In the sentence, despite the absence of a subject, it is clear that it comes from a certain actor. To check, you can add the missing subject, restoring it in meaning, and this will be the pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person.
I love hot sunny days of summer.
(we add “I”, we get: “I love the hot sunny days of summer” - a two-part sentence).
Shall we pick mushrooms? (Will we pick mushrooms?)
The predicate of a definite-personal sentence can be expressed:
Verb of the first or second person of the indicative mood.
The day after tomorrow I'm going to my grandmother.
Are you going to the city?
Go to the right, you will see a house there.
Second person imperative verb.
Stay after class today to do your homework.
Pass me the book.
Take a piece of cake.
In order not to confuse definitely personal sentences with incomplete two-part sentences, you should remember a small rule:
Remembered the past.
(You can substitute I, YOU, HE, etc., since the verbs of the past tense do not have a person; therefore, the sentence is not one-part definite-personal, it is an incomplete sentence with an omitted subject).
Very often in definitely personal sentences there is an appeal that is not a member of the sentence, but it is confused with the subject. Thus, they make the mistake of considering it to be two-part.
Marina, let's do some more. (Marina - appeal, definitely personal one-part)
Marina is still busy. (two-part, where Marina- subject).
Synopsis of the Russian language lesson in grade 8
Note:
The synopsis was compiled according to the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.
Definitely personal suggestions.
- repetition and deepening of knowledge about the types of one-part sentences;
- study of the main features of definite personal sentences;
- development of skills to find definite personal sentences in the text, to distinguish them from other types of one-part and incomplete sentences, to use them in speech;
- development of syntactic parsing skills.
Lesson type:
Combined.
1. Repetition of what has been learned, updating of basic knowledge.
(In the previous lesson, a general description of one-part sentences was given, a table of types of one-part sentences by type of main member was considered; in subsequent lessons, this table is supplemented and specified for each type).
One student at the blackboard prepares an oral answer according to the scheme “Types of one-part sentences” - nominative and verbal, with examples.
At this time - spelling warm-up (dictionary dictation):
Cut hair, cut bread, prepare answer, leave things, burn fire, get involved, mark paragraph, write without mistakes, read expressively, let's do it together, soaked apples, ironed shirt, true state of affairs, traditional question, updated building, paved cobblestone street, stacked firewood in a woodpile.
Explanation of spelling, self-check.
The student's story about the types of one-part sentences.
2. Analysis of proposals for the presence of main members, preparation for the perception of the topic.
Determine the type of sentences: two-part or one-part, write out one-part sentences, indicate their type (nominal or verbal).
Firewood stacked in a woodpile.
I put firewood in the woodpile.
We put firewood in the woodpile.
We analyze a sentence with one main member in the form of a predicate: I put firewood in the woodpile.
What verb expresses the predicate? (Present time, 1 lit., singular, expressive ink)
Can we mentally substitute a subject in a sentence? What is a possible pronoun here? (I).
That is, we can determine the person on whose behalf the message is coming? Such one-part sentences are called definite-personal sentences.
3. Studying the theoretical material of the textbook (§ 22): independent reading, searching for something new, students' answers (sounding of theoretical material, selection of examples).
4. Syntactic analysis of sentences (students work at the blackboard):
Choose your friends wisely.
I read with interest all the new works of this talented writer.
I will diligently prepare for the test.
(Orally replace the singular form of the verb with the plural, conclude that the main member in a definite personal sentence can be expressed by the verb in the 1st and 2nd person of the present and future tenses of the indicative and imperative moods).
5. Observations on linguistic material:
To compare two sentences and determine which of them is one-component definite personal, students work independently, then, when checking, justify their choice, argue.
(The conclusion is that a sentence with an appeal can be one-part definitely personal; it must be remembered that the appeal is not a member of the proposal). Syntactic analysis (on the board) of the sentence.
(The conclusion that a sentence with a predicate in the past tense is a two-part incomplete).
6. Training exercises from the textbook No. 146 (continue the text using definite personal sentences), No. 147 (write out one-part definite personal sentences from the texts, underline the predicate in each, indicate which verb it is expressed in). 
