Recreational resources short message. Recreational potential of the Russian Federation. Recreational and tourist potential of Russia

Objects and phenomena of nature, as well as human activities that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment, are named.

The recreational potential of Russia is great. Natural recreational resources (seas, rivers, waters, scenic, etc.) are very diverse. But climatic conditions, environmental problems, underdeveloped infrastructure significantly reduce the possibility of their full use. At the same time, large territories in Russia are virtually untouched by civilization. The demand for such territories is constantly growing all over the world.

Monuments of history and culture of Russia were badly damaged in the XX century. Their restoration requires large financial investments.

The largest recreational areas in Russia are the North Caucasus, Central and Northwest.

The North Caucasian region is primarily the health resort complexes of Mineralnye Vody (Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk) and (Anapa, Gelendzhik, Sochi), as well as Dombai, Arkhyz, Teberda, etc. The area has favorable natural conditions for summer types of recreation, mountaineering, skiing, treatment. For example, Anapa is the sunniest place on the Black Sea coast (average annual number of sunny days is 317), a children's resort of all-Russian importance. Sochi, the largest resort in Russia, stretches 150 km along the sea coast. Pyatigorsk is called a unique natural museum of mineral waters, as it contains over 40 mineral springs.

The central region is especially attractive for its numerous monuments of history and culture. A unique complex of cultural and historical objects - "The Golden Ring of Russia".

In particular, Sergiev Posad (known since 1340) has been the center of Russian Orthodoxy for many years, Rostov is famous for the Kremlin complex, bells, enamel, Suzdal is a museum city of world significance, Vladimir has been the most important city of Russian principalities for more than 150 years.

In the region there are many ancient Russian cities (Smolensk, Murom, Tula, Ryazan, Kolomna, Dmitrov, etc.), Russian monasteries that played a large role in the defense of the country, education, the development of new lands (Nilova, Serafimo-Diveevsky, Op-tina deserts, Voskresensky New Jerusalem, Savvino-Sto-Rozhevsky, Bryansk Svensky, Pafnutyev Borovsky, etc.). Here are the fields of Russian glory - Kulikovo and Borodinskoe, centers of wonderful folk arts and crafts - Zhostovo, Gzhel, Fedoskino, Khokhloma, Palekh, etc., places associated with the work of culture, art, science - Bolshoye Boddino, Polenovo, Yasnaya Polyana , Konstantinovo, Abramtsevo and many others.

The North-West region is primarily St. Petersburg and its environs - the famous palace and park complexes (Lomonosov, Gatchina, Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets). No less interesting are Pskov, Pushkin places (Pskov region), Veliky Novgorod, Valaam and Kizhi, Solovetsky Islands, Pskovo-Pechersky, Alexander-Svirsky and Tikhvin Mother of God monasteries, monuments of Great Ustyug, Kargopol and much more.

Of course, Russia's recreational resources are not limited to the three named regions. No less attractive with its unique caves (Divya, Kapova, Kungurskaya), centers of arts and crafts, (Chuisky tract, etc.), Primorsky Krai, Yenisei and much more.

World Heritage Center (as part of

Each of us is looking forward to summer, when it will be possible to go to a seaside resort, to the mountains or to an ordinary holiday home located in our middle lane. There are more than enough leisure options for every taste both in our country and abroad.

Choosing what to do in the summer, we often do not even think about the fact that all this - the sea coast, mountains, mineral springs and other resort areas - is a recreational resource of our country that needs to be developed, protected and increased.

What are recreational resources?

Frightening name for many "Recreational resources" denote everything that can be used for the organization of recreation and tourism. On their basis, many countries create entire recreational industries that satisfy the needs of their own population and foreign citizens for a comfortable and healthy vacation.

It is customary to refer to recreational resources:

- territories where conditions for recreation have developed naturally or artificially;

- sights of historical or cultural nature;

- infrastructure, population and other factors that relate to the economic potential of a particular territory.

These are the resources on the basis of which it is possible to form an efficiently operating recreational economy, i.e. a complex of natural, socio-economic, historical and cultural factors that will provide conditions for recreation and health improvement of people on a fairly massive scale.

Recreational industries in the modern world have gained tremendous importance. Whole states are building their recreational facilities in order to ensure at their expense a stable replenishment of the state budget and the economic development of regions.

The basis of recreational resources, as a rule, are natural landscape components: the sea coast, a mountain range, picturesque banks of a river or lake, forests or steppes, mineral springs, curative mud.

