CHINA
Territory - 9.6 million km 2.
Population - 1 billion 222 million people since 1995
The capital is Beijing.
Figure 10. Administrative divisions and economic zones of China.
(to enlarge the image click on the picture)
Geographical location, general overview.
The PRC - the third largest country in the world and the first in terms of population - is located in central and eastern Asia. The state borders on 16 countries, 1/3 of the borders are in the CIS countries.
The economic and geographical position of the PRC is very beneficial, since being located along the Pacific coast (15 thousand km), the country has access to the sea from the most remote inland corners through the Yangtze River. The coastal position of the PRC contributes to the development of its economy and foreign economic relations.
China is one of the oldest states in the world, which emerged in the XIV century BC, has a very complex history. Due to the obvious benefits of its position, the richness of natural and agro-climatic resources, China has attracted the eyes of various conquerors throughout its existence. Even in ancient times, the country surrounded itself with a partially preserved Great Wall of China. In the last century, China was a pro-colony of England, after being defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The country was divided into spheres of influence between England, France, Germany, Japan and Russia.
In 1912, the Republic of China was formed. In 1945, after the defeat of the Japanese invaders with the help of the USSR, the People's Revolution took place. In 1949, the PRC was proclaimed.
Natural conditions and resources.
The country is located within the fractured Chinese Precambrian Platform and younger sites. In composition with this, the eastern part is mainly low-lying, and the reserved is elevated and mountainous.
Various deposits of minerals are associated with a variety of tectonic structures. In terms of their supply, China is one of the leading countries in the world, distinguished primarily by its reserves of coal, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, rare earth elements, and chemical raw materials.
In terms of oil and gas reserves, China is inferior to the leading oil countries of the world, but in terms of oil production, the country is ranked 5th in the world. The main oil fields are located in North and North-East China, the basins of inland China.
Among the ore deposits, the Anshan iron ore basin, located in Northeast China, rich in coal, stands out. Non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated mainly in the central and southern provinces.
The PRC is located in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones, with a sharply continental climate in the west, and monsoon in the east, with a large amount of precipitation (in summer). Such climatic and soil differences create conditions for the development of agriculture: in the west, in arid regions, livestock and irrigated agriculture are mainly developed, in the east, on the especially fertile lands of the Great Plain of China, agriculture predominates.
The water resources of the PRC are very large, the eastern, more populated and highly developed part of the country is most provided with them. River waters are widely used for irrigation. In addition, China ranks 1st in the world in terms of theoretical hydropower resources, but their use is still very small.
The forest resources of China are generally quite large, concentrated mainly in the northeast (taiga coniferous forests) and in the southeast (tropical and subtropical deciduous forests). They are used extensively on the farm.
Population
China is the first country in the world in terms of population (almost 1300 million people or 20% of all inhabitants of the Earth), and it has been holding the palm for probably many centuries. In the 70s, the country began to pursue a demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate, since after the formation of the PRC (in the 50s), due to a decrease in mortality and an increase in living standards, the rate of population growth increased very quickly. This policy has borne fruit and now the natural growth in China is even below the world average.
China is a young country (under the age of 15 - 1/3 of the population). Differs in the intensity of labor migration, both within the country and abroad.
The PRC is a multinational country (there are 56 nationalities), but with a sharp predominance of the Chinese - about 95% of the population. They live mainly in the eastern part of the country, in the west (in most of the territory) there are representatives of other nationalities (Gzhuans, Hui, Uighurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Koreans, Manchurs, etc.).
Despite the fact that the PRC is a socialist country, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are practiced here (in general, the population is not very religious). On the territory of the country is the world center of Buddhism - Tibet, occupied by China in 1951.
Urbanization is developing at a rapid pace in the PRC.
Farm
The PRC is an industrial-agrarian socialist country that has been developing at a very fast pace lately.
Economic modernization is proceeding at different rates in different regions of China. In East China, special economic zones (SEZs) have been created, using their advantageous coastal location. This strip occupies 1/4 of the country's territory, 1/3 of the population lives here and 2/3 of GNP is produced. The average income per inhabitant is four times that of the more backward hinterland. The territorial structure of the country's economy is represented mainly by the existing large industrial centers, agriculture plays an important role, in which most of the economically active population (EAN) is employed.
