The main stages of the formation of the Russian statehood. The main stages of the development of Russia

In the VI century. the Slavic world occupied the territory from the Elbe and the Oder to the Seversky Donets, the Oka and the Upper Volga, from the Baltic Sea to the middle and lower reaches of the Danube. He then split into three groups: southern, western and eastern.

Eastern Slavs in the VIII century. settled in a vast territory from the Onega and Ladoga lakes in the north to the mouths of the Prut, Dniester, and Southern Bug rivers in the south; from the foothills of the Carpathians in the west to the interfluve of the Oka and Volga in the east. Numerous East Slavic tribes were settled on this territory - catch, Tyverians, Vyatichi, muroma, Krivichi and others (fig. 10).

The central and northwestern regions of the European part of Russia currently have the highest proportion of the Russian population, since it was here that the Russian state was born.

Along with traditional farming, cattle breeding and salt production are developing. Foundry and book printing appeared in large cities (Moscow, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov). Russia's foreign trade is expanding; it is conducted both with the west through Smolensk and Novgorod, and with the east through Kazan and Astrakhan. The annexation of new lands in the south, in Siberia, in the north-west, in the Baltics continues.

Russian cities are multiplying. If at the beginning of the XVI century. there were 96 of them, then at the end of the century - 170. They become the centers of the political, cultural, economic life of the country, the basis of the political and administrative division of Russia. Provinces, districts and regions are named after their city-centers - Minsk province, Moscow province, Batumi region, Mogilev province, etc.

Formation of a unified Russian state in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. completed the formation of the ethnic unity of its peoples. In the XVII century. the concepts of "Russia" and "Russian", which began to define the country and its population, are becoming more and more asserted.

Questions about this material:

The subject and objectives of the course of the Patriotic and – and.

And I Is the science of the development of human society. The subject of study and – and yavl. actions of individuals, humanity, the totality of relations in society.

By the breadth of the study of the object, i – i is subdivided: i – i of the world, and – i of continents (for example, Africa), and – i of individual countries and peoples. Branches of Ich knowledge distinguish: civil, political, and state and law, government, and economy, religion, culture, music, language, literature, military, social. Ethnography, which studies the way of life and culture of peoples, and archeology, which studies them from material sources, also belong to the technical sciences. Auxiliary i-chic disciplines contribute to a deeper understanding of the i-chi process as a whole: chronology, paleography, numismatics, sphragistics - printing; epigraphy- inscriptions on stones, clay, metal; genealogy- the origin of cities and surnames; toponymy - the origin of place names; study of local lore, source studies, and-ography,

I – I interacts with other sciences, such as psychology, sociology, philosophy, legal sciences, literature, etc. In contrast, I – I considers the process of development of society as a whole, analyzes the entire set of phenomena of social life, all its aspects ( ek – ku, politics, culture, everyday life, etc.).

The main task and – and is to study specific conditions, stages and forms of development of phenomena and processes of the past. And – I is called to reflect the reality of the past in its key moments.

I-I performs several socially significant functions: the first is cognitive, intellectually developing, consists in the study of the I-I way of our country, people and in the objectively true, from the standpoint of I-Zma, reflection of all the phenomena and processes that make up I-Y Russia ...

The second function is practically political. Its essence is that I-I as a science, identifying on the basis of theoretical comprehension and-ical facts the patterns of development of society, helps to develop a scientifically grounded political course, to avoid subjective decisions.

The third function is ideological. I – I creates documentary accurate stories about outstanding events of the past, about thinkers, to whom society owes its development. And-I, is the foundation on which the science of society is based.

And – I has a tremendous educational impact. Knowledge of and - and their people and the world and - and forms civic qualities - patriotism and internationalism; shows the role of the individual in the development of society; to see the vices of society and people, their influence on human destinies. Studying and – and teaches us to think in terms of I – chical categories, to see society in development, to evaluate the phenomena of social life in relation to their past and to correlate them with the subsequent course of events.

The main stages of the development of the Russian state.

One of the important problems of i-ical science is the problem of periodization of ich-ical development of human society. Periodization is the establishment of chronologically sequential stages in social development. The selection of stages should be based on decisive factors common to all countries or for leading countries.

