Goals and objectives are to show the reasons for the rise of I.V. Stalin, the reasons for his rise to power; show the reasons for the rise of I.V. Stalin, the reasons for his rise to power; characterize the levers of power and methods used by I.V. Stalin in the fight against his political rivals; characterize the levers of power and methods used by I.V. Stalin in the fight against his political rivals; assess changes in the goals of repression in the years. XX century. assess changes in the goals of repression in the years. XX century.
Struggle in the leadership of the Bolshevik Party 1Years Opposing factions I.V. Stalin G.E. Zinoviev L.B. Kamenev L.D. Troitsky I.V. Stalin N.I. Bukharin A.I. Rykov G.E. Zinoviev L. B. Kamenev (“new opposition”) I. V. Stalin N. I. Bukharin A. I. Rykov G. E. Zinoviev L. B. Kamenev L. D. Trotsky (“united opposition”) I. V. Stalin N. I. Bukharin A. I. Rykov M. P. Tomsky (“right deviation”)
:USSR Supreme Council Council of the Union Council of Nationalities Council of the Union Council of Nationalities: 11 Union Republics: declaration of new rights: declaration of new rights Political system of Stalinism of the 30s. XX century Totalitarianism Control of authorities over all spheres of society; actual elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms; forcible establishment of a one-party system The party is the core of a totalitarian system; merging of the party and state apparatus; connection of executive and legislative powers Unification of public life; cult of the national leader; mass repressions Constitution of 1936: building socialism “basically” Political structure Federal structure Social sphere
: thesis about the aggravation of the class struggle in: the thesis about the aggravation of the class struggle in the conditions of socialism in the conditions of socialism, 16 people were convicted, Zinoviev was shot, 16 people were convicted, Zinoviev, Kamenev were shot, Tomsky, Kamenev were shot, Tomsky, Ordzhonikidze were shot; execution of Pyatakov, Ordzhonikidze; execution of Pyatakov, Sokolnikov; in the case of “anti-Soviet law - Sokolnikov; in the case of "anti-Soviet law - Trotskyist bloc" Bukharin, Rykov of the Trotskyist bloc were shot" Bukharin, Rykov were shot in the army: high command, officers in the army: high command, officers in the prosecutor's office in the prosecutor's office fight against "enemies of the people" fight against "enemies of the people" Political processes of the 30s. XX century. Mass repressions Foundation Moscow trials. Mass repressions. A man was convicted on charges of anti-Soviet activity, a man was shot. Up to 20 million “enemies of the people” were repressed
Political repressions in the 30s. 20th century, “Shakhtinsky Case,” d. Case of Vela Ibraimov, d. Trial of the Mensheviks, d. Case of the Industrial Party, d. Case of Incomplete Shipment of Harvesters, d. Case of Sabotage at Power Plants, d. Case of the “Trotskyist-Zinoviev Terrorist Center,” d. Case “ anti-Soviet Trotskyist center" d. "Trial of the military" d. Case of the "anti-Soviet right-wing Trotskyist bloc" Political processes became one of the most important elements of the totalitarian regime emerging in the country
The creators and supporters of the system themselves became victims of repression. Of the 32 members of the Politburo (years), 75% were repressed. Among the senior command staff of the Red Army in the mid-30s. 20th century victims were: - out of 5 marshals - 3 - out of 5 army commanders of the 1st rank - 3 - out of 10 army commanders of the 2nd rank - 10 - out of 57 corps commanders - 50 - out of 186 division commanders - out of 16 army commissars of the 1st and 2nd ranks out of 26 corps commissars - 25 - out of 64 divisional commissars - 58 - out of 456 colonels - 401
Management of the Soviet state from the II Congress of Soviets, According to the Constitution of the USSR According to the Constitution of the USSR October 1917 January 1924 December 1936 All-Russian Congress of Soviets All-Union Congress of Soviets Supreme Soviet of the USSR Council of the Union of Nationalities All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) Central Executive Committee of the USSR Council of the Union Nationalities Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Council of People's Commissars (SNK) SNK SNK (since 1946 - CM - Council of Ministers)
The highest bodies of state power and administration of the USSR in the years. Supreme Soviet of the USSR Council of the Union Council of Nationalities Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Supreme Court Council of People's Commissars Prosecutor General
Stalinism is a political system focused on achieving comprehensive state control over public life, administrative and command methods of leading the country. It was associated with the inculcation of the personality cult of J.V. Stalin. One of the most important methods of managing society in the years since. There were massive repressions. Totalitarianism is a system that presupposes complete, total control of the authorities over the life of society. Totalitarianism is a system that presupposes complete, total control of the authorities over the life of society. Authoritarianism is an anti-democratic system of political power. In the USSR by the mid-30s. a totalitarian system emerged. This regime was enshrined in the 1936 USSR Constitution, which covered up lawlessness in the country. National associations were given minimal rights and were strictly controlled by the center. A bureaucratic system of leadership developed; everything was based on a policy of fear, terror, and demagoguery. Authoritarianism is an anti-democratic system of political power. In the USSR by the mid-30s. a totalitarian system emerged. This regime was enshrined in the 1936 USSR Constitution, which covered up lawlessness in the country. National associations were given minimal rights and were strictly controlled by the center. A bureaucratic system of leadership developed; everything was based on a policy of fear, terror, and demagoguery.
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The socio-political meaning of establishing the personality cult of Stalin Prepared by: 11th grade student A Milykh Daria Teacher Mikhailova Z.K.
Definition The cult of Stalin's personality is the exaltation of the personality of I.V. Stalin by means of mass propaganda, in works of culture and art, government documents, laws, the creation of a semi-divine aura around his name. The expression “cult of personality” became widespread after it appeared in 1956 in N. S. Khrushchev’s report “On the cult of personality and its consequences” and in the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences.”