7. Creative task (in groups): compose a short text in which to use definite personal sentences;
- one group prepares the text "Morning exercises";
- the second - "How to make a salad of fresh vegetables";
- the third - "Instructions for the use of the alarm clock."
Reading and discussing texts, finding out where in speech we can meet certain-personal sentences.
Mutual evaluation, determining which group managed to compose the most interesting and saturated with definite personal sentences text.
8. Summing up the lesson, reflection.
9. Homework: choose examples of definite personal sentences from the literature or compose your own greeting text (happy birthday, new year) using definite personal sentences.
Examples of texts created by students in the course of performing a creative task:
- "Morning work-out". Stand up straight, straighten your shoulders. Raise your hands up, take a deep breath, put your hands down, exhale. Repeat this exercise 7-10 times. Lean forward, try to touch the floor with your hands. Straighten up, spread your arms to the sides. Sit down and stand up 5-7 times. Relax, restore your breath. Now let's wash up and go to breakfast.
- How to make fresh vegetable salad. Take 2 medium-sized cucumbers, two tomatoes, onions, greens. Wash everything thoroughly, clean the onion. Cut cucumbers into cubes, tomatoes into slices. Chop up the greens. Cut the onion into rings. Mix everything in a salad bowl, pour over with sunflower oil or mayonnaise. Don't forget to salt to taste. Bon Appetit!
- "Instructions for using the alarm clock." Take the alarm clock out of the box. Insert a battery. Be careful! If it is inserted incorrectly, the alarm will not work. Turn on the alarm. Check if it works. Place the call arrow at the required time. Make sure the alarm is set to ring. Go to bed calmly.
In modern syntactic studies, the issue of singling out a one-part definite-personal construction as an independent syntactic category has not been resolved. Researchers single out definitely-personal sentences among one-component sentences: T.G. Pochtnaya, A.A. Yudin, E.A. Sedelnikov, A.G. Rudnev, V.V. Babaitseva and others. A number of scientists attribute one-part constructions to two-part incomplete sentences, some scientists consider all two-part constructions to be definitely personal sentences. Important for resolving the issue of singling out any type of sentence is the definition of its formal grammatical features and semantic function, taking into account both the content plan and the expression plan.
Definitely personal non-subjective one-part sentences are called, the main member of which is expressed by the personal form of the verb, indicating a certain person, characterized by action, state, attitude towards other persons, objects, etc. The verb in this case does not need a pronoun, since the meaning of a particular person is transmitted his personal ending. For example: I'll let my soul go free And I'll walk across a wide field(Yu. Kuznetsov).
The main member in definite personal sentences can be expressed:
1) 1st person singular verb h. indicative mood when the actions of the speaker, the "author" of the speech are expressed: I take pen, obeying habit, writing poems and - dissatisfied, I burn (N. Nekrasov);
However, it should be noted that the form of the 1st person singular. numbers can be used to represent generalized subject, and in this case its individual-personal significance weakens. Such a generalized use is especially expressive in reasoning, in general maxims (for example, in sayings: Whose I eat, I listen to, etc.). However, even in these cases, the direct relation to the speaking subject, to I, is still clearly preserved, therefore, sentences whose main member is represented by the verb form of the 1st person singular. h. V.V. Vinogradov recommends classifying as definitely personal: I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with anguish, And, like a criminal before execution, I am looking around for my dear soul ...(M. Lermontov).
2) 2nd person singular verb h. indicative mood, when the actions of the interlocutor, listener, reader are expressed, that is, the one to whom the speech is addressed - the “addressee” of the speech: Poet! Do not value the love of the people. Enthusiastic praise will pass a moment's noise;Hear judgment of a fool and the laughter of a cold crowd: But you remain firm, calm and gloomy(A. Pushkin). Sentences of this type have a definite personal meaning only in cases where the speaker addresses the interlocutor directly. .
3) 1st person plural verb h. indicative mood when they express the action of a group of persons united by the speaker: the speaker and other persons (“we”). At the same time, in the context, the actors can be named specifically: And finally, let's go… There are two of us. we sit in the canteen at Shilovo station.(V. Peskov). Sliding on the morning snow, dear friend,surrender
I run the impatient horsevisit
the fields are empty, the forests, recently so dense, and the shore, dear to me
(A. Pushkin).