Since the development of i-chi science, scientists-i-kami have developed many different options for the periodization of social development.

The German scientist Bruno Hildebrand (1812-1878) proposed his own version of periodization by the type of economy, who divided the i-th into three periods: subsistence economy, money economy, credit economy.

The Russian scientist L.I. Mechnikov (1838-1888) established the periodization and –and according to the degree of development of waterways: river period (ancient civilizations), Mediterranean (Middle East), oceanic (new and modern times).

Marx, proceeding from the principle of materialistic understanding and - and developed a variant of periodization, based on the mode of production "or the formation concept. In accordance with this theory, the self of humanity appears as a successive change of socio-economic formations:

Primitive communal (from the birth of a primitive society to 4000 thousand years BC),

· Slave-owning (4000 thousand years BC - V century AD "476 - the fall of Rome"),

Feudal (V - XVII centuries),

· Capitalist (XVII century "1642-1649 - English bourgeois revolution" - to our time),

Communist

o lower - socialism (1991)

o higher - communism proper (theory)

· Owls uch correct - Asian.

Unlike Marx, Western scientists of the 20th century. considered the i-chic process as the alternation of the same "cycles" of the circulation of local civilizations. The largest representative of this theory is the Englishman A. Toynbee. Despite the fact that the 13 main civilizations identified by him develop independently of each other, they all go through the same stages in their development: origin, flowering, death.

American scientist Walt Rostow (sociologist, political scientist, ek – st, i – k) in the 60s. XX century developed the theory of the stages of ecological growth. Then he identified five stages of ecological growth:

Traditional society (until the end of feudalism);

The period of preconditions or transitional society (the period of preparation of the transitional society, initial capital accumulation, POC);

Period of “take-off” or shift (intermediate capitalism);

Period of maturity (monopoly capitalism);

The era of high mass consumption (USA, England).

70s. Society for the search for ways to improve the quality of human living conditions.

Rostow believes that he gave a theory and - and in general, which is a modern alternative to Marxism. Rostow opposes the stages of growth to the social-ecological formations put forward by Marx and recognizes the "English-American model" as the ideal type of the era of high level of mass consumption. In the 70s. Rostow supplemented his scheme with a sixth stage - at this stage, society is busy looking for ways to qualitatively improve the living conditions of a human.

Periodization by production technology

Preindustrial

Industrial

Postindustrial

In accordance with these criteria, the Russian I-ical process is divided into the following periods:

1) the primitive communal era, the time of the rule of patriarchal equality, the building of military democracy, the rule of pagan culture (until the 9th century);

2) Kievan Rus, the early feudal state and society, the era of the beginning of the Christianization of the country, the formation of the Christian-pagan dual faith (IX-early XII centuries);

3) feudal fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, the heyday of feudalism, the formation and consolidation of estates, the era of national revival (early XII - mid. XV centuries);

4) the era of the formation of the Russian centralized state, the beginning of the emergence of capitalist relations and the first sprouts of the secularization of culture (mid, ХУ-ХУП centuries);

5) the initial stage of the modernization of Russia, the formation of the system of an absolute monarchy, the time of the disintegration of feudalism and the birth of secular culture (XVIII century);

6) the era of the crisis of feudalism, the decomposition of the estate organization of society and its replacement by a class structure, the classic period of the development of secular culture (first half of the 19th century);

7) the era of the transformation of feudalism and its replacement by capitalist relations, the deepening social and political crisis, which resulted in a period of revolutions, destabilization and wars (1861 - February 1917);

8) the period of revolutionary timelessness after the fall of the Romanov monarchy - a total crisis of all spheres of relations (February - October 1917);

9) the first decade of Soviet power - the time of the establishment of the foundations of a new system of life and culture, the domination of a multi-structured ek – ki, the constitutional formalization of the class structure of society and the republican system, the re-establishment of the former imperial state borders by creating the USSR (1917-1927);

10) the Stalinist period of the country's development, building the foundation of the socialist state eq – ki and testing it for strength in the years. WWII, the completion of the cultural revolution, the transformation of the country from an agrarian into an agrarian-industrial one, the completion of the formation of a new social structure, a regime of personal power (1928-1953);

11) the stage of reforms and deformations of the Stalinist model of socialism, the polarization of society along the line of the elite-mass began, the growth of stagnation in the economy, the sphere of social and political relations (1953-1985);

12) perestroika and post-perestroika - the transformation of the system of state socialism and its replacement by a society of the pro-capitalist type (1985-2000).