Reasons for the emergence of the cult The emergence of the personality cult of Stalin is associated both with the directed activities of the top leadership of the CPSU (b) and I.V. Stalin himself, and with the historical and cultural features of the development of the state in that period. After Stalin gained full power, the titles “great leader”, “great leader and teacher”, “father of nations”, “great commander”, “brilliant scientist” were often used and were almost obligatory in official journalism and rhetoric. Stalin was the only Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.
The formation of a cult of personality in a country where there were no democratic traditions was largely determined by the atmosphere of fear of repression. The textbook “History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)” played a major role in the ideological justification of Stalin’s personality cult. A Short Course,” published in 1938. In it, Stalin was portrayed as the leader of the party from the moment of its formation. The personality cult of Stalin was also widespread in most socialist countries of the world. After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the Stalinist orientation of state policy and the associated personality cult of Stalin were preserved in Albania (until the death of Enver Hoxha in 1985), China and the DPRK.
The “cult of personality” consisted of: - creating the image of I. Stalin as a legendary and supernatural personality to whom the whole country owes its prosperity (“the great leader of all times and peoples”). - construction of I.V. Stalin to the rank of the greatest thinkers along with K. Marx, F. Engels and V.I. Lenin; - total praise of I.V. Stalin, with a complete lack of criticism; - absolute prohibition and persecution of any dissent; - widespread dissemination of the image and name of Stalin; - persecution of religion.
The following large Soviet settlements were named in honor of Stalin: Stalingrad (Volgograd, 1925-1961; one of the first renamings - Stalin participated in the Civil War in the defense of Tsaritsyn) Stalino (Donetsk, 1924-1961) Stalinsk (Novokuznetsk, 1932-1961) and other.
Name I.V. Stalin is also mentioned in the anthem of the USSR, written by S.V. Mikhalkov in 1944: Through the thunderstorms the sun of freedom shone for us, And the great Lenin illuminated our path, Stalin raised us to be loyal to the people, Inspired us to work and to exploits!
Conclusion: The cult of personality acquired such monstrous proportions mainly because Stalin himself in every possible way encouraged and supported the exaltation of his person. This is evidenced by numerous facts. One of the most characteristic manifestations of Stalin’s self-praise is the publication of his “Brief Biography”, published in 1948. This book is an expression of the most unbridled flattery, an example of the deification of man, turning him into an infallible sage, the most “great leader” and “unsurpassed commander of all times and peoples.” There were no other words to further praise the role of Stalin.
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Russian literature of the 20s. Prepared by: Student 11th grade “A” MBOU Secondary School No. 12 Surgut Smogarzhevskaya Maria Teacher Mikhailova Z.K.
For many years, the image of October 1917, “the ten days that shook the world,” was very one-dimensional, one-dimensional, and simplified: the revolution was seen as “a holiday of the working people and the oppressed.” Recently, the view of the October Revolution as an event that was clearly destructive for Russian spirituality has taken root.
Features of the literature of the 20s In the field of literature, the split in society, which ended with the revolution and civil war, was expressed in the fact that after 1917 the literary process developed in three opposite and often almost non-overlapping directions.
Emigrant literature In the early 20s, Russia experienced the emigration of millions of Russian people who did not want to submit to the Bolshevik dictatorship. I. Bunin, A. Kuprin, V. Nabokov, I. Shmelev, M. Tsvetaeva. Finding themselves in a foreign land, they not only did not succumb to assimilation, did not forget the language and culture, but created - in exile, in a foreign linguistic and cultural environment - the literature of the diaspora, the Russian diaspora.
“Hidden” literature was created by writers who did not have the opportunity or fundamentally did not want to publish their works. A. Platonov “Chevengur” and “The Pit” M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” A. Akhmatova “Requiem”
Soviet literature was created in our country, published and found its way to the reader. This branch of Russian literature experienced the most powerful pressure from the political press.
The struggle of two opposing tendencies: 1) the desire of the authorities to bring literature to ideological monolithicity and artistic uniformity. Letter of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) “On Proletkults”, 1920 Resolution “On the party policy in the field of fiction”, 1925 Resolution “On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations” 1932 2) the trend of multivariate literary development. Polyphony, variety of author's manners, abundance of groups, literary associations, salons, groups
Literary groups RAPP LEF Imagists "Pass" OBERIU Constructivists "Serapion Brothers"
RAPP - Russian Association of Proletarian Writers 1925-1932. Print organ – magazine “On Post” Representatives – Dm. Furmanov, Al. Fadeev. Ideas: support for proletarian literary organizations, development of communist criticism, denial of romanticism, fight against new bourgeois influence in literature, Akhmatova, Khodasevich, Tsvetaeva, Bunin - “class enemies”, Mayakovsky, Prishvin, K. Fedin - “fellow travelers”, theory of “living person” "
LEF - left front of the arts 1922-1929. Printing organ – magazine “LEF”, “New LEF”. Representatives: Mayakovsky V., B. Pasternak, O. Brik. Ideas: the creation of effective revolutionary art, criticism of passive “reflective psychologism”, the theory of “literary fact”, which denies artistic fiction, requiring illumination in art of the facts of the new reality.