In terms of GDP, China has come to the 2nd place in the world, although in terms of GNP per capita it has not yet reached the world average (about $ 500 per year).
Energy. China occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production of energy carriers and in the generation of electricity. The power industry in China is coal (its share in the fuel balance is 75%), oil and gas (mainly artificial) are also used. Most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants (3/4), mainly coal-fired. Hydroelectric power plants account for 1/4 of electricity generated. There are two nuclear power plants, 10 tidal stations, and a geothermal station has been built in Lhasa.
Ferrous metallurgy - based on its own iron ore, coking coal and alloy metals. In terms of the extraction of iron ore, China takes the 1st place in the world, and the 2nd place in the production of steel. The technical level of the industry is low. Of greatest importance are such major factories in the country as in Anshan, Shanghai, Broshen, as well as in Bensi, Beijing, Wuhan, Taiyuan, Chongqing.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. The country has large reserves of raw materials (1/2 of the produced tin, antimony, and mercury is exported), but aluminum, copper, lead, zinc are imported. In the north, south and west of China there are mining and processing plants, and in the east - the final stages of production. The main centers of non-ferrous metallurgy are located in the provinces of Liaoning, Yunnan, Hunan, Gansu.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking - occupies 35% of the industry structure. The share of production of equipment for the textile industry remains high, while electronics, electrical engineering, and the automotive industry are rapidly developing. The structure of manufacturing enterprises is diverse: along with modern high-tech enterprises, handicraft factories are widespread.
The leading subsectors are heavy machine building, machine tool building, and transport machine building. The automotive industry (6-7 place in the world), electronics and instrumentation are developing at a rapid pace. The predominant part of China's engineering products is produced by the coastal zone (over 60%), and mainly in large cities (the main centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, etc.).
Chemical industry. It relies on coke and petrochemical products, mining chemical and plant raw materials. There are two groups of industries: mineral fertilizers, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Light industry - traditional and one of the main industries, uses in its own, mainly natural (2/3) raw materials. The leading sub-industry is textile, which provides the country with a leading position in the production and export of fabrics (cotton, silk and others). The sewing, knitwear, leather and footwear subsectors are also developed.
Food industry - for a country with such a large population it is extremely important, the leading is the processing of grain and oilseeds, the production and processing of pork (2/3 of the volume of the meat industry), tea, tobacco and other food products are developed.
As before, the country has developed the production of traditional subsectors: textile and clothing.
Agriculture - provides food for the population, supplies raw materials for food and light industries. The leading sub-sector of agriculture is crop production (rice is the basis of the Chinese diet). Wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, barley, peanuts, potatoes, yame, taro, cassava are also grown; industrial crops - cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beets, tobacco and other vegetables. Livestock remains the least developed branch of agriculture. The basis of animal husbandry is pig breeding. Also developed are vegetable growing, poultry farming, beekeeping, silkworm breeding. Fisheries play a significant role.
Transport - Provides mainly the connection of seaports with the hinterland. 3/4 of all cargo transportation is provided by railway transport. Along with the recent increase in the importance of sea, automobile and aviation, the use of traditional modes of transport remains: horse-drawn, pack, transport carts, bicycle and especially river.
Internal differences. In the early 1980s, in order to improve planning in China, three economic zones were allocated: Eastern, Central and Western. The eastern one is the most developed; the largest industrial centers and agricultural areas are located here. The center is dominated by the production of fuel and energy, chemical products, raw materials and semi-finished products. The western zone is the least developed (animal husbandry, processing of mineral raw materials).
Foreign economic relations. Foreign economic relations have been developing especially widely since the 80-90s, which is associated with the formation of an open economy of the country. The volume of foreign trade is 30% of China's GDP. Labor-intensive products (clothing, toys, footwear, sporting goods, machinery and equipment) occupy a leading place in exports. Imports are dominated by mechanical engineering products and vehicles.
Problems and tests on the topic "China"
- China - Eurasia grade 7
Lessons: 4 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1
Leading ideas: show the diversity of cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, interconnection and interdependence of the countries of the world; and also make sure of the need for a deep understanding of the laws of social development and the processes that are taking place in the world.
Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "development axis", capital region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of industry structure, monoculture, apartheid, sub-region.
Skills and abilities: be able to assess the impact of EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of a region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, draw up and analyze schematic maps and cartograms.
China's natural resources are diverse and rich.
China is a huge state. It ranks third in the world in terms of area. It is a member of many international organizations, which confirms its powerful status as a natural resource potential. This is the second economy in the world in all respects, and in terms of nominal GDP, they even overtake the United States.
Such a dawn of the economy is directly related to the huge reserves of natural resources, including labor. By many indicators, this state is in the lead, and this is facilitated by weighty arguments - natural resources, which China has plenty of.
Mineral and alternative resources
China is completely enriched with this type of resources, but do not forget that with such a rate of production in China as it is now, these resources will last no more than twenty years. Found here deposits:
- Graphite;
- Copper;
- Tin;
- Tungsten;
- Zinc;
- Coal;
- Oil.
Tantalum is also mined, which is used to create alloys that are stronger than natural ones. As it was said at the beginning, the resources will soon be exhausted, but there is a way out - alternative energy.
Thanks to its huge area, China can build on its territory, solar power plants that will produce 6 megawatts of energy per year from a kilometer of area. There are 60 percent of such territories in China. The potential of wind energy is 250 million kilowatts per year. But this is all in perspective.
Forest resources of China
China is rich in forest resources. There are about 30 thousand plant species on the territory of the state. Very valuable tree species grow here: sumac, poppy, tallow, tung.
Plants can be divided into: savanna, forest, desert, steppe, marsh. In this area, China is also the leader in imports. It specializes in the production of plywood and ranks first in the world.
Land resources of China
China's land resources are in danger, literally at the level of an environmental disaster. Many territories become unsuitable for economic activity due to various man-made disasters, as well as the construction of new roads and buildings.
To keep the land resources normal, the Chinese authorities are trying to renew forest resources, which will strengthen the land resources. The soils of China are very diverse in their types: from gray-brown desert to red soil. Long-term cultivation of rice crops affects the formation of soils.
China's water resources
Water resources can be used for the operation of HES, which will provide a huge amount of electricity. About 65 percent of China's area is occupied by this type of resource. There are many large rivers on this earth. The largest: Yellow River, Yangtze. They flow through the territory of the Indus and the Ganges. The reservoirs are also filled with water. There are many lakes in Eastern Tibet. In desert regions, namely in the central part of the state, there are huge reserves of artesian waters.
- The most famous animal species is the panda
- The Chinese were the first to discover: clock, compass, paper, parachute
- China is located in five time zones, but still everyone lives according to Beijing time - to save energy and resources
- This is the bottom of the most ancient civilizations
- The largest and most famous architectural monument - the Great Wall of China
- Ice cream was also invented here. It was just that someone left rice porridge in the snow, and because of this, the idea arose to create ice cream.
- 87 thousand hieroglyphs exist in Chinese culture
- China honors the symbol - infinity - the number eight. That is why the 2008 Olympics opened on 08.08.2008 at 20:08 (8:08 pm local time).
conclusions
China is a very rich and interesting country. All kinds of resources are here in sufficient quantity for any developed state. But they are not enough for China's growing population. Only alternative ones will help here, but unfortunately, they are not currently being used on a national scale. Although it is high time, after all, when they wake up and introduce an alternative, it will be too late. But, and now - China is a powerful and prosperous state with a dynamically developing economy and a huge natural resource potential.
Relief and minerals
China is one of the richest countries in minerals. Here they mine: coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. Within the Sinai shield are concentrated the country's largest deposits of coal (which by its origin dates back to the Jurassic period), oil (mainly of the Mesozoic and Meso-Cenozoic periods). Deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals are the largest, of which the tungsten deposit, which occupies the first place in the world in terms of size, is located within the South China massif, antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper, etc. etc. And in the Tien Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Khingan there are deposits of gold and other precious metals.
Agroclimatic resources
One of the main factors influencing the climatic features of China is, first of all, the position of the country within three belts: temperate, subtropical and tropical. In addition, the large size of the mainland and interior regions, as well as the coastal position of the eastern and southern regions, has a significant impact.
The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the North (and in the North of the Great Khingan to -30) and up to +18 in the South. In summer, the temperature regime is more diverse: the average July temperature in the North is +20, and in the South +28.
Annual precipitation decreases as we move from the South-East (2000 mm in the South-East, mainland China, 2600 mm on the Hainan Island) in the North-West (on the Tarim Plain, in places up to 5 mm or less).
According to the temperature regime in China, the southern and northern parts are distinguished. The first one has a temperate and warm climate even in winter, and the second one with cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between summer and winter. According to the annual amount of precipitation, the eastern, relatively humid, and western arid zones are distinguished.
Land resources
In many ways, the climatic and relief features of the country have determined a wide variety of soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-steppe complexes. Outside the Tibetan part, chestnut and brown soils of dry steppes prevail, as well as dry brown deserts, with significant areas of rocky or saline regions. A characteristic feature of this part of China is the predominance of gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. On the Tibetan plateau, the soils of high-mountain deserts are more common.
For the eastern part of China, typical soils accompanying forest associations, and the most common in this territory are: sod-podzolic, brown forest - in the mountains and meadow dark-colored - on the plains of the Northeast. Yellow soils, red soils and laterites, mainly in mountain varieties, are common in the south of the country.
In many respects, the peculiarities of the formation of China's soil resources were influenced by the centuries-old cultivation of the country's most ancient agricultural culture of rice, which led to a change in soils and the formation, in fact, of special varieties, such as "swampy rice" - in the South and "Eastern carbonate" - on Loess plateau.
Water resources
The features of the relief were reflected, first of all, in the distribution of the country's water resources. The most humid are the southern and eastern parts, which have a dense and highly branched system. The largest rivers in China, the Yangtze and the Yellow River, flow in these areas. These include the same: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno. The rivers of eastern China are mostly full of water and navigable, and their regime is characterized by uneven seasonal flow - the minimum flow in winter and maximum in summer. On the plains, floods are not uncommon, caused by stormy spring and summer melting of snow.
The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. Basically, they are shallow, shipping on them is poorly developed. Most of the rivers in this area do not flow into the sea, and their flow is episodic. The largest rivers in this area are Tarim, Black Irtysh, Ili, Edzin-Gol. The country's largest rivers, which carry their waters into the ocean, are barred in the Tibetan plateau.
China is rich not only in rivers but also in lakes. There are two main types:
tectonic and water-erosional. The former are located in the Central Asian part of the country, and the latter are in the Yangtze River system. In the western part of China, the largest lakes are: Lop Nor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. Lakes are especially numerous in the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the lowland lakes, as well as rivers, are shallow, many without wastewater and saline. In the eastern part of China, the largest are Dongtinghu, Poyanghu, Taihu, located in the Yangji River basin; Hongzokhu and Gaoiku - in the Yellow River basin. During high water, many of these lakes become natural reservoirs of the country.
Flora and fauna
The special geographical position of China, thanks to which it is located in three zones at once: temperate, subtropical and tropical, influenced not only the formation of climatic conditions, relief and soil resources, but, above all, the diversity and richness of the flora and fauna of the country. It is no coincidence that the flora and fauna of China has more than 30 thousand species of various plants. It is also characteristic that about 50 out of 5 thousand tree and shrub species are found only in China. The relics of the ancient flora are also numerous. China ranks first in the world for the variety of forest species. Here, such valuable technical species as poppy and tallow trees, tung, olive camellia and sumac grow.
In the country, two main parts are distinguished by the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western. In the eastern part, forest types of vegetation are more common; to the north of the Qinling Ridge, summer-green deciduous forests of various types extend. In the central part of eastern China, there are large plains, the forests are almost cleared, and the lands are plowed up.
In the Northeast, forests of the taiga type are widespread. Here you can find pines, birches, dahursey larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hornbeam, walnut and even Amur velvet.
In the South and Southeast of China, there are evergreen subtropical forests, in which you can find cypress, amphora laurel, lacquer and tallow trees, as well as the relict quiningham tree. Tropical forests in their original form have survived only on the island of Hainan.
One of the features of the flora of China is the contrast between forest and desert, mostly saline and completely devoid of vegetation in the western part. The number of animal species is not great here, although the animal world of China is rich and diverse. It has about 1 thousand 800 species of land animals only. The most common and numerous are deer, moose, leopards, brown bears, wild boars, monkeys, porcupines, gibbons, armadillos and even Indian elephants. The southeastern territory of the country is the richest in animal species.
China's water resources
The annual flow of rivers in China is more than 2600 billion cubic meters. m, or 6.6% of the world river flow; China is among the first countries in this indicator. The annual runoff layer, however, averages only 271 mm, which is lower than the world average, and the volume of water per capita is less than 3 thousand cubic meters. m, or 1/4 of the world average. Despite this, China ranks first in the world in terms of water resources with a theoretical energy reserve of 680 million kW. It is a mountainous country, where most of the main rivers rise to the level of the very high Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and have strong currents.
Rivers are unevenly distributed geographically. The basins of rivers of external flow make up 64% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe country, but their flow is equal to 96% of the total figure for the country, it is more in the south than in the north. The Yangtze River basin makes up 18.8% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe country and contains 37.7% of the total river flow in the country, a significant part of it is located in an area rich in water resources along the coast of the sea: Its huge potential is not yet fully exploited, since only 1, 68 million mu of the 7.38 million mu that can be developed for flooded crops are being used.
China has significant reserves of groundwater, but their geographical distribution is rather uneven. They are concentrated in several vast alluvial plains such as the Northeast and North China and the middle and lower Yangtze valley, as well as in some large river basins, for example. in Sichuan, Dzungaria and in the Tarim river basin. These areas are rich not only in groundwater that is easy to use (they include phreatic waters and shallow confined waters), but also in artesian basins, the latter being the main sources of irrigation in the arid regions of the northwest. The depth at which groundwater flows and the flow rate of water in aquifers are constantly changing across regions of soil occurrence, whose geological structure and aquifer are also very diverse due to extremely different topographic conditions. There is a lack of water and their occurrence deep underground in most mountainous areas, with the exception of some places where they are abundant and are closer to the surface of the earth.
Major rivers of China
Major lakes in China
River flow in the river basins of China
Area and territory
Geographical position
Climate
Topography
Rivers of China
Soil
Flora
Natural regions of China
Natural resources are an important part of the natural environment. This includes land and water resources, climatic and biological resources, and minerals. China has quite rich natural resources, first of all, the vastness of the territory of China and there are rich land resources of many types. Of these, arable land is 1224 thousand square meters. km, approximately 10% of the entire country. Arable land is mainly found in flat areas in the Northeast, in northern China, in the basin of the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze, in the Sichuan Basin and the Pearl River Delta. Agriculture flourishes in these areas, and rich crops of wheat, corn, rice and various industrial crops are grown. Forests cover an area of \u200b\u200b1,750 thousand square meters. km and make up 18.2% of the entire territory of China. They mainly grow: 1) on the mountains Big and Small Khingan and Changbai, which are located in the northeast of China and are the largest natural forest area in the country, mainly Korean cedar, larch, and various species of broad-leaved trees predominate here; 2) the Hengduanshan mountains, which are adjoined by the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet, are the second largest forest region in China, rough spruce and fir mainly grow here; 3) on the island of Hainan and in Xishuangbanna in the province of Yunnan, a jungle unique to China has been preserved. The steppes are spread over an area of \u200b\u200b4 million square meters. km and make up 41.6% of the entire territory of China. For the most part, they are located on the Intra-Mongolian plateau, the Loess plateau, in the north and south of the Tianshan mountains in Xinjiang and the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. They