3. Factors and specifics of the i-ical development of Russia.

Subdivision of factors:

1) External (war) and internal (ecological "land, capital, labor"; political; religious; natural "land, water, minerals").

2) Extensive (obtaining products due to the involvement of additional labor and material resources); intensive (getting more resources due to better use of labor and material resources "innovative technologies")

Along with the general regular features of development, which are characteristic of the world as a whole, our country has certain specific features in its development. 1. Geopolitical situation. Our country is located both in Europe and Asia. More than 100 peoples and nationalities live in it, who are at different levels of social, ecological and cultural development. From reindeer herders - nomads in the northeast to high civilization in the central regions. We are Eurasia, therefore, at various technical stages, we gravitate either to the European or Asian paths of development. Example. The Old Russian state is an example of a European state of that period. The Mongol-Tatar yoke imposed on our and-y brutal autocracy and serfdom. The reign of Ivan the Terrible and a number of Soviet rulers resembles the era of eastern despotism, where one man is at the head. At the same time, the reforms of Peter I and our reforms (of the period of "shock therapy") are close to Western European values. Bottom line. Our I – I is complex and contradictory, and society can be called “drifting”. 2. Huge territory and length of borders. For a long time we remained the largest state. The length of our borders is 3.5 times that of Europe. At the borders, we do not have significant landscape changes, therefore, to protect the state, a strong and numerous army was needed, which required significant budgetary expenditures. In fact, our self is the self of the besieged fortress. To maintain its independence, it often took up to three quarters of the state budget. Only in the XX century. about 4 decades were spent on wars and the revival of the country after these wars (Russian-Japanese, 1st World War, 2nd World War, Great Patriotic War). The huge territory required for its management a strong state power and a significant numerous bureaucratic apparatus, which also consumes a significant part of the state budget. 3.Natural and climatic conditions. We live in relatively harsh climatic conditions. 90% of the world's population living in harsh natural conditions is in our country. We are in the zone of risky farming, when for 5 years every 3 years there are poor harvests. A short growing season, which is 3 times shorter than in Europe and 5 times less than in the USA. Even the development of slavery was irrational, since the maintenance of a slave was more expensive than his contribution to labor activity. The abundance of vacant lands led to extensive (development of new lands (virgin lands)) forms of farming (intensive in the developed territory, improvement of workers' qualifications, improvement of conditions). Our country has significant reserves of valuable minerals. However, the minerals located close to the surface and in the European part of the country have already been developed, and for their growth it is necessary to go to hard-to-reach areas, which require significant budgetary expenditures. 4. The mentality of the people. Mentality is an area of everyday, spontaneously forming ideas of people, which they use automatically. In our country, a human psychology has developed, and it depends on: climatic conditions, soil, landscape. And with the adoption of Christianity in Russia (X century), the ideology of Orthodoxy (true faith) was determined, in its Byzantine version, i.e. state-military thinking, the primacy of state interests and the weakening of attention by the interest of an individual. Our moral values are equality, collectivism and social justice. The spiritual peculiarity is conciliarity, i.e. trusting attitude of the people to their ruler; collegiality in life and work, tk. otherwise our ancestors could not survive; non-extortion, i.e. lack of desire for profit, for profit. The main thing is spiritual life, not its material part. The main slogan is faith!

4. Eastern Slavs in the pre-state period.

The Slavs are the largest group of peoples in Europe, linked by kinship origin, common territory of residence and similarity of language. The Slavs belong to the Indo-European language family, which also includes Germanic, Baltic, Celtic, Iranian, Indian and other languages.