Imagism 1919-1927 Printing organ - “Soviet Country” Representatives - S. Yesenin, N. Klyuev, V. Shershenevich. Ideas: “eating the image of meaning”, which was expressed in the violation of grammatical forms that determine the meaning
“Pass” End 1923-early 1924 – 1932 The printed organ is the magazine “Krasnaya Nov”. Representatives: V. Kataev, E. Bagritsky, M. Prishvin, M. Svetlov. Ideas: opposed “wingless everydayism”, advocated for maintaining a continuity with the artistic mastery of Russian and world classical literature, put forward the principle of sincerity, intuitionism, humanism
OBERIU - association of real art 1927-1928. Representatives: D. Kharms, N. Zabolotsky, A. Vvedensky. Ideas: the basis of creativity is “the method of concrete materialistic sensation of things and phenomena”, they developed certain aspects of futurism, turned to the traditions of Russian satirists of the late 19th century. 20th century
“Serapion Brothers” 1921 representatives – K. Fedin, V. Kaverin, M. Slonimsky. Ideas: “search for methods of mastering new material” (war, revolution), search for a new artistic form, goal - mastering writing techniques
The revolution contributed to the awakening of creative energy among the broad masses and the influx of many new talents into literature. With the advent of young authors in literature, the number of writers of a new type increased - active social activists, direct participants in cultural construction. Most of them were soldiers of the revolution before becoming writers.
The significance of the events of the 20s for literature The revolution released the powerful creative energy of the masses. October 1917 became an important milestone in the work of most artists: someone's talent developed, someone experienced a creative crisis, but almost everyone began to write differently. Many new writers and poets appeared, whose talent might not have been able to develop so much in other social conditions.
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Slide 1
Cult of personality of J.V.Stalin
Slide 2
Formation of a totalitarian regime
The implementation of grandiose socio-economic plans led to the formation of totalitarianism. Power was concentrated in the hands of the top party leadership. She destroyed democratic freedoms, the opposition, and subordinated society to her interests. Not a single law was passed without the approval of the Politburo. It determined the main directions of domestic and foreign policy.
Politburo. 1936
Slide 3
Ideologization of public life
Party control over the media played a huge role in the formation of totalitarianism. The cessation of contacts with the West made it possible to avoid the influence of other ideological views on the population. In education, the study of the Marxist-Leninist foundations of all sciences has come to the fore. In 1934, all writers were united into the Union of Soviet Writers, headed by M. Gorky
Joseph Stalin and Maxim Gorky in a public garden on Red Square, 1931
Slide 4
Subsequently, similar unions arose among filmmakers, artists, and composers. Those who worked within the official ideology were supported by material benefits and privileges. The rest of the population also belonged to public organizations-trade unions, the Komsomol, Pioneer and October organizations. Athletes, inventors, women, etc. united in various organizations.
Slide 5
Formation of Stalin's personality cult
A characteristic feature of the political life of this period was the cult of personality of Joseph Stalin. On December 21, 1929, on Stalin’s 50th birthday, the country learned that it had a great leader. He was declared "Lenin's first student." Soon all the country's successes began to be attributed to Stalin. He was called “great”, “wise”, “leader of the world proletariat”, “great strategist of the five-year plan.
Slide 6
Manifestations of the cult of personality
Soviet propaganda created a semi-divine aura around Stalin as an infallible “great leader and teacher.” Cities, factories, collective farms, and military equipment were named after Stalin and his closest associates. His name was mentioned in the same breath as Marx, Engels and Lenin. On January 1, 1936, the first two poems glorifying I.V. Stalin, written by Boris Pasternak, appeared in Izvestia. According to the testimony of Korney Chukovsky and Nadezhda Mandelstam, he “simply raved about Stalin.”
Slide 7
The name of Stalin is also mentioned in the anthem of the USSR, composed by G.A. El-Registan and S. Mikhalkov in 1943: Through the thunderstorms the sun of freedom shone for us, And the great Lenin illuminated the path for us, Stalin raised us - for loyalty to the people, For work and for exploits inspired us!
Slide 8
The image of Stalin became one of the central ones in Soviet literature of the 1930s-1950s; Works about the leader were also written by foreign communist writers, including Henri Barbusse (author of the posthumously published book “Stalin”), Pablo Neruda, these works were translated and replicated in the USSR. The theme of Stalin was constantly present in Soviet painting and sculpture of this period, including monumental art (lifetime monuments to Stalin, like monuments to Lenin, were erected en masse in most cities of the USSR. A special role in the creation of the propaganda image of Stalin was played by mass Soviet posters devoted to a wide variety of topics.
Slide 9
A huge number of objects were named after Stalin during his lifetime, including settlements (the first of which was Stalingrad in 1925 - Stalin took part in the defense of Tsaritsyn during the Civil War), streets, factories, and cultural centers. After 1945, cities named after Stalin appeared in all the countries of Eastern Europe, and in the GDR and Hungary, Stalinstadt and Stalinvaros became “new socialist cities” built almost from scratch in honor of the leader. In 1937-1938, proposals were put forward to rename Moscow to the city of Stalinodar.
Slide 10
Mass repression
At the same time, punitive bodies were being formed to persecute dissidents. In the early 30s, the last trials of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks took place. The “Shakhty affair” of 1928 led to repressions against bourgeois specialists. This was followed by a campaign against the kulaks in 1932. The “Law of Three Spikelets” began the persecution of even the poorest peasantry. In 1934, the Special Meeting of the NKVD received the right to extrajudicially send “enemies of the people” to the colonies.
Prisoners at the construction of the White Sea Canal
Slide 11
The reason for the deployment of mass repressions was the murder of S. Kirov on December 1, 1934, after which a decision was made to conduct an investigation into “terrorist cases” in an abbreviated manner, within 10 days, the prosecutor and lawyer were absent from the trial, pardons were prohibited, and death sentences were carried out immediately. In 1935, the law was amended to include teenagers from the age of 12. The families of “enemies of the people” began to be treated as criminals.
