Most difficult language- a rather controversial concept due to the fact that it is necessary to build on your native. Naturally, it will be much easier for Russian-speaking people to master Ukrainian or Belarusian than for the British. However, not a single linguist in the world will be able to say which languages are more difficult to master, which are easier. However, there are many factors on the basis of which we can compile and offer you a rating. In particular:
- Number of words and sounds;
- Verb forms;
- Spelling features;
It makes no sense to distribute the Top 10 by numbers, for valid reasons. Each of the presented languages is difficult due to the opinion of the majority. So…
Top 10 most difficult languages of our world
10
One of the most difficult on the planet is Chinese, because it includes a lot of ancient hieroglyphs. Each character must be drawn carefully, taking into account even small deviations in the slopes of different lines. The absence of any squiggle dramatically changes the meaning of the content in the letter. At the same time, looking at Chinese characters, it is impossible to immediately guess what it is, of course, for people who are not familiar with the features of the language. Speaking about colloquial speech, it is important to note that within the framework of communication it is necessary to follow the rules of tone and homophones. Otherwise, they will not understand, even if you know the meaning of the word and can compose sentences correctly. Pronunciation plays an important role.
First of all, the difficulties of learning the Russian language are due to the fact that stress can fall on different syllables. It takes years for unprepared people to pronounce correctly. At the same time, due to an incorrectly set syllable, the meaning of what was said can radically change. This, in turn, is due to the presence of the same type of words, of which there are many in Russian. Speaking about grammar, it is important to study not only complex cases, but also numbers, tenses, declensions. Separate attention deserves commas and other punctuation marks, with the placement of which the majority of even Russian-speaking and literate people have problems.
Among the complex languages of the world, Japanese should be added, which includes 35 cases. If you have had experience of communicating with Hungarians, you have probably noticed that it is saturated with various expressive phraseological units and suffixes. It is quite difficult to perceive the flow of thoughts, if the representative of Hungary is a talkative person, it is almost impossible.
Speaking about the pronunciation of Hungarian words, difficulties arise due to the huge number of consonants. Therefore, even after studying all 35 cases, it will not be possible to speak fluently because of the pronunciation soon!
It is unlikely that Japanese is somehow inferior in complexity to the Chinese language. In this case, it is also necessary to study a huge number of diverse hieroglyphs. At the same time, there are three different types at once, more precisely, writing systems. Students of higher educational institutions are given several times more time to study Japanese than general educational institutions of other states. Actually, there is nothing surprising in this, because it includes about 15,000 different hieroglyphs. To pass the final exam, you need to know 1500 different characters.
Probably many CIS residents will disagree, but Polish is one of the most difficult languages in the world, due to the lack of certain rules, but the presence of many exceptions. It's hard to remember everything. Despite the fact that there are not so many letters in the alphabet - 32, there are still problems even with reading one word, of course, if it traditionally contains incomprehensible sounds. There are also few cases - only 7, but they need to be understood. The spoken language of the Poles should be included in a separate niche for the most stubborn people, because the pronunciation of many words is quite difficult.
For many, Basque is an unknown term, for others it is one of the most difficult languages in the world, for others it is the epitome of history and culture. Let's try to figure out the true purpose and origin.
At present, many Spaniards and some French speak with the help of Basque. At the same time, the language is in no way connected with any of the familiar ones, and includes 24 cases. The uniqueness lies in the fact that all words are connected through the endings of the same twenty-four cases. It is believed that the Amazons created it.
Another complex and not common language that is used to communicate in some states of America, including Arizona. Based on history, the creators of this species are the Indians, namely 200,000 people. The originality and complexity lie in the unusual pronunciation of consonants. Surprisingly, many Europeans simply cannot physiologically pronounce certain words in Navajo. However, Asians manage to easily learn this language, however, this is not necessary, because not many Americans communicate in it.
