Optical fiber is the fastest technology for transmitting information on the Internet today. The structure of an optical cable is distinguished by certain features: such a wire consists of small, very thin wires, protected by a special coating that separates one wire from another.
Each wire carries a light that transmits data. An optical cable is capable of transmitting data simultaneously, in addition to an Internet connection, as well as television and a landline phone.
Therefore, a fiber optic network allows the user to combine all 3 services of one provider by connecting a router, PC, TV and telephone to a single cable.
Another name for a fiber optic connection is fiber optic communication. Such a connection makes it possible to transmit data using laser beams over distances measured in hundreds of kilometers.
An optical cable is made up of tiny fibers, the diameter of which is thousandths of a centimeter. These fibers carry optical beams that carry data as they pass through each fiber's silicon core.
Optical fibers make it possible to establish a connection not only between cities, but also between countries and continents. Communication over the Internet between different continents is maintained through fiber optic cables laid along the ocean floor.
fiber optic internet
Thanks to the optical cable, you can set up a high-speed Internet connection, which plays a huge role in today's world. Fiber optic wire is the most advanced technology for data transmission over the network.
Advantages of optical cable:
- Durability, high bandwidth, conducive to fast data transfer.
- Data transmission security - fiber allows programs to instantly detect unauthorized access to data, so access to them for intruders is almost excluded.
- High anti-interference, good noise suppression.
- The structural features of an optical cable make the data transfer rate through it several times higher than the data transfer rate through a coaxial cable. This primarily applies to video files and audio files.
- When connecting fiber, you can organize a system that implements some additional options, such as video surveillance.
However, the most important advantage of fiber optic cable is its ability to establish a connection between objects that are far from each other at a great distance. This is possible due to the fact that the optical cable has no restrictions on the length of the channels.
Internet connection using fiber optics
The most common Internet in the Russian Federation, the network of which operates on the basis of fiber, is provided by the provider Rostelecom. How to connect fiber optic internet?
First, you just need to make sure that the optical cable is connected to the house. Then you need to order an Internet connection from the provider. The latter must report the data that provides the connection. Then you need to configure the equipment.
It is done like this:
The terminal is equipped with a special socket that allows you to connect to a computer and connect the router to the Internet.
In addition, the terminal has 2 additional jacks that allow you to connect an analog home telephone to the fiber optic connection, and several more jacks are provided for connecting television.
Inside the scheme, gifs, tables and a lot of interesting text.
You are ready?
Conditional classification
Unlike the familiar twisted pair cable, which, regardless of the place of application, has approximately the same design, fiber optic communication cables can have significant differences based on the scope and installation location.The following main types of fiber optic cables for data transmission can be distinguished based on the scope:
- For laying inside buildings;
- for cable ducts unarmoured;
- for cable ducts armored;
- for laying in the ground;
- suspended self-supporting;
- with rope;
- underwater.
Indoor cable
Optical cables for laying inside buildings are divided into distribution cables, from which the network as a whole is formed, and subscriber cables, which are used directly for laying through the premises to the end user. Like twisted pair, they lay optics in cable trays, cable channels, and some grades can also be stretched along the external facades of buildings. Typically, such a cable is led to an interfloor junction box or directly to the subscriber's connection point.
The design of fiber optic cables for installation in buildings includes an optical fiber, a protective coating and a central strength element, such as a bundle of aramid filaments. There are special fire safety requirements for indoor optics, such as flame retardance and low smoke emission, so polyurethane, not polyethylene, is used as a sheath for them. Other requirements are low cable mass, flexibility and small size. For this reason, many models have a lightweight design, sometimes with additional protection against moisture. Since the length of optics inside buildings is usually small, the signal attenuation is also insignificant and it does not affect data transmission. The number of optical fibers in such cables does not exceed twelve.
There is also a kind of cross between a "bulldog and a rhinoceros" - a fiber optic cable, which additionally contains a twisted pair cable.
Unarmored sewer cable
Unarmored optics are used for laying in the sewer, provided that there are no external mechanical influences on it. Also, a similar cable is laid in tunnels, collectors and buildings. But even in cases where there is no external impact on the cable in the sewer, it can be laid in protective polyethylene pipes, and installation is carried out either manually or using a special winch. A characteristic feature of this type of fiber optic cable is the presence of a hydrophobic filler (compound), which guarantees the possibility of operation in sewerage conditions and provides some protection from moisture.