In second place in importance are historical and cultural monuments: palace and park ensembles, museums, places of memorable historical events, etc. But all this does not bring the expected effect if it is not supported by a well-developed infrastructure and adequate service.

Types of recreational resources

A radical change in the way of life that has occurred over the past century has significantly increased the role of recreational resources and the recreational industry for the population. The scientific and technological revolution has torn most people away from physical labor and natural surroundings, moving them into a completely artificial environment and forcing them to spend whole days sitting, standing behind a machine or a conveyor belt.

Therefore, the best types of recreation for many of us is communication with nature - swimming in the sea, walking in the forest or river bank, hiking or rafting on a stormy river. For another part of society, recreation is about getting new impressions - they are more suited for educational excursions to historical or cultural attractions.

We must not forget about health tourism, as well as many other types of recreation. All this together makes up different types of recreational resources.

- Climatic resources - areas with certain types of climate: seaside, alpine, cold, etc. The most comfortable for recreation are zones with a tropical and subtropical climate.

- Water resources are a whole range of water natural or artificial objects: seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc. As a rule, they form the basis of a recreational complex.

- Forest resources - forests located in an accessible area and suitable for recreation. Practically all forest areas can be referred to them, except for those located in highly wetlands.

- Balneological resources are mineral and thermal springs, reservoirs with curative mud, used for the treatment and prevention of a number of diseases.

- Landscape resources are various types of natural or artificially created landscapes of interest for hiking, automobile, equestrian, cycling, skiing and other types of tourism.

- Resources for excursion tourism include historical, architectural and cultural attractions, beautiful and unusual landscapes, ethnocultural, spectacular, industrial and other objects that may be of interest to tourists.

Russia has a huge recreational potential, which today is beginning to be realized at a qualitatively new level in the most beautiful and ecologically clean corners of our country.

Recreational resources (from lag. recreatio - restoration) is a set of natural phenomena, as well as natural and human-made objects used by them for recreation, treatment, tourism. Recreational resources include natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, water bodies, vegetation, fauna); cultural and historical sights; economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

This type of resource was allocated as an independent one relatively recently, but it is already firmly rooted in the minds of people. The emergence of various types of recreation is due to the goals of their creation. For the purposes of recovery, territories with unique healing properties can be used, such as a favorable climate, a special combination of terrain with vegetation, mineral springs, geothermal waters, sea and mountain air, etc.

For the purposes of recreation and tourism, including sports, such recreational resources are used as the coasts and waters of lakes, rivers, seas and oceans, mountainous areas, nature reserves and national parks, forest zones, historical sites, etc.

More familiar, in contrast to recreational resources, is the concept of "resort" (from it. Whale - treatment and Oit - place, area) - a developed and used specially protected natural area recognized by the current legislation, which has natural medicinal resources and the necessary conditions for their use with therapeutic and prophylactic purposes (treatment, medical rehabilitation, disease prevention, health improvement), as well as necessary for their exploitation buildings and structures, including infrastructure facilities.

The first resorts were granted to man by nature. The well-known Roman baths were originally a creation of nature, and not a miracle of architecture of Ancient Rome. The Italian thermal resorts of Monsummano, Montegrotto and Montecatini are interesting for the fact that there are thermal spas created here by nature - hot water from springs fills numerous grottoes with steam. Today it is difficult to say where the man-made terms first appeared. In ancient Greece, public bathing facilities were an integral part of sports facilities. Baths in Bulgaria were built by the emperors Trajan, Septimius Sever, Maximilian, Justinian. During the Renaissance, the culture of water treatment began to revive. So, on the map of Europe in the XV century. appeared one of the most famous resorts of our time - Karlovy Vary. The resorts on the Baltic Sea, the German resorts of Baden-Baden and Aachen, the Belgian Spa and other now popular resorts soon became centers of high society meetings.

In Russia, the first resort appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, when the Marcial Waters resort was built by the order of Peter I (1719). In the same years, the German scientist H. Paulsen, at the behest of Peter I, founded the "Bader baths" on the Lipetsk salt waters, which soon gained popularity in Russia and became the basis of its second resort. The first official information about the mineral springs of the Caucasus is contained in the reports of Dr. G. Schober (1717), who was sent by the imperial decree of Peter 1 to the region of the North Caucasus "to search for spring waters" (the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta in the middle of the 14th century wrote about a hot mineral spring on North Caucasus - in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Pyatigorsk).