Slide 12
Show trials
In the mid-1930s, Stalin began to eliminate all dissatisfied people. In 1936, a trial took place in the case of Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters. The defendants were accused of murdering Kirov, attempting to assassinate Stalin and other crimes. Prosecutor A. Vyshinsky demanded that they be shot and the court imposed a death sentence. This was followed by new processes.
G.E. Zinoviev L.B. Kamenev
Kuban State Agrarian University
Department of History
The personality cult of Stalin and his circle
The work was completed by a student
Faculty of Plant Protection
Grandfather Marta
Teacher: associate professor of the department
history and political science
Petrenko Anatoly Petrovich
Krasnodar 2009
Introduction
1. Soso Dzhugashvili - the early years of Stalin
3. The way up
4. “I have reached the highest power”
5. “Autumn of the Patriarch”
Introduction
Today, when I.V. In Moscow television programs they call Stalin a criminal and a murderer; it seems that in Europe one can say and write anything about this man, who for three decades was revered as a deity, and after the defeat of Nazi Germany became one of the most authoritative politicians in the world.
Until now, only one official biography of Stalin has appeared in the Hungarian language, published in 1947. Now it is one of the bibliographic rarities.
This book said about him, in particular, that “in Stalin, millions of workers of all countries see their teacher, from whose classical works they learned and are learning how to successfully fight against the class enemy, how to successfully prepare the conditions for the final victory of the proletariat. Stalin's influence is the influence of the great, glorious Bolshevik party..."
For me I.V. Stalin is a brilliant leader and teacher of the party, a great strategist of the socialist revolution, the head of the Soviet state and commander. Stalin's work is extremely multifaceted: his energy is truly amazing. The range of issues occupying Stalin’s attention is immense: the most complex issues of the theory of Marxism-Leninism, the problems of foreign policy of the Soviet Union - and everyday concern for the improvement of the proletarian capital, the creation of the Great Northern Sea Route - and draining the swamps of Colchis, the problems of the development of Soviet literature and art - and so on. the editing of the charter of collective farm life and, finally, the solution of complex issues in the theory and practice of military art.
From my family history:
1) One of the assassination attempts was made on Alexander 2 by my relative (when he left the royal court in a carriage, she threw a bomb at him) Anna.
2) Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky (the activities of the Petrashevites are connected with him) was not the official husband of my relative Kalashnikova, she was the cousin of my great-great-grandmother.
3) During the years of the revolution, my great-grandmother Anna Ivanovna Kozhara in St. Petersburg became the director of several orphanages at the personal request of N. Krupskaya.
4) Finally, during the Second World War, my great-grandfather Vasily Poddubny participated in the siege of Leningrad. He was a driver, delivering groceries, and it was his car that was the first to pass Fr. Ladozhskoye and entered Leningrad.
5) My grandfather’s father Anton Dedov was the chairman of the collective farm Art. Prokhorovka. The Battle of Kursk took place here (1943, July-August). During the war, he became the director of the alcohol plant and supplied soldiers with his products before the battle, as well as during operations.
6) Grandmother’s brother Viktor Kozhara, a pilot, accompanied ships over the Black Sea, died heroically during hostilities.
7) Grandfather’s brother Dedov Leonid commanded heavy artillery at Stalingrad. During the war, shells hit his large firearms; to avoid killing the Russian army, he threw himself on the shells, preventing a number of large explosions and damage to artillery, but sacrificed his life. The remains are buried in St. Prokhorovka.
Thus, my family was close to the history of Russia. I consider it my duty to respect the history of Russia, to carefully analyze the policies and actions of certain figures. And in the course of her analyzes over the course of 3 years, she decided that the main cult of personality is the cult of Stalin. An interesting excursion helped me finally make this decision. I had a chance to visit her about 3 years ago in the city of Samara (formerly Kuibyshev), which revealed for me the secrets of wartime history and interested me in the cult of personality of Stalin. That is why I chose the topic of the essay "Stalin and his entourage"
1. Soso Dzhugashvili - the early years of Stalin
Joseph Dzhugashvili, who later took the surname Stalin, i.e. man of steel, born December 9, 1878, Gori.
The boy's father is shoemaker Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili.
Mother - cleaner, laundress and seamstress Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze. She was a deeply religious woman. The first three children in the family died soon after birth, and the mother considered little Soso a gift from God. As an adult, he rarely talked about his childhood: his father drank a lot, often beat his son and mother, whom Joseph loved very much.
At the age of 7, the boy almost died of smallpox, which forever left a mark on his face. Due to the injury, his left arm could not move well.
In 1988, his mother enrolled him in a local religious school. But soon his father took him away in order to continue the work of a shoemaker. However, the fight ended in favor of the mother. Soso returned to school again. Father died in 1890.
Ekaterina Georgievna worked as a laundress in rich families to feed herself and her son. This woman lived a long life. She saw how her son became the leader of a gigantic country, surrounded by the worship and admiration of people. She herself led a modest life in Georgia. At the request of her son, she moved to the Kremlin, but still returned home. There she died in 1937. At the theological school, the boy was considered one of the best students. According to the recollections of his classmates, Dzhugashvili read all the books in the city library, he especially loved Georgian prose. He was cramped within the strict confines of a religious educational institution, he wrote romantic poems, envied children from richer families and accumulated hostility towards them. In May 1899, he was expelled from the seminary for reading prohibited literature - Dostoevsky, Darwin, Marx.
2. Koba - professional revolutionary
Joseph Dzhugashvili, who adopted the underground pseudonym Koba, is actively involved in the underground revolutionary movement. He speaks at rallies and demonstrations (but not very successfully), campaigns, works in secret printing houses - the ordinary life of an underground worker.