Armored sewer cable
Armored fiber optic cables are used in the presence of large external loads, especially tensile. Booking can be different, tape or wire, the latter is divided into one- and two-layer. Tape-armored cables are used in less aggressive environments, such as in ducts, pipes, tunnels, and bridges. Tape booking is a steel smooth or corrugated tube with a thickness of 0.15-0.25 mm. Corrugation, provided that this is the only layer of protection for the cable, is preferred as it keeps rodents out of the fiber and generally increases the flexibility of the cable. For more severe operating conditions, for example, when laying in the ground or on the bottom of rivers, cables with wire armor are used.
Cable for laying in the ground
For laying in the ground, optical cables with wire single-layer or double-layer armor are used. Reinforced cables with tape armor are also used, but much less frequently. Optical cable laying is carried out in a trench or with the help of cable layers. This process is described in more detail in my second article on this topic, which provides examples of the most common types of cable layers. If the ambient temperature is below -10 ° C, the cable is preheated.
In wet ground conditions, a cable model is used, the fiber-optic part of which is enclosed in a sealed metal tube, and the armored wires are impregnated with a special water-repellent compound. Calculations immediately come into play: engineers working on cable laying should not allow excess tensile and compressive loads to be exceeded. Otherwise, immediately or over time, the optical fibers may be damaged, which will render the cable unusable.
Armor also affects the value of the allowable tensile force. Fiber-optic cables with double-layer armor can withstand a force of 80 kN, single-layer - from 7 to 20 kN, and tape armor guarantees cable "survival" at a load of at least 2.7 kN.
Suspended self-supporting cable
Suspended self-supporting cables are mounted on existing supports of overhead communication lines and high-voltage power lines. It is technologically simpler than laying a cable into the ground, but there is a serious limitation during installation - the ambient temperature during work should not be lower than -15 ° C. Suspended self-supporting cables have a standard round shape, due to which wind loads on the structure are reduced, and the distance the span between the supports can reach a hundred or more meters. In the design of self-supporting overhead optical cables, CSE is necessarily present - a central power element made of fiberglass or aramid threads. Thanks to the latter, the fiber optic cable can withstand high longitudinal loads. Suspended self-supporting cables with aramid threads are used in spans up to one kilometer. Another advantage of aramid threads, in addition to their strength and low weight, is that aramid is inherently a dielectric, that is, cables made on its basis are safe, for example, when struck by lightning.
Depending on the structure of the core, several types of overhead cable are distinguished:
- Cable with a profiled core - contains optical fibers or modules with these fibers - the cable is resistant to stretching and squeezing;
- Cable with twisted modules - contains optical fibers, loosely laid, the cable is resistant to stretching;
- Cable with one optical module - the core of this type of cable does not have power elements, since they are in the sheath. Such cables have the disadvantage of being difficult to identify fibers. However, they have a smaller diameter and a more affordable price.
Optical cable with cable
Rope optical cables are a kind of self-supporting cables that are also used for aerial installation. In such a product, the cable can be load-bearing and winding. There are also models in which the optics are built into the lightning cable.
Strengthening an optical cable with a cable (profiled core) is considered a fairly effective method. The cable itself is a steel wire enclosed in a separate sheath, which in turn is connected to the cable sheath. The free space between them is filled with a hydrophobic filler. Often such a design of an optical cable with a cable is called a “figure of eight” because of the external resemblance, although I personally have associations with overfed “noodles”. "Eights" are used for laying overhead communication lines with a span of no more than 50-70 meters. There are some limitations in the operation of such cables, for example, the "eight" with a steel cable cannot be hung on power lines. I hope I don't need to explain why.
But cables with a winding ground wire (ground wire) are easily mounted on high-voltage power lines, while being attached to the ground wire. The lightning cable is used in places where there is a risk of damage to the optics by wild animals or hunters. It can also be used on longer spans than the usual "eight".
Underwater optical cable
This type of optical cables stands apart from all the others, as it is laid in fundamentally different conditions. Almost all types of submarine cables are armored in one way or another, and the degree of armoring already depends on the bottom topography and depth.