The study of recreation and recreational activities is one of the youngest areas of modern science. In 1963-1975. a team of specialists from the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (V.S.Preobrazhensky, Yu.A. Vedenin, I.V. Zorin, B.N.Likhanov, L.I.Mukhina, L.S.Filippovich, etc.) prepared a monograph "Theoretical foundations of recreational geography". The ideas contained in it served as the basis for further research of the same team ("Geography of the USSR's recreational systems" (1980); "Territorial organization of recreation for the population of Moscow and the Moscow region" (1986); "Recreational resources of the USSR" (1990)) and received a response from domestic and foreign research. They are reflected in the educational courses of universities. In 1992, the Russian International Academy of Tourism published a new monograph "Theory of recreation and recreational geography" (V. S. Preobrazhensky, Yu. A. Vedenin, I. V. Zorin, V. A. Kvartalnov, V. M. Krivosheev, L. S. Filippovich). It summarized the results of many years of research and formulated the beginnings of recreation as an interdisciplinary science: a set of emerging ideas and concepts about the recreational system was outlined; recreational needs as a generating factor;

recreational activities as a backbone factor; about the models of the recreational system.

Recreation (from lat. recreatio - recovery and logos -doctrine, science) is a science developing at the intersection of recreational geography, population geography and medical geography. The object of her research is the recreational system, consisting of interconnected natural and cultural complexes, engineering structures, service personnel and the vacationers themselves (recreationalists).

In many countries, recreational services are a large sector of the economy.

The result of scientific and technological revolution and urbanization is that recently all over the world there has been a "recreational boom", manifested in the mass visits of people to various corners of nature, resort areas, tourism and recreation areas. The need for people to restore spiritual and physical strength, as well as to meet their needs in visiting territories with historical and architectural monuments, is a sign of the rapid development of modern civilization, which is characterized by intense human activity that requires periodic unloading.

Almost every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. Countries in which successfully rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions are most attractive to people who want to restore their energy spent in the process of creation. Recently, countries such as Italy, France, Spain, Greece, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, etc. have been particularly popular for recreation, tourism and treatment. The development of international tourism brings many countries a considerable income, and for some makes up the bulk of the country's budget.

Recreational resources (from Lat. recreatio - restoration).

Recreational resources are now of great importance in the world. These are objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, treatment, tourism. These resources combine both natural objects and objects of anthropogenic origin, which include historical and architectural monuments (Petro Palace, French Versailles, Roman Colosseum, Athenian Acropolis, Egyptian pyramids, Great Wall of China). Nevertheless, the basis of recreational resources is made up of natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, lakes, mountains, forests, medicinal springs and mud.

In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the growing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, the isolation of man from nature.

Every country in the world has one or another recreational resources, but most of the tourists are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Bulgaria, India, Mexico, Egypt. In these countries, rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions. The development of international tourism brings a lot of income to many countries.

Recreational resources wikipedia
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At the present stage, recreational resources have become of great importance in the world. These are objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, treatment and tourism. In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the growing impact of the flow of people on nature.

This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature. The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but most of the holidaymakers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The most popular are countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions.

international tourism

Cyprus and Israel).
3.

Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania).

In terms of the number of World Heritage sites, European countries are in the lead.

About 1/5 of the World Heritage Sites are natural monuments. The not calm socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts from Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation. Due to the ongoing civil and political unrest, travel agencies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia.

The overwhelming majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Figure: Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

extreme tourism

At least 25% of all tourists are young people, who in developed countries are financially well-off, have a good education and strive to satisfy their own interests in learning about nature. In the richest country of capital in the United States, over 70% of families with an annual income of less than 2 thousand.

dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population is not traveling 78.8%. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the overwhelming majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion.

Recreational areas and resorts

people never went outside their village or city. The greatest interest in travel is shown by strata of the population with an average income: employees, youth, intelligentsia, entrepreneurs.

Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service package: 15.6%;

Expert advice: 11.3%

Advertising: 3.7%
Nice office: 2.5%
Other indicators: 5.9%.

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World recreational resources

The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but most of the holidaymakers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The most popular are countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions.

The development of recreational nature management and international tourism can bring large incomes to these countries (Fig.). Among the natural and recreational objects the most famous are: the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Caribbean, Red Seas; Hawaiian, Maldives, Canary Islands, Bahamas and other islands; therapeutic mud of the Crimea; mineral waters of the Caucasus.

international tourism

The use of modern world recreational resources is characterized by significant territorial unevenness.

