmit background music or advertisements.

Also, the notification system can be hardware or software integrated with the access control system, and upon receiving an alarm pulse from the sensors, the notification system will issue a command to open the doors of additional emergency exits. For example, in the event of a fire, an alarm triggers the automatic fire extinguishing system, turns on the smoke exhaust system, turns off the forced ventilation of the premises, turns off the power supply, calls back to the specified telephone numbers (including emergency services), turns on emergency lighting, etc. And when an unauthorized entry into the premises is detected, the automatic door blocking system is triggered, SMS messages are sent to the cell phone, messages are sent by pager, etc.

Communication channels in the FSA system can be specially laid wired lines or telephone lines, telegraph lines and radio channels already available at the facility.

The most common communication systems are multicore shielded cables, which, to increase the reliability and safety of the signaling operation, are placed in metal or plastic pipes, metal hoses. The transmission lines that carry the signals from the detectors are physical loops.

In addition to traditional lines of wire communication, fire alarm systems today offer security and fire alarms that work with the use of a radio communication channel. They have high mobility, commissioning is minimized, quick installation and dismantling of the fire alarm system is ensured. Setting up radio channel systems is very simple, since each radio button has its own individual code. Such systems are used in situations where it is impossible to stretch a cable or it is not financially justified. The secrecy of these systems is combined with the ability to easily expand or reconfigure them.

Also, we must not forget that there is always a danger of deliberate damage to the electrical circuit by an intruder or a power outage due to an accident. Yet security systems must remain functional. All security and fire alarm devices must be provided with uninterruptible power supply. The power supply of the security alarm system must be redundant. In the absence of voltage in the network, the system must automatically switch to backup power.

In the event of a power outage, the functioning of the alarm does not stop due to the automatic connection of the backup (emergency) power source. To ensure uninterrupted and protected power supply of the system, uninterruptible power supplies, batteries, backup power supply lines, etc. are used. The use of a centralized backup power source leads to losses in the used capacity of backup batteries, to additional costs for wires of increased cross-section, etc. on the object of backup power supplies does not allow monitoring their status. To implement their control, a power source is included in the address system of an FSA with an independent address.

It is necessary to provide for the possibility of duplicating power supply using various electrical substations. It is also possible to implement backup power line from your generator. Fire safety standards require that the security and fire alarm system can remain operational in the event of a power failure during the day in standby mode and at least three hours in alarm mode.

Currently, a complex application of fire alarm systems is used to ensure the security of an object with a high degree of integration with other security systems such as access control systems, video surveillance, etc. When building integrated security systems, problems of compatibility with other systems appear. To combine security and fire alarm systems, warning, control and management of access, CCTV, automatic fire extinguishing installations, etc., software, hardware (which is the most preferable) and the development of a single finished product are used.

Separately, it should be mentioned that the Russian SNiP 2.01.02-85 also requires that the evacuation doors of buildings do not have locks that cannot be opened from the inside without a key. In such conditions, special handles for emergency exits are used. Anti-panic handle ( Push-Bar) is a horizontal bar, pressing on which at any point causes the door to open.

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In the modern world, reliability and safety have long been synonymous with peace, which is why burglar alarms are the best solution for protecting commercial and residential premises. Security fire alarm systems are a whole integrated complex of fire and security systems that prevent unwanted entry into the room and prevent the occurrence of fires.

When faced with a choice between an integrated security fire alarm and separate systems, it is better to immediately pay attention to the security fire alarm complex. It is not only much more profitable to maintain, but also more convenient to operate. Convenience of control lies in the fact that the equipment of security fire systems in the control is displayed on one panel, which allows you to simultaneously monitor a number of violations at once: fire, unwanted entry, etc.

Fire alarm systems are divided into several options, the choice of which is a purely individual matter. It should be noted that when choosing a particular system, it is worth considering the specifics of installation and maintenance. It is these details that will help you make the right choice and choose the option that meets all your requirements.

Addressable fire alarm systems

Addressable fire alarm systems mean a combination of technical elements of a fire alarm to trigger a fire alarm, and it can be either automatic or manual. The signal goes to the control panel from detectors located in rooms requiring protection. Addressable fire alarm systems are relatively low cost and make it possible to quickly respond to emergencies, which makes it possible to avoid serious problems.

