Arterial hypertension ranks third in the world among diseases of the heart and vascular system. Thousands of people die from a hypertensive crisis every year, so the issue of prevention and treatment of pathology does not lose its relevance. An integral part of therapy is the administration of medications, which in some cases must be taken for life. Many of the effective medicines have many side effects and negative consequences for the body, so only a doctor should prescribe any medicines.
Most patients ask the treating specialist to choose a remedy with minimal side effects, but it should be noted right away that such drugs do not exist. Herbal preparations and other herbal recipes for lowering blood pressure are relatively safe for the patient's health, but in terms of effectiveness they are significantly inferior to synthetic substances and are suitable only for the treatment of grade 1 hypertension, as they have a cumulative effect.
Classification of drugs for hypertension
Any specialist will say that there is no universal cure for hypertension without side effects. The therapy of the disease is most often complex and includes drugs of different pharmacological groups, which are selected depending on the existing complications and concomitant diagnoses.
Means for vasodilation
These drugs cannot be classified as safe drugs, as most of them have strong side effects. Only a doctor should prescribe funds in this group if indicated. Vasodilators help to expand the lumen of blood vessels and capillaries and reduce the resistance of the vascular walls, as a result of which the patient's condition improves, and the tonometer readings decrease by several points. The most popular drugs in this group include "Minoxidil" and "Hydralazine", but they are used only for hypertension of 2 and 3 degrees and strictly if indicated.
Diuretics
Diuretic drugs are necessary in cases where the disease is caused by the accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous fat. In the presence of edema or dropsy (edema of internal organs), the load on the heart muscle and blood vessels increases, and the kidneys cannot fully perform their functions.
Pills for hypertension with a diuretic effect have many contraindications, but sometimes you cannot do without their use. Depending on the patient's age and existing complications, the doctor may prescribe the following drugs:
- Furosemide;
- "Bumetanid";
- "Polythiazide";
- Metolazon;
- Diukardine.
Important! While taking diuretics, not only excess moisture is removed from the body, but also necessary vitamins and minerals, therefore, during the treatment period it is important to eat well and take vitamin and mineral complexes selected by a specialist.
Calcium antagonists
The list of drugs for hypertension with minimal side effects includes calcium antagonist drugs. When they are taken, the number of contractions of the inner layer of the heart muscle decreases, which reduces the load on the blood vessels and helps to lower blood pressure.
The most common drugs with a similar pharmacological effect include:
- Verapamil;
- "Nifedipine";
- Amlodipine.
Note! Medicines that belong to the group of calcium antagonists have a pronounced diuretic effect, therefore their use with diuretics is possible only in a hospital under the constant supervision and supervision of a specialist.
ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors include synthetic and natural compounds that have a positive effect on the work of the cardiovascular system. They block the production of a special enzyme that affects the synthesis of angiotensin. It is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.
ACE inhibitors used in the complex therapy of hypertension include:
- "Monopril";
- Enalapril;
- Captopril.
Despite the fact that drugs in this group have the least harm to the human body, they cannot be taken without a doctor's prescription, since there are contraindications. It is also possible to develop side effects such as headaches, nausea and digestive upsets.
Beta-blockers
Medicines of this group (for example, "Karteolol") are also included in the list of effective drugs for the treatment of hypertension, but they cannot be called safe, since they have many contraindications and negative consequences. Such drugs should not be taken for bronchial asthma, low blood pressure and other pathologies that may affect the result of therapy.
The best drugs for hypertension
When treating hypertension, doctors are trying to prescribe new generation drugs that have good therapeutic effects and minimal side effects. Of course, there are no completely safe drugs that lower blood pressure without risk to health, but you can significantly reduce the likelihood of negative reactions if you listen to the advice of your doctor and follow his recommendations. To date, experts give preference to seven drugs, which are most often included in the combined regimens for the treatment of hypertension.
"Raunatin"
This drug is considered to be one of the best for the treatment of hypertension. It belongs to the group of antispasmodics, has no restrictions for use, has a positive effect on the functioning of the nervous system, as well as the contraction of the heart muscle and the transport of oxygen to the myocardium. The course of treatment helps to reduce the load on the heart and blood vessels and reduce pressure without the use of potent drugs. The most effective use of "Raunatin" in hypertension of 1 and 2 degrees. The agent can be part of the combined treatment of primary and secondary hypertension.
Enalapril
Enalapril is used to treat any form of arterial hypertension, including renovascular hypertension. During treatment with the drug, a positive trend is observed in patients with chronic heart failure, since the active substance of the tablets promotes vasodilation and improves blood circulation.
The dosage of the drug is selected individually, taking into account the severity of the main diagnosis. The initial dose is 10-20 mg per day. If the pressure is slightly increased (no more than 140/90), a good therapeutic effect is achieved using a minimum dose of 10 mg.
Important! The maximum amount of enalapril that can be taken per day is 40 mg. Drug therapy in this dosage should be supervised by a specialist.
"Losartan"
The range of use of the drug is quite extensive. The tool is successfully used to correct blood pressure, treat chronic heart failure, reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients at risk for cardiovascular pathologies.
Losartan has almost no contraindications except for intolerance to the main component, pregnancy or lactation. Application in childhood is possible as prescribed by the attending physician, but treatment should be carried out with caution, since there is no data on the safety of Losartan in this category of patients.
Structural analogues of "Losartan" are:
- Lozap;
- "Lorista".
Important! Side effects during treatment with the drug are rare, but they are still possible. Patients who received therapy with drugs containing losartan were diagnosed with disturbances in the functioning of the digestive system, dizziness, weakness, and an unpleasant taste in the oral cavity.
"Reserpine"
This drug belongs to the group of sympatholytics - substances that affect the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. "Reserpine" copes well with the initial stages of primary and secondary hypertension, as well as psychosis developing against the background of high blood pressure.
The drug is taken orally after a meal. The reception scheme is as follows:
- 0.1 mg 1-2 times per knocking at the initial stage;
- increasing the dose to 0.25-0.5 mg per day (divided into 3-4 doses).
Negative reactions while taking "Reserpine" can be manifested by increased dryness of the mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth, nasal congestion, weakness, nausea and heart rhythm disturbances.
"Nifedipine"
The drug belongs to the group of calcium channel blockers. Treatment with "Nifedipine" is contraindicated in any form of heart failure. Side effects during therapy are possible, but in most cases the drug is well tolerated by all groups of patients.
In therapeutic and cardiological practice, the following dosage regimens are used (depending on the severity of the pathology):
- 10 mg 2 times a day;
- 20 mg 2 times a day;
- 20 mg 4 times a day (this option is prescribed in extreme cases with severe hypertension).
Important! The maximum daily dose of "Nifedipine" should not exceed 80 mg.
"Methyldopa"
One of the safest drugs for the treatment of essential and secondary hypertension. If necessary, "Methyldopa" can be prescribed even to pregnant and lactating women, subject to constant medical supervision. The drug has many contraindications and restrictions and can cause side effects - this is indicated in the official annotation to the drug. But practice shows that even pregnant women, who belong to the category of especially vulnerable patients, tolerate treatment with Methyldopa.
An excellent therapeutic effect is also given by the use of "Verapamil" and "Captopril", but they, like other antihypertensive drugs, cannot be taken without prescribing and consulting a doctor.