World Tourism Organization, with six main regions:
1. European (all European countries, countries of the former USSR + Turkey,

Cyprus and Israel).
2. American (all countries of North and South America).
3. Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of the Eastern and South-4.

East Asia, Australia and Oceania).
5. Middle East (Southwest Asia + Egypt and Libya).
African (all African countries except Egypt and Libya).
6. South Asian (South Asian countries).

In terms of the number of World Heritage sites, European countries are in the lead. About 1/5 of the World Heritage Sites are natural monuments. The not calm socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts from Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation.

Due to the ongoing civil and political unrest, travel agencies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia. The overwhelming majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

Recreational nature management includes travel and excursions, hiking, beach recreation, mountaineering, sea and river cruises, visiting cultural and sports events, recreation at tourist centers, fishing and hunting.

Ecological tourism is one of the types of recreational nature management.

Ecological tourism is subdivided into: seaside, mountain, river, sea, urban, scientific and educational. The objects are national and natural parks, individual landscapes, natural and natural-cultural attractions.

Ecotourists travel to their own and neighboring countries, but their main flow is directed from Europe and North America to tropical countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Ecuador). According to modern estimates, ecological tourism is the most rapidly developing part of the world recreational nature management. More widespread is extreme tourism–Travels to the Arctic, Antarctic.

The greatest tourist and recreational activity is distinguished by people aged 30 to 50 years.

At least 25% of all tourists are young people, who in developed countries are financially well-off, have a good education and strive to satisfy their own interests in learning about nature.

Major recreational areas of the world

In the richest country of capital in the United States, over 70% of families with an annual income of less than $ 2,000 do not leave the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population is not traveling 78.8%. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the overwhelming majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country.

According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion people never left their village or city.

The greatest interest in travel is shown by strata of the population with an average income: employees, youth, intelligentsia, entrepreneurs.
According to the data of numerous surveys and questionnaires, the following factors influence the choice of turfim:

Tips from friends and acquaintances: 31.6%;
Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service package: 15.6%;
Terms and experience in the market: 14.8%;
Personal experience of communication with this firm: 13.0%;
Expert advice: 11.3%
Employee friendliness: 8.8%
Travel agency ratings: 4.7%
Advertising: 3.7%
Mentioning of a tourist company in reference books: 3.4%;
Nice office: 2.5%
Convenient location: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

The tourist industry is a significant factor contributing to a more intensive economic development of those regions of the world that are located far from large industrial centers and have little economic resources.

In a number of states, tourism has become a large independent branch of the economy, occupying a leading position in the economy. This is largely due to the fact that the modern tourism industry provides a large volume of services consumed by tourists during a trip abroad.

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Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical.

Natural and recreational include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for such types of tourism: beach tourism (French Riviera, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. From the second half of the XX century. considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. More than 70 chemical elements are dissolved in seawater, for which it is called "liquid ore". Using the latest technologies, some of them are already removed from the water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.

The biological resources of the oceans are marine organisms that humans use.

In the Ocean, there are 180 thousand species of animals and 20 thousand.

Tourist zoning of the world: a geocultural approach

plant species. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweed are of economic importance. While they provide the food needs of mankind only 2%. The most productive is the shelf zone.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now on the ocean shelf oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. are mined. The development of the ocean floor began. Here, large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials have been discovered, significantly exceeding its reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc.

The USA, Japan, Germany and other countries have already developed technologies for the extraction of iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor.

The energy resources of the World Ocean are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already being used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, water temperature differences.

In our time, there is a problem of economical use of the resources of the World Ocean, protection of its resources. The world community is especially concerned about the oil pollution of the ocean.

After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, the rules for the use of biological resources, and the prohibition of tests of weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean.

Great hopes are pinned on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: the energy of the Sun, wind, internal heat of the Earth, and space.

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Approaches to tourist and recreational zoning of the world. Borders of macroregions and tourist and recreational zones of the world.

The concept of tourist and recreational zoning.

Approaches to tourist and recreational zoning: according to the degree of favorableness for a specific type of activity, according to the degree of development of resources, according to the degree of development of the tourist infrastructure. Territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning. Macro-regions of the world: European, Asian, American, African, Australia and Oceania. Boundaries of macroregions and tourist and recreational zones.