Radio channel security systems

Radio channel security systems are devices aimed at creating a workable security and fire protection system. The convenience of a radio channel system mainly lies in the fact that it can be placed even on complex objects with several buildings or an unusual layout. The signal travels over radio waves, which avoids dependence on the integrity of the cables and the busyness of telephone lines.

GSM alarm

GSM system is a combination of gsm alarm devices and fire and burglar alarms. Efficiency and instant notification are the main advantages of GSM Monitoring. Prompt notification and quick response can reduce damage and risk to a minimum.

Security and fire equipment

If you decide to buy a security fire alarm, then special attention should be paid to the equipment of security fire systems. The OPS complex includes: receiving control devices, which directly receive all the information; security detectors; fire detectors, technological detectors, annunciators and much more.

Progress does not stand still, which is why when choosing equipment, it is better to turn to qualified specialists who can easily tell you about the most modern innovations and developments. Many years of experience and the largest supply of security fire fighting equipment make it possible to offer you only the best in the field of security on the most attractive terms.

By purchasing a security fire alarm system from Layta, you can be sure of its high quality and reliability. The equipment presented on the site meets all technical requirements and has passed all the necessary checks. The supply of security fire-fighting equipment is carried out by reliable and trusted partners: Bolid, Argus-Spectrum, Rubezh. By choosing Layta, you are choosing the true quality of your security.

Security and fire alarm systems(OPS) is something that no real estate object can do without. In Russia (as in other countries) there is a national GOST, which regulates the installation and maintenance of OPS. Its observance is monitored by the relevant services, applying tough measures to violators, which is not surprising - after all, a fire that has arisen and is not extinguished in a timely manner threatens not only property, but the health and lives of people.

That is why it is so important to know:

What is OPS;

Varieties of security and fire alarm systems;

Their advantages and disadvantages;

What are the main components they consist of;

What functions do they perform;

What to be guided by when choosing an OPS.

Aside from purely technical terms, a security and fire alarm is a combination of sensors, detectors, control and monitoring devices, as well as auxiliary equipment, designed to ensure the fire safety of an object. The connection of the elements of the complex into a single whole can be wired or wireless, depending on the specific situation and the wishes of the customer - but this does not affect the tasks assigned to the FSA.

● Timely detection of the fire source.

● Prompt fire notification of people and fire services.

● Prevention of false positives.

● Turning on the automatic fire extinguishing system.

● Regulation of air flow (from the air conditioning system, ventilation, etc.).

● Removal of smoke.

● Emergency control of building elements (doors, elevators, etc.).

Sensors(smoke, heat, flame, gas, etc.) fix the presence of a fire and transmit a signal to the receiving-control and control panels, which process the signal to prevent false alarms and, when the fire is confirmed, turn on the sirens, the fire extinguishing system and perform other programmed actions.

There are several types of fire alarm systems that differ in the type of sensor connection and other parameters. Let's consider some common types of OPS.

Threshold or unaddressed FSA

The sensors are connected to common loops without specifying the number and location. In the event of an alarm from a sensor, the station will only know the number of the loop to which the triggered sensor is connected. Therefore, such OPS are installed only on small-sized objects, where there are no more than 30 rooms.

The advantage of such OPS is budget. Disadvantages - a rather large number of false alarms, the difficulty of finding a fire source (especially in smoky rooms), expensive installation due to the high consumption of mounting materials and sensors (at least two per room).

Address FSA

Sensors are connected to loops with an exchange protocol, therefore information about each triggered sensor is visible at the station, i.e. there is an exact indication of the place of fire. This increases the responsiveness, but ... other disadvantages of threshold NSOs remain (it should also be taken into account that targeted NSOs are more expensive than threshold ones). Such OPS are also installed on small-sized objects.

Analogue addressable FSA

If the first two types of OPS we considered were characterized by a low cost of equipment and a rather high cost of installation, then with analogue OPS everything is different: the high cost of equipment and low-cost installation. As a rule, such OPS are installed on large objects (shopping and office centers, etc.), but they can also be installed on a small object (if the price issue is not relevant for the owner).