There are the following main types of submarine cables (according to the type of reservation):
- Not armored;
- Single (single-layer) booking;
- Reinforced (single-layer) booking;
- Reinforced rocky (two-layer) booking;
I considered in detail the design of the submarine cable more than a year ago in this article, so here I will give only brief information with a picture:
Paradoxically, there is no direct correlation between cable armor and depth, since the reinforcement protects the optics not from high pressures at depth, but from the activities of marine life, as well as nets, trawls and anchors of fishing vessels. This correlation is rather the opposite - the closer to the surface, the more alarms, which is clearly seen in the table below:
Table of types and characteristics of submarine cables depending on the laying depth
Production
Now that we have seen the most common types of fiber optic cables, we can talk about the production process of this whole zoo. We all know about fiber optic cables, many of us have dealt with them personally (as subscribers and as installers), but as it becomes clear from the information above, fiber optic cables, especially backbone cables, can be very different from what you were dealing with in room.Since laying a fiber optic backbone requires thousands of kilometers of cable, entire factories are engaged in their production.
Fiber optic fabrication
It all starts with the production of the main element - a fiber optic thread. This miracle is produced at specialized enterprises. One of the technologies for the production of an optical filament is its vertical drawing. And it happens like this:- At a height of several tens of meters, two tanks are installed in a special shaft: one with glass, the second, down the shaft, with a special polymer material for the primary coating.
- A glass filament is pulled out from the precision feed unit of the workpiece, or, more simply, the first tank with liquid glass.
- Below, the thread passes through the optical fiber diameter sensor, which is responsible for controlling the diameter of the product.
- After quality control, the thread is coated with a primary polymer coating from the second tank.
- Having passed the coating procedure, the thread is sent to another oven, in which the polymer is fixed.
- The fiber optic thread is pulled for another N-meters, depending on the technology, cooled and fed to a precision winder, in other words, it is wound on a reel, which is already transported as a blank to the cable production site.
The most common fiber optic cable sizes are:
- With a core of 8.3 microns and a shell of 125 microns;
- With a core of 62.5 microns and a sheath of 125 microns;
- With a core of 50 microns and a sheath of 125 microns;
- With 100 µm core and 145 µm sheath.
Of great importance is the control of the diameter of the light guide. It is this part of the installation that is responsible for one of the main parameters at all stages of the production of the thread - the invariance of the diameter of the final product (standard - 125 microns). Due to the difficulty of welding threads of any diameter, they tend to be made as long as possible. The running footage of a fiber-optic "blank" on a reel can reach tens of kilometers(yes, exactly kilometers) and more, depending on the requirements of the customer.
Already at the enterprise itself, although this can also be done at a glass factory, it all depends on the production cycle, for convenience, a colorless polymer-coated thread can be rewound onto another reel, in the process dyeing it in its own bright color, by analogy with the familiar twisted pair cable. What for? For the glory of sata .. for quickly distinguishing channels when, for example, repairing or welding a cable.
Cable manufacturing
Now we have received the heart of our product - a fiber optic thread. What's next? Next, let's look at a diagram of such an average underwater (yes, I like them the most) cable in the context:
At the plant, the resulting optical threads are launched into machines, which together form a whole conveyor for the production of one type of cable. At the first stage of the production of unarmored models, the threads are woven into bundles, which, in the end, make up the "optical core". The number of threads in the cable may vary, depending on the declared bandwidth. The bundles, in turn, are wound into a "rope" on special equipment, which, depending on its design and purpose. This equipment can also cover the received “tether” with a waterproofing material to prevent moisture ingress and tarnishing of the optics in the future (called “in-module hydrophobic filler” in the diagram).
This is how the process of twisting bundles assembled together into a cable at the Perm plant of fiber optic cables goes:
After the required number of fiber bundles has been assembled into the "tether", they are filled with polymer or placed in a metal or copper tube. Here, at first glance, it seems that there are no pitfalls and cannot be, but since the manufacturer seeks to minimize the number of joints and seams, everything turns out to be not entirely simple. Let's look at one specific example.
To create a body tube, shown in the diagram above as a “central tube”, a huge length of tape from the material we need (steel or copper) can be used. The tape is used so as not to toil with everything familiar to us and obvious rolling, and welding around the entire circumference of the joint. Agree, then the cable would have too many "weak" points in the design.