Tourist and recreational zoning- This is the division of the territory into certain zones (areas) according to the principle of homogeneity of features and the nature of tourist and recreational use.

In the tourist literature, there are different approaches to tourist and recreational zoning.

For example, according to degree of development of the territory (developed, moderately developed, underdeveloped), depending on concentration on a certain territory of a particular type of tourism (areas of seaside tourism, lake, river, sports, etc.)

In world tourism statistics, the most commonly used territorial approach on the basis of which it is customary to allocate fivelarge tourist macro-regions: 1) Europe; 2) Asia; 3) Africa; 4) America; 5) Australia and Oceania.

TO The European macro-region include the countries of Western, Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel, Cyprus, Turkey).

TO Asian macroregion include the countries of West and South-West Asia (including Egypt and Libya), East, South (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and South-East Asia.

IN African macroregion includes the states of the African continent, with the exception of Egypt and Libya.

American macroregion- these are the countries of North, South and Central America, island states and territories of the Caribbean.

TO Australia and Oceania includes the country Australia and all groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean (Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia).

Most detailed considered territorial approach to tourist and recreational zoning proposed Dmitrievsky Y.D .

The hierarchy of tourist areas, in his opinion, should include, in addition to macro-regions, zones and areas (as in the generally accepted zoning), also smaller elements such as: macro-district, meso-area, micro-district. In this regard, he identifies ten tourist macroregions of the world (Foreign Europe, Russia, Western and Central Asia, South and Eastern Asia, Australia and Oceania, Muslim North Africa, Central and South Africa, North America, Mesoamerica (Mexico, Central America, Caribbean America (West Indies)), South America), which are further divided into zones, districts, macro-regions, meso-regions and micro-districts.

Tourist and recreational potential and geography of tourist centers of the North European tourist and recreational zone.

Geographical position: location on the mainland and in the macro-region, the countries that make up the composition, access to the oceans and seas.

Climatic features, types of climates. Good time to visit.

The concept of tourist and recreational potential. Tourist and recreational potential of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Iceland. Geography of centers of cognitive, ecological, ethnographic, extreme, sports, lake, children's, entertainment tourism.

The tourist and recreational potential of the territory is all the opportunities necessary for the formation and development of tourist and recreational activities within a certain area.

In this case, natural conditions and objects, historical and cultural sights and ethnocultural features are understood as opportunities.

Northern Europe

Northern Europe is distinguished by its natural attraction, and special kind: the natural environment of the North European countries is very peculiar, although, by ordinary standards, it is very harsh; it (the environment), in comparison with other regions of Europe, has largely retained its virgin, pristine character (although, of course, not everywhere).

The ever-growing tourist demand for visiting the Nordic countries has led to the fact that they “began to build modern accommodation facilities for tourists - hotels, boarding houses, motels, campgrounds, bungalows, fishermen's, sportsmen's houses, etc.

and the means of transport and roads are being modernized. Organized sea cruises to the Arctic Circle with dog sledding, hunting for birds and animals. Arctic safaris are also organized in Greenland to hunt polar animals, including polar bears. "

The Nordic countries as a whole are more of a tourist supplier, but still constantly strive to increase the influx of tourists to their tourist area.

It should be borne in mind that many tourists who come to Northern Europe visit several countries at once, partly because the number of objects of historical and cultural tourism in most of them is rather limited.

Basically, these countries specialize in "GREEN TOURISM" (travel to clean untouched corners of nature without harming it). Green tourism includes such areas as rural tourism, ecological tourism, agritourism.

NORWAY

Tours to Norway are an excellent choice for lovers of the charm of northern nature.

In fact, it is not as cold there as it seems to an uninitiated tourist, even in winter the temperature on the coast does not drop below -5 ° C.

Recreational resources

Norway's mild climate provides Gulf Stream.

You can travel to Norway with children at any time of the year, but such a trip will be especially pleasant in july or August.

Budgetary holidays in Norway hard to name, but the deal is always worth its money - in this country the quality of goods and services is one hundred percent justifying their cost.

Norway's main tourist attraction is the famous fjordsare narrow sea bays formed during the ice ages.

Fjords are resources for active, extreme, ecological types of tourism.

Respectable tourists admire them from the ship, adventurers conquer seemingly inaccessible rocks on foot and by bicycle, and fearless base jumpers swoop down from steep cliffs.

The best fjords are the picturesque Geiranger Fjord, the long Sognefjord and the most spectacular Lysefjord.