In 1903 The Russian Social Democratic Party split into Bolsheviks (Lenin's supporters) and Mensheviks. Stalin is inclined to join the Mensheviks, but probably understands that he has almost no chance of advancement in this intelligentsia environment. He chooses the discipline of Bolshevism. Koba continues to lead the life of an underground worker. In 1902-1913. he was in exile six times and escaped from it five times.
In the revolution of 1905, Dzhugashvili did not show much activity. In December, he took part for the first time in a major party event - the RSDLP conference in Temerfors, where he was introduced to Lenin. There Koba also received his first party post: he was elected to the committee for the preparation of the party congress. Since then, he has regularly participated in party congresses and conferences. Finally, at the London Congress of 1907. Koba gains Lenin's patronage.
In 1912, the Conference of the Bolshevik Party refuses to include Koba in the Central Committee, but Lenin comes to the rescue. At this time, Dzhugashvili adopted the surname Stalin and henceforth was called that. In 1913-1927, Stalin served exile in the Turukhansk region. The February Revolution brought freedom to Stalin. He returned to Petrograd and, together with Kamenev, took over the leadership of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and, in fact, the Central Committee of the party. He opposed the fight against the provisional government. However, as soon as Lenin returned to Petrograd and came out with the “April Theses,” which signified a sharp turn in party politics, Stalin retreated into the shadows. In April 1917 He is elected to the new Central Committee.
3. The way up
In the first Bolshevik government, Stalin, who was considered an expert on national issues after his 1913 article, received a ministerial post - People's Commissar for National Affairs. He is a party member of the Politburo of the Bolshevik Party, but not yet a leader. Joseph Vissarionovich carried out assignments during the Civil War.
In March 1921, Vyacheslav Molotov, a supporter of Stalin, was appointed Executive Secretary of the Central Committee. And already in April 1922, contrary to Lenin, the outwardly inconspicuous Stalin was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee. This position opened up an unlimited opportunity for the placement and appointment of his people at all levels of the party hierarchy.
Since 1922, relations between the seriously ill Lenin and Stalin began to rapidly deteriorate. The leader sees in the actions of Stalin and his entourage a manifestation of “bureaucratic bias.” Relying on the support of Trotsky, he demands the removal of Stalin from the post of General Secretary. Koba responds by taking measures to completely isolate the dying Lenin. He negotiates with Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev to temporarily neutralize Trotsky.
Lenin's death in January 1924 Finally opens the way for him to the top. Period 1924-1930 became a time of gradual but steady rise of Stalin. At the same time, he does not disdain any methods - he concludes secret deals and agreements, manipulates the lists of delegates to congresses and the results of discussions, eavesdrops on telephone conversations, strengthens control over the punitive authorities, eliminates people dangerous to himself (for example, in 1925, Stalin hastened the death of a major military leader M. Frunze). The idea of “the victory of socialism in one country,” which meant a reorientation from the course towards world revolution to the creation of a great industrial power controlled by the party caste. Under the cover of this idea, Stalin manages to first defeat Trotsky’s group with the help of Kamenev and Zinoviev, then defeat them with the support of Bukharin, and finally deal with Bukharin and his supporters. By 1930, Stalin acquired unlimited power in a huge country.
4. “I have reached the highest power”
Now no one and nothing is stopping Stalin from taking radical measures, which, according to his plan, should consolidate the power of the regime he heads. In the course of a large-scale program of collectivization and industrialization, the Stalinist dictatorship finally succeeds in destroying the peasant community, enslaving the majority of peasants in collective farms, driving millions of rural residents off the land and sending them to gigantic industrial construction projects designed to provide the state with military power. Massive loss of life does not stop a dictator. He is building a great power, at any cost and regardless of losses. During a period of gigantic, unprecedented scale of repression, millions of people are sent to camps to serve as free labor there.
However, clouds are beginning to gather on the government's horizon. The party apparatus, on which Stalin relied, going to its top, began to stagnate. But since “cadres decide everything”, it is necessary to “shake up”, remove influential associates who have overstayed their welcome and replace them with new ones. When at the next congress in 1934. Stalin received the fewest votes, which sounded like an alarm signal to him. The murder of Kirov launched the wave of mass terror of 1937-1938. Not only Stalin’s political opponents were arrested and killed, but also his former comrades in party leadership, supporters of his factions, during party battles of the 20s, as well as hundreds of thousands of ordinary people.
May 6, 1941 Not content with the post of general secretary of the party, he accepts the official powers of the head of the USSR government.
5. “Autumn of the Patriarch”
The attack of the Nazi army on June 22, 1941 took Stalin by surprise. In general, after several failures, Joseph Vissarionovich (unlike Hitler) decided to leave the development of specific operations to the military, and retain only general organizational and strategic leadership for himself. Victory in the war elevated Stalin to the pinnacle of triumph. He became the master of half the world. Stalin was praised as a living God.
In the late 40s and early 50s. the elderly dictator planned a new “great purge.” Stalin replaced the Politburo with the Presidium of the Central Committee and abolished the post of General Secretary.
At the beginning of 1953, using the “doctors’ case” as a pretext, the dictator began to prepare reprisals against his comrades-in-arms - L. Beria, G. Malenkov, N. Khrushchev. But in the process of these preparations, Stalin unexpectedly died on March 5, 1953.
On March 5, after the announcement of the death of I.V. Stalin, the whole country was in deep mourning, including my family. There are red bands on the right arm and lowered flags. There is great grief in Russia, people have lost a ruler, head, teacher, educator - in a word, the savior of Russia. (Reflecting on modern politics, I understand that right now Russia is in need of a ruler like Stalin. I am not old enough to discuss such topics; I do not yet have a higher education. Over the years, I have met few like-minded peers, but I still remain in my opinion. Today it’s scary to go out into the street: crime is increasing every day, there are more and more terrorist acts, there is a massive robbery of the country (I hasten to remind you that after Stalin’s death: an overcoat and a jacket, and only 53 rubles on the book! did B.N. Yeltsin leave behind?) Now we have freedom of the press, and why are we now surprised by gossip, lies, false information, pornography and falsifications? What to expect from our government and what will happen to the great power of Russia is probably not known to us? .