So. The metal strip blank passes through a special machine that stretches it and has a dozen or two rollers that perfectly align it. After the ribbon is aligned, it is fed to another machine where it meets our fiber optic bundle. The machine on the conveyor bends the tape around the stretched optical fiber, creating a perfectly shaped tube.
This whole, still fragile, structure is pulled further along the conveyor, to a high-precision electric welding machine, which welds the edges of the tape at high speed, turning it into a monolithic tube, in which the fiber optic cable is already laid. Depending on those process, the whole thing can be filled with hydrophobic filler. Or not to flood, it all depends on the cable model.
In general, everything became more or less clear with production. Different brands of fiber optic, primarily trunk cable, may have some structural differences, for example, in the number of cores. Here, the engineers did not invent a bicycle and simply combine several smaller cables into one large one, that is, such a trunk cable will have not one, but, for example, five tubes with fiber optics inside, which, in turn, are also filled with polyethylene insulation and, with necessary, reinforced. Such cables are called multi-module.
One of the models of multi-module cable in section
Multi-module cables, which, for the most part, are used for extended trunks, have another mandatory design feature in the form of a core, or, as it is also called, a central power element. CSE is used as a "frame", around which tubes with fiber optic cores are grouped.
By the way, the Perm plant "Inkab", the production process of which is presented in the gifs above, with its volumes of up to 4.5 thousand kilometers of cable per year, is a dwarf, compared with the plant of the same infrastructure giant Alcatel, which can produce several thousand kilometers fiber optic cable in one piece, which is immediately loaded onto the cable-laying vessel.
A steel tube is the least radical option for booking optics. For non-aggressive operating and installation conditions, conventional insulating polyethylene is often used. However, this does not negate the fact that after the manufacture of such a cable, it can be “wrapped” in an armor winding of aluminum or steel wire or cables.
Reservation of a cable with polyethylene insulation at the same Perm plant
Conclusion
As can be understood from the material above, the main difference between different types of fiber optic cable is their "winding", that is, what fragile glass strands are packaged in, depending on the application and environment in which the cable will be laid.If you liked this material, then you can safely ask questions in the comments, based on which I will try to prepare another article on this topic.
Thank you for your attention.
In today's world, information is of great importance. Culture, communication, life and economy are built on it. At the same time, the speed of obtaining information should be as high as possible in order to fully satisfy the demands of modernity and maintain the pace of development of new technologies. This is why most ISPs are replacing their wired systems with fiber optic cable.
Purpose
This type of conductor is designed only for the transmission of a light pulse that carries certain information. That is why it is used for data transmission, and not as a power supply system. At the same time, it allows you to increase the speed several times compared to a metal conductor, and during its operation it does not have side effects in the form of loss of quality over long distances or heating of the conductor. The biggest advantage is that the transmitted signal is almost impossible to influence from the outside, which means that it is not affected by stray currents and does not need to be shielded.
Operating principle
The work of such a conductor at home can be observed in fiber-optic night lamps. A light pulse passes through special conductors, which can have not only a certain frequency, but also a color. At this time, at the other end, it is received by a device that converts the signal into the required form.
Laying fiber optic cable
Currently, there are a large number of different types of this conductor, which differs in the type of twist, the presence of an additional sheath and armor. In fact, it can be said that a fiber optic cable has the same parameters as a conventional conductor of a similar type and requires the same laying process. However, at the same time, they try to avoid a large number of bends and turns, and also do not work in areas subject to strong mechanical stress.
Fiber optic cable installation
Unlike metal conductors, which are interconnected by twisting, this type of cable requires special couplings or connectors. This is due precisely to the method of data transmission and the material that requires precise docking. Such connection difficulties can be called the only drawback that fiber optic cable has. At the same time, its price is constantly decreasing, while the cost of metal conductors is constantly increasing.
Application area
Nowadays, this type of cable is often used to connect to the Internet. It allows you to get the highest data transfer rate, even at a considerable distance from the repeater, and ensure a stable connection. Most modern providers around the world are replacing all their old lines with new routes based on fiber optic cable. Such companies can offer their users high-quality and high-speed network connection, and therefore they are very popular.
Fiber optic cable (FOC)- cable products on fiber light guides, which are used in communication lines for transmitting information using optical signals (photons). The technology provides signal transmission over long distances with the preservation of its strength and with little interference.