If in the address and threshold FSA the decision about the presence of fire was made by the detector, then in the addressable analogue ones it was the control system that monitors the state of the sensors and makes a decision based on the change in parameters. Such systems are among the most modern and reliable, since the level of alarm signal reliability is very high. In addition, the notification of the relevant services is also carried out promptly.

The advantages of analogue addressable fire alarm systems include:

Reliability of the system even in the event of a loop break;

There are algorithms that prevent false alarms (the sensitivity of the sensors is automatically checked, there is a day / night mode, etc.);

It is possible to expand the system without serious material costs;

A large number of additional and service options that simplify the work with the system;

Ease of interaction with automatic building systems (elevators, ventilation, etc.);

Ease and low cost of installation and service.

The disadvantage is the need to use a twisted pair for installation, with a limitation in length.

Combined OPS

The control and monitoring equipment in such FSA has a modular structure, and there are modules for analogue addressing and for connecting one- and two-port loops.

Fire is a terrible element that takes away thousands of lives every year. The protection of the property of organizations, enterprises and individuals is no less problematic. To prevent casualties, loss of life and theft of material assets, security and fire alarms or, in abbreviated form, OPS are installed at the facilities. With the help of its technical and hardware means, security and fire alarms are used to prevent and minimize the losses of enterprises and organizations. With this approach, in addition to timely notification, the fact, place and time of violation of the protected zone is additionally recorded.

Functions of a modern OPS:

• Perimeter security;
• Fire warning;
• Call for help (alarm function);
• Warning about some emergencies in the life support systems of buildings (gas leak, water supply, etc.).

Installation of fire alarms is prescribed by the law on fire safety, installation of burglar alarms at the facility is most often a mandatory requirement of companies providing security services, as well as insurance companies.

Development, design, installation and maintenance of security and fire alarm systems of any generation is one of the most demanded services of our company GEFEST-ALARM LLC.

What is a fire and security alarm for?

As mentioned above, the purpose of the security and fire alarm system is to promptly notify the responsible personnel and people at the facility about emergency situations, such as a fire or violation of the perimeter. This is one of the oldest, most effective and well-proven security complexes.

Combining burglar and fire alarms into one system is motivated by purely economic considerations. After all, security and fire systems have a lot in common, except for the obvious purpose of saving lives and property. These are identical communication channels, algorithms for processing information coming from sensors, sending alarms and signals, many technical means are similar.

Composition and means of security and fire alarm systems

The technical means of security and fire alarm systems are quite diverse. The structure of a modern OPS includes the following tools and components.

• Sensors and alarm detectors, the purpose of which is to react (automatically trigger) to a given alarm event. They are infrared, vibrational, optical, vibrational, etc.
• Communication lines - wired and wireless, including via the Internet;
• Receiving and control devices (control panels, "controllers") - the purpose of this FSA tool is to receive and process signals from the sensors according to the specified algorithms and control the actuators, that is, turning the sensors on and off, if they worked falsely, turning on the notification and etc.
• Actuators are their purpose to perform a given job. This means giving a signal, dialing the emergency phone numbers, activating other systems, for example, fire extinguishing or smoke removal.

Modern means of security and fire alarm systems include complex electronic components, and they are often controlled by a computer, therefore, they also include software.

Varieties of security and fire alarm systems

There are also quite a few types of OPS currently used. By their principle of operation, they can be divided into 3 main categories:

• Conventional (analog) security and fire alarm systems, today they are mainly used in small objects, the signal when one sensor is triggered is sent along the entire cable;
• Addressable fire alarm systems allow you to determine the places of fire or violation of the perimeter by communication protocols, there are polling and non-polling;
• Combined OPS systems are the most common due to the versatility of the price of funds and components.

The employees of Gefest-Alarm LLC have extensive experience in the design and installation of systems and means of security and fire alarms, we can implement and help to coordinate any fire alarm system in the regulatory authorities at various scale objects. All necessary approvals for such work, we offer warranty and post-warranty service.

Protect your business from fire
A reliable fire alarm system is a guarantee of the safety of any enterprise and its employees. The Caesar Satellite fire safety system is capable of detecting the slightest signs of smoke and fire. Information about the incident is received by the Ministry of Emergency Situations in 11 seconds. Emergency services will arrive at a few minutes.