Sources of knowledge about and –and Slavs are archaeological and linguistic monuments, works of ancient authors, European and Arab chronicles. In many sources, the Slavs were referred to as Wends, Sklavins, Antes. The first information about the Slavs dates back to the 1st – 2nd centuries. AD The question of their ancestral home is controversial in the science of science. Such large and-ki as S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky and others, believed that initially the Slavs lived in the area of the Danube and the Carpathians. As a result of military clashes, the movement of European tribes and peoples, the integrity of the Slavic territory began to be violated already in the II-IV centuries. The great migration of peoples (V-VII centuries) finally divided the Slavs into southern, western and eastern branches. The latter, moving mainly along the rivers, gradually colonized the East European Plain, displacing, assimilating or adjacent to the Finno-Ugric tribes.

East Slavic tribes united in unions. In the Middle Dnieper region lived a glade, who founded the city of Kiev. Northwest of them - Drevlyans ("forest people") and Dregovichi ("swamp people"). To the north are the Radimichi, to the northeast are the northerners. Vyatichi (named after their legendary patriarch Vyatko) lived on the Oka and the Moscow River, and Krivichi to the west. On the shores of Lake Ilmen and the Volkhov River, the Slovenes (Ilmen) settled, who founded the city of Novgorod.

The basis of the economic life of the Eastern Slavs was slash farming (which forced them to move from place to place, expanding their habitat), as well as livestock, hunting, fishing, and beekeeping. The main agricultural compounds were wheat, rye, oats, barley, millet, peas, beans, buckwheat.

According to their beliefs, the Slavs were pagans. They worshiped Perun - the god of thunder and lightning, the patron saint of warriors; Veles - the god of wealth, the patron saint of cattle and merchants; Dazhdbogu - the patron of the harvest; Stribogu - the god of the wind, in a broad sense - breath as a manifestation of the Spirit; Mokoshi is the goddess of love and fertility. The cult of ancestors was also widespread.

From the VI century. among the Slavs, the process of disintegration of clan relations began, the stage of military democracy began. At this time, property inequality appeared, the tribe was headed by a military leader (prince), elected by a general meeting (vechem) of men, there was a permanent squad and a tribal militia. Individual tribes united in unions. Cities arose where veche gathered, bargaining was held, and a trial was carried out. Military democracy was a prerequisite for the emergence of the state.

5. Formation and political development of Kievan Rus in the 9th and early 12th centuries.

Most of the domestic and-kov believe that the basis of the emergence of the state is the process of development of productive forces. The Eastern Slavs improved their tools of labor and production skills. In particular, slash farming was replaced by a more productive one - tillage. This led to the emergence of surplus products, which were appropriated by the top of the tribes (the leader, his closest entourage, priests). On this basis, property stratification occurred, social groups of early feudal society were formed: feudal lords (princes and their entourage), dependent peasants, artisans, merchants, etc. x is called a state. Its appearance was also facilitated by the need for armed struggle with neighbors (Avars, Khazars, Pechenegs), protection of trade routes, the most important of which was the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." The large cities of Novgorod and Kiev located along it became the centers of the formation of the Old Russian state.

The oldest Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" reports that in 862 the Novgorodians, in order to end internal strife, invited the Varangians (Normans) headed by Rurik to reign in the Novgorod land. His successor Oleg conquered Kiev in 882 and transferred the center of the united state there. This date is considered the beginning of Russian statehood.

The chronicle news of the vocation of the Varangians served as the basis for the emergence of the Norman theory. It was created in the 18th century. German scientists D.3. Bayer, G.F. Miller, A.L. Schlötser, invited to serve at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The essence of the theory was that the Old Russian state arose thanks to the Norman Varangians. Its first opponent was M.V. Lomonosov. This is how the confrontation between the Normanists and the Anti-Normanists began in icy science. Seg.nya most of the I-kov share the following provisions:

1. The Old Russian state was formed in the process of a long-term formation of internal preconditions, as a result of the and-rally conditioned transition from the clan to the early feudal system. Its creation was a natural result of development, an internal need of the East Slavic tribes.

2. The Eastern Slavs had an initial lower structure (proto-state) for the creation of a state apparatus.

3. The Varangians played the role of a catalyst in the formation of the Old Russian state.

4. Ultimately, they were assimilated (absorbed) by the Old Russian ethnos.

INTERNAL AND FOREIGN POLICY OF THE KIEV PRINCES.