Scope of application
Optical fiber cable is the basis of modern telecommunication networks. It is used in local networks and in the construction of transcontinental communication lines. Regardless of the length of the route, the signal remains stable, high quality and protected. Today it is the main type of wire for building federal and local channels (in Moscow and the regions).
The price of a fiber optic cable varies depending on the installation location, design and size of the central core.
Taking into account the place of laying, the following types of FOC are distinguished:
- for interior lining
Cable products for internal networks (home, office, shopping center, clinic, etc.) Optical cable with a semi-dense or dense buffer coating is used. There are no special requirements.
- for external laying
For overhead lines between buildings within settlements. An optical communication cable with a durable sheath that is resistant to atmospheric and mechanical influences is used. In the case of a particularly difficult operational situation, the networks are brought into the main channels.
- special purpose cables
For the transit of networks in extreme conditions - in the thickness of the soil, water, in heaving and swampy soils. The sheath of the cable depends on the specific operating conditions.
When choosing an optical cable, the presence of a reinforced sheath is not always important. When laying inside channels and pipes, reinforced protection is not needed. At the same time, when laying in the mail, the fiber optic cable must be protected from rodents, getting wet, and mechanical influences. And when building air networks - from sagging.
To protect against rodents, corrugated tape armor is used, when laying in the ground, steel round wire armor is used, when mounting on supports, reinforced OK with a compacted frame is used.
According to the design and size of the central core, they distinguish:
- Optical single mode cable
For long distances (up to 50 km). It has a small core diameter, it is used for telephone networks, provider networks, ensuring the operation of data centers. Provides high speed digital data transfer.
- Optical multimode cable
For distances up to 1 km. Such fiber optic wire is used for data transmission inside and between buildings, it is optimal for computer networks. The core diameter may vary. It is made on the basis of a conventional LED.
Cable manufacturers for optical communication lines
In Russia, optical cables are produced by:
- CJSC TRANSVOK, Kaluga Region;
- ZAO Samara Optical Cable Company;
- Eurocable 1 LLC, Moscow region;
- JSC "ELECTRIC CABLE "KOLCHUGINSKY PLANT";
- Plant "Yuzhkabel", Ukraine;
- ZAO OFS Svyazstroy-1 VOKK, Voronezh;
- Cable plant "NPP Starlink";
- Plant "Inkab";
- Plant "Cableelectrosvyaz";
- Plant "MinxKabel" and many others.
Optical fiber cable can be purchased from leading foreign suppliers: Phoenix Contact GmbH & Co. KG /1923, Germany, Lapp Lapp Group, Germany (there is a production in the Russian Federation) and others.
Mounting
Laying networks is allowed only by trained personnel. The high cost of consumables and installation work, as well as the high cost of correcting defects, require strict adherence to the regulations. Splicing uses optical couplers to ensure signal speed and purity are maintained.
There are the following laying methods:
- Suspended (air laying).
- Outdoors in protective sleeves.
- inside cable channels.
An order is issued for work indicating the category of tolerance to delimit responsibility for the installation result.
Pros and cons of fiber optic cable
FOCs have almost completely replaced communication lines based on copper cables. The main advantages of fiber optic cable are:
- The maximum degree of signal security.
- Minimum losses.
- High data transfer rate (from 1 to 10 Gbps at a distance of 1 km).
- High throughput FOC.
- Small dimensions.
At the same time, it is worth noting the high cost of cable products and materials for installation, rather high costs for maintaining communication lines, as well as high requirements for the level of specialists performing pulling and maintenance. However, these disadvantages are outweighed by the high stability and quality of FOC-based networks.
Where to buy fiber
You can buy a fiber optic cable and mounting systems for it at Tekhkabelsistems LLC.
To buy an optical cable, place an order by e-mail or phone. The manager will provide a selection of products of the required range.
We work with regions and accept orders from companies with any form of payment. The price for 1 meter in the product cards may vary depending on the volume and specifics of the order. You can buy an optical cable with delivery. The company's specialist will calculate the total cost.
Hello friends! Our guru of the Internet and wireless technologies Borodach has already written about what fiber is (the link to the article will definitely be below). But my colleagues decided that the Blonde should also write on this topic and at the same time add knowledge to her beautiful head. Well, it is necessary - it means that it is necessary! We'll figure out.