Smoke detector

temperature sensor

Fire siren

Alarm button

Control
panel

Smoke detector

Recognizes even the smallest smoke.

temperature sensor

Designed to detect the fire factor - heat. Estimates the magnitude of the temperature and its rise

Fire siren

A device for announcing a fire alarm at an object using sound signals.

Alarm button

Provides the ability to report a fire when the main sensors are disabled. In case of fire, open the cover of the device and press the button to switch the system to the "Alarm" mode.

• Design An alarm engineer visits the site and takes measurements. The list of necessary equipment and its layout during installation is being clarified.
• Installation A team of engineers carries out the installation of the security system according to the project agreed with the customer, taking into account all applicable requirements and standards.
• Maintenance and modernization Preventive and warranty service, check of all settings and system performance, proposals for equipment modernization.

Fire protection

24/7 fire alarm monitoring

Evacuation sound signal when sensors are triggered

Fire extinguishing system

We are responsible for the safety of personnel

We preserve the client's property

Emergency response

In 11 seconds information about the incident is broadcast to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation

Prompt arrival at the scene

Eliminate the source of fire at an early stage

Technical support and service

More than 40 service engineers

Visit to the site for warranty and preventive maintenance

Maintaining system health

Modernization and replacement of equipment

International and state certification

Licenses of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation and SRO certificate for the performance of services

Quality Management System Certificate ISO 9001: 2008

Thatcham International Certification since 2006

We provide fire safety in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation

Fire alarm "Caesar Satellite"

No matter how new the renovation in your house is, no matter how much it costs to rent an office, even if you are sure that there is high-quality wiring in the room, no one is insured against spontaneous combustion or an accident. The only way to exclude the extreme consequences of a short circuit or fire is to install a fire alarm with a remote control.

How the fire alarm works: installation and installation

The fire alarm system is not a conventional alarm that reacts to the presence of smoke in a room. This is a complex project that consists of several mandatory stages:

• Design. Our experts assess the characteristics of the premises, access to communications, potential paths for the spread of fire and smoke in order to react as early as possible to the emergence of a threat and minimize the consequences of a fire, as well as prevent any damage. For each facility in Moscow, fire alarms are installed taking into account the established safety standards and GOSTs.
• Implementation. In order not to interrupt you from everyday worries and not to change your schedule, all work on the installation of sensors and signal transmission systems is carried out in a short time. Most often, within 3 hours after arriving at the facility, our specialists transfer to the customer a room with a functioning security and fire alarm system. As a result, sensors are installed throughout the building that react to smoke and sound signals to warn of the need to evacuate people from the premises.
• Service. The fire alarm is active 24 hours a day. All this time, a dispatcher is watching her, whose control panel, in the event of an emergency situation, will receive a signal of potential danger. The regulated response time to a threat is a few seconds. This is enough for the operator to have time to report the threat to the services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, as well as send a rapid response team to the scene. A trained crew, even before the arrival of the Emergencies Ministry, proceeds to eliminate the causes of fire and evacuate valuables.

Advantages of the Caesar Satellite fire alarm system:

• for 17 years of work we received 1,500 positive reviews and letters of thanks from customers and not a single complaint about employee negligence or system failure;
• the staff employs 40 service engineers, operates its own training center, where employees regularly improve their qualifications;
• all processes comply with ISO 9001 standards, there is a license of the Ministry of Emergency Situations for the provision of services;
• in addition, a direct contract with the Ministry of Emergency Situations confirms the highest quality of service and the effectiveness of certified fire alarm systems.

Cost of fire alarm "Caesar Satellite"

The price of a fire alarm depends on the configuration. For maximum reliability and awareness, Caesar Satellite specialists offer the installation of wireless equipment with the equipment connected to a mobile application on your smartphone. The cost of installation and maintenance depends on the area of ​​the room and the number of sensors.

To order the installation and maintenance of a fire alarm, so as not to worry about the safety of important documents and valuables, in order to know at any time that your property is safe, leave a request on our website. The manager will call you back and help you choose the best cost and efficiency set of equipment.