The formation and development of Russian statehood go back many centuries. The beginning of this process was laid in the Old Russian state and continues to this day.

Throughout its history, Russia has gone through five main periods of state development: the Old Russian state, the Moscow state, the Russian Empire, the Soviet state and the Russian Federation.

Stage 1. The Old Russian state with the center in Kiev arose in the middle of the 9th century and existed until the middle of the 15th century. This period was marked by the establishment of the basic principles of statehood in Russia, the merger of its northern and southern centers, the growth of the military-political and international influence of the state, the onset of the stage of its fragmentation and loss of centralized control, which was natural for early feudal monarchies.

The spiritual father and founder of the Old Russian state was destined to become Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, named the Red Sun. Under him in 988, Russia adopted Orthodoxy as the state religion. After that, literacy began to spread in the country, painting and literature began to develop.

but by the end of XII century, a number of independent states were formed in Russia. Due to their fragmentation, in the first third of the 13th century, enemies constantly begin to attack the Russian lands. As a result, in the XIV century, Ancient Russia as a state community ceases to exist.

S XIV century in the Vladimir-Suzdal land, the importance of the Moscow principality, which acted as the center of the "gathering of Russian lands", increased. A special role in this process was played by the reign of the great Prince Vladimir and Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita... His political successes in gradually gaining independence from the Golden Horde were consolidated the victory of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy on the Kulikovo field. However, it took almost another hundred years for Moscow to finally consolidate its role as the organizing and spiritual center of the emerging Russian state.

Stage 2. The Moscow state existed from the middle of the 15th to the end of the 17th century. In this era, the final liberation of the Russian lands from the vassal dependence of the Golden Horde took place, the process of "collecting lands" around Moscow was completed, the main state-political, socio-economic and cultural principles of the Russian autocracy took place. A vivid manifestation of the increase in the authority of the sovereign of Moscow was the solemn wedding of Ivan IV to the throne in 1547. This event was followed by the most important reforms of government bodies, the judicial system, the army, the church. The formation of the Russian autocracy in the 16th century was accompanied by its successes in the field of centralization of the state and the intensification of foreign policy. The significant expansion of its territory through successful campaigns of conquest and the colonization of new lands in the east also contributed to the growth of the international prestige of the Moscow state.

All this led to the formation of the Great Russian nation.

At the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries, Russia entered a period of deep state-political and socio-economic structural crisis, called the Time of Troubles. Our Fatherland found itself on the verge of disintegration and loss of its statehood. However, thanks to the national patriotic upsurge, the crisis was overcome. The beginning of the reign of the newly elected Romanov dynasty on the Russian throne was marked by the restoration of the country's territorial integrity and the strengthening of its international prestige.

During the 17th century, the main institutions of Russian absolutism were formed in the country, which created the preconditions for the transformation of the Moscow kingdom into the Russian Empire.

Stage 3. State The Russian Empire covers the era from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 20th century. During this time, the formation, flourishing and collapse of the Russian autocratic monarchy took place.

The era of Peter I was a turning point in the history of Russia. His reforms covered all spheres of state and public life, defining the development of our country for a long historical perspective. They were aimed at maximum centralization in the management of the state with its decisive influence on the life of all strata of society and strict regulation of all its aspects.

After the death of Peter I, the Russian Empire entered the era of palace coups. During the period from 1725 to 1762, six autocrats were replaced on the Russian throne, including the infant Tsar Ivan Antonovich. At that time, the all-powerful temporary workers acquired great importance in the management of the empire.

The reign of Catherine II (1762 - 1796) was marked by the declared policy of "enlightened absolutism", an unprecedented increase in the privileges of the nobility as a noble estate of the Russian Empire and, at the same time, an unprecedented scale of serf tyranny.

Attempts by Paul I (1796 - 1801) to limit the Catherine's liberties of the nobility led to another palace coup and the assassination of the emperor, who irritated the high officials and officers with his unpredictable actions.