Choosing drugs to treat high blood pressure is not as easy as it might initially seem. Any medication has its own contraindications and side effects. Even harmless vitamins can harm health if you do not know about the peculiarities of their intake, therefore it is better to entrust the selection of therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular pathologies to an experienced and qualified specialist.
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Classification of drugs for the treatment of hypertension
All pills for hypertension are classified into groups, each of which "in its own way" affects the body:
- Beta-blockers. These drugs are aimed at reducing the activity of beta-1 receptors in the heart, which provoke a rapid heart rate and an increase in blood pressure.
- Calcium channel blockers. Medicines belonging to this class help block the channels through which calcium ions move along the fibers to the vascular muscles. An excess of them leads to an accelerated contraction of the heart muscle and an increase in blood pressure.
- Myotropic antispasmodics. The action of these drugs is also aimed at blocking calcium channels, but they are effective only in the initial stages of the development of hypertension.
- Nitrates. These are effective pills for hypertension, but they are prescribed only if an attack of high blood pressure in a patient is accompanied by severe pain in the thoracic region or after a myocardial infarction. Medicines of this group contain nitroglycerin derivatives, which help to reduce the tone of blood vessels, improving blood flow in them, but at the same time reducing blood circulation to the heart. Therefore, in no case should you take them without the knowledge of the doctor.
- Alpha blockers. These drugs block alpha receptors, which when irritated lead to high blood pressure.
- Sympatholytics. Drugs from this group have a blocking effect on the nerve impulses of norepinephrine, which provokes a sharp increase in blood pressure.
- Diuretics These funds have a diuretic effect on the body, as a result of which they remove excess sodium anions from it, thereby lowering the volume of circulating blood in the blood vessels and lowering blood pressure.
- Alpha brain stimulants. They are aimed at stimulating the work of the alpha receptors of the central nervous system, reducing the activity of sympathetic nerves. They have many contraindications and side effects.
- ACE inhibitors and sartans. The action of these drugs is aimed at slowing down the synthesis of angiotensin-2. Shown for both hypertension and hypotension.
Pills for hypertension without side effects are rare. Therefore, it is impossible to take them without first consulting a doctor, as this can negatively affect your well-being.
In case of hypertension, doctors most often prescribe the following drugs to their patients:
- Losartan. An effective remedy for hypertension, which acts for 14 hours after ingestion. The drug contains active ingredients that have a blocking effect on the angiotensin-II receptor. This drug has practically no side effects and can be used even during pregnancy. However, patients who, in addition to hypertension, also have liver disease, Losartan should be taken with caution and in the lowest dosage.
- Verapamil. The best pills for hypertension, which help to reduce vascular tone and improve the flow of oxygen to the heart. Contraindication - acute myocardial infarction.
- Nifedipine. The action of this drug is aimed at reducing vascular tone and stimulating blood flow to the brain and spinal cord. It should not be taken for hypotension and heart failure.
- Captopril. The active components of the drug help relieve the load from the heart and normalize the functioning of the respiratory system. Can be used in young children and diabetes. But if there is a deficiency of leukocytes or platelets in the blood, this drug cannot be used.
- Enalapril. The action of this drug is the same as that of Captoril. However, its use in the presence of renal failure is contraindicated.
- Methyldopa. This drug helps to reduce the tone of blood vessels, thereby improving blood flow in them and lowering blood pressure. It can be used during pregnancy and lactation, but for people with renal insufficiency, it is better to refuse from taking this medication, as this can lead to a sharp deterioration in well-being.
- Reserpine. Tablets for hypertension in the early stages of development. Effective only in combination with diuretics. Contraindicated in ulcerative diseases, bradycardia and renal sclerosis.
- Raunatin. This is the only drug that has no contraindications for use. It helps relieve the load from the heart muscle, normalize its contraction and lower blood pressure. Moreover, this drug has a beneficial effect on the work of the central nervous system.
If you have hypertension, your doctor will tell you which pills to drink. After all, the choice of drugs for hypertension in each case is selected individually, taking into account all the characteristics of the organism. If you carry out uncontrolled intake of medications for high blood pressure, then you can greatly harm your health. Remember this.
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Principles of drug therapy
When starting treatment for a patient with hypertension, the doctor tries to find the best medicine for each specific case. There are no identical patients. All have their own characteristics of the course of the disease, concomitant pathology. In addition, everyone responds differently to the dosage of the drug.
Modern therapy requires:
- Start taking one drug for hypertension (monotherapy). With the help of monitoring the level of blood pressure, a sufficient dose is selected.
- Based on knowledge about the rate of absorption of the drug and the onset of its maximum effect, the time at which the tablets should be taken is set.
- The second drug is added only if the dosage possibilities of the monopreparation have been exhausted.
- It is necessary to take into account the severity of the disease, the age of the patient.
- At the same time, take into account risk factors for complications and carry out their prevention.
- Use tablet forms for continuous administration, injections only in case of hypertensive crises.
- To educate patients with hypertension in the rules of treatment, to inform them about the peculiarities of different drugs for hypertension, possible side effects.
If you want to know more about the methods of treating hypertension, then read on our website the article "Modern methods of treating hypertension"
Effective treatment of hypertension will be only when exposed to different links of pathology, when restoring the disturbed balance of nervous regulation of vascular tone and electrolytes. For this, groups of drugs are used that differ in the mechanism of action.
Medicines with a vasodilating effect
Vasodilators are the "oldest" group of drugs. Previously, they were widely used intramuscularly, injected with hypertensive crises. At that time, vascular spasm was considered the main mechanism of pressure increase. Changes in views on the pathogenesis of hypertension led to the production of new drugs, but if the patient has symptoms that clearly indicate a spasm, these drugs for hypertension remain in demand.
They are usually not prescribed alone, but in combination with diuretics and β-blockers. The most popular antispasmodics:
- Dibazol - most useful during crises, because its action is short-term, improves brain function, relieves headaches, is considered an activator of immunity.
- Papaverine, Papazol (papaverine + dibazol) - lowers the tone of the smooth muscles of the vessels, ureter, gallbladder. Therefore, it helps in the presence of concomitant diseases.
- No-shpa - relieves spasm of the intestines, bile ducts, reduces intestinal peristalsis, improves the permeability of the vascular bed. Does not have a central effect on the brain.
- Hydralazine (Aprezalin) - belongs to the new generation of antispasmodics, requires careful use in patients with kidney and liver diseases.
- Loniten (Minoxil) - relaxes the muscles of the walls of blood vessels, is a powerful remedy.
Drugs in this group are not suitable for long-term use, as there is an addictive effect. They have a negative effect on the liver and kidneys.
Diuretic (diuretics) drugs
The introduction of drugs with a diuretic effect causes the withdrawal of fluid and salts from the vascular bed. This weakens the resistance for the heart muscle, lowers blood pressure, and eliminates edema with existing heart failure.
According to the mechanism of action, all diuretics are divided into groups:
- Thiazide derivatives (Metolazone, Indapamide, Clopamide) - promote the removal of water along with sodium and chlorides. At the same time, the body loses potassium, a very necessary element for the contraction of the myocardium. Therefore, the indications are limited to heart disease and rhythm disturbances.
- Potassium-sparing diuretics include Amiloprid, Triamteren.
- Diuretics with a quick effect (Furosemide, Lasix, Torasemide) sharply increase the permeability of the renal glomeruli loops. They are shown during crises.
- The drugs acting on the hormonal level (Veroshpiron) inhibit the production of hormones that retain water.
In the group of diuretics of the latest production, negative effects are taken into account, combinations with other drugs are added.
You can read more about the possibilities of diuretics in the article "Treatment of arterial hypertension with diuretics"
Calcium antagonist group
Drugs for hypertension from the group of calcium antagonists do not allow calcium ions into cells. It was found that this helps relieve tension from the vessel wall, relax the myocardium. Drugs considered particularly effective: Amlodipine, Lercanidipine, Normodipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil, Nifedipine.
Groups of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin blockers
The drugs counteract the most important mechanism that increases blood pressure: they eliminate enzymes that promote the production of hypertensive substances at the cellular level. Shown for the treatment of hypertension "with experience". In addition to already well-known drugs, such as Ramipril, Captopril, Kapoten, Enalapril, the group includes the latest generation drugs (Prestarium, Perindopril).
Among angiotensin blockers, Candesartan, Valsartan, Losartan, Lozap play an important role in therapy.
Β-blocker group
Medicines block certain types of nerve endings in the vascular wall, making them immune to spasm. Their important effect is to reduce the frequency of heart contractions, ensure maximum unloading of the myocardium, and reduce oxygen demand.
The pharmaceutical industry produces many drugs in this group. Their use is considered the most promising. Representatives are: Nebilet, Timolol, Karvedipol, Sectral, Lokren.
Group of homeopathic remedies
Homeopathic doctors, unlike therapists, take into account:
- lifestyle features (nutrition, character);
- leading symptoms of the disease;
- the patient's response to the environment.
Small dosages are used, but they must be taken for a long time. A doctor should be consulted about the possibility of combining with other medicines.
For complications of hypertension (stroke or heart attack), barium salts are recommended. If the patient is worried about headaches, a feeling of heaviness in the head, then gold-based drugs are prescribed.
Homeopathic remedies affect the body as a whole, and simultaneously treat concomitant diseases (cholecystitis, arthrosis, heart ischemia).
Not all drugs for the treatment of hypertension are listed. In modern medicines, side effects on the body are minimized, combinations of substances from different groups are used.
Treatment should only be carried out under medical supervision. You should not change funds or increase the dosage on your own. In a huge list of drugs, you can always find the right drug for each patient.
serdec.ru
The main groups of drugs for hypertension
The attending physician selects tablets to lower the pressure for the patient, taking into account his condition. There are several groups of drugs that can regulate blood pressure. All of them operate according to different schemes, have their own characteristics, contraindications, side effects. The tablets should be drunk constantly, regardless of the tonometer readings. They have a peculiarity - they accumulate in the body, have a long-term effect. Many drugs are addictive, so your doctor changes them periodically. If you have hypertension, prepare to drink them for the rest of your life.
Drugs that can regulate pressure solve the main tasks:
- reduce headache;
- prevent nosebleeds;
- remove flies before the eyes;
- prevent kidney failure;
- reduce pain in the heart;
- prevent the risk of stroke, heart attack.
Let's take a closer look at these drugs. The main groups of drugs that solve high blood pressure problems:
- beta blockers;
- alpha blockers;
- calcium antagonists;
- angiotensin 2 antagonists;
- diuretics;
- aCE inhibitors.
Beta blockers
Tablets of this group are able to affect the heart rate, reducing it. At the same time, the walls of the vessels relax, the volume of blood entering them in a certain period of time decreases. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure. Prescribe drugs in the presence of concomitant heart disease: tachycardia, coronary artery disease, rhythm disturbances. Tablets in this group have side effects. It is not advisable to take them in case of complaints of heart pain and seizures. The group includes: "Concor", "Nebivalol", "Metaprolol".
Alpha blockers
Tablets of this group have an antispasmodic effect, dilate blood vessels, relaxing the muscles along them. This helps to reduce pressure. If the drugs are taken separately from diuretics, beta-blockers, swelling and headaches are possible. Alpha blockers are used in severe cases when other drugs are ineffective. The tablets are addictive, capable of provoking an increase in heart rate, hyper hairiness. These drugs include: "Hydralazine", "Minoxidil".
Calcium antagonists
This group of drugs has another name - calcium channel blockers. The tablets interfere with the flow of calcium into the vascular cells, which at the same time expand, and the pressure decreases. Tops the rating of drugs "Nifedipine", which can quickly relieve a hypertensive crisis. With increased pressure, which is accompanied by diseases - arrhythmia, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, appoint "Verapamil", "Amlodipine". These drugs do not cause lethargy, help to transfer physical activity. Often prescribed to the elderly.
Angiotensin 2 antagonists
For modern drugs of the group, which have minimal side effects, they use another name - sartans. The effect of their use is enhanced when combined with diuretics. Consistent results are visible after just a few weeks. Popular tablets in this group: Lozap, Valz, Losartan. They are not addictive, have a long-term effect - you need to take them once a day. Thanks to their use:
- reduced risk of stroke, heart attack;
- the likelihood of renal failure decreases.
Diuretics (diuretics)
Among the tablets for hypertension, diuretics are prescribed among the first drugs. They help to remove excess water and salt from the body and reduce swelling. This reduces the volume of blood, less stress on the heart. All this helps to normalize blood pressure. Diuretics are prescribed only by a doctor - this is due to the fact that they remove calcium, potassium and magnesium from the body. They have contraindications for use. Together with diuretics, drugs are prescribed that restore the balance of potassium, calcium and magnesium.
Effective high pressure diuretics:
- "Furosemide", "Diuver" - potent drugs, actively remove calcium and magnesium, are not recommended during pregnancy.
- "Hypotheazid", "Indapamide" - act slowly, have few side effects.
- "Veroshpiron" - has a weak diuretic effect, but is a potassium-sparing drug, helps with the highest, third degree of arterial hypertension.
It is worthwhile to be wary of diuretic pills for hypertension. They are sold without prescriptions, the drugs are cheap, but you need to drink them only as directed and under the supervision of a doctor. This is due to side effects:
- the risk of diabetes increases;
- cholesterol level rises;
- there are problems with potency;
- fatigue becomes higher;
- hormonal disruptions occur;
- loss of consciousness is possible.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Such drugs are prescribed to patients with hypertension, who have heart failure and diabetes mellitus, and have coronary heart disease. ACE inhibitors dilate blood vessels, contribute to reduced results of tonometer readings. They reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack, protect the kidneys, and reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes. The drugs have a short duration of action, so they are taken according to the scheme prescribed by the doctor.
These medicines have few side effects. Sometimes there is a dry cough, slight swelling of the face. They should be taken at the dose indicated in the instructions, due to the possibility of a sharp decrease in pressure. Prescribe drugs together with diuretics, calcium antagonists - with this option, a strong therapeutic effect is obtained. ACE inhibitors are often used:
- Enalapril;
- Captopril;
- "Lisinopril";
- Ramipril.
How to choose the right therapy for high blood pressure
Do not self-medicate if you have high blood pressure. In order to choose the right pills for hypertension, it is important to see a doctor. He will find out what your blood pressure is now, what indicators you need to achieve after treatment. This is especially important for the elderly - correctly selected antihypertensive drugs prolong life and improve its quality.
Modern methods of treating hypertension are aimed at reducing and normalizing blood pressure. Only a qualified doctor is able to correctly select, from all the variety, the necessary drugs, taking into account the analyzes, the age of the patient. During the appointment, he:
- learns about concomitant diseases;
- defines contraindications;
- empirically select medicines for pressure;
- prescribe a dosage starting with small values;
- determine the dosage regimen, depending on the duration of the drugs;
- monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
List of the best new generation hypertension drugs
Modern drugs for lowering blood pressure differ in that they have few side effects. The pharmaceutical industry offers the latest developments that have received excellent reviews from doctors. In the list of the new generation of pills for hypertension there are combined drugs that simultaneously have a vasodilator, diuretic and antispasmodic effect: "Andipal", "Twinsta".
Modern pills for hypertension - new items on the market of pharmacological medications - require mandatory medical supervision. Each group of drugs has innovations:
- calcium antagonists - "Amlodipine", "Riodipin";
- sartans - "Valsartan", "Cardosal";
- diuretics - "Torasimide", "Rolofilin";
- alpha and beta blockers - Nebivolol, Carvedilol;
- aCE inhibitors - "Enalapril", "Lizinopril" and its analogue - "Dapril".
Fast-acting high pressure tablets
How to bring down the pressure if it suddenly rises sharply? For urgent relief of a hypertensive crisis, it is necessary to dissolve the "Nifedipine" tablet under the tongue. The intake of "Kapoten" quickly normalizes blood pressure. It is also placed under the tongue - until it dissolves - the action begins after 10 minutes. It is very important that the pressure drop does not occur very abruptly - otherwise there may be a stroke. If the attack is accompanied by pain in the heart, an ambulance is provided with a "Nitroglycerin" tablet under the tongue. Esmolol helps well with increased heart rate. The newest ReCardio product is also widely recommended.
Are there any side effects and contraindications
The peculiarity of taking pills for hypertension is that they do not treat the cause of the disease, they only lower the pressure and maintain it within the required limits. To do this, you need to take drugs constantly, regardless of what the tonometer's indicators are at the moment. Unfortunately, medications have side effects that accumulate in the body with this regimen.
More information about this, and about contraindications, can be found in the description of each drug. The attending physicians know about them. Side effects of drugs on the body manifest themselves in different ways, and cause from the side:
- nervous system - dizziness, weakness, headache;
- cardiovascular - fainting, heart rhythm disturbances;
- sense organs - blurred vision, tinnitus;
- digestive system - nausea, diarrhea; Top pressure 100
Medication for hypertension is prescribed if the patient is at risk. It includes people whose blood pressure constantly exceeds 160/100 mm Hg. Art. For persons who belong to the low-risk category, experts first of all advise lifestyle correction and.
If these measures do not help, doctors prescribe special medications. What are the most effective medicines for hypertension?
Blood pressure indicators are influenced by a number of factors that must be taken into account when choosing a therapy tactics:
- Vascular tone. The more vasospasm, the higher the pressure. This indicator depends on the condition of small arteries - arterioles.
- Circulating blood volume. The higher this indicator, the higher the pressure.
- Functioning of the heart. The harder it beats, the more blood is pumped. This also provokes an increase in pressure.
To choose the best medicine for hypertension, you need to see your doctor. Such drugs are prescribed in the following situations:
- With an increase in pressure to 160-90 mm Hg. Art .;
- With an increase in the indicator to 130/85 mm Hg. Art. - this is important for people with heart or kidney failure, as well as diabetes.
It is recommended to give preference to drugs that need to be drunk 1 time per day, or drugs that have an effect of 12 hours. However, in most cases, doctors prescribe a combination therapy that includes two drugs at once. This allows you to reduce the dosage and minimize the risk of side effects.
The main groups of drugs for hypertension
There are a number of remedies available to help reduce blood pressure. To get the desired result and choose the most effective medicine for hypertension, you should consult a doctor.
Beta blockers
These funds can be used for monotherapy or complex therapy. They give results in the development of a resistant form of the disease. They can be used if there is a history of heart attack and angina pectoris. Also, these funds are allowed for chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation.
The mechanism of action of these funds is based on stopping the production of angiotensin, which lead to vasoconstriction. These drugs block beta receptors. Isolated therapy with help lasts 2-4 weeks. The doctor may then prescribe a combination with a diuretic or calcium channel blocker.
Non-selective agents include the following:
- Carvedilol;
- Propranolol;
- Sotalol;
- Oxprenolol.
- Atenolol;
- Bisoprolol;
- Betaxolol.
Alpha blockers
These drugs block alpha-adrenergic receptors, which provides the irritant effect of norepinephrine. This leads to a decrease in blood pressure.
An effective remedy in this category is doxazosin. It is used to eliminate pressure attacks or prolonged therapy. However, many other products from this group have been discontinued today.
Calcium antagonists
These drugs are usually divided into several categories:
- Dihydropyridines - this group includes;
- Benzodiazepines - these include;
- Phenylalkylamines - belongs to this category.
These funds increase exercise tolerance. They can be used in combination with ACE inhibitors. This avoids the use of diuretics.
Calcium antagonists are often prescribed for older people with cerebral atherosclerosis. They are used in combination with hypertension with angina pectoris or arrhythmia.
Angiotensin 2 antagonists
These are relatively new drugs for hypertension that have been shown to successfully lower blood pressure throughout the day. They can be used once a day - in the morning or before bedtime.
Angiotensin 2 antagonists are relatively new drugs for hypertension that successfully reduce blood pressure throughout the day.
Candesartan has a maximum duration of action - it is up to 2 days. Also in this group are drugs for hypertension, which lower blood pressure for 24 hours.
These drugs rarely provoke a dry cough. They do not cause a rapid drop in blood pressure and do not lead to the development of a withdrawal syndrome. A stable effect can be achieved 4-6 weeks after the start of therapy.
These modern drugs for hypertension can be used for the renal form of the disease, since they allow you to eliminate the spasm of the vessel wall. Also, these drugs can be part of combination therapy for a stable form of the disease.
Diuretics
Thiazide diuretics and sulfonamides, which are classified as saluretics, improve urine synthesis and excretion. This provides a decrease in the edema of the vessel wall, which leads to an increase in their lumen. This makes it possible to reduce the pressure.
This category includes hydrochlorothiazide, hypothiazide. These substances prevent the reabsorption of chloride and sodium ions by the kidney tubules, which provokes their excretion. Medicines from this group have no effect on normal pressure.
Sulfonamides include, arifon, indal. These funds are used for complex forms of hypertension. They can also be part of a combination therapy for the development of resistant hypertension.
Indapamide is included in approved drugs for hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus, since it does not affect blood glucose levels.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
These funds lead to the blocking of the enzyme leading to the conversion of angiotensin to renin. Thanks to their use, it is possible to reduce blood flow to the heart muscle. Drugs from this group become a reliable prevention of cardiac muscle hypertrophy and restore it in the presence of this problem.
ACE inhibitors with a sulfhydryl category are used to eliminate hypertensive crises. These include captopril, benazepril.
Carboxyl group ACE inhibitors include, lisinopril,. So, enalapril has a positive effect on the life expectancy of patients. However, it provokes an unwanted side effect in the form of a dry cough.
How to choose a medicine for hypertension
To choose the safest medicine for hypertension, you need to see your doctor. When prescribing medication, a specialist takes into account a number of criteria. These include the following:
- The age of the patient;
- Pathology of the cardiovascular system;
- Complications that exist in other organs.
The doctor will select a combination treatment that includes a number of drugs. This will provide a complex effect on the mechanism of the appearance of hypertension. The use of several drugs at once reduces the volume of each of them. This will reduce the risk of side effects.
List of the best new generation hypertension drugs
Each new generation of hypertension medicine has many benefits. These include the excellent effectiveness of therapy and a minimum of side effects. Today there are two categories of such drugs. These include:
- ACE inhibitors - from this group you can choose a new drug for hypertension such as lisinopril, monopril or;
- Calcium channel blockers - this category includes lacidipine, nimodipine,.
Effective drugs for hypertension have a sparing effect on the body. They do not lead to potency disorders or mental abnormalities. Thanks to their use, it is possible to improve the quality of life. However, such funds cannot be used without a doctor's prescription.
Fast-acting high pressure tablets
Such drugs are required to eliminate the symptoms of a hypertensive crisis. They should be present in the medicine cabinet of every person with hypertension. First aid means include the following:
- Nifedipine;
- Clonidine.
Side effects and contraindications
Contraindications directly depend on the category of the drug. However, many drugs are prohibited from using in such situations:
- Pregnancy;
- Lactation;
- Obstruction of the biliary tract;
- Complex diseases of the kidneys and liver;
- Bronchial asthma;
- Hypersensitivity to the components of the product;
- Decompensated heart failure;
- Age less than 18 years old.
Finding a medicine for hypertension without side effects is quite problematic. Each drug is capable of leading to undesirable health effects. The most common side effects include the following:
- Allergic reactions;
- Pain in the digestive organs;
- Nausea and vomiting;
- Stool disorders;
- A sharp drop in pressure;
- Depressive states;
- Feeling of dryness in the mouth;
- Sleep disturbances.
If such symptoms appear, the drug should be immediately canceled and a doctor should be consulted.... The specialist will be able to find a more suitable analogue. Sometimes symptomatic therapy is required.
The safest medicine for hypertension
So far, there are no drugs for hypertension without side effects. Scientists have not been able to develop a substance that will bring the desired result without harm to health.
However, when considering new drugs, they have many advantages over the drugs of previous generations. These include the following:
- High efficiency;
- Prolonged action - this makes it possible to minimize the dosage of the drug and minimize the risk of side effects;
- Complex action - this list of drugs for hypertension includes drugs that perform several functions at once.
It is included in the category of third-generation drugs. It almost does not provoke side effects in the form of dry mouth or increased drowsiness. This drug is allowed to be used by patients with bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus.
New agents that are successfully used to eliminate hypertension include selective agonists of imidazoline receptors. They reduce pressure, have a minimum of contraindications and very rarely provoke side effects. This group includes rilmenidine and monoxidine.
New generation beta-blockers, which are actively used to combat hypertension, include nebivolol, labetalol. They rarely provoke side effects and hardly harm human health. With the help of such means, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of complications of hypertension.
Which are used to treat chronic gastritis (like many other diseases), medicinal herbs and plants occupy a significant place. This method of therapy (herbal medicine) is based on many years of folk experience and has repeatedly proven its effectiveness. Plants are a natural material, so in some cases they are more beneficial than synthetic drugs. They have practically no side effects. The course of using medicinal infusions and decoctions can be extended for 1–2 months or more, depending on the form of the disease, etc. However, the result can be much higher than after traditional therapy with the use of synthetic drugs. It will be possible to consolidate the achieved results by the same means, periodically applying a course of herbal medicine for preventive purposes.
There are many herbs and plants that are carriers of healing properties, since they contain substances and vitamins useful for our body. In the treatment of chronic gastritis, not only those plants are used that help with this disease, but also those that have a soothing effect on the nervous system. After all, stress, nervous tension and fatigue are often the cause of gastritis.
Calamus swamp
Popular names of this plant: fragrant cane, flat cake, yaver, Tara grass, etc. Calamus has small greenish-yellow flowers collected on the cob. This plant is often confused with marsh iris, but the latter has large yellow flowers. Calamus has a pungent aroma and a bitter taste.
Calamus roots are harvested in early spring or late autumn. The bark is removed from the rhizome, cut into longitudinal branches and dried. The dried roots are further used for the preparation of decoctions and infusions.
The plant helps with disturbed digestion, colic, achilia (lack of secretion of gastric juice), diarrhea, heartburn. Hot infusion of calamus root helps to increase appetite. It can also be used for mouthwash: the infusion disinfects the oral cavity and eliminates unpleasant odors. For the treatment of gastritis, calamus root is used in infusions in combination with other medicinal plants. Contraindications: increased gastric secretion.
Althea officinalis
Use the dried roots of a biennial plant, from which the bark is removed before drying. Marshmallow roots contain a mucous substance that has a softening and analgesic effect in inflammation of the mucous membranes, including the stomach. Helps with diarrhea, dysentery and gastritis. Cold compresses from marshmallow infusion can be used to relieve inflammation of the eyes and skin.
Aloe
This medicinal plant has been used in folk medicine since ancient times. Its healing properties were known in Ancient Egypt and Greece, where they used aloe juice, infusions and ointments made on its basis to treat many diseases. Used as an external agent and prepared various preparations for oral administration. In herbal medicine, the leaves of aloe tree and its pharmacy and homemade juice are used. Aloe juice has tonic and disinfecting properties, promotes wound healing. It is useful for constipation, diseases of the stomach and intestines. This juice can even be taken in pure form, 1 teaspoon 20 minutes before meals. Duration of treatment: 2-4 weeks depending on the form of the disease. Aloe leaves are best used fresh. For the treatment of chronic gastritis, the leaves or juice are combined with other herbs.
Contraindications: hemorrhoids, cystitis, uterine bleeding, liver and gallbladder diseases, pregnancy.
Valerian officinalis
People call this herb feline or frankincense. This herb has a calming effect on the nerves and also has anti-spasmodic and anticonvulsant properties. The root of the plant is used, from which infusions, decoctions, medicines are made. Sometimes the plant is confused with the poisonous hemlock spotted. These plants are very similar in appearance. However, valerian has a scutellum inflorescence and flowers of a pinkish hue, hemlock blooms with white flowers and its inflorescence in the form of an umbrella. In addition, hemlock, if kneaded in your fingers, exudes a strong and unpleasant odor.Valerian is a part of sedative, carminative and gastric teas. In addition, valerian is great for treating thyroid problems. When treating with a decoction of valerian, you should be very careful: too large doses have an exciting effect on the central nervous system (especially on the vasomotor and respiratory centers). Long-term use of valerian is also not recommended, since there is a disruption in the work of the gastrointestinal tract. In the treatment of chronic gastritis, both pharmacy valerian tinctures and homemade ones are used. This remedy is often added to mixtures of other medicinal herbs to enhance the effect of nutrients.
Three-leaf watch
Popularly, this plant is called the water trefoil or female toad. There are other, more exotic names for this plant - diarrhea, consumptive, scrofulous, which indicate the healing properties of the three-leaf watch. In fact, infusions and decoctions of this herb can cure diseases such as dropsy, rheumatism, gout, diathesis. It perfectly copes with skin ulcers, colds and stimulates blood formation. The watch contains bitter substances that increase gastrointestinal secretion, thereby increasing appetite and normalizing the process of food digestion. The leaves are used to prepare infusions that act as an antiseptic and promote wound healing. Soothing, appetizing and choleretic teas also contain this herb.