4) the main member can be represented and verb in the form of the imperative mood as singular, so plural. h.:Your tearsleave
for later
(Yu. Kuznetsov); Shut up, hide
Andthai
And your feelings and dreams(F. Tyutchev). Often in such sentences the imperative sounds more categorical, more definite: run
in town , tell so that the horses were brought to the carriage and the cab, and the britzka, and the cart for luggage,–understood? Roll!(Bitter).
The following models emerge:
but) the subject of the action is the speaker and his interlocutor: Let's leave this conversation,” Trubachevsky said decisively. Nevorozhin frowned, then smiled. - Let's postpone. (V. Kaverin).
b) the subject of the action is the speaker and a group of his interlocutors, listeners, etc.: running to me, children!(M. Gorky); let's discuss this is common: there are such heights that are not taken alone(L. Leonov). Such sentences serve to express the compatibility of the actions of the speaker and his interlocutor.
Verb 1 and 2 person singular can be replaced for stylistic purposes by the verb in the form of the 1st person plural. hours:
a) with the meaning of motivation for joint action : Mastering? he said indifferently(Close). Here the speaker becomes, as it were, an accomplice in the action;
b) action with the meaning of a sympathetic totality, compatibility in to the interlocutor: How do we feel?(when the doctor addresses the patient).
c) the action is correlated with the face of the speaker, identified contextually, in connection with this, speech stamps are born: You they say (I'm telling you); Asking keep quiet(please be quiet)
d) 1st person singular. hours for greater expressiveness can be replaced by the form of the 1st person plural. h., such a replacement of faces allows the speaker not to put himself forward as a character in the forefront: - We understand Parabukin intervened, clearing his throat. You don't read newspapers alone(K. Fedin);
e) 1st person sg. h. is replaced by the form of the 1st person plural. h. in scientific literature and in writing of other styles - the so-called "author's we": Let's take phrase... (A. Peshkovsky); Let's bring three examples of surgical treatment…(P. Kornev);
e) 2nd person singular. h. is replaced by the form of the 1st person plural. hours: Tea we will drink? the conductor asked. "They've already treated us," said Trubnikov. – In Moscow in Moscow style(Vl. Lidin ). In such cases, the speaker, as it were, presents himself as an accomplice in the action.
Sentences whose main member is represented by other verb forms cannot be considered definitely personal:
1. Predicate cannot be in third person form. This form by itself does not indicate a specific actor. Wed: I'm on the train(I). - Rides on a train(he she it?). Therefore, a sentence, the main member of which is represented by one verbal predicate in the form of the 3rd person singular. h., is incomplete, the missing subject in them is easily restored both situationally and contextually: Let him build an apartment(E. Vorobyov);
2. Past tense forms of the verb cannot be predicates definitely personal one-part sentences, since they do not reveal a specific person: By the hat that turned white in the night guessed right Polovtsev. threw on frock coat, stripped off boots from the oven , came out (Shol.); In the morning through strength rose And went in hospital(Ch.) - only the context helps to establish the character, the very form of the verb equally corresponds to the first, second and third person. Such sentences are classified as two-part incomplete. Even in the case when the predicate specifies the actor to a greater extent, the sentence is not one-part, but incomplete two-part: turned all in jest at first, Understood – began to reproach, head beautiful rocked, Became tears with a handkerchief wipe… (Block).
The use of definite personal one-component sentences gives the narrative more dynamism, energy, and makes it more concise. Lomonosov also wrote: “The silence of personal pronouns before conjugated forms of the verb serves to embellishment and importance”: I see a rising cloud of scolding. BUT
A.M. Peshkovsky spoke about sentences without subject-pronouns (although he did not single them out among one-component sentences): “We will notice here some energy, speed and excitement of speech, but it is from this point of view that the word I, you, we, you turn out to be directly inappropriate: inserting them, we get a speech that is more sluggish, thinned, calm, but nothing more clear (for example, I love you, Peter's creation; I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon etc.)".
I glorifypepper - in grain and pollen, any: black - in crimson borscht, like a demon in a crimson cloak; red-fiery– in a red word... I glorify pepper all over(N. Matv.); I don't approve of your theories(Greene); I will not offend the petals of a red rose with shades. Let unthinkable simple flowers are unambiguous: I will go to battle for flowers, as for banner colors(N. Matv.).