Russia entered the 19th century with a brilliant facade of imperial power and a huge burden of ever-growing domestic political and social problems. Alexander I (1801 - 1825) began his reign with an intense search for ways to reform the vast empire he inherited. However, this process was interrupted by the Patriotic War of 1812, which, as it were, divided the reign of Alexander I into two different stages: the first was characterized by "constitutional quests", and the second - by the strengthening of the police state - Arakcheevism. The Decembrist movement, which resulted in an armed uprising in 1825 on Senate Square in St. Petersburg, vividly demonstrated the growing opposition to the central government on the part of the Russian noble intelligentsia.

The policy of Nicholas I (1825 -1855), contrary to the requirements of the era, which hindered the reform of the state and social system of autocratic Russia, led the country to a deep socio-economic, political and military crisis of the mid-19th century. Alexander II (1855 - 1881), who replaced Nicholas I, finally carried out the "great reform", declaring the abolition of serfdom of the peasantry (1861). This was followed by radical changes in central and local government, city and judicial reforms, reorganization of the army and navy, and the democratization of the education system.

However, these reforms did not close the gap between the central government and society as a whole, but only radicalized the public consciousness of the revolutionary-minded intelligentsia.

The attempts of Alexander III (1881-1894) to stabilize the state-political system of autocratic Russia by carrying out a number of counter-reforms only increased the gap between the monarch and his subjects.

The accession to the throne of the last Russian autocrat, Nicholas II (1895-1917), was marked by an unprecedented scale of the revolutionary movement in Russia and the inevitable collapse of the monarchical system.

Stage 4. The Soviet state existed from February 1917 to the end of 1991 and is associated with the formalization of the foundations of Soviet statehood in the era of the revolutionary transformation of Imperial Russia into the Russian Republic. This stage in the development of our state absorbed the crisis of the central state power and the disintegration of the ethnopolitical unity of the country, the loss of the democratic perspective of state development by the Provisional Government and the further radicalization of the revolutionary movement in the country, on the wave of which the Bolsheviks came to power as a result of the revolution, led by V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin). During the Civil War, Bolshevism, which became the ideological core of the new system, formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which restored the political and territorial unity of most of the former Russian Empire.

For 30 years (from the beginning of 1920 to 1953), the “great leader and father of peoples” I.V. Stalin.

Thanks to the innumerable sacrifices and unparalleled heroism of several generations of Soviet people, the Soviet state in the shortest possible time acquired a powerful economic potential and became a powerful industrial power, which allowed the USSR not only to withstand, but also to defeat fascism during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945).

At the same time, victory in the war marked the beginning of a large-scale rivalry between two state-political and economic systems in the international arena - the USSR and the United States of America (USA). In the post-war period, under the conditions of the Cold War, an unprecedented arms race developed, based on the Soviet-American rivalry.

Soviet leaders - the heirs of Stalin, realizing the need and inevitability of reforming the outdated model of the totalitarian state, but fearing the loss of the party nomenklatura power in the country, tried to carry out reforms without changing the foundations of the socialist system. Attempts at reforms during the "thaw" period led to the resignation of the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), N.S. Khrushchev (1964), and the policy of "restructuring" of the last General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev ended with the collapse of the USSR as a single totalitarian state and the collapse of the party-Soviet system.

Stage 5. The era of the Russian Federation began in December 1991 and continues to the present. Over the past time, fundamental changes have taken place in the country. The new Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 was adopted, which made it possible to form a democratic political system. The multiparty system has become a reality. The Russians elected the President of the Russian Federation, deputies of the State Duma, governors, mayors, local government bodies.

The new - XXI century in the formation and development of Russian statehood began with the fact that on March 26, 2000, in the first round of the presidential elections, Acting President of the Russian Federation Government Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, having received almost 53% of the votes, won a convincing victory.

The most important direction in the activities of the new President of the Russian Federation was the implementation of a large-scale administrative reform, since the existing power structure required its improvement.

In this regard, on May 13, 2000, in order to ensure the implementation by the head of state of his constitutional powers, increase the efficiency of the activities of federal bodies of state power and improve the system of control over the implementation of their decisions, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on the formation of seven federal districts - structural units of a new political division of Russia.

Also, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Law “On the Procedure for Forming the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation”. The change in the principle of forming the Federation Council raised questions about organizing a permanent dialogue between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the head of state on the main problems of state life, about the form of participation of regions in the preparation and adoption of major national decisions. This form has become the State Council of the Russian Federation. The decree on the formation of the State Council of the Russian Federation was signed by the President of the Russian Federation on September 1, 2000.