Historical-cultural and historical-architectural tourism developed in cities such as OSLO, BERGEN, TRONHEIM.

OSLO ("after God") is one of the smallest and cleanest capitals in Europe (500 thous.

people). The city center is an interweaving of old and new architecture with an abundance of museums and monuments.

Sightseeing: the old quarters of the city, the building of the national theater, the Norwegian Maritime Museum, the Norwegian Folk Museum.

BERGEN is a very picturesque place in Norway, and there are much more attractions here than in the capital.

Once in Bergen, you will not miss its main attraction in any way. Bruggen, the old Hanseatic embankment, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, flaunts in full view of the harbor.

The very first houses in the city were built here.

TRONDHEIM is a vibrant university town and technology capital of Norway. Thanks to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and numerous research and development centers, Trondheim is rightfully considered a city of innovation, science and business.

Centers ski and ski tourism those around Lillehammer are considered.

This is Gausdal, Skei Gesdal.

A well-known landmark of Norway is also considered to be arch. Spitsbergen. Half of the arch. Make up nature reserves with unique species of polar animals. This region is famous for the largest HAIR BAZARS.

More than 8.5 million people live in Sweden. The capital of the country, Stockholm, has more than 1.5 million people.

Sweden attracts tourists with its strict nature: sea beaches, numerous lakes (Venern, Vettern).

Natural water bodies are complemented by artificial canals, including the Goethe Canal (500 km), which connects Stockholm and the second largest city of Gothenburg.

As it should be in Scandinavia, tourist Sweden does not flaunt its advantages. But there are a lot of them: for example, the mountains there are higher than in neighboring Finland, and offer more varied skiing. In addition, Sweden guarantees snow cover on the slopes of ski resorts from November to April, as well as excellent equipment of the tracks, a well-thought-out system of lifts, many services and entertainment for the youngest tourists - it's not for nothing that Sweden is called "Kingdom of children". However, if you want to be satisfied with your vacation in Sweden, make sure that you are ready to spend - the country cannot be classified as cheap.

Moderate, transitional from maritime to continental.

In winter, the air temperature in most of the country does not drop below −16 ° C, only in the north there are frequent frosts below −22 ° C, while in summer it is rarely warmer than +22 ° C (and in mountainous areas +17 ° C). Moist sea air masses from the North Atlantic and the Baltic Sea often bring rather changeable weather with precipitation and winds, especially in the off-season.

The main city of Sweden STOCKHOLM ("well preserved"): in this capital on 14 islands there really is something to see in terms of museums, architecture and other "excursions".

Among other things, Sweden is "Carlson Who Lives on the Roof" and the Nobel Prize ceremonies. The main principle of the inhabitants of Sweden: good quality in everything and maximum comfort for a person - both at work and on vacation. And last but not least, Sweden is famous for its cuisine - simple, hearty and so similar to Russian.

Large cities - Gothenburg, Malmo.

Ski resorts in Sweden:

§ Idre

§ Salen

§ and Ore (Are)

The main beauties of Sweden are of natural origin: the harsh tundra of Lapland, the islands of the Gulf of Bothnia, the green hills of the west, the Norrbotten cliffs, beautiful lakes.

Most of the cultural attractions are located in large cities: Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm.

Among other things, the magnificent castles of Sweden deserve the closest attention.

City sightseeing tours (bus and walking) are usually included in most group tours. Royal Palace, Vasa Museum, Astrid Lindgren Junibacken Fairy Tale Museum. Scansen Open Air Museum.

Sweden is one of the first places in the world for the quality of water treatment.

Tap water in Sweden is safe to drink without boiling. Therefore, do not be surprised if they are served tap water in a bar or restaurant.

FINLAND

The country is located in the east of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Population 5.5 million The country also includes the Aland Islands of 6.5 thousand islands off the southwestern coast of the country.

Types of tourism: winter ski tourism (in g.

Jyväskylä has 2 ski centers: for children's skiing and with difficult slopes), in summer you can swim 100 meters from the Arctic Circle (Lake Saimaa is the largest in the country), fishing on Finnish lakes and Åland Islands, historical and cultural tourism in the cities of Helsinki, Turku, Tampere.

Helsinki is the capital, located on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia, famous for its fresh air and beautiful scenery.

Sea Life Scandinac Marine Center with 28 large aquariums. There are over 60 churches in the city. The most interesting architectural structure is considered to be the church carved into the rock "Church in the rock" or "Snow church" (organ concerts are often held). The east of Finland is endless hills, lakes, pristine forests, where original Karelian peoples live.

This is the area ecotourism and outdoor activities.

Lapland is one of the most exotic and popular destinations in Finland. The capital - Rovaniemi - is the home of Santa Claus.

The country is located on the Jutland Peninsula and the Danish archipelago in the Baltic Sea. Denmark is the birthplace of H.H. Andersen.

CLIMATE Moderate maritime, rather mild climate without sudden temperature changes and relatively even precipitation throughout the year. The air temperature in January is 0 ..- 7 ° C.

Summer is cool, the average temperature in July is +15 .. + 16 ° C. The best time to visit the country is july Augustwhen it is warmest and there is relatively little rainfall.

The capital of the country is Copenhagen, where the most oldest, large and popular amusement park in - Tivoli... By the way, it is also considered the oldest amusement park in the world.

In Copenhagen: Guinness World Records Museum, Believe it or Not Joke Museum.

Aarhuns and Odens are also large cities.

In Odense: the house where the famous storyteller G.

H. Andersen, park them. Andersen, open-air museum "Funen Village".

ICELAND

The country is located on the island of Iceland. Population 281 thousand people. The capital is Reykjavik.

Business card countries - dozens of active (Hekla) and dormant volcanoes, numerous geysers, waterfalls.

Hence, the most common type of tourism is natural cognitive.

Near Reykjavik, the extinct volcano Esja is a great place to trekking(sports hikes along the crater of the volcano, descents from steep slopes)

Iceland is a country sport fishing(fishing for trout, salmon) and extreme tourism(rock climbing, horse riding, diving).

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Natural recreational resources are territories that have the potential to be used for organizing various types of recreation. The territorial concentration of recreational resources contributes to the formation and development of recreational areas, determines the directions of specialization of these areas and the degree of their economic efficiency.

Recreation is at the junction of natural and socio-economic systems. When determining the effect of the development of recreation, it is necessary to take into account natural, environmental, social and economic factors. When recreation allows you to combine different directions of recreation and achieve several goals, it gives the maximum effect (for example, a simultaneous combination of health-improving, therapeutic and cultural and educational activities).

The possibilities and efficiency of the use of recreational resources largely depend on the natural conditions and saturation of the territory of possible recreational use with valuable objects of natural and cultural heritage.

The following main factors can be identified that affect the involvement of recreational resources of a particular area in the use:

1) climatic conditions;

2) the presence of water areas, their quality and comfort for use;

3) the presence of mineral springs, therapeutic mud and other balneological resources;

Forest landscapes,

River and lake landscapes,

Sea and mountain landscapes.

Cultural and historical recreational resources are the legacy of past years and eras of social development. They are an important factor for organizing cognitive recreational trips.

Cultural and historical resources are not only an important prerequisite for the development of recreational activities, but also play an educational and educational role.

Cultural and historical recreational resources are not classified as natural resources. But in modern society, they are increasingly considered together with natural ones. Thus, the UN for Culture, Science and Education has compiled a list of the world heritage of mankind, which combines natural and cultural heritage sites.

There are 15 cultural and natural world heritage sites in Russia (their list is given in Table 2 of the Appendix),

In Russia, balneological resources and resorts in the places where medicinal mineral springs come out are well known for a long time.

Balneological resources are possessed by:

The North Caucasus (Mineralnye Vody, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zhelsznovodsk);

Central Russia (Tula region, Tver region - Kashin, Krainka),

North - Republic of Karelia (Marcial waters),

Volga region,

Primorsky Krai.

Medicinal mud, especially peat and silt mud, are of great medicinal value. They are found in the North Caucasus and Siberia, in their salt lakes and estuaries. The combination of mud baths with water baths (sea or mineral) gives a particularly great therapeutic effect.

As a result, the North Caucasus has the most significant natural recreational resources. The Central Region, Siberia (especially the vicinity of Lake Baikal and the Altai Mountains), the Kaliningrad Region and some other territories of Russia also have good prerequisites for the development of recreation.

Natural conditions (geological features, relief, climate, natural zoning, etc.) are not directly involved in production, but they also largely determine the territorial organization of human life and economic activity.

The strongest influence natural conditions have on agriculture, the efficiency and specialization of which directly depend on soil fertility, climate, water regime of the territory.

Natural conditions also affect the way of life of people - the needs for housing, clothing, diet.