6. Family life I.V. Stalin
In 1904, Joseph Dzhugashvili married Ekaterina Svanidze. Soon their son Yakov was born. In 1907 Catherine died. Stalin did not like his son, he wanted to study, and his father sent him to work at a factory as a worker. During. During World War II, Yakov was captured by the Germans, but Stalin refused to exchange him for the German Field Marshal Paulus. In 1943, Stalin's son committed suicide in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
In 1917 Stalin met young Nadezhda Alliluyeva, he married her. They had children - a son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana. At home, Stalin was a tyrant; he did not stand on ceremony with those at home. In 1932, at the age of 30, Stalin's wife committed suicide.
Bibliography
Stalin I.V. “Questions of Leninism”, M., 1964.
Gorodetsky E.N. “Some problems of the history of Soviet society”, M., 1964.
"Soviet Union", M., 1972.
"Union of equals. Directory. ", M., 1972.
“History of the CPSU”, M., 1975.
“Great Soviet Encyclopedia, volume 24.”, M. 1976.
Golikov G.N., Kuznetsov M.I. “The Age of Socialism”, M., 1977.
Laszlo Belady, Tomas Kraus “Stalin”, M., 1989.
"Student's Educational Guide. History", M., 2000.
"Encyclopedia for children. History of Russia, volume 5", M., 2004.
Slide 1
The cult of personality of J.V. Stalin and mass repressions in the USSR
Municipal educational institution of secondary school No. 93 with in-depth study of individual subjects in Tolyatti
Prepared by: Nikitishina I.V. Completed by: students of class 11 “A” Blokhina Sofya, Ozhiganova Galina.
Slide 2
Lesson Plan
The battle for power in the 20s. The rise of J.V. Stalin; Leader's personality cult; Political terror; Stalin's system of government and the Constitution of 1936.
Slide 3
Repetition of what has been learned
- What was Vladimir Ilyich afraid of when he recommended that Comrade Stalin should not be trusted with serious government positions?
The third is a discussion with the “united opposition”, which gathered in 1926-28. into their ranks Trotsky, Zinovy, Kamenev and opponents of Stalin’s “general line”.
After the death of V.I. Lenin in January 1924, the struggle for personal leadership, which had begun in the autumn of 1923, flared up in full force.
The first stage of the battle for power over the party occurred in 1923-1924, when the leadership group of the Central Committee (I.V. Stalin, E.G. Zinoviev, L.B. Kamenev, N.I. Bukharin) came out with his like-minded people L.D. Trotsky.
The second stage resulted in a discussion in 1925 with the “new opposition”, already headed by Kamenev and Zinoviev.
Slide 4
Question for discussion
What true tasks did the opposition representatives set for themselves?
Behind these internal party fights were not only the ambitions of the contenders for Lenin’s legacy, but also their different visions of the theory and practice of building socialism in the USSR.
All oppositionists opposed what Stalin put forward in the mid-20s. the thesis about “the possibility of building socialism in a single country.”
Slide 5
Opponents of the Secretary General demanded to restore the freedom of factions and tried to take control of the party apparatus - right up to the Central Committee and the Politburo.
Zinoviev and Kamenev opposed concessions to the kulaks and Nepmen.
At each new round of the struggle, Stalin and his comrades received the support of the overwhelming majority of the old Bolshevik guard.
Trotsky advocated a “dictatorship of industry” over agriculture, and “forced industrialization.”
Slide 6
Think and answer:
- What, in your opinion, was the main paradox of the socio-political development of the USSR during the period of formation and strengthening of the totalitarian regime?
If in 1924-1925. Stalin himself advocated deepening market principles in the agricultural sector of the economy, and the “united opposition” was defeated due to this contradiction.
At the end of 1925, when a grain procurement crisis arose, the Stalinist leadership resorted to violent methods of confiscating grain, and opponents of the ruin of the village - N.I. Bukharin, A.I. Rykov, M.P. Tomsky and others found themselves in opposition.
Slide 7
At the end of 1927, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev and other opposition leaders were removed from leadership positions and expelled from the ranks of the CPSU (b).
Thus, Stalin achieved his main goal, managing to push his main rivals in the struggle for Lenin’s legacy out of the political arena. A regime of personal power by I.V. was established in the country. Stalin.
Slide 8
Political terror
In the spring of 1928, Soviet newspapers published a report from the OGPU about the discovery of a “sabotage organization” of local engineers and technicians in the Shakhty region of Donbass. This was the first political case against “pests”.
From the beginning of 1928, persecution of the “old intelligentsia” began.
At the July (1928) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, I.V. Stalin put forward his infamous thesis that “as we move forward, the resistance of the capitalist elements will increase, the class struggle will intensify.”
Slide 9
In Moscow, open trials (massive judicial falsification) took place against the leaders of these organizations: V.G. Groman, N.D. Kondratyev, V.A. Larichev, L.K. Ramzin, N.N. Sukhanov, L.N. Yurovsky and others.
In 1930, the liquidation of “sabotage centers” was announced: the Industrial Party, the Union Bureau of the Menshevik Central Committee, and the Labor Peasant Party.
After moral, psychological and physical pressure, these people publicly repented of their activities “in the collapse of the Soviet economy” and “preparation for the overthrow of Soviet power.”