Quite interesting and at the same time intricate is Icelandic, including words that have long been forgotten. Many experts instill the origin of this language with distant roots. A truly ancient language that explains the origin of many terms. To learn Icelandic today they use books, reference books, but this is not enough. You must have experience in communicating with the natives, otherwise you will have problems with the pronunciation of many words. However, grammar cannot be properly comprehended through books.
Have you just started learning a foreign language and are already facing incredible difficulties?
Can't tear yourself through the thorns of German, English or French grammar, phonetics and vocabulary without tears? Chin up! Rejoice that you are not faced with the task of conquering one of the most difficult languages in the world.
Russian - fifth place
Foreigners compare the study of the "great and mighty" with a nightmare. Even the Russian alphabet enters into a state of panic. Many letters in Cyrillic look the same as in Latin, but sound completely different. The purpose of "b" and "b" is a mystery behind seven seals. But more often than not, "Y" and "Y" become a stumbling block. The pronunciation of these sounds is a real torture for the uninitiated.
Words also raise questions. The most difficult to study are homonyms. Although they are spelled the same, they have different meanings. Synonyms also do not stand aside - only the verb "to go" has about 50 identical concepts! And the consonance of some words and the change in stress can distort the meaning of the phrase and cause an awkward situation.
Having coped with the kaleidoscope of letters and words, the unfortunate fall into the wondrous world of 6 cases, 2 conjugations and 3 declensions. Keeping all the rules in your head is already a feat, and it’s time to give a medal for mastering the exceptions.
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Hungarian - fourth place
The grammar of the Hungarian language is almost inaccessible to mere mortals. She is fraught with unpleasant surprises:
- 25 cases (in some sources - 18);
- The presence of 6 tense verb forms, including the imperative mood for the first person.
- Unusual morphology. What Russian speakers express with prepositions, Hungarians attach to the word with the help of case endings.
- The gender of a noun is determined only by the meaning of the sentence or the word itself.
The Magyar alphabet consists of 40 letters (14 vowels and 26 consonants). A difficult moment for the Russians is the peculiarity of the pronunciation of symbols. So, "S" is read as "Ш", "GY" - as "ДЬ", "A" - as something in between Russian "О" and "А".
Insidious and linguistics. It’s hard not to faint when you see the word “megszentsеgtelenнthetetlensеgeskedеseitekйrt” in the text, which translates roughly as “in connection with your desire to maintain an impeccable reputation.”
Japanese - third place
The language of the samurai is a severe test for foreigners. Even the Japanese find it difficult to learn the rules of their native language: 10 out of 12 school years, children spend fighting with intricate kanji (hieroglyphs) and two alphabets that have their own alphabet. What can we say about those who grew up away from the mysterious calligraphic signs!
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The good news is that Japanese morphology is simple and has a clear structure. Nouns and adjectives do not change, and verb forms are easy to learn. The bad news is the abundance of grammatical synonyms: indistinguishable for the European ear, methods of expressing time, conditions and reasons.
A separate topic is the famous Japanese politeness. The courteous inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun use 50 types of greetings. For representatives of different ages, social status and financial status, a separate, carefully selected style of speech is provided. One misused word - and you will be on the list of notorious rude people.
There are about five thousand languages in the world. Even within the same country, the population can use several languages, in addition to the state. Each language is a whole system of signs, letters and sounds, which is formed in the course of the entire history of the people. This is not to say that there are languages that are very easy to learn. It is more difficult for us in Russia to learn Korean than, for example, for Chinese. The same can be said about which language is the most difficult in the world. One among them is very difficult to determine. However, you can rank. It will consist of several language systems that are considered the most difficult to learn in the world.
10. Finnish
Finnish is in tenth place, but this does not mean that it is easy. Its simplicity lies in the fact which, unlike the Russian language, the words in it are written exactly the same as we hear them. But in terms of the number of case endings in words, Finnish is one of the champions - there are 15 cases in the language. It also has such a feature as different standards for colloquial and literary versions. The literary standard is used in the media, education, and politics, while the colloquial standard is used in the work environment, interpersonal communication, and some types of more informal media, such as radio and TV.
The alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, but with peculiarities in spelling and pronunciation, which make it difficult to learn.
9. Icelandic
Most of the difficulty in trying to learn this language system arises from oral speech. Due to the fact that historically there was no European influence, this language has not changed much since its inception, and only the native inhabitants of Iceland can pronounce the words correctly.
When new words appear in Iceland, they are often simply copied and pronounced with their own characteristics. . And some Icelandic words in other language groups have long gone out of use.
8. Hungarian
For Hungarian learners, Finnish may seem easy. In Hungary, words have as many as 35 cases, and the pronunciation of vowels is also distinguished by a long and drawn-out sound. Another feature - is the intensity of the language phraseological units and speech turns understandable only to Hungarians. Even a literal translation is sometimes powerless when trying to understand what the Hungarian meant. And in the Hungarian language there are separate characters for writing words of foreign origin, which are not used in non-borrowed words.
The simplest thing about learning Hungarian is that Hungarians don't use the present tense, only the past and the future.
7. Basque
Some part population of modern and France speaks Basque. There are about a million of its carriers, which is not so little. But even among speakers, several distinct dialects can be distinguished. This system is isolated from other language groups and is considered one of the most difficult in the world.
The alphabet consists of 22 letters, the stress in a word can be either single or multiple - on several syllables, depending on the length of the word. There are more than 20 cases, with the help of which words are connected with each other.
6. Polish
What this language is famous for is the number of exceptions to absolutely any rule. This applies to grammar, punctuation, and spelling as well. Learning them all in the learning process is not for everyone. The sound of the Polish language reminiscent of Russian, but only at first glance. It seems that words familiar to us can mean completely opposite things.
To understand written Polish, you must first learn spoken language and understand what the Poles are talking about.
5. Eskimo
The language of these northern peoples even listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the most complex alphabet. Verbs in Eskimo have as many as 63 forms, and this is only in the present tense. Only the carrier can deal with them.
In the Eskimo language there is such a thing - inflections. These are different forms of endings after the root, with the help of which a new word is formed. So in this language system there are 252 such inflections for the singular of a noun.
4. Tuyuka
It is spoken by small nations, living along the banks of the Amazon River. There are few sounds in tuyuk, but they are used to build whole sentences. That is, a person, uttering just a couple of sounds, can tell a whole story! Even the gender of a noun is changed by sounds. And each noun differs by gender: masculine, feminine and neuter. According to linguists, there are about 130 genders in the Tuyuki grammar.
The simplest forms in a Tuyuk sentence they look something like this: instead of saying the phrase "the girl is going to the river", they say "the girl is going to the river, and I say this because I saw her go there."
3. Russian
The biggest difficulty in learning Russian for foreigners is the stress in words. According to the students, they are located chaotically and do not depend at all either on the part of speech or on time. What else is difficult for foreigners to understand:
The list of reasons why Russian can be included in the "Top Most Difficult Languages in the World" rating can be continued for a very long time. But our native language does not seem so complicated to us.
2. Arabic
Everyone is familiar with such a feature of the Arabic language as writing text from left to right. But that's not all the complexity. One character in the alphabet of the Arab countries can be written in four different ways. You need to transfer words to a new line when writing completely, without dividing the word into 2 parts.
The writing system is complicated by the fact that, in addition to the plural and singular, a dual number appears here.
There are also phonetic difficulties: when pronouncing, it is important to choose one of the four tones for each sound, otherwise the meaning of the word may be completely different, not the one you originally intended. In Arabic, there are no two identical words in sound, unlike Russian words, for example, "bow" and "meadow".
1. Chinese
Most linguists consider this the most difficult language. Among the main difficulties in its study are:
- Hieroglyphs. Their writing will stun anyone who tries to copy them for the first time. Each character is a word. This implies that their number reaches almost 90 thousand pieces.
- Tones. As in Arabic, in Chinese each sound has 4 tones, and their correctness directly affects the meaning of what you say.
Many students choose to study Chinese only because it is different from all other existing language systems in the world. Competent Chinese translators are in great demand and there are not so many of them.
These are just 10 examples of language systems that considered the most difficult languages in the world. The rating can easily be expanded with a couple of dozen more interesting and unlike dialects, dialects and languages. Our planet is multifaceted, and the people who live on it express their thoughts in a variety of ways.
I, like any teacher, are often asked: “What is the most difficult language in the world?”, “And which is more difficult: French or Spanish?”, “Which language is the easiest to learn?” or “Why is English so difficult?” All of these questions indicate that people have an intuitive sense that languages vary in complexity, but fail to build a consistent "scale".
Generally speaking, such scales exist. For example, the American Foreign Service Institute at the State Department (FSI) divides all languages into 5 categories, depending on how many hours it takes to study them somewhere up to level C1 (Upper-Intermediate / Advanced). The first and easiest category (600 hours) includes Danish, Dutch, French, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Italian and Swedish. In the most difficult, fifth (2200 hours), - Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean. The Russian fell into the fourth category; according to the State Department, it can be spoken well after 1100 hours of training. The entire table can be viewed in full.
From this, for example, it should follow that the Russian language is 1.83 times more difficult than Romanian, but twice as easy as Arabic. Is it really? Unfortunately no. First, these data are only for native English speakers. Therefore, Danish, which is related to English, is in the first group. Secondly, FSI is a very conservative educational institution, where they teach languages in university - that is, slow and aimed at deep learning of language culture - programs. If you need a language for everyday communication on simple topics, this classification is not for you.
I will say right away: there is no universal “gradation of languages” according to the complexity of learning. All living languages are used by their speakers and mastered by foreigners (even if we are talking about two neighboring tribes in the Amazonian forests, there are always some kind of interpreters). All languages can be described by linguists. All languages perfectly cater to the needs of native speakers. Therefore, comparing languages entirely- a thankless task. But in some particular aspects, languages can really differ significantly in complexity. This is what I want to write below.
THE Difficulty of a NEW LANGUAGE IS DETERMINED BY THE LANGUAGES YOU ALREADY KNOW
Each of us has a native language. If this language is Russian, then we can easily cope with the study of another Slavic language. This ease is, of course, relative. Due to the similarity with Russian, you are likely to occasionally replace foreign words and forms with native ones. Also, closely related languages always look and sound a bit "funny". A Russian will find many funny words in Bulgarian, a Czech in Polish, a German in Dutch, an Azerbaijani in Turkish.
If you already know a foreign language, then other languages of the same group will seem easier to you. For example, Dutch is the easiest language to learn if you can speak both English and German. Another thing is that this task, due to its ease, may seem uninteresting (for example, I read Dutch, but I don’t want to learn it: it’s boring).
DIFFICULTITY OF LANGUAGE DEPENDS ON CULTURE
Almost any language reflects the cultural ties of the people who speak it. This is especially true of writing and "high", "abstract" vocabulary. For example, the Russian language, like many other Orthodox nations, uses the Cyrillic alphabet. The closely related Church Slavonic and Latin served as a source of book and scientific vocabulary for the Russian language. Thanks to the latter fact, we can easily find "similar" words in almost all European languages. The Russian "revolution" is easily recognized in Polish "rewolucja", Romanian "revoluție", English "revolution" or Spanish "revolución". But there are also European languages that prefer to create "native" equivalents of such concepts. The same "revolution" in Irish will be "réabhlóid", and in Hungarian "forradalom".
Things are even "worse" for us in languages belonging to completely different linguistic "civilizations". For example, in all languages associated with Islamic culture (Turkic, Iranian, etc.), “high” vocabulary is borrowed from classical Arabic. Arabic is "easier" for native speakers of these languages than for us. In Southeast Asia, Classical Chinese performed a similar function. We will not find any Latinisms that make life easier, and even more so Church Slavonicisms.
COMMON LANGUAGES EASIER
When answering the question “what is the easiest language?”, it is worth paying attention to the fact that languages spoken by a large number of people and which are actively studied (or even completely borrowed) by other peoples often turn out to be simpler in some respects than those languages. , which are limited to one small area. This is especially true for grammar. There are two reasons for this: firstly, foreigners or new speakers of such languages intuitively “simplify” them for ease of use. This is exactly what happened with Latin. For example, having forgotten their Celtic language, the ancestors of the French, the Gauls, switched not to classical, but to a significantly simplified (folk) Latin. In the end, the case ended with the disappearance of noun declension in modern French. Secondly, the lighter the language, the more likely it is to spread faster.
THERE IS SOMETHING EASY IN ANY LANGUAGEAND PLEASANT
Comparing languages in general is, as I already wrote, a thankless task. But in certain aspects, one language can easily be easier than another. Moreover: in every language there is some easy-to-learn pleasantness (at least from the point of view of a Russian speaker).
For example, in Italian or Spanish, pronunciation is very easy from the point of view of Russian. In Chinese - surprise, surprise! - very easy grammar (that is, almost none of it). In modern literary Arabic, the grammar is also not too complicated. The Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages have a very transparent word structure (the endings do not “merge” with each other, but are clearly separated from each other and unambiguous in meaning). German has a simple and consistent spelling, and the pronunciation is quite simple. From the point of view of a foreign native speaker of a Western European language, Russian has a fairly simple system of tenses.
In short, there is no language in which you would not be in for a pleasant surprise!
ANY LANGUAGE IS SOMETHING DIFFICULTY
You can’t say about any particular language that it is the most difficult language in the world. Each of them has its own characteristics. But, alas, in any natural language there are some features that are unpleasant for a foreigner (or even a native speaker!)
In the case of Chinese, these problem areas are obvious: tones and characters. Moreover, the latter cause difficulties for native speakers, significantly delaying school literacy education. That is why it is considered one of the most difficult languages in the world. Arabic is also complex in terms of phonetics and writing (although much easier than Chinese). In Italian, Spanish and French there are a huge number of tenses, irregular verbs and rules for the use of verb moods that are not quite natural for Russians. There are really few tenses in Russian, but there is a verb form (did / did), from the rules of use of which foreigners can easily go crazy.
English is relatively simple in everything... Almost. The fact is that due to the huge number of regional variants and dialects, it is not easy to learn to understand natural English speech by ear. Although many people find that it is the easiest language to learn.
SIMPLE DOES NOT MEAN EASY
It turns out that in any language there are things "easier" and "harder". Therefore, in my opinion, in general, all languages are quite well “balanced” and do not differ too much from each other in this. If suddenly you are faced with the need to learn some “difficult” language in your opinion (Japanese or Arabic, for example), do not despair: for every difficulty you encounter, some pleasant and easy phenomenon will always be found in them.
But here I would like to make one reservation: systemic "simplicity" does not always mean "ease" of assimilation. Let us take as an example the English times that have set everyone on edge. Formally, they are extremely simple: there are four auxiliary verbs (be, have, do, will) four forms of the verb (infinitive, present participle in –ing, past participle on –ed and simple past tense –ed) and one sad ending -s. All times are built from combinations of these elementary "bricks" (and not even all of them). But it is precisely because of the small number of "bricks" and the variety of their combinations that the confusion so familiar to many occurs.
Andrey Logutov
There are currently about 6,000 different languages in the world. Some of them are simple, some are complex. And there are those that for foreigners are more like a cryptographic cipher than a language of communication. Here are the 10 most difficult languages to learn.
10. Tuyuka
“Think before you speak,” we were often told as children. But in the Tuyuka language, which is spoken by the Indians living in the Amazon basin, they always think about what they are talking about. After all, the Tuyuka language has special verb endings that let the listener understand how the speaker knows what he is talking about. And there is no way to do without them: the language demands! So when you say something like "a woman is washing clothes", you have to add: "I know because I saw it myself." In addition, this language has from 50 to 140 classes of nouns. The Tuyuk language is agglutinative, which means that one word can mean a whole phrase. And two whole words, meaning the pronoun "we" - inclusive and exclusive.
9. Abkhazian
There are only three vowels in the Abkhaz language - a, s and aa. The remaining vowels, denoted in writing by separate letters - e, o, and, y, are obtained from a combination of other vowels and consonants. The Abkhaz language compensates for the vocal poverty with an abundance of consonants: there are 58 of them in the literary language, and as many as 67 in the Bzyb dialect. By the way, the Abkhaz alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1862, and three years later the Abkhaz primer was released. The manner of the Abkhazians to start a word with the letter “a” has been joked many times. But this prefix, or colloquially a prefix, performs the same function in the Abkhazian language that the in English is a definite article. It is placed before all nouns, and according to the rules of the Abkhazian language, it is added to borrowed words too. So the “destruction of the air squadron” is not a joke.
8. Khoisan
Some of the Khoisan languages are endangered, and many have already died out. But still, about 370 thousand people still speak these very unusual dialects. The fact is that in the languages spoken in southern Africa around the Kalahari desert, there are so-called clicks or clicking consonants. The term "Khoisan" itself was constructed from the words of the Khoisan Nama language: "Koi" in it means a person, and "San" means "Bushman". Initially, this term was used to refer to the physical-racial type of these peoples, and only much later did the American linguist Joseph Greenberg apply the term to the macrofamily of languages that use clicking sounds. Not so long ago, genetic scientists confirmed the ancient isolation of the Khoisan peoples from the rest of mankind and found that the tribes living north and south of the Kalahari have been isolated from each other for at least 30 thousand years.
7. Finnish
Everyone who has tried to learn all fifteen Finnish cases and more than a hundred conjugations and personal forms of the verb will agree that Finnish is difficult. Finns don't just burn their hearts with the verb - they decline the verb like a noun! Add to this the alternation of consonants, the abundance of suffixes and mysterious postpositions, the verbal control that is difficult for a foreigner - and it seems just right to fall into despair. But don't be in a hurry: there is a lot of comfort in the Finnish language for a diligent student. Words are both heard and written and read in the same way - there are no unpronounceable letters here. The stress always falls on the first syllable, and the category of gender is absent altogether, which is quite capable of warming the soul of a supporter of equality. There are several past tenses in Finnish, but there is no future tense at all. Connoisseurs of the national character argue that this is because the Finns are used to being responsible for the spoken words, and if the Finn has already promised, he will definitely do it.
6. Chinese
The latest Chinese dictionary, Zhonghua Zihai, compiled in 1994, contains - are you sitting? - 85,568 hieroglyphs. True, it would be more correct to speak not about the Chinese language, but about the Chinese branch of languages, which unites many dialects, but there are still no easy ones among them. Take at least the hieroglyphs: as a consolation, we can immediately say that not all of the more than 85 thousand are actively used in the modern language: the lion's share of them is found only in the memorable literature of various Chinese dynasties and is no longer used in practice. For example, the hieroglyph "se", meaning "talkative", which consists of 64 strokes. However, the current hieroglyphs are not so simple: for example, the hieroglyph “nan”, which means “stuffy nose”, is depicted with 36 dashes. Unlike happy Europeans, who learn a few dozen letters, a resident of the Celestial Empire, in order to start reading more or less, must memorize, at worst, at least 1500 hieroglyphs. But each hieroglyph also needs to be learned to draw. Oh, you are heavy, Chinese letter!
5. Chippewa
The champion of verb forms is, of course, the Chippewa language of the American Indians, or, as they are more commonly called, Ojibwe. Linguists refer to the Chippewa language as the southwestern dialect of Ojibway proper. So, in this language - as many as 6 thousand verb forms! But even with all the complexities of this language, you, of course, know a couple of words from it: these are, for example, the words “wigwam” or “totem”. Based on the legends of the Ojibwe people, an epic poem by Henry Longfellow was written. The American classic used myths, toponyms and even words from the Ojibwe language, but, like any other person, he was not able to take into account everything. So the mistake is right on the cover: the legendary Ojibwe hero is called Nanobojo, because Hiawatha is a character from the mythology of the Iroquois.
4. Eskimo
Do you know the word "igloo", meaning the winter dwelling of the Eskimos, built of snow or ice blocks? Then congratulations: you know a word from the Eskimo language. It also rightfully takes its place of honor among the most difficult languages in the world: the Guinness Book of Records assures that it has 63 forms of the present tense, and simple nouns in it have 252 inflections. The term "inflection" in linguistics denotes different types of changes in words or roots. Let's just correct the Guinness Book: modern linguists do not single out the Eskimo language. This, apparently, is about the entire Eskimo branch of the Eskimo-Aleut languages. But in the main registrar of world records is not mistaken: all Eskimo languages are extremely complex: say, in one verb form, using suffixes, you can express up to 12 grammatical categories. Speakers of this language think figuratively: the word "Internet" in it is expressed by the term "ikiaqqivik", which means "travel through layers."
3. Tabasaran
The number of languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of Dagestan cannot be accurately counted. We can only say that 14 of them have a written language. The most difficult of them and, according to the Guinness Book of Records, one of the most difficult in the world is Tabasaran. The language of the Lezgi branch of the Nakh-Dagestan family of languages holds the world record for the number of cases - they are distinguished in the Tabasaran language from 44 to 52! It has 54 letters and 10 parts of speech, and there are no prepositions, but postpositions are used instead. So that life does not seem like honey to a student of the Tabasaran language, there are as many as three dialects in the language. But there are a lot of borrowings in the dictionary of Tabasarans. Near the Farsi language, the mountain dwellers borrowed ancient household, military and craft terminology. Tabasarans borrowed religious and scientific terms from Arabic. And the Russian language shared with the Tabasaran modern socio-political and scientific and technical vocabulary. Just don't forget. that all these words change in more than 50 cases!
2. Navajo
The idea to use complex languages to transmit encrypted messages came to the Americans back in the First World War: then the Choctaw Indians served in the US Army. In World War II, they took advantage of this experience. And in addition to the complex Basque language, they began to transmit messages in the Navajo language. Fortunately, there were enough native speakers of this most complex language, who also knew English, but there was no writing in the language, and therefore there were no dictionaries at all. "Windtalkers", that is, "speaking with the wind," as the Navajo ciphers called themselves, even had to invent new words that were previously absent in their language. For example, the plane was called "not-ahs-ya", that is, "owl", the submarine - "besh-lo", literally - "iron fish". And Navajo signalers called Hitler "posa-tai-wo", that is, "crazy white man." In addition to vowels and consonants, this language has four more tones - high, low, ascending and descending. Particularly complex in the Navajo language are verb forms, which consist of a stem, to which derivational and inflectional prefixes are added. The fascist himself will break his head!
1. Basque
In this unique, unlike anything European language, very ancient concepts have been preserved. For example, the word "knife" in it literally means "a stone that cuts", and "ceiling" - "roof of a cave". We are talking about the language that its speakers call Euskara, and we call the Basque language. It is a so-called isolated language: it does not belong to any of the known language families. Now it is spoken and written by approximately 700,000 people, mostly living on the coastal strip 50 kilometers wide from the Spanish city of Bilbao to the city of Bayonne in France. The Basque language is classified as an agglutinative language - this is how linguists call languages in which suffixes and prefixes are used to form new words, and each of them carries only one meaning. There are about half a million words in the Basque language dictionary - approximately the same as in our great and mighty one. This is explained by a large number of synonyms and dialect variants. The obscurity and complexity of the Basque language played a positive role: during the Second World War, it was used by US Army cipher radio operators.