Definition for dummies
Optical fiber is the thinnest wires (threads) made of glass or plastic, along which light is transferred due to internal reflection. Optical fiber cable is used as a way to transmit information at high speed over long distances (in the truest sense of the word "at the speed of light"). This is how fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are built.
Fact from the history of development in Russia. The first FOCL "St. Petersburg-Aberslund" (a city in Denmark) was laid by Rostelecom (then it was called Sovtelecom).
Immediately I suggest watching a documentary on the topic:
materials
Glass fiber is made from quartz. This provides the following features:
- High optical permeability - this allows you to broadcast waves of different ranges;
- Minimum signal loss (low attenuation);
- Temperature stability;
- Flexibility.
For the far range, chalcogenide glasses, potassium zirconium fluoride or potassium cryolite are used.
Now the production of optical fiber from plastic is developing. In this case, the core (core) is made of organic glass, and the shell is made of fluoroplastics. The disadvantage of polymeric materials is the low throughput in areas with infrared radiation.
Structure
What is optical fiber made of? This is a thread that is round in section, inside of which there is a core (core), which is covered with a sheath on the outside. To ensure total internal reflection, the refractive index of the core must be higher than the same parameter for the shell. How it works - a beam of light directed into the core is repeatedly reflected from the shell.
The diameter of the fiber optic thread used in telecommunications is 124-126 microns. However, the core diameter may vary depending on the type of fiber (I will talk about this in the next section) and national standards.
1 micron is 0.001 mm. I calculated, it turns out that the diameter is only 0.125 mm.
Types and applications
Optical fiber can be of two types (depending on the number of rays in the fiber - mod):
- Singlemode. The core diameter is 7-10 microns, light reflection takes place in one mode. Types:
- Standard (dispersion unbiased);
- Dispersion-shifted;
- With non-zero shifted variance.
- Multimode. The core diameter is 50-62 microns (depending on national standards), the radiation passes through several modes. Classified into:
- Stepped;
- Gradient.
This section is difficult for a simple layman, but if someone wants to understand in more detail, write in the comments. One of the guys will definitely explain everything that was not clear.
The main areas where optical fiber is used are fiber optic communication and fiber optic sensor. Other areas:
- Lighting;
- Image formation;
- Creation of a fiber laser.
As I understand it, the main area of application is the construction of backbones of fiber optic communication lines. Simply put, these are the lines through which the Internet is transmitted in all major cities.
And here is what the educational program for children and adults "Galileo" tells:
Optical cable
So we got to the biggest secret of our time - a fiber optic cable that connects cities and continents and transmits information at the speed of light. At the same time, the Internet enters our apartment through a twisted pair cable, most often from 8 wires. The maximum speed will reach a value of 1 Gbps.
Those who are in the subject know that it is not possible to place an 8-core wire in every cable channel. This is the main advantage of fiber optics. Optical cable is several times thinner than twisted pair and provides higher speed (up to 10 Gbps).
It seems that providers began to slowly transfer subscribers to fiber optics - that is, "optics" will go not only to the entrance, but also to the apartment. The bad news is that you need a special router to use such a cable.
According to the method of installation, optical cable is classified into the following types:
- laid in the ground;
- Conducted through collectors and sewer pipes;
- Conducted underwater;
- Laid in the air (suspended).
Depending on the use and range of the signal, fiber optic cable is:
- Trunk - the creation of long lines over long distances;
- Zonal - organization of a highway between regions;
- Urban - similar to the zone, but the length of the line is not more than 10 km;
- Field - laying both in the air and underground;
- Water - here the name speaks for itself;
- Object - used for a specific site, easy to lay;
- Mounting - multimode gradient fiber is used.
There is also a classification according to the method of execution of the core and the number of fibers in it. I think this is unlikely to be interesting, but if anything, colleagues will tell about it - you just need to write in the comments.
Advantages and disadvantages
Finally, let's look at the pros and cons of fiber optic cable. Let's start with the benefits:
- Low losses with a large length of the relay section;
- Ability to transmit information over thousands of channels;
- Small size and weight;
- High protection against interference and external influences;
- Safety.
And now for the disadvantages:
- Exposure to radiation, due to which signal attenuation increases;
- The susceptibility of glass to hydrogen corrosion, which leads to material damage and deterioration of properties.
You can end there. I hope it was useful, and my story is interesting. Bye everyone!