As a result, it is natural conditions that often determine the socio-economic feasibility of building settlements, transport routes, industrial enterprises, and the development of mineral resources.

Geological conditions and relief localities significantly affect the nature of production activities and the settlement of people.

The main elements of the geological structure of the territory of Russia are platforms and plates, as well as the folded (geosynclinal) belts separating them.

Platforms and plates are stable areas of the earth's crust, the base of which is composed of hard crystalline rocks. In some places, the base comes out to the surface of the earth in the form of shields, but, as a rule, it is covered by a cover consisting of loose sedimentary rocks.

On the territory of Russia there are the East European and Siberian platforms (the most ancient), connected by the Turan and West Siberian plates (younger in terms of formation).

Between the platforms there are younger folded areas - geosynclinal belts:

Ural-Mongolian (Ural, Altai, Sayany, Kuznetsk Alatau, Transbaikalia);

Pacific (Verkhoyansk-Kolyma, Primorsky, mountain systems, mountains of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk).

In these belts, mountain building continues, accompanied by increased seismicity and volcanism.

Geological conditions determine the presence of certain mineral natural resources. Mainly fuel resources are deposited on platforms and plates in sedimentary rocks. Movable geosynclinal areas and shields, as well as platform bases, have deposits of ore minerals. Knowledge of the geological patterns of the distribution of mineral resources is the main prerequisite for the discovery of new deposits.

Today, from a geological point of view, only about 80% of the territory of Russia has been studied - relatively little relative to the global level and the degree of geological knowledge of many foreign countries.

The geological structure determines the dominant landforms of the territory. Internal plains and plateaus with heights of up to 1000 m prevail on the territory of Russia - the Russian, West Siberian, Central Siberian plateaus.

In the southern and eastern parts of the country there are mountain ranges, the highest of which are the Caucasus (Mount Elbrus - 5642 m above sea level), the mountains of Kamchatka (Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano - 4750 m), Altai (Mount Belukha - 4499 m).

In general, the relief of the country is assessed as favorable for economic activity. Large plains, occupying about 3/4 of the country's territory, favor the development of agriculture, shipping, and construction.

But the relief of Russia also has negative features. There are no significant mountain ranges in the north of the country, which makes it possible for the cold Arctic air to penetrate into the interior of the country. On the contrary, the mountainous regions in the south and east prevent warm air masses from penetrating deep into Russia.

Climatic conditions.Russia due to its significant size is quite diverse.

Most of the country's territory is dominated by a temperate continental and sub-arctic climate, and an arctic climate prevails in the north. All of them are distinguished by very harsh winters and relatively short summers, which causes a lack of heat, excessive moisture, and the spread of permafrost (occupies more than half of the country's area). It is here (in the east of Yakutia) that the cold pole of the Earth's Northern Hemisphere is located.

The conditions are more favorable in the Far East (areas of a temperate maritime and monsoon climate near the Pacific coast) and especially in the west of the country, where a temperate temperate continental climate prevails in the European part of Russia, turning into a subtropical climate in the very south. Winters in these types of climates are relatively mild, while summers are warm and long. Negative features are excessive moisture in the east, insufficient moisture in the west in the areas adjacent to the Caspian Sea.

In general, the climatic conditions of the country are assessed as unfavorable for human life and economic activity, especially for crop production. The lack of heat in Russia reduces the productivity of growing cultivated plants by a factor of 3-5 compared to the world average.

On a third of the country's area, cultivation of cultivated plants in the open field is practically impossible. In general, the area of \u200b\u200brisky farming is about 95% of the area of \u200b\u200bRussia.

Natural zoning in Russia is determined by the peculiarities of the climate and relief. The most widespread in the country are taiga, tundra and forest-tundra zones, including mountain taiga and tundra in areas with high-altitude zoning. These zones correspond to extremely infertile podzolic, permafrost taiga and tundra soils. The center of the European part of the country, as well as the south of the Far East is occupied by mixed and broad-leaved forests, under which relatively fertile sod-podzolic, gray forest and brown forest soils have formed.

Significant areas in the south of the European part, as well as in the south of Siberia are occupied by steppes and forest-steppe with the most fertile chernozem soils. In the southeast of the European part of Russia, there is an area of \u200b\u200bdry steppes and semi-deserts with the spread of open sands and other infertile soils. As a result, we can say that the country's soil conditions are relatively favorable for the development of agriculture, since large areas are occupied by soil types with high natural fertility.