Slide 10
The total number of employees brought under the vigilant control of the authorities in the late 20s - early 30s. amounted to 1.2 million people. Of these, 138 thousand were fired, 23 thousand were deprived of their civil rights, and several thousand were arrested for “anti-Soviet activities.”
About 140 thousand communist workers were promoted to vacant positions of responsibility.
From 1929 to 1936 A series of general purges took place in the CPSU(b). As a result, about 40% of the communists were removed from the party ranks, raising doubts among the leadership about their “reliability” and “stability.”
Slide 11
On December 1, 1934, S.M. was killed. Kirov.
On the same day, a resolution was adopted by the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on the conduct of cases in the preparation of “terrorist acts” in an expedited manner and sentences to be carried out immediately.
Slide 12
Draw your own conclusions about the consequences of this ruling.
The very fact of the murder of S.M. Kirov and the resolution of the Central Election Commission freed the hands of I.V. Stalin and the people who wanted to please the leader for the physical elimination of people who interfered with him, in the fight against whom any means were now used.
This contributed to the spread of lawlessness, violation of the rights and civil liberties of citizens of the USSR.
Slide 13
In the 30s Trials took place against prominent party figures: in 1936 – over G.L. Pyatakov, K.B. Radek and others, in 1937 - over Marshal M.N. Tukhachevsky, N.I. Bukharin, A.I. Rykov and others.
From the beginning of 1935, arrests of “enemies of the people” increased exponentially and reached their climax in 1937.
During this period, more than 1 thousand prominent communists and about 40 thousand command personnel of the Red Army were repressed. 90% of all churches were closed. The total number of repressed people then reached 2 million people.
Slide 14
What political purpose did the show trials have?
These show trials were intended to give ideological shape to the growing repressive wave, to arm the organizers of terror with appropriate slogans, and thereby ensure the scale and direction of arrests in the party, society and the army.
Slide 15
What do you think was the main goal of the mass repression?
Mass repressions should have (and dealt) a blow to those communists who refused to recognize the correctness of Stalin’s methods of building socialism.
Through repression, the best, free-thinking part of the nation, capable of critically assessing reality and, by the mere fact of its existence, representing the main obstacle to the final establishment of Stalin’s personal power, was eliminated from the socio-political and cultural life of the country.
Slide 16
Stalin's control system
- Why do you think the Soviet people, who knew, if not the scale, then the very fact of mass repressions in the USSR, did not condemn these methods of management?
The Soviet people unanimously expressed support for the policies of the party and government. Some are afraid of reprisals, others sincerely believe in its correctness.
Stalin's leadership could not, at the same time, not fear an unfavorable impression of the USSR abroad.
Taking this into account, on December 5, 1936, a new Constitution of the USSR, formally more democratic than the previous one, was adopted.
Slide 17
Constitution of 1936
Stalin's leadership was aware that repressions were creating an unfavorable impression of the USSR abroad
Video
On December 5, 1936, a new, more democratic Constitution of the USSR was adopted.
It proclaimed the construction of socialism in the country.
The Constitution abolished all restrictions on voting rights and proclaimed basic democratic freedoms - speech, press, assembly, equality of citizens before the law.
Slide 18
What principles did the new Constitution proclaim? 2. How did the Constitution of 1936 resolve the issue of power in the USSR? 3. Why did international law specialists rate the Soviet Constitution quite highly?
Class assignment
- In your notebook, briefly (abstractly), using textbook materials, give answers to the questions and assignments:
Slide 19
Lesson summary
The main contradiction in the social development of the USSR during the period of Stalinism was that, despite the mass repressions, the deprivation of Soviet citizens of basic rights and freedoms, the Stalinist leadership managed to maintain in the minds of people faith in the ideas of communism, the correctness of the course the party was taking, respect for its leaders, especially the leader - I.V. Stalin.
Slide 20
Homework
Based on the textbook materials, additional literature and other sources, carry out research work on the materials of Stalin’s repressions in the USSR.
Slide 21
Test
1) Who was Stalin's main political rival in the 20s? a) N.I. Bukharin; b) G. E. Zinoviev; c) L. D. Trotsky.
2) Why did Stalin manage to remove all rivals in the struggle for power from his path? a) The opposition did not have broad social support; b) the struggle was waged only in the upper echelons of power, and its meaning was incomprehensible to ordinary party members; c) Stalin enjoyed considerable popularity in the country; d) Stalin turned out to be a more sophisticated tactician than his rivals.
3) Who developed the project for creating a unified Soviet state on the principles of an autonomous structure of its territories? a) V.I. Lenin; b) G. K. Ordzhonikidze; c) J.V. Stalin.
Trotsky
Lenin
Bukharin
Slide 22
5) Which party leader did V.I. Lenin give the following description: “... not only the most valuable and largest theoretician of the party, he is also legitimately considered the favorite of the entire party”? a) N.I. Bukharin; b) I.V. Stalin; c) L. D. Trotsky.
4) What recommendations were given by Lenin in his “Letter to the Congress”? a) Remove Stalin from the post of General Secretary; b) appoint L. D. Trotsky as general secretary; c) remove Stalin and Trotsky from the Politburo.
6) When was the first Constitution of the USSR adopted? a) December 30, 1922 at the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR; b) April 25, 1923 at the XII Congress of the RCP (b); c) January 31, 1924 at the II Congress of Soviets of the USSR.
Slide 23
Slide 24
STALIN (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich (1879 1953) Soviet statesman and party leader, Hero of Socialist Labor (1939), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). From a shoemaker's family. In 1906-07 he led the expropriations in Transcaucasia. In 1907, one of the organizers and leaders of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP. A zealous supporter of V.I. Lenin, on whose initiative in 1912 he was co-opted into the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1917, he was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper Pravda, the Politburo of the Bolshevik Central Committee, and the Military Revolutionary Center. In 1917-22, People's Commissar for Nationalities. In 1922-53, General Secretary of the Party Central Committee.