All of the above measures were aimed at restoring order in the authorities. But this was not the ultimate goal, but only the beginning of the state modernization of Russia, which presupposed: improving the political system and building an effective state as a guarantor of stable social development, a guarantor of respect for individual rights; actual equalization of the capabilities of the subjects of the Federation in order to ensure the citizens of the country with the full range of political and socio-economic rights; creation of legal guarantees for the development of the Russian economy as an economy of free entrepreneurship and business initiative of citizens, ensuring accurate and effective implementation of the economic strategy throughout Russia.

The reform of the Government of the Russian Federation that took place in the spring of 2004 and changes in its structure, which continued until the end of 2007, led to a reduction in the number of ministries and the creation of a so-called three-tier system of executive power (ministry, service, agency). Now the Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Prime Minister, two First Deputies, three Deputy Prime Ministers, federal ministries, federal services and federal agencies. Moreover, in the structure of federal executive bodies there are federal ministries, services and agencies, the activities of which are personally directed by the President of the Russian Federation.

Changes in the structure of executive bodies of the Russian Federation were made in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" in order to improve the structure of federal executive bodies.

An important role in the development of Russian statehood is played by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, which consists of the Federation Council and the State Duma, which work on a permanent basis. According to the established tradition, the Federation Council is called the upper house of parliament, and the State Duma is called the lower one, although in terms of their position they are equal, and each performs its own functions determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Both chambers develop laws for the entire society, the national economy of Russia, for all economic structures, main spheres and industries, for all social groups and every citizen without exception. The main goal of both chambers and the parliament as a whole is to ensure the well-being and prosperity of the peoples of Russia, the integrity and independence of the state, and the protection of human rights and freedoms.

The formation and development of Russian statehood go back many centuries. The beginning of this process was laid in the Old Russian state and continues to this day.

Throughout its history, Russia has gone through five main periods of state development: the Old Russian state, the Moscow state, the Russian Empire, the Soviet state and the Russian Federation.

1. The Old Russian state with its center in Kiev arose in the middle of the 9th century and existed until the middle of the 15th century. This period was marked by the establishment of the basic principles of statehood in Russia, the merger of its northern and southern centers, the growth of the military-political and international influence of the state, the onset of the stage of its fragmentation and loss of centralized control, which was natural for early feudal monarchies.

However, by the end of the 12th century, a number of independent states were formed in Russia. Due to their fragmentation, in the first third of the 13th century, enemies constantly begin to attack the Russian lands. As a result, in the XIV century, Ancient Russia as a state community ceases to exist.

Since the XIV century in the Vladimir-Suzdal land, the importance of the Moscow principality, which acted as the center of the "gathering of Russian lands", increased. A special role in this process was played by the reign of the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. His political successes in gradually gaining independence from the Golden Horde were consolidated by the victory of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy at the Kulikovo field. However, it took almost another hundred years for Moscow to finally consolidate its role as the organizing and spiritual center of the emerging Russian state.

2. The Moscow state existed from the middle of the 15th to the end of the 17th century. In this era, the final liberation of the Russian lands from the vassal dependence of the Golden Horde took place, the process of "collecting lands" around Moscow was completed, the main state-political, socio-economic and cultural principles of the Russian autocracy took place. A vivid manifestation of the increase in the authority of the sovereign of Moscow was the solemn wedding of Ivan IV to the throne in 1547. This event was followed by the most important reforms of government bodies, the judicial system, the army, the church. The formation of the Russian autocracy in the 16th century was accompanied by its successes in the field of centralization of the state and the intensification of foreign policy. The significant expansion of its territory through successful campaigns of conquest and the colonization of new lands in the east also contributed to the growth of the international prestige of the Moscow state.

All this led to the formation of the Great Russian nation.

During the 17th century, the main institutions of Russian absolutism were formed in the country, which created the preconditions for the transformation of the Moscow kingdom into the Russian Empire.

The main stages of the formation of the Russian statehood. The main stages of the development of Russia

More on topic 2. Stages of development of Russian statehood. Characteristics of approaches: