Has undergone many metamorphoses and changes. Each era, each new century, each decade brought something of its own into psychology, thanks to which today there is not just psychology as an independent and self-sufficient discipline, but psychology, which has all sorts of branches and directions. In this article we will talk about the ten most popular psychological trends in our modern times. These include:
Below is a brief description of each of these areas.
NLP
It is one of the directions in practical psychology and psychotherapy, based on special techniques for modeling verbal and non-verbal human behavior, successful in any field, as well as a set of special connections between memory, eye movement and forms of speech.
NLP appeared in the 60s and 70s of the last century thanks to the activities of a group of scientists: Richard Bandler, John Grinder and Frank Pucelik, who worked under the patronage of the famous anthropologist Gregory Bateson. NLP is not recognized by the academic scientific community, and many methods, according to the conclusions of opponents of this method, cannot be scientifically substantiated. However, in our time, NLP is very popular, has a huge number of supporters and is practiced by many organizations during psychological training, as well as various training and consulting companies.
Psychoanalysis
It is a psychological theory that was developed by the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Psychoanalysis is also considered to be the most effective method of treating mental disorders based on this theory. Thanks to the activities of such scientists as K.G. Jung, A. Adler, G.S. Sullivan, K. Horney, J. Lacan, and E. Fromm, this trend was strongly developed. Among the main provisions of psychoanalysis, one can single out the fact that human behavior, experience and cognition are determined mainly by internal irrational unconscious drives; personality structure and its development are determined by events that occurred in early childhood; the opposition between the conscious and the unconscious can lead to mental disorders, etc.
In the modern interpretation, psychoanalysis consists of more than twenty different concepts of human development, and the approaches to the treatment of mental illness through psychoanalysis are as different as the theories themselves.
Gestalt psychology
The school was founded at the beginning of the 20th century by the Czech psychologist and philosopher Max Wertheimer. The forerunners of its appearance were studies of perception, and the focus is on the desire of the psyche to organize the experience a person receives into an understandable unit. According to the ideas of Gestalt psychology, the basic psychological data are gestalts - integral structures that do not stand out from the total number of components that form them. They have their own laws and characteristics.
Recently, Gestalt psychology has changed its position in relation to human consciousness and claims that the analysis of this consciousness should primarily be directed not at individual elements, but at integral mental images. Together with psychoanalysis and phenomenology, Gestalt psychology became the basis of Gestalt therapy, where the main ideas were transferred from the processes of perception to the general understanding of the world.
Hellinger constellations
Systemic family constellations are a phenomenological method of systemic family therapy, the main important discoveries in which were made by the German philosopher, psychotherapist and theologian Bert Hellinger. The method itself is designed to correct systemic family injuries, called system dynamics, and eliminate their consequences.
Therapists using this technique have determined that many of people's problems are associated with family traumas that have occurred in the past, such as homicide, suicide, early death, rape, moving, family breakups, etc. Hellinger's constellations differ from other similar methods in that they are short-lived and are used only once. In his books, Hellinger refers this technique not so much to psychotherapeutic directions as to spiritual practices.
Hypnosis
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness, which is characterized by both signs of wakefulness and sleep, during which dreams can occur. Thanks to hypnosis, at the same time, two states of consciousness can coexist in parallel, which in ordinary life are mutually exclusive. The first information about hypnosis dates back to the third millennium BC - hypnosis was practiced in Ancient India, Egypt, Tibet, Rome, Greece and other countries.
The idea of hypnosis is based on the duality of the nature of the psyche, in which there is a conscious and unconscious. And it so happens that the unconscious has more influence on the psyche than the mind. Therefore, at present, with the help of hypnosis, experienced specialists solve all kinds of problems of people that cannot be eliminated by more traditional methods.
Positive psychotherapy
The method of positive psychotherapy is one of the main in its field. It was founded by the German neurologist and psychiatrist Nossrat Pezeschkian in 1968, but was recognized by the European Association for Psychotherapy in 1996, and by the World Council for Psychotherapy only in 2008.
This psychotherapeutic technique belongs to the category of transcultural, psychodynamic psychotherapeutic techniques with a humanistic position. According to her, the most important given of human nature is abilities (both innate and acquired). And the methodology itself is structured in such a way that it includes a rational and purely scientific Western approach, as well as Eastern wisdom and philosophy. In 2009, the founder of positive psychotherapy was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Client-centered therapy
Client-centered therapy as a psychotherapeutic method was proposed by the American psychologist Carl Rogers as an alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Initially, the author presented a hypothesis according to which a person is able to independently change himself, and the psychotherapist performs only the role of an observer who controls the process. However, later a bias was made to improve methods that would help the specialist better understand the client's condition and changes in him during the course of therapy. It is thanks to the main idea of the method (to come to an understanding of human self-perception) that the method got its name. There is another important point: in client-centered therapy, the main role is assigned to building a relationship between the patient and the therapist as the key to achieving success in treatment.
Art therapy
Art therapy is a special type of psychological correction and psychotherapy that is based on creativity and art. In a narrower sense, art therapy can be called a treatment through visual creativity, the purpose of which is to influence the psycho-emotional state of a person.
The term itself, meaning "art treatment", was coined in 1938 by the British artist and therapist Adrian Hill while he was describing his work in medical institutions with tuberculosis patients. Then the method was applied in the United States in working with children who were taken out of the Nazi concentration camps during World War II. Over time, art therapy gained more and more adherents, and in 1960, the American Art Therapy Association was founded in the United States.
Body-oriented therapy
Body-oriented psychotherapy is a therapeutic practice that allows you to work with people's neuroses and problems through body contact. The founder of this trend is considered a student of Sigmund Freud, the American and Austrian psychologist Wilhelm Reich, who at one time retired from psychoanalysis and focused on the body.
This therapy is based on the concept of "muscular (characterological) armor", according to which muscle clamps are formed as a defense against anxiety arising in children on the basis of sexual desires and accompanied by the fear of punishment. Over time, the suppression of this fear becomes chronic, resulting in the formation of specific character traits that form this shell.
Later, Reich's ideas were continued by Ida Rolf, Gerda Boyesen, Marion Rosen, and Alexander Lowen. In Russia, this area of psychotherapy is often referred to as the Feldenkrais method.
Coaching
Coaching is a relatively recent method of training and consulting, which differs from traditional ones in that it does not have strict recommendations and advice, but there is a joint search for solutions to problems with the client. Also, coaching is distinguished by a pronounced motivation to achieve certain goals and results in activities and everyday life.
The founders of coaching are considered the American coach and creator of the concept of the inner game Timothy Golvey, the British race car driver and business coach John Whitmore, and the founder of the University of Coaches and other coaching organizations, Thomas J. Leonard.
The main idea of coaching is to move a person from the area of the problem to the area of its effective solution, to allow him to see new ways and ways to maximize his potential, and also to help establish things in various areas of his life.
Of course, the descriptions presented cannot contain the entire completeness of these psychological directions, just as they cannot reveal all their features. But our task was only to introduce you to them, presenting a very brief description. And in which direction to develop for you is already a matter of your personal choice.
We will be glad if you take part in our small vote. Please answer the question: which of the described directions seemed the most interesting to you?
This article will briefly talk about those areas of psychology that are most often used today.
I will very simply try to explain the difference between approaches in psychological counseling.
Cognitive-behavioral counseling
Let's start with cognitive-behavioral (cognitive-behavioral) therapy. Cognitions (thoughts, imagery) + behavior are laid in us from the first days of life, and some are inherited with genes. Some help us to live and advance, others, on the contrary, create all kinds of obstacles, and it also happens that a person loses not only the meaning of life, but also life itself.
I will give a very simple example from the training material. The girl came to a psychologist complaining that her boyfriend does not give her flowers every day. It turns out that it is in her cognitions that a man should behave in this way.
The psychologist invites her to slightly change her perception and in the future (or at least try once) to perceive the situation as "It would be nice if my man gave me flowers every day, or every other day." With this approach, the situation will not look so critical and quite bearable.
And here is an example with changes in the way of behavior. A woman came to a psychologist with a request to change at least something in her life. She is very tired, works a lot, two children, her husband, mother lives with them, there are scandals at home every day, she simply does not remember when there was silence in the house.
In this situation, the psychologist asks her to give an example of the most typical day in their family. Client: “I come home with heavy bags, cross the threshold and see - the garbage is not taken out, the cat is hungry, my husband is sitting in front of the TV”.
In this situation, the psychologist may, for example, suggest that the client call before leaving the store to be met. And when you come home - before you start screaming - leave your bags, go wash your hands, make yourself (ONE!) Tea or coffee, or just drink juice, water, and then start scolding everyone and everything. But if you want to, because remember how often we shout in the heat, and when we calmed down, we think “Why?”.
Again, I very simply described this direction. In fact, everything is much more complicated, because it is not for nothing that they say - "habit is second nature", and getting rid of it or at least slightly changing something is not easy. And the psychologist must also understand whether his interventions will cause even more harm, and how the client's psyche is ready for change. After all, some people have their habits - the only thing that keeps them afloat. The psychologist must be careful.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Recycling EMDR DPDH
A psychotherapy method developed by Francine Shapiro for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by experiencing stressful events such as violence or participation in hostilities. When a person is experiencing a traumatic experience or distress, this experience can "overlap" the capabilities of his coping mechanisms, then the memory and stimuli associated with the event are processed inadequately and dysfunctionally stored in isolated areas of memory.
The goal of therapy is to recycle these stressful memories and allow the patient to develop more adaptive coping mechanisms. Recent studies are evaluating DPDH as an effective treatment for PTSD. The International Society for the Study of Stress Practical Guide categorizes DPDH as an effective treatment for PTSD in adults. Several international guidelines include BPDH as the recommended treatment for physical injury.
Gestalt approach
Gestalt (German Gestalt - image, figure) in counseling is a holistic approach to mental activity, as well as to the whole body. We perceive the whole world around us as a background, and we single out the most important and meaningful for ourselves from the background - this is “gestalt”. The phrase "the gestalt closed" means that a person satisfied his need for something that was important to him.
The more unclosed gestalts (unresolved situations, desires, needs) a person has, the more difficult it is for him to move forward. A person has a violation of the integrity of perception and sensation, he cannot combine feelings, thoughts and behavior.
The task of the Gestalt therapist is to use the techniques and exercises of Gestalt therapy to find the primary or main unfinished situation and respond to it at least symbolically.
Let me give you a simple example - eEmpty chair. " The Gestalt consultant puts the client on a chair and puts an empty one in front of him, the client is asked to imagine that the one with whom the client has to resolve the conflict is sitting on the chair ...
Gestalt - "prayer" by Fritz Perls:
I am me.
And you are you.
I'm not in this world to live up to your expectations.
And you are not in order to live according to mine.
I am who I am.
And you are you.
Art therapy, creativity therapy
"I do not know what to talk about…". This phrase is often heard by psychologists working in various directions. Art therapists also hear this, but what is the advantage of art therapy is that it is not at all necessary to say here.
To practice art therapy, you do not need to be able to draw, sculpt or dance. It is enough to have a desire to change your life for the better.
Art therapy is a very gentle type of psychological counseling. It is used to work with both adults and children. You can practice both individually and in a group.
With the help of art therapy, you can not only work out your phobias and anxieties, but also find inner resources, discover new opportunities.
The art therapist has many materials and techniques in his arsenal:
Diagnostic and psychotherapeutic tool mandala,
Interactive techniques,
Group drawing,
Incentive drawing,
Combination of artistic expression with movement and dance, musical performance, dramatic form,
Group games and exercises based on music,
Various sand therapy options,
Working with objects (object sculpture, installation),
Landscape art therapy techniques: landscape sculpture and theater,
Various options for working with clay, focused on the body consciousness,
Body-Oriented Techniques,
Working with masks,
Using the material of myths and fairy tales,
Phototherapy techniques and exercises for individual, pair and teamwork,
Phototherapy methods for dealing with mental trauma,
Family-focused art therapy techniques,
Art therapy work with dreams.
And this is not the whole list.
If you have a desire to help yourself cope with difficulties, find inner resources to move forward, but for some reason you find it difficult to talk about it, you should contact an art therapist.
Existential psychology
Existential psychology (from Lat. Existentia - existence) is one of the directions of "humanistic psychology", which examines the relationship of a person with life and death. Existential psychology is based on the uniqueness of each person.
Existential conflicts and existential anxiety arise from a person's confrontation with death, freedom, isolation and meaninglessness.
One of the tasks of the existential psychologist is to restore harmony between the inner world and the outside.
In the practice of modern existential psychology, many of the achievements of psychoanalysis are used. The most prominent representatives of existential psychology are L. Binswanger, M. Boss, E. Minkowski, R. May, W. Frankl, J. Bugental.
How an existential psychologist works cannot be briefly described. But the method works great. It helps to find the meaning of life, and as a result, to find life!
Psychoanalysis
I am sure that every person who knows the word psychology will be the next to pronounce the name Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis.
The time of the birth of psychoanalysis is considered to be the end of the nineteenth - the beginning of the twentieth century. And since then they have not stopped talking about psychoanalysis.
They talk a lot and always with fervor (the psychoanalyst will say "excitedly"). He is scolded and accused of all mortal sins. He is hated and admired. Some despise him, others respect him. For some, psychoanalysis is a great opportunity to deal with problems, while for others it is something incomprehensible and frightening. I will not even list how many myths and fantasies about psychoanalysis and money are circulating.
Now think, is it possible for more than a hundred years to talk about something that does not matter?
I will try to talk about psychoanalysis as popularly as possible.
Each of us knows that we do many things consciously. Freud noticed that deep unconscious actions, drives, desires are hidden behind conscious actions. While pursuing medical practice, he was faced with the fact that these unconscious desires can worsen life, as well as be the cause of neuropsychiatric disorders. In trying to help his patients, Freud discovered in practice that the best way to heal a patient is to find the source of the conflict. This is how the method of soul healing - psychoanalysis was born.
Freud often changed his views and beliefs regarding his theories and he was not afraid to say that he was wrong about something. His students and associates continued the work of Freud. And someone went their own way. Psychoanalysis does not stand still. It continues to develop, deepen and change along with the whole world.
Today, in addition to the classical theory of drives by Sigmund Freud, we also have ego psychology, the theory of object relations, Kleinian psychoanalysis, Structural psychoanalysis by J. Lacan, Self-psychology of H. Kohut, interpersonal psychoanalysis (G. S. Sullivan, Clara Thompson), Intersubjective approach (R. Stolorow), Jungian psychoanalysis.
If you decide that you need to contact a psychoanalyst, no matter in which direction he works, you should ask him the following questions:
1. Does he have a document on retraining in the field of psychoanalytic counseling? (for practice in the psychoanalytic direction it is not enough to have a higher psychological education).
2. Has he passed (is currently undergoing) a personal analysis (according to the standards, it is possible to conduct an appointment only after 65 hours of personal analysis, and this requirement is justified in practice).
3. Does he have a supervisor (a specialist who corrects the work of the psychoanalyst).
4. What community is the psychoanalyst to whom you contacted?
You are obliged to answer all these questions. If you wish, you have the right to check any information about the specialist you are interested in in the community that the specialist told you about.
If you were denied an answer to at least one of the above questions, or the organization has never heard of such a specialist, run as far as possible from such “psychoanalysts”!
Types and forms of psychological assistance, their characteristics and relationship.
Psychological assistance can be classified according to different indicators.
1) by the time of action: urgent - necessary in case of complex mental conditions, the possibility of suicide, cases of violence, etc. This most often belongs to the competence of the helpline, helpline; long-term - useful in difficult life situations, psychological crises, conflicts (psychological counseling);
2) by focus: direct - aimed directly at the client, at his request for help; responsive - the answer to the current situation and the appeals of people from the client's environment; proactive - in response to a predicted unfavorable situation for a person. Often found in family service.
3) by spatial organization: contact, when the conversation takes place face to face between the client and the psychologist; distant, which is subdivided into telephone and written;
4) on the performance of functions by a psychologist: diagnostic - making a psychological diagnosis, drawing up a psychological portrait of an individual; control room - sending to the necessary specialist: psychotherapist, psychiatrist, etc., informational - collecting information about the client, his family, people around him, social conditions; correctional is an activity aimed at the formation of the necessary psychological qualities in a person to increase his socialization and adaptation to changing living conditions, as well as correcting the characteristics of psychological development if they prevent a person from achieving their goals; advisory - professional assistance to the client in finding a solution to his problem situation; therapeutic - a system of therapeutic effects on the psyche and through the psyche on the human body;
5) by the number of participants: individual (especially when, for personal, social or social reasons, the group form is not possible); group (the emphasis is on the developmental, educational program or, if necessary, social support);
6) on the intervention of a psychologist: directive - indicating, giving advice on how to live, non-directive - following the client.
Currently, the most developed are two main forms of psychological assistance: individual and group psychological assistance.
Individual assistance - individual counseling, a set of individual lessons with a client (be it an adult or a child).
The most common form of group psychological assistance is training and various group activities.
Trainings, being a form of practical psychological work, as a rule, always reflect in their content a certain direction, a system of views and approaches, which is adhered to by the psychologist conducting the training sessions. However, the same can be said about counseling psychologists who provide individual counseling.
Traditionally, there are four main types of psychological assistance: 1) psychoprophylaxis; 2) psychocorrection; 3) counseling; 4) psychotherapy
Psychoprophylaxis- the field of medical psychology, the main task of which is to provide "specialized assistance to practically healthy people to prevent neuropsychic and psychosomatic diseases, as well as to alleviate acute psychotraumatic reactions."
Psychological correction- "activity to correct (correct) those features of mental development, which, according to the adopted system of criteria, do not correspond to the" optimal "model." Its purpose is to develop and master skills that are adequate for the individual and effective for maintaining health and mental activity, contributing to personal growth and adaptation of a person in society. Psychocorrection is more focused on the processes of manipulation, control and formation, which is usually associated with the inability of a person independently (even with the acquisition of knowledge and self-regulation skills) to change the parameters of his mental activity due to anomalies or mental defects.
Psychotherapy- "a complex therapeutic verbal and non-verbal effect on emotions, judgments, self-awareness of a person in many mental, nervous and psychosomatic diseases." The main task of psychotherapy is to relieve psychopathological symptoms, through which it is supposed to achieve internal and external harmonization of the personality. In psychotherapy, there is usually a striving for a deep analysis of the patient's problems with an orientation towards unconscious processes, structural restructuring of the personality.
A source:
Types and forms of psychological assistance, their characteristics and relationship
psychology. Psychological assistance can be classified according to different indicators1) according to the time of action: urgent - necessary for complex mental conditions ...
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Types of psychological assistance
Types of psychological assistance. Correlation of concepts psychotherapy, psychological correction, psychological intervention and psychological counseling
PT- a complex of influences on the patient's psyche, and through it on the entire body in order to eliminate painful disorders and change the attitude towards oneself, one's condition and the environment.
PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING- a process aimed at helping a person to resolve his psychological problems. Vocational counseling can be provided by psychologists, social workers, educators or trained doctors.
there are three main approaches in P. Consulting.
1. Problem-oriented counseling is aimed at analyzing the essence and external causes of the problem, finding ways to resolve it.
2. Personality-oriented counseling is centered on the analysis of the individual causes of the problem, the genesis of destructive personality stereotypes, and the prevention of similar problems in the future.
3. Solution-oriented counseling is centered on identifying resources to solve a problem.
Goals and objectives of P. to .:
1) emotional support and attention to the patient's experiences;
2) expanding consciousness and increasing psychological competence;
3) change in attitude to the problem (from "deadlock" to "choice of solution");
4) increasing stress and crisis tolerance;
5) the development of a realistic and pluralistic worldview;
6) increasing the responsibility of the patient and developing readiness for creative mastery of the world.
The similarities between PT therapy and PC counseling boil down to the following characteristics:
1. Methods (use of psychological means of influence)
2. Functions (perform the functions of development, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation)
3. Objectives (achieving positive changes in the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral spheres in the direction of increasing their effectiveness)
4. Theoretical justification (as a scientific basis for psychological theory)
5. Empirical verification (need to study the effectiveness)
6. Professional actions (carried out within a professional framework, ie by professionals).
Differences between PT Therapy and PC Consulting:
Nilson Jones sees the difference in that the PT focuses on personal change, and the PC on helping a person to better use their own resources and improve the quality of life.
Most of the information obtained with the PC appears in the mind of the client in the intervals between classes and also in the periods when the clients are trying to help themselves.
There is a point that the main difference between the PT and the PC is that the client is perceived by the psycho-consultant as capable, i.e. independent subject.
The problem of responsibility in PT lies in a different plane, the psychotherapist bears full responsibility, but the psycho-counselor also bears responsibility.
Duration of PT - at least 15 sessions, PC - 1-5 and more.
Bauman and Perreu point out the following differences:
* In counseling, information is in the first place as a means of influence.
* PC in medicine performs the function of hygiene and prevention
* Within the framework of the PC, the problem and its solution are clarified, but the client implements them himself outside the scope of consulting
* Within the PC, the change occurs after the consultation process. In PT, the essence is the very process of change accompanied by a specialist.
Psychological correction- directed psychological influence on certain mental structures in order to ensure full development (Misurina).
The object of PC correction m / w is both a healthy and a sick person, an individual, a group, a family, an individual. A psychologist deals with PC correction.
Psychocorrectional measures can be classified.
1. By the nature of the directionality, a correction is distinguished:
· Intragroup relationships (family, marital, collective);
3. According to the form of work with a client, a correction is distinguished;
· In a closed natural group (family, class, employees, etc.);
· In an open group for clients with similar problems;
· Mixed form (individual-group).
4. By the nature of the management of corrective actions:
5. By duration:
6. According to the scale of the tasks being solved, psychocorrection is distinguished:
Under the general correction - measures of a general correctional order, normalizing the special microenvironment of the child, regulating psychophysical, emotional stress in accordance with age and individual capabilities, optimizing the processes of maturation of mental properties in a person.
Under private psychocorrection - a set of psychological and pedagogical influences, which are psychocorrectional techniques and techniques adapted for children and adolescence, specially developed systems of psychocorrectional measures.
Special psychocorrection is a complex of techniques, methods and organizational forms of working with a client or a group of clients of the same age, which are the most effective for achieving specific tasks of personality formation, its individual properties or mental functions, manifested in deviant behavior and difficult adaptation.
Special psychocorrection, thus, is designed to correct the consequences of improper upbringing, which violated the harmonious development, socialization of the individual. Negative aspects can be due to both subjective and objective factors.
7. In the practice of PC E.I. Platonov, Mamaichuk share the PC:
According to the classification of the Lebedinsky PC of anomalous development, it is divided into:
1) PC underdevelopment
3) PC of damaged development
4) PC development deficit
5) PC with distorted development
6) PC with disharmonious development.
In case of somatic disease, PC is aimed at self-esteem.
8. Considering that PC cannot be carried out without adults, Platonova divides PC according to the form of organization of psychological assistance:
- Correctional work proper
9. According to the availability of programs:
Maybe the general strategy of the psychologist's behavior is associated with a certain theoretical orientation (psychoanalysis, humanistic, behavioral), each of which is characterized by its own concept of the disease, goals, and the plane of intervention.
PT intervention.
PT intervention is a type of PT intervention characterized by certain goals and the corresponding choice of means of influence and methods.
The term PTV can denote a specific psychotherapeutic technique (clarification, clarification, stimulation, verbalization, interpretation, confrontation, learning, training, advice, etc.), as well as a more general strategy of the psychotherapist's behavior, closely related to theoretical orientation (primarily with an understanding of nature a particular disorder and the goals and objectives of psychotherapy).
There are 3 main types of PT intervention (corresponding to the three directions in PT):
Each direction is characterized by its own concept of health and disease, therapeutic goals, and appropriate techniques and means.
Alexandrovich - 2 types of PT intervention:
Directive (leads the patient)
- not directive (accompanies it)
All interventions (interventions) carried out in medicine can be subdivided into four groups (Bauman, Perres):
Interventions are the essence of psychotherapeutic intervention.
Psychological interventions are subdivided into:
Psychological interventions are carried out in:
Pedagogy (pedagogical psychological interventions);
Sphere of labor organization (production and organizational and psychological interventions)
Medicine (clinical and psychological interventions).
the term "clinical and psychological intervention" is broader than "psychotherapeutic intervention".
the main characteristics of clinical and psychological interventions:
1) functions - strengthening, treatment, rehabilitation, prevention
2) methods - psychological means based on feelings and behavior and proceeding in the interaction of a doctor and a patient: conversation, exercise, they can be verbal or non-verbal, focused more on either cognitive, or emotional, or behavioral aspects.
3) goals - target orientation to achieve certain changes; clinical and psychological interventions can be aimed both at more general, distant goals (macroresult), and at specific, closer goals (microresult), however, psychological means of influence must always clearly correspond to the goals of influence;
4) theoretical validity - the validity of clinical and psychological interventions from the point of view of certain psychological theories, scientific psychology;
5) empirical testing, especially the study of effectiveness;
6) professional actions - clinical and psychological interventions should be carried out within a professional framework, that is, by professionals.
The effectiveness of PT treatments is carried out on a representative sample, and not only on specific patients.
PC correction and Pvmesh-vo- purposeful psychological impact is carried out by psychological means.
Implemented in different areas of practice people. In medicine, m / w is aimed at prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, used for treatment, they perform the PT function.
The PC deals with already formed personality traits or types of behavior and aims to remake them.
Intervention, in the absence or insufficient development, forms the necessary psychological qualities in a person.
Psychotherapy. Definition, relationship with other sciences and branches of psychology. Modern concepts of psychotherapy - medical, psychological, social and philosophical aspects
Psychotherapy - a complex of influences on the patient's psyche, and through it on the entire body in order to eliminate painful disorders and change the attitude towards oneself, one's condition and the environment.
Psychotherapy is often defined as an activity aimed at getting rid of a person from various problems (emotional, personal, social, etc.). It is usually carried out by a specialist psychotherapist by establishing deep personal contact with the patient (often through conversations and discussions), as well as using various cognitive, behavioral and other techniques. However, this definition is not complete.
The concept of psychotherapy (other gr. Healing of the soul)
The term was introduced in 1872. Tuke in his book of illustration "The Influence of the Mind on the Body" and became popular in the late 19th century.
In Russia, PT is defined as a method of treatment i.e. falls within the competence of medicine. The psychological model of psychotherapy is widespread abroad.
4 main PT models:
1. As a method of treatment affecting the state and functioning of the body in the mental and somatic.
2. The psychological model of PT as a method driven by the learning process.
3. Social model of PT as a method of manipulation, which is of the nature of an instrument and serves the purpose of public control.
4. Philosophical model as a complex of phenomena occurring in the course of interaction between people.
PT is a complex of influences on the patient's psyche, and through it on the entire body in order to eliminate painful disorders and change the attitude towards oneself, one's condition and the environment.
From a psychological point of view, PT includes the following concepts: interpersonal relationships, psychological means, psychological problems and conflicts, attitudes, attitudes, emotions, behavior.
PT is a special type of interpersonal interaction in which patients are provided with professional help by psychological means in solving the problems and difficulties of a psychological nature that have arisen.
In medical definitions, the emphasis is on the object, on the means of influence.
PT - purposeful ordering of disturbances in the body's activity by psychological means
The development of modern scientific psychotherapy is carried out on the basis of various theoretical approaches, analysis and generalization of the results of empirical studies of clinical, psychophysiological, psychological, socio-psychological and other aspects of studying the mechanisms and effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions.
The psychological foundations of psychotherapy are of particular importance, since both the object of its influence (psyche) and the means of influence (clinical and psychological interventions) are psychological phenomena, that is, psychotherapy uses psychological means of influence and is aimed at achieving certain psychological changes.
Psychotherapy as a scientific discipline should have its own theory and methodology, its own categorical apparatus and terminology, everything that characterizes an independent scientific discipline. However, the diversity of directions and trends, schools and specific methods of psychotherapy, based on different theoretical approaches, leads to the fact that at present there is not even a single definition of it, and the number of methods is more than 500. Some of them clearly define psychotherapy as a field of medicine, others focus on psychological aspects.
In the domestic tradition, psychotherapy is defined, first of all, as a method of treatment; in the foreign tradition, its psychological aspects are emphasized to a greater extent.
The theoretical basis of psychotherapy is scientific psychology, psychological theories and concepts that reveal the psychological content of the concepts of "norm" and "pathology" and form a certain system of psychotherapeutic influences. The concept of the norm is the concept of a healthy person.
With all the variety of psychotherapeutic approaches, there are three main directions in psychotherapy - psychodynamic, behavioral and "experiential" - respectively, three main directions of psychology (psychoanalysis, behaviorism and existential-humanistic psychology).
Wolberg distinguishes between 3 types of PTs for fixed targets:
- Supportive (strengthening, support of the patient's strength and the development of new ways of behavior allowing to restore mental balance)
- Retraining (changing the patient's behavior, supporting positive forms of behavior and disapproval of negative forms of behavior)
- Reconstructive (awareness of intarpsychic conflicts that served as a source of personality disorders, the desire to achieve significant changes in character traits, restoration of the full functioning of the personality)
In clinical practice, the methods are divided:
In modern practice, the division into:
* Casual PT (identification, awareness by the patient of his condition)
There are other classifications of methods, such as:
* Techniques aimed at suppressing emotions
* Methods aimed at expressing emotions
All methods can be divided according to their theoretical validity:
* Experienced (humanistic) PT
Aleksandrovich made attempts to analyze the term "PT methods" and identified four levels of use of this term:
Level 1 - PT methods as specific methodological techniques or techniques (hypnosis, relaxation, conversation, discussion, etc.)
Level 2 - PT methods as defining conditions in which PT takes place and which should help to optimize the achievement of PT goals. (family, outpatient, inpatient PT, etc.)
Level 3 - The value of the main instruments of PT exposure (in an individual PT-instrument PT-VT, in a group PT - an instrument group)
Level 4 - Methods of PT by the value of PT-x interventions (interventions) that are considered either in the parameters of style (directive - non-directive) or in the parameters of the theory of the approach that determines the nature of the intervention (interpretation, learning, interpersonal interaction, etc.)
The concept of PT methods corresponds to the 1st level.
The 2nd level reflects the types of PT on the main conditions in which it occurs.
3rd level of the form of PT, instruments of PT action.
4th level theoretical direction.
There are methods in which culture and art acts as an instrument of influence.
* Naturotherapy, etc.
An increase in the number of PT methods led to an increase in the integrative movement of PT. The available approaches are not so much different in relation to the object as they are guided by different aspects of the problem.
In 1985. B.D.Karvasarsky has already subdivided P. into:
1) methods of personality-oriented P .;
2) methods of suggestive P .;
3) methods of behavioral (conditioned-reflex) P.
They are also divided into group and individual.
Gradov identified 2 groups of methods:
- methods, with pom. PT cat is trying to understand, solve the patient's problems
- methods, with pom. the cat can understand their own behavior.
The indications are determined by the following:
1. The role of the psi factor in the etiopathogenesis of the disease (the more pronounced the psychogenic nature of the disease, the more adequate psychotherapy).
2. Possible consequences of a previous or current illness. May be associated with clinical, psychological, and sociopsychological issues:
- secondary neurotization is possible, caused not by primary causes, but by psychotrauma, which is the underlying disease;
- the reaction of the individual to the disease, which can contribute to or prevent it; an inadequate response of a person to a disease also needs correction (anosognosia is not a notice of a disease; hypochondria is a constant anxiety for one's health);
3. the presence of psychological and sociopsychological consequences;
4. in the process of a long illness, secondary dynamics of transformation of personality traits, motivation for treatment is possible.
PT indications can determine the characteristics of the patient, his motivation to participate.
Klassen writes about the application of psychotherapy in the following areas:
1. In prenosological (there is a problem, but the person cannot solve it).
2. Borderline neuropsychiatric diseases and functional disorders.
3. Psychosomatic disorders.
4. Mental disorders, including depression.
5. Addiction (Mendelevich)
6. Personality disorders.
7. Family dissociation.
8. Conduct disorders in childhood.
9. Working with individual symptoms.
PT is the intersection point of many sciences.
PT as a system uses various means, is a repository of various types of knowledge.
The object and instrument of the PT is the human psyche (hence the methods of work from other fields of science).
The interdisciplinary nature of PT is widespread use in psychogenic disorders (psychosocial factors, factors of nature). PT can be used as psychoprophylaxis.
Introduces the understanding of "disease" - as a bio-socio-psychogenic phenomenon.
Leads to the recognition of psychotherapeutic tasks.
Today, the number of medical offices, centers, institutions is increasing, and therefore, the interdisciplinary nature of PT is increasing.
A source:
Types of psychological assistance
Types of psychological assistance. Correlation of the concepts psychotherapy, psychological correction, psychological intervention and psychological counseling PT - a complex of influences on the psyche
http://lektsii.org/3-127599.html
Ovcharova R
Ovcharova R. V. About 35 Practical psychology of education: Textbook for student psychology faculty of universities
Chapter 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE TO CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN CRISIS SITUATIONS
Psychological crisis and types of crisis situations. - Experiencing - overcoming critical situations as a factor in the diagnosis and correction of deviant behavior in adolescents. - Psychological assistance to children and adolescents who have suffered from violence. - Psychological support for disabled teenagers.
IV.4.1. Psychological crisis and types of crisis situations
Every psychologist realizes that crisis situations and crises are as diverse as human life itself. The main types of crises that he cannot pass by are the following:
crises of the state of mind;
crises of the meaning of life;
A crisis – the state of a person when blocking his purposeful life activity at a discrete moment of personality development. A protracted, chronic crisis carries the threat of social maladjustment, suicide, neuropsychic or psychosomatic suffering. Chronization of the crisis is inherent in people with a pronounced accentuation of character, an immature worldview ("the world is beautiful" - "the world is terrible"), one-pointedness of life attitudes. It is these people who need help during the period of experiencing a crisis, which is viewed not only as a difficult and responsible period of life, but as a dead end that makes further life meaningless.
Both theorists and practitioners believe that in a crisis situation, when trying to master a stressful state, a person experiences a certain type of physical and psychological overload. Emotional tensions and stresses can lead either to mastering a new situation, or to a breakdown and deterioration in the performance of vital functions. While some situations can be stressful for all people, they turn out to be crises for those who are particularly vulnerable due to their personality traits.
In domestic and foreign literature, various classifications and situations are presented:
critical situations (F. E. Vasilyuk);
conflicts, situations of physical danger, situations of uncertainty (K. Levin);
affectogenic life situations (FV Bassin);
conflict situations leading to a psychological crisis (A. G. Ambrumova);
difficult situations (A.Ya. Antsupov, A.N. Shipilov), etc.
Crisis are called situation, when a person encounters an obstacle in the realization of important life goals and cannot cope with this situation using the usual means. There are two types of crisis situations: those caused by changes in the natural life cycle or traumatic life events.
Situations that are classified as critical may have objective and subjective components at their core. The objective component is represented by the influences of the external, objective and social world, while the subjective component consists in the person's perception and assessment of the situation as critical. Based on this, critical situation can be characterized as a social situation, the dynamics of which is developing in two directions (A.G. Ambrumova):
a) personal, when the emerging internal conflict is justified by the characterological characteristics of the personality and appears first, regardless of the external situation that is still successful at that time; only then the internal conflict tension of the psyche begins to modify the forms of human behavior and communication, creating reasons and reasons for the deterioration of the external situation and its restructuring into a conflict one, up to a stressful one;
b) situational, when a number of unfavorable external influences, psychotraumatic stimuli fall on the soil of indistinctly working protective mechanisms of the psyche, low tolerance towards emotional stress.
Therefore, two groups of critical situations can be distinguished:
1) determined by external conditions;
2) determined by the nature of perception, as well as individual-typological characteristics of a person.
Analysis of psychological literature shows that situations that actually or potentially have an unfavorable outcome for the individual can be divided into two classes:
1) due to the characteristics and conditions of the subject's activity;
2) determined by the characteristics of social relationships of a person, the conditions of his existence, as well as their interpretation as carrying a threat.
F. E. Vasilyuk defined a critical situation as "Situation of impossibility" realize the values of your life. He describes this situation in four terms: stress; frustration; conflict; a crisis.
The type of critical situation is determined by the vital necessity, which turned out to be paralyzed, i.e. components of the orientation of the personality, which do not have the opportunity for implementation. This, in turn, leads to violations of the social and psychological adaptation of the subject.
F.V. Bassin singled out "Affectogenic life situations", that is, situations of emotional stress. They lead to the occurrence of psychological trauma, which:
affect the most significant personal values;
violate measures of psychological protection;
create uncertainty where a predominance of stable stereotypes of attitudes towards the environment is required.
This entails a violation of the balance of the personality, as well as its adaptation in the external world. The critical component of the situation is determined by the presence of emotional stress, and the degree of its influence on the personality is determined by the power of affect and the person's reactions.
A.G. Ambrumova connects the crisis with intrapersonal experiences and reactions. She classifies situational reactions into six types:
1) the reaction of emotional imbalance;
2) pessimistic situational reaction;
3) negative balance reaction;
4) the situational reaction of demobilization;
5) the situational reaction of the opposition;
6) the situational reaction of disorganization.
A necessary condition for the emergence of a crisis is significant emotional stress, blocking the most important needs of the individual and his specific personal reaction to this.
According to T. Greening, post-traumatic syndrome(PTS). Trauma can be physical, nervous, emotional. Regardless of her character, she is accompanied by a threat to the right to life, personal well-being, a feeling that the world is hostile. The causes of post-traumatic stress are negative life experiences and lack of optimism.
Analysis of the main approaches for determining the situation as critical, threatening personal development, disrupting the interaction and adaptation of a person in a social environment, allows us to highlight the following necessary conditions for its occurrence:
An emotional source located in the environment, which affects a person, represents a certain "significance" for him and thus creates a conflict-forming soil;
Individual-typological personality traits that determine the intrapersonal component of the development of critical dynamics. This element can be represented by the orientation of the personality and be expressed in an active or passively adaptive type of behavior;
Individual perception-cognitions of a situation, which represent a subjective picture of a critical situation. If a person perceives a situation, interprets and typifies it as critical, then this presupposes that he has an idea that this is a critical situation for him.
Critical situation – it is a kind of social situation; it develops as a result of a one-time strong or weak, but long-term psychological traumatization by a set of events in the external or internal world. These influences are refracted in the human psyche and are accompanied by situational reactions that tend to transition into individual response patterns (behavior stereotypes) in the form of "protective-compensatory" formations.
A critical situation is reflected in the cognitive, emotional and behavioral spheres, and is also projected onto the psychological time of the individual. Its manifestations are: stress, frustration, psychological crisis, intrapersonal conflict, situational reactions to emotiogenic stimuli, etc.
A critical situation is characterized by the fact that it is not always realized by a person. Its presence or experience is judged by indirect signs. This is especially clearly manifested in the deviant behavior of adolescents as a form of compensation and protection.
The grounds for identifying a critical situation can be: concepts of needs - depending on what need, the motive is blocked; internal mental stress; individual situational reactions; individual patterns of response - stereotypes of behavior.
Getting into a critical situation or perceiving it as such, a person begins to interact with it. He and the situation act for each other as an object and subject of interaction, which can be represented as overcoming experience critical situation.
At the initial stage of the emergence of a critical situation, a person acts as an object of its influence. As the situation develops, a person becomes an effective subject of interaction. In the course of this process, the situation changes towards its overcoming or worsening, deepening. Therefore, a person either follows the path of formation and development, or degrades as a person.
Considering behavioral deviations as an "involution" of a personality, it can be assumed that a critical situation acts as a cause, while deviant behavior is a consequence of experiencing and overcoming it.
Thus, there is a transformation, a transformation of a critical situation, and not its elimination. Feedbacks often change not the cause itself, but only the conditions for its action. Consequently, experiencing a critical situation can affect all aspects of human life.
When an individual interacts with a situation, there is a transformation, a restructuring of the inner world of a person (or any part of it): the stability, integrity of the "I-concept" of the subject is violated; his self-consciousness changes, nihilism, moral skepticism, cynicism, moral instability, mental devastation, etc. appear. These phenomena reflect, rather, the transitional state of the individual, who finds himself in a situation of impossibility to live as before, to protect the once stable system of "I" from destruction. This state is “loss of oneself” (TB Kartseva).
It should be borne in mind that a stable "I" system can be formed in the process of experiencing and overcoming a critical situation. It depends on the qualitative nature of the experience-overcoming a critical situation. In case of non-constructive experience, the deviant behavior of adolescents acts as a protective-compensatory formation, which, on the one hand, maintains the integrity of the "I", and on the other hand, impairs the adolescent's adaptation to the environment. In addition, difficulties arise in solving problems facing a teenager in the process of getting out of a critical situation. This explains why adolescents with deviant behavior do not seek to change themselves for the better.
As soon as under the influence of a critical situation there was a “loss of oneself”, the individual performs intense internal work on restructuring, transforming his inner world, which can be called the process of “finding oneself”. At the same time, the reflexive “I” becomes more complex and differentiates, a search is underway to overcome intrapersonal contradictions in order to build a new, complicated, balanced and fairly stable image of “I”. These contradictions are associated with a violation of the integrity and stability of ideas about oneself.
T.B. Kartseva identifies the following forms of resolving these contradictions:
The process of personality development, "finding oneself", the process of "becoming";
Fast adaptation, following a lightweight path paved by someone;
Personality involution, caused by the inability of a person to cope with the increasingly complex, differentiated system of "I";
Constructive solution to the contradiction associated with finding the inner resources of the individual;
Creative creation of an individualized, newly built "I-concept".
The consequence of the adolescent's experience of a critical situation may be the process of rethinking, reassessing his past, changing the goals and meaning of life, as well as the loss or change of leading motives associated with the restructuring of the “I” image.
Thus, the stability of the personality, its "I-concept" is a condition for a person to successfully overcome the difficulties that arise generated by a critical situation. When stability is threatened, a variety of protective mechanisms are triggered.
The traumatic nature of a particular event depends on the meaning it has for a person, i.e. from the "personal meaning" of the influencing stimulus.
Deviant behavior of a teenager as a result of his exit from a critical situation can acquire a certain meaning for him. The existence of a personality in unusual conditions forms its new semantic center, which does not coincide with the previous one, but does not sweep it away either. Meanwhile, two semantic centers polarize around themselves semantic contents, which, when they intersect with each other, enter into conflicting relations of mutual meaninglessness, creating what can be called meaninglessness (M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov). Consequently, adolescents may seek meaning in artificially stimulating themselves; join various groups or become "independent and self-sufficient", demonstrating the reactions of opposition, protest, emancipation, etc.
Thus, a critical situation gives rise to the following contradictions, contributing to the development of deviant behavior in adolescents:
1) the contradiction of the image "I" - arises at the moment when a person feels "the loss of himself" and has not yet come "finding himself", the contradiction of meanings and their content; this results in meaninglessness;
2) the intrapersonal contradiction arising in a critical situation is accompanied by the experience-overcoming of himself and the situation as a whole; this leads to personality transformation;
3) psychological collisions of a teenager and his deviant behavior determined by this transformation, rooted in the critical situation of its existence.
For centuries, man has been the subject of study for many generations of scientists. Therefore, psychology has a very special place. The word "psyche" (Greek Psyche) means "soul", "logos" - teaching, i.e. the science of the soul, psychology, the inner, subjective world of man. According to the well-known opinion, the first psychological views are associated with religious beliefs. However, this is not quite true. The history of psychology asserts that "already the early ideas of the ancient Greek philosophers arise in the process of practical knowledge of man in close connection with the filling of the first knowledge and develop in the struggle against the emerging scientific thought against religion with its mythological ideas about the world in general, about the soul in particular."
But it turned out to be not so easy to answer the question of what the soul is. The term psychology was coined by the German scholastic Goklenius in the late 16th century. For a long time, psychology developed as an integral part of philosophy and only in the middle of the 19th century did it emerge as an independent science. This became possible due to the fact that psychology gradually turned from a descriptive science to an experimental one.
The subject of the study of psychology is the human psyche, which is a social phenomenon and, in contrast to the psyche of animals, is a conscious cognition. The psyche is a subjective reflection of objective reality in ideal images, on the basis of which the regulation of behavior, adaptation to the environment is carried out.
Gradually, the psyche was equated with consciousness (i.e. the ability to think, feel, desire). The psychology of the soul was replaced by the psychology of consciousness, which turned out to be powerless in front of many practical problems caused by the development of the mode of production.
In the second decade of the 20th century, behavior becomes the basis of psychology. This understanding of the subject of psychology led to new contradictions - how to study behavior without examining the thoughts, feelings, motives of a person. The way out of this impasse was opened by the philosophy of dialectical materialism - matter (brain) is primary; psyche, consciousness is a secondary reflection of objective reality by the brain.
All objects of the world around us have the properties of physical reflection. Living organisms reflect the influence from outside, preserving their integrity, since changes occur in the internal environment (light causes irritation of nerve cells in the retina, muscle contraction occurs when a tendon is hit, etc.), in other words, between irritating and response actions more or less complex chain of intermediate processes. This form of reflection is called physiological.
And finally, external irritation can be transformed into a state of the organism when a thing that has disappeared in reality is preserved in the form of an ideal image. This phenomenon is based on the ability of the nerve cell to preserve traces of the experienced excitement, this form of reflection is called psychic.
Mental reflection arises, is carried out and is improved in the process of a person's practical activity and has a reverse organizing influence on it. Outside of activity and communication, there is no man and his psyche.
Thus, the function of the psyche is to reflect the properties and connections of reality and to regulate on this basis the behavior and activities of a person.
The most important elements of the subject of scientific knowledge in psychology are:
a) specific factors of a person's mental life;
b) existing patterns of connections and relationships;
c) determination of the mechanism of psychological activity.
A psychological fact (lat. Faktum - accomplished, done) is a mental phenomenon, the truth of knowledge of which can be proved. For example, the individual experience of a person can act as a psychological fact, i.e. memory.
But the task of psychology is not to collect facts, but to reveal their essence and connections, including other facts in the system. I.P. Pavlov, addressing the youth, wrote: "Do not turn into archivists of facts."
Psychology is designed to reveal the patterns of existence of necessary, stable and repetitive connections (relations) between facts (phenomena). For example, memory has its own patterns of functioning. In particular, the law of repetition of material makes it easier to remember it.
The mechanisms of mental activity presuppose the work of specific anatomical and physiological apparatuses that carry out a particular mental process. It is well known that human anatomy (for example, brain activity) is closely related to the psyche. Mental illness is the result of impaired brain function.
The methodological basis for studying the human psyche is the theory of reflection, and the main natural science theory is the teaching of I.M. Sechenov, I. p. Pavlov and their followers (P.K. Anokhin, K.M.Bykov, A.D.Speransky and others) on higher nervous activity. In the work "Reflexes of the Brain" (1863) I.M. Sechenov came to the conclusion that "all acts of conscious and unconscious life, according to the mode of origin, are reflexes."
Theoretical provisions of I.M. Sechenov were experimentally confirmed and concretized by I.M. Pavlov, who discovered the most important laws of human interaction with the external environment, which became the basis for the doctrine of two signaling systems.
In the scientific works of K.M. Bykov, P.K. Anokhina, A.D. Speransky continued research in the field of the relationship between the subjective and objective reality of the theory and practice of mental processes, states and properties.
Mental processes are associated with that side of life that provides knowledge of the surrounding reality (sensation, perception, memory, thinking, i.e. the most important components of the acquisition, storage, use of information about the external environment). Mental processes are elementary mental phenomena included in more complex types of mental activity.
Mental states determine the activity of the cognitive and transforming human activity. They are based on emotions (awakening force) and will (force organizing mental activity). Mental states include: emotions, moods, affects, cheerfulness, activity, lethargy, apathy, etc. Compared with mental processes, mental states are a more complex form of mental activity.
The psychic properties of a person give individual traits to the reflection. They are due to the peculiarities of the course of mental processes in a given person, as well as his character, temperament, inclinations, beliefs, skills and habits.
Thus, psychology studies the emergence and formation of mental phenomena (processes, states, properties), the patterns of connections (relationships) between them and the mechanism of mental activity.
The classification of mental phenomena is necessary in order to understand the complex flow of a person's mental life, but it must be borne in mind that cognition, feelings and will do not exist separately from each other. Knowing and transforming the world around us, we proceed from certain thoughts and feelings characteristic of both our present state and our personality in general.
The most important function of psychology is that it is, according to B.F. Lomov, an integrant of all (or at least most) scientific disciplines, the object of research of which is a person
The natural dependence of mental phenomena on the objective conditions of life and human activity emphasizes the close connection between psychology and physiology, in particular, with the physiology of higher nervous activity, natural science, social sciences (history, economics, sociology, ethnography, art history, jurisprudence, pedagogy, etc.)
The basis for the unification of all special psychological disciplines is general psychology... The main object of research is a person, his mental processes, states and properties.
In addition to the theoretical problems of studying the laws of the development of the psyche, the task of general psychology includes the study of various types of human activity and their connection with higher psychological functions. There are a number of sectoral (applied) psychologies: aviation, military, age, zoological, engineering, consulting, space, medical, musical, political, pedagogical, arts, sports, labor, creativity, social, comparative, economic, environmental, legal (legal) and etc.
Let's dwell on some of them.
Pedagogical psychology studies the psychological patterns of education and training (assimilation of knowledge, the formation of skills and abilities, active, independent, creative thinking).
One of the most important tasks of educational psychology is the development of the psychological foundations for the further improvement of the learning process associated with the restructuring of the content of education.
Social Psychology explores the patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to belonging to a particular social group, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves.
The main sections of social psychology include: psychological characteristics of social groups; psychology of Personality; patterns of communication and interaction of people in joint activities; interpersonal relationships developing in various communities.
In competence military psychology includes the problems of the personality of the soldier and the military collective, the psychological foundations of military skill, the training of soldiers for the conduct of hostilities and offenses. Commanders, military engineers and other specialists work in constant contact with subordinates. Their activity is based not only on the experience of the officer, his professional knowledge, but also on the ability to understand each soldier individually and in the community, the collective that make up the crew, squad, subunit.
Medical psychology studies the personality of the patient; the identity of the medical worker (including the future); their relationship in various conditions (when visiting a patient at home, in an outpatient clinic, clinic); the role of the psyche in the prevention of morbidity; mental state during illness, mental disorders arising from certain diseases.
Medical psychology is divided into general and special (private). In the jurisdiction of private (special) medical psychology are the same issues, but in relation to a specific medical discipline: therapy, surgery, pediatrics, sanitation, gerontology, neuropathology, psychiatry, etc.
Item labor psychology- the psychological essence of labor activity, personality traits of the worker (professional abilities) and his interaction with the working environment. From the tasks solved by labor psychology, one can name the psychological characteristics of personnel selection, the psychology of professional selection, the role of the personal factor in accidents and industrial marriage, the psychology of labor education and training, the prevention of fatigue, the fight against monotony, the management of interpersonal relationships and the microclimate in the team.
Engineering psychology studies the psychophysiological capabilities of a person in the process of his interaction with technology, the regularities of the functioning of the "man - machine" system. As a technological science, engineering psychology studies control systems, figuring out what requirements for systems as a whole and their elements follow from the nature of these processes and properties.
Legal psychology reveals the psychological aspects of legal consciousness (legal thinking); lawmaking; the specifics of the entry of psychological terms into criminal law (guilt, personality of the crime, motive, strong emotional disturbance, etc.) and civil law (legal capacity of a person, mental state of the plaintiff, defendant, etc.) concepts;
Legal psychology studies mental phenomena, mechanisms, patterns manifested in the field of practical implementation of law. (activities of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies).
The synthesis of psychology, legal psychology, legal psychology served as the basis for the emergence of a new branch of science and practice - psychology of jurisprudence.
The psychology of sports, trade, scientific and artistic creativity should be highlighted.
Developmental psychology also deserves special attention, which has a number of branches: developmental psychology, psychology of abnormal development, and comparative psychology.
Age-related psychology studies the features of mental processes and mental qualities of a person. It has a number of sub-branches: child psychology, adolescent psychology, adolescent psychology, adult psychology and old age psychology (gerotgoisychology).
Psychology of abnormal development(special psychology)
Examines the psyche of people with deviations from normal development associated with congenital or acquired defects in the formation and functioning of the nervous system. For example, the psychology of the blind (typhlopsychology), the deaf (deaf psychology), the mentally retarded (oligophrenopsychology), etc.
Psychology- a discipline that studies human behavior and his mental reactions from a scientific point of view. It includes symbolic interpretations of social behavior analysis. There are many types of psychology: cognitive psychology, abnormal psychology etc.
For many years, psychologists have been interested in human behavior. Perceptions, personality traits, cognition, behavior, reactions and emotions not only reflect the enormous variety of human mental abilities, but also affect our relationships in society. The analysis of conscious and unconscious processes occurring in a person's consciousness is also under the jurisdiction of science. Psychology is used in many areas of human activity. Our reactions to everyday issues at work or at home reflect the state of health of our soul.
Types of psychology:
Psychology explores a person as a person, studies family and society in order to understand what mental functions and triggers exist for unexplained factors of human social behavior. Various types of psychology investigate the nervous processes in the human mind. Science research serves as a source of challenges for psychology. Among branches of psychology the following are distinguished:
Clinical psychology
In this branch of psychology, research is aimed at helping a person get rid of stress and various dysfunctions that occur for various psychological reasons. Clinical psychology helps to better develop personality, increase emotional and physical well-being. Research psychologists in this area study forensic evidence and cases of clinical neuropsychology. Specialists use specially designed and adapted therapy models to create therapeutic alliance... Subsequent study of psychological problems helps identify and apply new forms of thinking and behavior.
Abnormal psychology
As the name suggests, this branch of psychology is concerned with the study of abnormal human behavior. The goal of abnormal psychology is to understand changes in natural and abnormal interaction patterns chosen by a person. Abnormal psychology uses methods and techniques of psychopathology and clinical psychology to investigate the causes of mental disorders. This area of psychology studies the signs of an inadequate state of a person with a violation of any functions or stress.
Cognitive psychology
This branch of psychology studies the mental processes that determine the behavioral characteristics of a person. VC visual psychology experiments are carried out with learning, perception, memory and human attention in order to develop methods for effective information processing. For this reason, cognitive psychology is also called experimental psychology... Cognitive psychology is the result of the contributions of various neuroscientists, logicians and linguists who determine the importance of not only theoretical developments, but also their formalization and application.
Comparative psychology
This kind studies models of animal behavior. This branch of science is important in psychological research. Comparative results of this area of psychology help to identify the characteristic common features in the behavior of humans and animals and to prove their evolutionary relationship. Studying animal behavior also allows psychologists to gain deeper understanding human psychology... Experiments with animals help to better study and understand human emotions and behavior.
Counseling psychology
Explores interpersonal relationships. This branch of psychology focuses on social, emotional issues in the educational and professional sphere associated with major changes in human behavior. Counseling psychologists use the methods of counseling psychology.
Developmental psychology
This science mainly focuses on the study of the development of the human mind. All efforts are directed towards a deeper understanding of perception and development. Object of study developmental psychology serves the intellectual and moral development of a person. Researchers pay close attention to triggers of behavior in natural conditions and when exposed to physical factors.
Pedagogical psychology
This branch of psychology studies the educational process. Psychologists conduct experiments based on educational and social psychology data collected in schools and colleges. Educational psychology helps to develop effective teaching methods.
Biological psychology
Studying the mental component of a person in a biological cut. This branch of psychology studies human behavior based on the reactions of his nervous system. Much of the research is done through experiments with behavioral and cognitive data from neuroscience. Objective: to understand the function of the brain in relation to various psychological triggers and processes. Research in biological psychology is helping to establish connections between human brain responses and behavior.
Other types of psychology:
Evolutionary psychology: The Science of Genetic Influence on Mental Patterns and Human Behavior.
Health psychology: The science of psychological impact on mental and physical health of a person.
Legal psychology: Study of the motives of the jury's decision, evidence and eyewitness testimony.
Psychology of Personality: studies personality traits, behavior and emotions of a person.
Forensic psychology: Explores the clinical assessment of courtroom indications.
Quantitative psychology: explores statistical models for the psychological measurement of personality traits.
Social Psychology: studies mental processes that influence specific responses to social stimulants.
Global Psychology: explores issues related to global sustainable development issues.