One-part definite-personal sentences, being synonyms of two-part sentences, help to avoid verbal repetition. In such cases, attention is focused not on the actor, but on the action that is important for the author in his message: Yes, and you're like that, you, too, after all you won't cry, just an old alarm clock learn to put for seven. You will become twice work... Deciding to forget– forget. Forgetting don't remember without remembering– forget at all(Sim.).
She does not say: let's postpone -
We will multiply the price of love,
Rather, let's start the network;
First, vanity stabs
Hope, there is bewilderment
We'll torment the heart, and then
Jealous revive fire ...
A.S. Pushkin:
Definitely personal sentences are used mainly in works of art, in dialogic speech.
Sentences containing both the subject and the predicate are much more familiar to disassemble, since their meaning is absolutely transparent. However, the syntax of the Russian language is very mobile, so definitely personal sentences are gaining more and more popularity in it, examples of which from fiction will be analyzed below.
What are these offers? Our article gives a complete idea of this type of syntactic constructions.
Definitely personal sentences are a kind of predicative speech statement with the subject omitted, but it is still implied by the speaker. The predicate goes in the form of 1, 2 persons singular. and many others. hours and is expressed in the verb form.
According to the rules, such units of text are a reflection of the conversation or the subjective thoughts of the speakers.
The emphasis is on a specific action, and not on who will perform this action.
These complete statements are very similar to two-part incomplete statements with the subject omitted, because although there is no subject, it is guessed from the context.
Note! These statements are used in dialogues with vivid emotions and implying the energy or dynamics of speech activity.
Definitely personal proposals are being studied in the program in the 8th grade of high school. It was then that teachers begin to draw the attention of schoolchildren to a definitely personal form of a unit of text, which has long been encountered in works of art, as well as in dictations and expositions.
For example, the teacher’s phrase: “Open notebooks!” - this is a similar statement, where the predicate has the form of 1 person plural. h. The teacher omits the subject “we” in the conversation, but from the context it is already clear who is being discussed. Indeed, the main thing here is the action, and any class is meant by the subject.
Definitely personal suggestions
Next example: "Write down the task!". In this case, the predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, since apart from the pronoun "you" no other subject can be put here.
1 person unit hours and more hours:
- I've been thinking about buying a moped for a long time.
- I'll do this work before lunch.
- I will see how to dress tomorrow for the weather.
- face unit and many others. numbers:
- Help open the door!
- Come see me after the meeting!
Simple and complex sentences
Naturally, all complete statements can be either simple or complex.
A simple sentence implies the presence of one stem in the syntactic construction. This term refers to the presence of at least one main member. Complexity combines several foundations.
For example:
Simple definitely personal - We can come to you tomorrow.
Difficult - I know, in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in fresh shocks under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin)
There are three basics here - “I know, you will go out and sit down.” Moreover, all three predicates are in the form of a different person and number:
- I know - 1 person unit. h.
- You will go out - 2 person unit. h.
- Let's sit down - 1 person pl. h.
If the statement has more than one grammatical basis, then this is called a complex syntactic unit of text. And it contains three simple ones.
One-part common sentences
In addition to the number of grammatical foundations, such statements are common and not common due to the presence of secondary members.
Note! Secondary members in syntactic units are definitions, circumstances and additions. The subject and the predicate are the main terms.
Syntax constructs are considered common, where there are these secondary elements in addition to the main ones.
Examples of Definitely Personal Offers
For example:
I look at the future - with fear ... (). After parsing, that is, decomposing this syntactic unit of text according to the member of the sentence, it can be noted that it contains not only the predicate “I look” in the form of 1 l. units h., but also two secondary members - “for the future”, which is an addition and answers the question of the accusative case: “To whom? For what?" and the circumstance of the mode of action "with fear", answering the question: "How?".
Examples from the literature
In the texts of works of art by famous writers, such syntactic constructions are found in dialogues, as well as in a certain type of “I”-narrative (that is, the story of heroes told in the first person).
To better understand the structure of such units of text, you need to parse.
For example:
- Greetings, desert corner! (). The basis includes one predicate in the form of 1 l. units h. (that is, the pronoun “I” will approach it). This construction is exclamatory, simple (only one basis), one-part (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definitely personal (predicate in the form of 1 l singular). In addition, it is common (in addition to the stem, there is “you” - an addition expressed by a personal pronoun, and an appeal - “corner”, as well as its definition “desert”, expressed by a relative adjective). Further abbreviations will be used in the analysis.
- We are sailing on the deserted Ladoga, // Under the bright arch-rainbow ... (V.Ya. Bryusov). The basis includes one predicate in the form of 1 l. pl. h. (that is, the pronoun "we" is suitable for it). This complete speech statement is a narrative. (at the end there is an ellipsis), unexcited, simple. (only one grammatical basis), odnosost. (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definite-person. (predicate in the form of 1l. plural), dist. (besides the base, there is the addition “Ladoga”, expressed by its own noun, the definition of “desert”, expressed by the relative adj., as well as the addition “rainbow arch”, expressed by the noun, and the definition of “bright”, expressed by the adj.).
- Did you go to Vorobyovka, for birch trees? (I.S. Shmelev). The grammatical basis here consists of one predicate in the form of 2 l. pl. h. (that is, the pronoun "you" is suitable for it). This speech statement is a question, non-exclamation, simple. (only one grammatical basis), odnosost. (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definite-person. (predicate in the form of 2 l. pl.), dist. (besides the stem, there is the circumstance of the place “on Vorobyovka”, expressed by the noun proper, as well as the clarifying addition “behind the birches”, expressed by the noun).
- Take your time, take your time, let's wait.//Let's forget the urgent matter for a moment.//Look: the grass came to life in the rain, //And the old tree became younger. (K. Simonov). The last quatrain by Konstantin Simonov is a rather interesting and original example of the introduction of definite personal syntactic constructions to enhance the atmosphere of the poem. It is clear that the lyrical hero addresses his girlfriend, drawing her attention to such "insignificant things" as grass shining with dew after rain, to an old tree that suddenly became young after saving moisture. Only the lyrical hero is the first to notice all this, and the main thing here is not a specific appeal, but actions - do not rush, do not rush, wait, etc.
Considering this poem, it is worth stopping at the very first line, which is a complete statement.
Definition and examples of definite-personal sentences
At first glance, it seems simple, however, turning to the syntactic analysis, one can understand that the reader is faced with: narrative (at the end there is a dot), non-exclamatory, complex (the first grammatical basis is the homogeneous predicates “do not hurry, do not rush” in the form 2 l singular, since you can substitute the pronoun “you”, and the second is the predicate “wait” in the form of 1 l plural, since “we” is easily “embedded”).
Then it turns out that the first and second sentences are definitely personal, not widespread (due to the absence of secondary members).
The second syntactic unit of the quatrain, by analogy with the previous ones, will be narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, one-part, definite-personal, distribution.
And the third is even more difficult than the first - narrative, non-exclamatory, complex (it contains three whole sentences):
- One-part, definite-personal, non-distributive
- Double-acting, dist.
- Double-acting, dist.
Important! All proverbs, for example, “If you like to ride, love to carry sleds” do not belong to definitely personal syntactic constructions. These are generalized personal speech statements, since the pronoun “you” does not mean a specific person participating in the conversation, but any person.
Table of Definitely Personal Offers
To make remembering this rule easier, you can create a small hint table:
Useful video
Summing up
Thus, such complete speech utterances are a special type of one-component constructions of the Russian language, where the subject is omitted, and the predicate is in the form of 1, 2 person units. and many others. h.
They begin to study this rule according to the school curriculum in the 8th grade. Proverbs and sayings do not belong to this type of syntactic constructions.
One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is enough for a complete verbal expression of thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete".
Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone constitutes the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in its meaning and ways of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except nominal) approaches the predicate, and the main member of nominal sentences - with the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes nominal sentences.
Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.
Definitely personal suggestions
Definitely personal suggestions - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (the main member) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.
The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal offers can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.
For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin); What are you laughing at? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); Keep proud patience in the depths of Siberian ores (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, including the subject in the sentence. me, you, we or you.
The sufficiency of one main member is due here to the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd person, with their endings, unambiguously indicate a well-defined person. Subject I, you, we, you turn out to be informatively redundant.
We use one-part sentences more often when it is necessary to pay attention to an action, and not to the person who performs this action.
Indefinitely personal sentences
- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such proposals is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.
For example: They say in the village that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol); An elephant was led through the streets ... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It's nothing that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing (L. Oshanin).
The specific meaning of the figure in indefinite personal sentences in that it actually exists, but is not named in the grammatical basis.
The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively solving the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: This book was brought to me; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.
Indefinitely personal sentences most often have minor members in their composition, i.e. indefinite sentences are usually widespread.
As part of indefinite personal sentences two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: hall sang. In the next class make noise. Often in youth strive someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: US invited to the room; him here glad; Now hiswill lead here (M. Gorky).
When these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences are incomplete two-part with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late in the evening.
Generalized personal offers
Generalized personal offers occupy a special place among single-component sentences. This is explained by generalized personal sentences do not have their own forms, and thus, the main criterion for their selection is a semantic feature.
The meaning of generalization can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what rus sky does not love fast driving (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Looking for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal offer); You can't command the heart (proverb)(definitely personal proposal).
Generalized-personal only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the generalizing characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have- we do not store, having lost- crying (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); Having removed their heads, they do not cry over their hair (proverb).
The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You surrender involuntarily to the power of the surrounding cheerful nature (N. Nekrasov); ... In a rare girl you will meet such simplicity and natural freedom of sight, word, deed (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf on someone else’s mouth (proverb).
In contrast to the outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the form of the 2nd person, in sentences of generalized personal never talks about the specific actions of the interlocutor, the subject of the action is thought in such sentences in a generalized way, like any person.
impersonal proposals
impersonal proposals - These are one-part sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal proposals is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases, when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn't sleep; He's cold); state of the environment (It gets dark; Pulls with freshness);"the state of affairs" (Bad with shots; Experiments should not be postponed) etc.
The main term can be expressed:
1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It's dawning!.. Ah, how soon the night has passed / (A. Griboedov); It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);
2) shape neuter: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);
3) word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form It was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you, obedient, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no beast stronger than a cat (I. Krylov);
5) a combination of the word category state(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know not to laugh, then- then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);
6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); At I have not been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
7) infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); Long sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin)
Name sentences
denominations (nominative) suggestions - these are single-component sentences in which the existence, being of objects or phenomena is affirmed. Grammatical basis nominal proposals consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member nominal proposals expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running around, bows, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).
Meaning nominal proposals consists in the assertion of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominal sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods, they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate It was or will be: autumn(name offer). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).
There are three main varieties nominal proposals.
1. Being: Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).
2. Index; they include pointing particles here, here, there, there, there: Here is the place where their house stands; Here is a willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).
3. Estimated existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, well: Siege! Attack! Evil waves, like thieves climb through the windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! Frost is crackling ... (A. Pushkin).
feature nominal proposals is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the situation or events being described.
More often nominal sentences are used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in remarks of dramatic works: Rocks blackened from sunburn ... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and in the middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).
In the Russian language, according to the well-known Dahl dictionary, there are about two hundred thousand words, but even knowing all of them by heart does not at all mean that a person will be able to freely express his thoughts. Indeed, for coherent speech, even a rich vocabulary is not enough - you need to be able to correctly arrange the words in a sentence and at the same time use them in the right form. After all, it is the interconnected vocabulary units that make up statements with meaning, which in Russian are called sentences.
Sentence construction
Each statement must have a grammatical basis, which consists of a subject, expressed by a noun in the nominative case and being the subject of an action, and a predicate - a verb denoting the action it performs. However, there are also such constructions where there is only one main member (predicate). Such proposals are called one-part proposals. They also have a complete meaning and are not at all empty, and sometimes the subject in them seems completely out of place. All one-component constructions are divided into several types, among which linguists note generalized-personal, impersonal, nominative, indefinitely-personal and definitely-personal sentences. Each of them has its own characteristics in the form of the main member and the way of expressing the general meaning. Further in the article, a definitely personal proposal, the nuances of its design and application options will be considered.