Curly wolf
For medicinal purposes, the leaves and the upper part of the plant are used: a stem with flower baskets. Herbal infusions and decoctions help with constipation, flatulence, flatulence, stomach and intestinal ulcers, and liver diseases. In addition, thistle is also used in herbal medicine for anemia, inflammation of the respiratory tract. This plant is included in many collections. Care should be taken as it can cause nausea and vomiting in large quantities. People with kidney problems should not take this herb.Contraindications: kidney disease.
St. John's wort
- steamed low-fat fish dishes;
- jelly and jelly made from sweet fruits or berries, as well as fruit salads with added sugar and honey.
Diet number 1b
This diet is recommended for chronic gastritis already in the subsequent stages of treatment, when the patient is still in bed rest. The duration of this diet therapy is 10-14 days. It pursues the same goals as diet number 1a.
Foodstuffs must be boiled, steamed, stewed. It is more rational to eat food in a semi-liquid or puree form. Dairy products are very useful, which are certainly included in this diet. Meanwhile, fried and spicy foods are excluded. In terms of calorie content, food should correspond to 2300-2400 kcal. The average amount of free liquid is 2 liters. Hot dishes should be cooled to a temperature of 55–60 ° С, the temperature of cold dishes - not lower than 15–20 ° С.
Since flour products are not recommended to be consumed during gastritis, you can use dried rusks (but not toasted) instead of bread. It is allowed to consume 75-100 g of crackers per day. Meat and fish dishes included in the diet should be prepared in the form of mashed potatoes, steam soufflé and cutlets. Otherwise, you should adhere to the recommendations outlined in diet number 1a.
Basic diet number 1
This diet is prescribed for chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency in the acute stage, as well as for chronic gastritis with increased and normal secretion. The duration of this diet therapy is 3-5 months, up to complete relief of exacerbation and recovery. The diet has the same goals as diet 1a, but is less sparing than diet 1b.Foods and foods that increase gastric secretion are excluded from the diet. The use of chemical irritants of the gastric mucosa is also not recommended. You should take liquid, mushy food, although in this case a small amount of foods of a denser consistency is allowed in the diet. Products should be boiled, stewed, grated. Don't include foods high in fiber in your diet. The calorie content of food should be about 2,800-2,900 kcal, and the average amount of free liquid should be 1.5 liters. The temperature of hot food can be normal, as for cold food, you can eat food with a temperature of at least 5-6 ° C.
The following foods should not be consumed:
- any fresh bread (especially rye), as well as products made from butter and puff pastry;
- meat and fish broths, mushroom and strong vegetable broths, cabbage soup, borscht and okroshka;
- fatty or stringy meats;
- game meat, duck, goose;
- smoked meats, pickles and canned meat;
- dairy products with high acidity;
- millet, pearl barley and barley groats, legumes, pasta;
- white cabbage, sorrel, turnip, radish, onion, rutabaga;
- salted, pickled and pickled vegetables.
This diet may include the following foods and dishes:
- weak tea with milk or cream, sweet fruit and berry juices;
- milk, cream, non-acidic yogurt and kefir, curd soufflé, pudding and lazy dumplings;
- butter and refined sunflower oil, which are added to various dishes;
- soft-boiled eggs, steam omelet and fried eggs;
- semi-viscous and pureed cereals, cooked from semolina, buckwheat or rice, in water and milk;
- soups from mashed and well-boiled cereals, cooked with vegetable broth, vegetable puree soups, as well as milk soups seasoned with egg-milk mixture, butter or cream;
- steamed and boiled dishes from lean beef, young lean lamb, edged pork, turkey and chicken; as well as boiled tongue, boiled sausage without fat;
- steamed fish cakes, lean fish without skin, fried without breading or boiled, jellied with vegetable broth;
- boiled or steamed potatoes, beets, cauliflower, carrots. Soufflés, mashed potatoes and steamed puddings from them, as well as salads from boiled vegetables;
- fruit purees, jelly, jelly, mashed compotes with sugar and honey;
- dried bread made from premium wheat flour.
Diet therapy for adolescent patients should include a high protein content. The calorie content of the diet can rise to 3160 kcal.
The diet should take into account the stage of the disease, as well as the severity of the clinical manifestations of gastritis. In chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency, frequent meals are recommended in small portions (5-6 times a day), mechanically sparing food and increasing gastric secretion.
Diet number 2
It is prescribed for chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency, as well as for chronic colitis in the stage of mild exacerbation. This diet is physically complete, but with a restriction on the use of foods containing coarse fiber. Whole milk, spicy dishes, snacks and spices are also excluded from the diet. Fried foods are allowed, just do not use the breading method to avoid the formation of a rough crust. Any food should be consumed in crushed form. The calorie content of this diet should be approximately 2800 kcal. The average amount of liquid is 1.5 liters. The temperature of both hot and cold food can be normal.
- fresh bread and flour products made from butter and puff pastry;
- Duck and goose meat dishes;
- smoked meats, pickles, canned meat and fish;
- rough varieties of fruits and berries in their raw form.
The diet may include the following foods and meals:
- tea, coffee, cocoa with milk or cream;
- kefir, yogurt, fresh cottage cheese, curd soufflé, etc.;
- soups cooked in weak meat or fish broth, vegetable broth. Vegetables should be finely chopped and well boiled, cereals - mashed;
- dishes from lean meats, poultry; boiled, baked, fried without a coarse crust, as well as cutlets;
- boiled or baked lean fish;
- snacks and salads from fresh tomatoes, boiled vegetables; can be combined with meat (lean varieties), fish and eggs;
- mashed ripe fruits and berries, baked apples;
- wheat bread of yesterday's baking.
Diet number 3
It is prescribed for chronic diseases accompanied by persistent constipation. Helps to enhance the motor function of the intestines. In this diet, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as vitamins and minerals are in a normal physiological ratio. The diet may include foods rich in plant fiber. This excludes dishes that have an irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. The calorie content of this diet should be approximately 2500-2900 kcal.
The diet should not include the following foods and dishes:
- foods rich in essential oils and cholesterol;
- hot and fatty sauces, horseradish, peppers and mustard.
Vegetables and fruits can be eaten raw, boiled and baked. Chopping food is not necessary, it is preferable to steam or boil.
- tea and coffee drinks from substitutes;
- crumbly cereals or casseroles of millet, wheat, buckwheat, barley;
- soups cooked in weak fat-free meat, fish broth or vegetable broth; preferably vegetable, as well as with pearl barley;
- dishes from lean meats, poultry and fish in boiled or baked form (meat can be baked in a whole piece);
- beets, carrots, tomatoes, green lettuce, cucumbers, zucchini and pumpkin; raw and boiled, as a side dish, casserole, salad, vinaigrette; should be filled with vegetable oil;
- fresh ripe fruits and berries of sweet varieties, in pure form or in dishes; prunes, dried apricots and similar products should first be soaked in water;
- sauces based on weak meat, fish broth, as well as milk sauce;
- rye bread and wholemeal wheat flour, bran or grain, yesterday's baked goods.
Diet number 4
It is prescribed for chronic bowel disease during the period of profuse diarrhea and severe dyspeptic disorders. The duration of this diet therapy is 5-8 days.
The action of the diet is aimed at reducing fermentation and putrefactive processes in the intestine, as well as at the maximum reduction of chemical and mechanical irritation. The average amount of liquid is 1.5 liters.
The calorie content should be approximately 2000 kcal.
The consumption of fats and carbohydrates should be kept to a minimum, while the protein content can remain normal.
With this diet, the following foods and dishes are excluded from the diet:
- foods containing coarse fiber;
- fresh bread, as well as rich bakery products;
- spices;
- pickles;
- coffee, cocoa;
- cold and carbonated drinks;
- whole milk and some other dairy products.
The diet may include the following dishes and products:
- green tea, cocoa and black coffee without milk; fruit juices diluted with water (except for grape, plum and apricot);
- freshly prepared calcined or pureed unleavened cottage cheese;
- soft-boiled eggs, steam omelet (1-2 eggs per day);
- rice, oatmeal and buckwheat porridge, mashed and boiled in water;
- soups cooked in low-fat meat or fish broth; you can add mucous broths from pearl barley, semolina or rice groats, as well as boiled mashed meat, steam dumplings, meatballs and egg flakes;
- boiled or steamed meat patties, dumplings and meatballs from lean and non-fatty beef, veal, and turkey; boiled meat soufflé;
- fish cakes, meatballs from low-fat fish, as well as whole piece of fish, boiled or steamed;
- vegetable dishes only in the form of decoctions, on the basis of which soups are prepared;
- rusks from premium wheat flour (200 g per day).
Common table - diet number 15
It is prescribed at the stage when the disease no longer requires therapeutic diets. The main goal of this diet is to provide the body with adequate nutrition. It belongs to the category of physiologically complete diets and is distinguished by a variety of foods and dishes.
There are practically no restrictions on cooking methods.
Meals are taken 6 times a day. In this case, the daily calorie content should be strictly distributed:
- 1st breakfast - 20% of calories;
- 2nd breakfast - 10%;
- lunch - 35%;
- afternoon tea - 10%;
- 1st dinner - 20%;
- 2nd dinner - 5%.
The calorie content of this diet should be approximately 2700-2800 kcal. The average amount of table salt consumed in food should not exceed 15 g. The amount of liquid - no restrictions.
Diet number 15 is as close as possible to the diet of a healthy person. Various dishes are allowed, as well as all methods of their preparation. If necessary, the diet may include certain components necessary for food fortification.
In some cases, fasting days with diets that include a limited amount of certain foods are recommended.
Most modern sleeping pills, if used incorrectly, lead to the development of addiction, albeit to a lesser extent than the first generation drugs. Therefore, they are used strictly according to the doctor's prescription. And only some drugs for the treatment of insomnia are devoid of this disadvantage.
An overview of sleeping aids
Effective sleeping pills are often addictive with gradual addiction, and withdrawal are various disorders associated with drug withdrawal.
Medicines for insomnia of the first generation - barbiturates (phenobarbital) are practically not used today, since they change the structure of sleep, have a depressing effect on the respiratory and vascular centers of the brain.
Barbiturates were replaced by drugs from the benzodiazepine group (phenazepam, nitrazepam). They had fewer side effects, had a pronounced anti-anxiety and sedative (sedative) effect, but also did not contribute to the development of physiological processes and led to drug dependence.
In recent years, a new generation of non-addictive hypnotics, the z-drugs, have appeared. These are zopiclone (Imovan, Relaxon, Somnol), zolpidem (Zolpidem, Ivadal, Nitrest, Oniria, Sanval, Snovitel) and zaleplon (Andante). These drugs are more physiological, do not disturb the structure of sleep and act for a short period of time.
The new generation of insomnia drugs are also addictive, but it forms very slowly, so these drugs can be prescribed for rather long courses.
Some antihistamines also belong to modern sleeping pills. These are all first generation antihistamines - Suprastin, Tavegil, Diazolin, etc. This group also includes doxylamine (Donormil), which does not cause drug dependence.
A unique drug is (Melaxen, Kakspal Neo, Melarena, Melarithm, Sonnovan, Tsirkadin), which regulates falling asleep and has almost no side effects, as well as a nootropic drug with an anti-anxiety effect, Phenibut.
The most effective non-addictive insomnia medications
These drugs include:
- Donormil (Bristol-Myers Squibb, France) is an antihistamine. Promotes falling asleep, maintains normal physiological sleep for 6 hours. The side effects are minor. Contraindicated in glaucoma, urinary disorders, lactation, children under 15 years of age. Not contraindicated in pregnancy. Sold by prescription at the pharmacy.
- Phenibut (Olainfarm, Latvia, Russian pharmaceutical companies) is a nootropic with anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) action. Facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses to the central nervous system, improves metabolism in brain cells (neurons). It has a simultaneously psychostimulating and calming effect, regulates sleep, increases mental performance. Side effects: daytime sleepiness, headache, dizziness, irritability, nausea. Contraindications: first 12 weeks of pregnancy, lactation, children under 2 years of age. Sold by prescription at the pharmacy.
With prolonged use in large doses, it can have a negative effect on the liver.
Non-addictive, light, plant-based sleeping pills
Herbal remedies for insomnia include motherwort, valerian, lemon balm, peony evading and medicines based on them. They eliminate irritability, anxiety, regulate sleep and require long-term use.
Substances can be used independently, without a doctor's prescription, they do not cause drug dependence.
Homeopathy works on the principle of "healing like like". This treatment does not contribute to addiction. Well-known homeopathic remedies for insomnia are Ignatia, Aconit, Chilibukha, Koffea, Valerian-plus. Combined homeopathic preparations - Valerianachel, Notta, Nervohel and others.
Homeopathic doctors try to select medicines strictly individually, after questioning and examining the patient.
Non-addictive synthetic modern sleeping pills
These means include Melaxen (Unipharm, USA) - a synthetic analogue of the pineal gland hormone melatonin, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Supports physiological sleep. The side effects are minor. Contraindicated in children, pregnant women, lactating mothers, with blood diseases, diabetes mellitus, impaired renal function, epilepsy.
Synthetic melatonin is also an active ingredient in medicines such as Kakspal Neo, Melarena, Melarithm, Sonnovan, Circadin. All OTC drugs.
Combined tablets include:
- novo-Passit tablets - contain extracts of soothing herbs and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety effect); side effects: lethargy, dizziness, nausea; not prescribed under the age of 12;
- persen tablets - contain valerian, lemon balm, mint; eliminates tension, anxiety, promotes falling asleep and the development of physiological sleep; side effects: allergies, constipation; contraindications: low blood pressure, calculous cholecystitis, pregnancy, lactation, age up to 12 years;
- fitorelax tablets - contain valerian and hawthorn; calming effect, helps to fall asleep; side effects - lethargy in the morning; contraindications: pregnancy, lactation, childhood.
How to choose sleeping pills
Sleep disturbances are common. The reason may be serious mental illness, nervous disorders against the background of overwork, etc. It is difficult for one person to fall asleep, another wakes up in the middle of the night, the third cannot sleep at all.
In order to find the most suitable means for sleeping, you need to consult your doctor.
Perhaps one medicine to normalize sleep is not enough; complex treatment is required. Treatment is tailored to the underlying sleep disorder. Some drugs (for example, herbal ones) require long-term use, while others are prescribed in short courses to avoid drug dependence.
What is important to know?
It is important to know that most effective remedies for insomnia are available in the pharmacy by prescription, as they have significant side effects and can lead to such undesirable consequences as drug dependence and withdrawal symptoms.
How to take sleeping pills correctly? The video tells about the rules of admission. You will learn general principles to minimize the risk of side effects and avoid dependence on these drugs. It is necessary to know that any hypnotic drugs are not intended for the treatment of chronic insomnia, as they can quickly cause drug dependence if abused and misused.
Only medicinal substances based on plants are used independently, without fear of the development of addiction.
In order to avoid the formation of drug dependence, the following recommendations must be observed:
- take sleeping pills in short courses for no more than three weeks in a row, followed by a break for 3 weeks, during which you can take herbal substances;
- in order to reduce the drug load on the body, you can take the drug not every day, but every other day or several times a week;
- take the medicine immediately before bedtime in the full dose prescribed by your doctor; it is often impossible to reduce the dosage and take sleeping pills.
There are not many effective drugs for insomnia that work without addiction. Herbal substances have mainly sedative (calming) effects. If such treatment does not help, you should consult your doctor for a more effective therapy.
Neuroleptic - a psychotropic drug that is prescribed for psychotic, neurological and psychological disorders of varying severity.
They successfully cope with attacks of schizophrenia, oligophrenia and senile dementia due to the action of the following chemical compounds: phenothiazine, butyrophenone and diphenylbutylpiperidine.
What are these drugs?
Before chemically synthesized drugs were invented, medications with herbal ingredients - belladonna, henbane, opiates, narcotic sleep, bromides or lithium salts - were used to treat mental illness.
Already in 1950, the first neuroleptic (chlorpromazine) was actively used. 
Antipsychotics of the first generation appeared 8 years after chlorpromazine - the alkaloid reserpine, triftazine, etc. They did not have the desired effect, caused neurological disorders and side effects (depression, apathy, etc.).
Until 1967, neuroleptics were called "" - they also had a pronounced sedative effect, but there is still a difference between them. The main difference between neuroleptics and tranquilizers is that the latter cannot affect psychotic reactions (hallucinations, delusions), providing only a sedative effect.
Antipsychotics relieve emotional stress, enhance the effect of pain medications, have antipsychotic, cognitotropic and psychosedative effects on the body.
They are prescribed to relieve such pathology symptoms as:
- , aggression and excitement
- psychomotor agitation
- , vomiting and hiccups
- hallucinations, speech delusions
The mechanism of action of neuroleptics is to suppress nerve impulses in those systems (limbic, mesocortical) of the human brain that are responsible for the production of dopamine and serotonin.
The mechanism of action of antipsychotics They have a short half-life and are well absorbed by any route of administration, but the period of exposure to the nervous system is short - therefore, they are prescribed in a complex to stimulate each other.
Antipsychotics, penetrating the BBB between the central nervous and circulatory systems, accumulate in the liver, where the drugs completely disintegrate, after which they are excreted through the intestines and genitourinary system. The half-life of antipsychotics is 18 to 40 hours, and even 70 hours in the case of S.
For serious diseases, antipsychotics and prolonged action are prescribed, which are administered intravenously and have a therapeutic effect for about 3 weeks.
Indications for use
All types of neuroleptics are aimed at eliminating productive, depressive and deficient symptoms in the following mental illnesses:
- (dementia)
- desocialization
- neurological (), dissociative disorders ()
- hysteroneurotic
The drug is administered using injections, droppers or tablets at the request of the patient. The doctor regulates the drug intake, starting with an increased dosage, gradually reducing it. After the end of therapy, a contractional course of prolonged-release tablets is recommended.
The use of antipsychotics has a number of contraindications, namely pregnancy and breastfeeding, age up to 18 years, individual intolerance to the components in the composition, as well as some chronic diseases.
Classification
In the second half of the 20th century, psychotropic drugs were classified into typical (old generation) and atypical (new generation) antipsychotics, which in turn are differentiated:
for the main active ingredient and their derivatives in their chemical composition:
- thioxanthene (Chlorprothixene, Zuclopenthixol)
- phenothiazine (Chlopromazine, Peritsiazine)
- benzodiazepine (, Tiapride)
- barbiturate (Barbital, Butisol)
- indole (Dicarbin, Reserpine)
by clinical impact:
- sedatives
- stimulating
- incisive
The most common drugs among typical antipsychotics are:
- Fluphenazine
- Thioproperazine
The most common drugs among atypical antipsychotics are:
- Klopazin
- Olanzapine
- Risperidone
- Ziprasidone
- Amisulpride
They can also be classified according to their duration and availability - some are issued strictly by prescription, others are freely available at any pharmacy in the city.
Side effects
The higher the dosage and course of antipsychotic therapy, the higher the likelihood of getting unpleasant consequences for the body.
Side effects of neuroleptics are also associated with age factor, health status and interactions with other drugs .
They can cause:
- disorders of the endocrine system (prolactin, amenorrhea, erectile dysfunction)
- disorders of the central nervous system (akatasia, muscular dystonia, parkinsonism)
- neuroleptic syndrome (retardation of actions, slurred speech, oculogyric crisis, in which the head is thrown back and the eyes roll)
- impaired appetite, drowsiness, weight loss or gain
In 10% of cases, problems with the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and genitourinary systems are manifested, and akathisia caused by neuroleptics occurs in 26%. But the main thing that they are dangerous to humans is “ withdrawal syndrome"Caused by abrupt cessation of antipsychotics. The patient gets so used to the daily dose of medications that, without getting it again, he falls into a state of depression or constant discomfort. Withdrawal syndrome has several varieties and can lead to psychosis and tardive dyskinesia.
Some patients, without waiting for improvement after treatment, the effect of which does not come immediately, try to cope with the help of alcoholic beverages. But combining antipsychotics and alcohol is strictly prohibited, since when they interact, they can cause poisoning and even a stroke.
New generation antipsychotics without side effects
Thanks to the active development of researchers, the list of antipsychotics is annually replenished with new generation antipsychotics, which can now be differentiated according to the duration and severity of the clinical effect, mechanism of action and chemical structure.
Modern drugs have less effect on the brain, do not cause addiction and side effects, but rather are antidepressants that eliminate symptoms rather than a treatment.
These include: Abilify, Quetiapine, Clozasten, Levomepromazine, Triftazin, Fluphenazine, Fluanksol .
Benefits:
- violations of psychomotor reactions are not manifested
- safe for treating children
- the risk of developing pathologies decreases
- easy portability
- one dose of the drug is enough to achieve a positive result
- help with skin conditions (recent studies have shown that treating dry skin with antipsychotics has positive results in older people whose diseases are associated with neuralgia)
List of non-prescription drugs
There are a number of antipsychotics available over the counter.
They are considered safe for the patient, help relieve stress, muscle spasms, depression, etc.
Most people are delusional about danger antipsychotics, however, pharmacology does not stand still, and antipsychotics of the old generation are almost never used in medicine.
Modern drugs have practically no side effects, and brain activity is restored within three days after the drug is removed from the body.
Many patients ask themselves how restore the brain after antipsychotics, and the answer to it will depend on the degree of damage to the body by them. Traditionally, doctors prescribe a balanced vitamin and mineral complex, as well as antioxidants and immunomodulators to cleanse the blood.
In case of intoxication with antipsychotics, neurasthenia and for the relief of the "withdrawal syndrome", Cytofavin and are prescribed.
Video