are a cattle breeding base supplying the country with cattle, meat, dairy products, wool and other livestock products. In addition, there are many lakes occupying 67.5 thousand square meters. km, they are a natural treasure, supplying the country with fish, shrimp and other marine products. In China, annual precipitation of 6 trillion. cub. m, the total flow of rivers in China is more than 2.7 trillion. cub. m, the total volume of water resources - 2.8 trillion. cub. m. In terms of water resources, China ranks sixth in the world, behind only Brazil, Russia, Canada, the United States and Indonesia. Theoretically, the water resources of China's rivers are fraught with 676 million kilowatts. The potential capacity of hydropower units is 378 million kilowatts and puts China in first place in the world. However, water resources are unevenly distributed across regions, more in the south, less in the north, more in the east, less in the west. China is rich in mineral resources. The reserves of 158 species have already been explored, of which, in terms of reserves, more than 20, China is in species, of which, in terms of reserves, more than 20, China is in the forefront of the world. In terms of the reserves of tungsten, antimony, titanium, vanadium, zinc, rare earths, magnesite, iron sulfide, fluorite, barite, lime and graphite, in total 12 types of minerals, China ranks first in the world, in terms of reserves of tin, mercury, asbestos , talc, coal and molybdenum, 6 types in total - second and third places; for nickel, lead, iron, manganese and platinum, only 5 types - the fourth place in the world. In terms of reserves of 45 main minerals, China ranks third in the world and is one of the few countries with rich deposits of ore and mainly complete species. The flora and fauna of China is rich and diverse, which is one of the countries in the world with quite rich resources in this area. There are 32.8 thousand species of high-class plants, 104 thousand species of animals, of which there are many rare species, for example, panda, golden monkey, Yangtzijiang alligator, white dolphin, metasequoia, tung. All these types of animals and plants cannot be found in other countries, there are very few of them, therefore they are called "living fossils". In order to preserve these rare species of animals and plants, as well as for the purpose of ecological balance, China has created a number of natural reserves, 14 of which are included by the UN in the network of natural reserves "Man and the Biosphere." China has extensive marine areas. Offshore shoals cover an area of \u200b\u200b133 thousand square meters. km, of which 26 thousand sq. km you can breed aquatic products. The area of \u200b\u200bthe saltwater pool is 4.3 thousand square meters. km. Marine resources are also rich. There are over 2,600 species of fish alone in the sea waters of China. More than 50 species are of economic value. Marine fishing and the cultivation of marine products are of a certain scale. In the sea areas of China, oil, natural gas, iron, copper, apatite, beryl - more than 20 types of minerals - have been found. Development has already begun on some of them, for example, offshore oil fields in Bohai Bay and Beibuwan Bay. As for the ocean energy resources, there are expected reserves of 540 million kilowatts. They are also partly already being developed, for example, tides are used to generate energy. The total volume of various resources of China is relatively huge, but due to the large population, their per capita amount is rather scanty, for example, land, water, ores. In addition, various resources are unevenly distributed across regions. For example, coal. The country has more than 760 billion tons of coal, of which over 70% of its reserves are in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia provinces, while the 9 southern provinces in need of coal account for 1.4%. Most of the already explored oil reserves are in the North-East, North-West and northern seaside. 70% of natural gas reserves are located in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces. Water resources are also extremely unevenly distributed. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe strip from the Qinling Mountains in the east to the Huaihe River in the south, arable land in China accounts for 36.3%, and water reserves account for 82.3% of the country's total reserves; to the north of this strip, arable land accounts for 63.7%, and precipitation falls only 17.7% of the total precipitation in the country; in the North-West of China, water resources are even less, its territory is one third of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe country, and water resources are only one twentieth. And hydro resources are unevenly distributed, 70% are concentrated in the regions of the Southwest. In this area, China has stepped up research and general planning and is already taking concrete measures. On the one hand, it builds new railways and branches, improving such a situation as "coal transfer from north to south", on the other hand, builds large interregional facilities "transferring water from south to north", that is, brings the waters of the Yangtze to the Yellow River , thereby solving the problem of serious water shortages in the North-West and in parts of the North of China.