Slide 25
TROTSKY Lev Davidovich (1879-1940), Russian politician. From 1904 he advocated the unification of the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. During the revolution of 1905-07 he proved himself to be an extraordinary organizer, speaker, and publicist; the de facto leader of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, editor of its Izvestia. In 1917, chairman of the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, one of the leaders of the October armed uprising.
In 1917-18, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs; in 1918-25, People's Commissar for Military Affairs, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; one of the founders of the Red Army, personally led its actions on many fronts of the Civil War, and made extensive use of repression. At the end of 1936 he left Europe, finding refuge in Mexico, where he settled in the house of the artist Diego Rivera, then in a fortified and carefully guarded villa in the city of Coyocan. In May 1940, the first attempt on Trotsky's life, which ended in failure, was made, led by the Mexican artist Siqueiros. On August 20, 1940, Ramon Mercader, an NKVD agent who had infiltrated Trotsky's entourage, mortally wounded him. On August 21, Trotsky died.
Slide 26
ZINOVIEV (Avsembaum) Grigory Evseevich (1883-1936), Russian Soviet politician. A participant in the Revolution of 1905-07, in October 1917 he opposed the armed uprising. Since December 1917, Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. In 1919-26, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. In 1923-24, together with I.V. Stalin and L.B. Kamenev, he fought against L.D. Trotsky.
In 1925, at the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks, he made a co-report in which he criticized the political report of the Central Committee made by Stalin; since 1928 rector of Kazan University. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1907-27; member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in October 1917 and in 1921-26. In 1934 he was arrested in the falsified case of the “Moscow Center”; in 1936 he was sentenced to death in the case of the “Anti-Soviet United Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center” and executed.
Slide 27
KAMENEV (Rozenfeld) Lev Borisovich (1883-1936), Russian and Soviet politician, revolutionary; in October 1917 he opposed the armed uprising. In November 1917, Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In 1918-26 chairman of the Moscow City Council. In 1923-26, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1923-26 director of the Lenin Institute, then in diplomatic and administrative work. In 1925-27 he was a member of the “new” (Leningrad) opposition. Since 1933 director of the publishing house "Academia", in 1934 director of the Institute of World Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1935 he was sentenced to 15 years in the Moscow Center case, then to 10 years in the Kremlin case; shot in 1936; rehabilitated posthumously.
Slide 28
BUKHARIN Nikolai Ivanovich (1888-1938), Soviet politician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1928). Participant in the Revolution of 1905-07 and the October Revolution of 1917. In 1917-18, leader of the “left communists”. In 1918-29 he was editor of the newspaper Pravda, and at the same time in 1919-29 a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. In 1934-37 editor of Izvestia. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1917-34. Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in 1924-29. Candidate member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee in 1923-24. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In the end 20s opposed the use of emergency measures during collectivization and industrialization, which was declared “a right deviation in the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).” 1937 - shot.
Slide 29
In April 1917, having arrived in Petrograd, Lenin set out a course for the victory of the socialist revolution. After the July crisis of 1917, he was in an illegal position. At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, he was elected Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense; member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
LENIN (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924), Russian politician. Born into the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman. In 1895, Lenin participated in the creation of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class”, then was arrested. In 1897 he was exiled to the village for 3 years. Shushenskoye, Yenisei province. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), Lenin led the Bolshevik Party. Since 1905 in St. Petersburg; in exile since December 1907.
Slide 30
KIROV Sergei Mironovich (1886-1934), (real name Kostrikov) Soviet politician. Since 1921, 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. Since 1926, 1st Secretary of the Leningrad Provincial Committee and City Party Committee and the North-Western Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks; at the same time in 1934 secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Member of the party's Central Committee since 1923 (candidate since 1921). Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee since 1930 (candidate since 1926). Killed by a terrorist.
N.V. Tomsky “Portrait of S.M. Kirov". Marble 1949.
Slide 31
RYKOV Alexey Ivanovich (1881-1938), Russian politician. Participant in the Revolutions of 1905-07 and the October 1917. In 1918-21 and 1923-24, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), at the same time since 1921, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) and the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). In 1924-30, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, at the same time in 1924-29, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1926-1930 chairman of the STO. In the end 20s opposed the curtailment of the NEP, the sharp acceleration of collectivization and industrialization, which was declared “a right deviation in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (VKB(b)).” In 1931-36 People's Commissar of Communications. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1905-07, 1917-34 (candidate in 1907-1912, 1934-37); member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in 1922-1930, member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee in 1920-24. Repressed; rehabilitated posthumously.
Slide 32
TOMSKY (Efremov) Mikhail Pavlovich (1880-1936), Soviet statesman and political figure. In 1919-21 and 1922-29, Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1921, Chairman of the Turkestan Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In the end 20s opposed the use of emergency measures during collectivization and industrialization, which was declared “a right-wing deviation in the CPSU (b).” In 1929-30, Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR. Since 1932, head of OGIZ. Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in 1922-30. In an atmosphere of mass repression, he committed suicide.
Slide 33
TUKHACHEVSKY Mikhail Nikolaevich (1893-1937), Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). During the Civil War, commander of a number of armies in the Volga region, the South, the Urals, and Siberia; troops of the Caucasian Front and Western Front in the Soviet-Polish War. In 1921 he participated in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, commanded the troops that suppressed the peasant uprising in the Tambov and Voronezh provinces. In 1925-28, Chief of Staff of the Red Army. In 1937 commander of the Volga Military District troops. Tukhachevsky's works had a significant influence on the development of Soviet military science and the practice of military development. Repressed; rehabilitated posthumously.