Definition
In order to understand the essence of the construction under consideration, you should first familiarize yourself with the definition of this type of proposal. In the school course of the Russian language, it sounds like this: “Definitely personal sentences are a combination of words related in meaning with one main member - a predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of the first or second person plural or singular in the imperative or indicative mood used in the present or future tense. As a rule, the person performing the action, not indicated in this one-component sentence, can be called one of the personal pronouns of the first or second person. For example: "I love the chime"; "Let's go camping"; "Sit here and don't get up." Definitely personal sentences cannot have a verb in the past tense as a predicate, since it by itself does not reveal a particular person. In such cases, the statement requires an indication of the subject by which the action is performed.
Types of definitely personal offers
Depending on which verb the predicate is expressed, the sentences under consideration are divided into two types:
- A complete statement with a predicate in the form of a verb of the first and second person in the indicative mood ( Let's go to the park tomorrow).
- A complete statement with a predicate expressed by a verb of the second person in the imperative mood ( Submit your report today).
How to distinguish definitely personal offers from others
Knowing the features of such sentences, it is not difficult to single them out of context. So, first you need to identify single-component sentences in the text and highlight the grammatical basis in them. After that, you need to analyze the predicate, for which the verb will need to be parsed as a part of speech. This is how it will be possible to determine its inclination, number and time. And, based on the results of the analysis, determine whether the statement is one-part, complete and definitely personal.
Design features
Such one-part sentences may well exist as independent statements. However, they are easy enough to combine with other sentences that are related in meaning. Another feature of this type of structures is that they are almost always common. If a definite personal sentence is not distributed by secondary members, it is often incomplete and requires the presence of a subject. An example of such a connection can be seen in the following example: Yesterday we walked along the promenade. We looked at various sights and returned home late in the evening. Or: Yesterday we walked along the embankment, looked at various sights and returned home. th. In this example, the one-part sentence is closely related to the previous one, and therefore they can be combined. For this purpose, the form of the verb should be changed from "looked" to "watched". The most important feature that a definite personal sentence has is the special ending of the verb by which the predicate is expressed. It is thanks to the ending that the object from which the action emanates is traced, which makes it possible not to use the subject in the statement.
The meaning of one-part sentences
Most schoolchildren, when studying this topic, have questions regarding the need for this type of sentence in the Russian language. Many people ask questions about the role and significance of such structures. The answer to these questions is quite simple. The use of one-component sentences gives speech expression, conciseness, creates simple colloquial intonations, without which it would be impossible to focus on a particular segment of the statement. Such conciseness in spoken and written speech facilitates the perception of the author's thoughts, which, in turn, does not have to overload the text with numerous pronouns.
Exercises to reinforce the topic
No theory can be assimilated without practical exercises, especially if the learning process is aimed at children. Therefore, in the school curriculum, along with numerous rules, students are given a lot of exercises in which they can apply all the knowledge gained on this topic. So, to consolidate the material, teachers give the following tasks:
- Children are offered options for sentences in which they should find definitely personal and analyze the predicate that is included in its construction. In this case, the mood and person of the verb should be indicated. For example: We want to go on vacation at sea for at least a couple of weeks. “We want” is a predicate expressed by the first person plural verb with the ending -im. It follows that the main member in a one-part sentence clearly indicates the possible subject "we", and therefore the statement is definitely personal.
- The students are given a text in which they should determine which sentence is one-part and which is two-part. Next, you need to indicate which statements are definitely personal, and explain why. As a rule, in the case of simple one-part sentences, there are no difficulties, and children easily cope with the task. But when it is necessary to single out a definitely personal sentence as part of a complex one, many people get lost here. But in order to cope with this task, each compound statement should be divided into simple ones and the grammatical foundations should be distinguished in them. After that, analyze a single predicate used without a subject.
- Often, students are encouraged to make definite personal sentences on their own. To do this, you just need to take the necessary form of the verb and supplement the resulting predicate with secondary members.
Instead of an afterword
So we briefly analyzed what are definitely personal proposals. As you can see, there is nothing complicated in this material. But in order to fully assimilate it, you need to practice. We have given examples of definitely personal sentences, so there should not be any difficulties in finding such constructions in the text. Good luck!