The Tatar-Mongol yoke is called the system of political dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol Empire. In 2013, in textbooks on the history of Russia, the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke began to be called "Horde dominion."

In this article, we will briefly consider the features of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, its influence on the development of Russia, and also, in general, the place in.

Years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke were almost 250 years: from 1237 to 1480.

Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia

The history of Kievan Rus is full of many cases when its princes, who ruled different cities, fought among themselves for the right to own a larger territory.

As a result, this led to fragmentation, depletion of human resources and a weakening of the state. In addition, the Pechenegs or Plovtsy periodically attacked Russia, which further worsened the state of the state.

An interesting fact is that shortly before the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, the Russian princes could change the course of history. Around 1219, the Mongols found themselves near Russia for the first time, as they were going to attack the Polovtsians.

To increase their chances of victory, they asked the Kiev princes for help and assured them that they were not going to fight them. Moreover, the Mongols asked for peace with the Russian princes, as a result of which they sent their ambassadors to them.

Having gathered at the veche, the rulers of the Kiev principalities decided not to enter into any agreements with the Mongols, since they did not trust them. They killed the ambassadors and thus became enemies of the Mongols.

The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

From 1237 to 1243, Batu continuously raided Russia. His huge army, numbering 200,000 people, ravaged cities, killed and captured Russian residents.

Ultimately, the Horde army managed to subjugate many other Russian principalities.

Perhaps by making peace with the Mongols, Russia would have been able to avoid such sad consequences of the Mongol invasion. However, this would most likely lead to a change in religion, culture and language.

The structure of power under the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Kievan Rus developed on a democratic basis. The main body of power was the veche, at which all free men gathered. It discussed any issues related to the life of the townspeople.

Veche was in every city, but with the arrival of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, everything changed. Popular assemblies ceased to exist almost everywhere, with the exception of Novgorod (see), Pskov and some other cities.

Periodically, the Mongols conducted a population census in order to control the collection of tribute. They also recruited conscripts to serve in their army. An interesting fact is that even after the expulsion of the Tatar-Mongols in Russia, they continued to make a census.

The Mongols introduced a rather important innovation in relation to the creation of the so-called "pits". The pits were inns where travelers could get an overnight stay, or a cart. Thanks to this, the correspondence between the khans and their governors was accelerated.

Local residents were forced to take care of the needs of the caretakers, feed the horses and obey orders from high-ranking officials on the road.

Such a system made it possible to effectively control not only the Russian principalities under the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also the entire territory of the Mongol Empire.

Orthodox Church and the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During their raids, the Tatar-Mongols desecrated and destroyed Orthodox churches. They killed priests or took them into slavery.

An interesting fact is that the Horde army believed that it was God's punishment for the Russian people. It should be noted that the inhabitants of Russia also believed that the Mongol-Tatar yoke was a punishment for their sins. In this regard, they turned even more to the church, seeking support from the priests.

During the reign of Mengu-Timur, the situation changed. The Orthodox Church received the legal concept of the label (immunity charter). Despite the fact that the temples were ruled by the Mongols, this label guaranteed them immunity.

He exempted the church from taxation, and also allowed the priests to remain free and not be in the service.

Thus, the church turned out to be practically independent from the princes and was able to retain large territories in its composition. Thanks to the label, none of the Mongol or Russian soldiers had the right to exert physical or spiritual pressure on the church and its representatives.

The monks were given the opportunity to spread Christianity by converting pagans to it. In one place after another, temples were built, thanks to which the position of the Orthodox Church was further strengthened.

After the destruction of Kiev in 1299, the church center was moved to Vladimir, and in 1322 it moved to.

Change of language after the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The change in the language during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke radically affected the conduct of trade, military affairs and the management of the state apparatus.

Thousands of new words have appeared in the Russian lexicon, borrowed from the Mongolian and Turkic languages. Here are just a few words that have come to us from the eastern peoples:

• coachman
• money
• label
• horse
• sheepskin coat

Culture during the Mongol-Tatar yoke

During the Tatar-Mongol yoke, many cultural and artistic figures were deported, which led to an artistic revival.

In 1370, the Suzdal people successfully intervened in the struggle for power in the Horde (on the middle Volga), and in 1376, the Moscow troops took over from the Horde governors of the middle Volga and put Russian customs officers there.

Battle on the Vozha River - a battle between the Russian army under the command and the army of the Golden Horde under the command of Murza Begich (Begish) took place on August 11, 1378. As a result of a fierce battle, the Tatar army was defeated. This event glorified the Russian prince and raised the spirit of the oppressed people.

Battle of Kulikovo

Later, Mamai decided to go to war against the Russian prince again, gathering an army of 150 thousand people. It is worth noting that the united Russian army, led by the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy, numbered almost half the number of soldiers.

The battle took place near the Don River on the Kulikovo field in 1380. In a bloody battle, the victory went to the Russian army.

Despite the fact that half of the Russian soldiers died on the battlefield, the Horde army was almost completely exterminated, and the Grand Duke Dmitry went down in history under the nickname "Donskoy".

Prince Dmitry Donskoy

However, soon Moscow was again ruined by Khan Tokhtamysh, as a result of which it again began to pay tribute to the Tatar-Mongols.

Nevertheless, the decisive victory of the Russian troops in was an important step towards the restoration of the unity of Russia and the future overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke.

In the era that followed the Battle of Kulikovo, the Tatar-Mongol yoke significantly changed its character towards greater independence of the great Moscow princes.

End of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

Every year Moscow strengthened its position and exerted a serious influence on other principalities, including Novgorod.

Later, Moscow forever threw off the shackles of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, in which it was for almost 250 years.

The official date of the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke is considered to be 1480.

Results of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The result of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia was political, religious and social changes.

According to some historians, the Tatar-Mongol yoke led the Russian state to decline. Supporters of this point of view believe that it is for this reason that Russia has begun to lag behind Western countries.

Important crafts practically disappeared in it, as a result of which Russia was thrown back several centuries. According to experts, the Tatar-Mongols killed about 2.5 million people, which was about a third of the entire population of Ancient Rus.

Other historians (including) believe that the Tatar-Mongol yoke, on the contrary, played a positive role in the evolution of Russian statehood.

The Horde contributed to its development, as it served as a pretext for the end of civil wars and civil strife.

Be that as it may, but the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia is the most important event in the history of Russia.

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The possession of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia began in 1237. Great Russia disintegrated, and the formation of the Moscow state began.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke is understood as a cruel period of rule, in which Russia was subordinate to the Golden Horde. The Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia was able to hold out for almost two and a half millennia. To the question of how long the arbitrariness of the Horde in Russia lasted, history answers 240 years.

The events that took place during this period were very strongly reflected in the formation of Russia. Therefore, this topic has been and remains relevant to this day. The Mongol-Tatar yoke is associated with the cruel events of the 13th century. These were wild extortions of the population, the destruction of entire cities and thousands and thousands of victims.

The rule of the Tatar-Mongol yoke was formed by two peoples: the Mongol dynasty and the nomadic Tartar tribes. The overwhelming majority were still Tatars. In 1206, a meeting of the highest Mongol estates took place, at which the leader of the Mongolian tribe Temuchin was elected. It was decided to begin the era of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. The leader was named Genghis Khan (Great Khan). Genghis Khan's ability to rule was excellent. He managed to unite all nomadic peoples and form the preconditions for the development of the country's cultural and economic development.

Military distributions of the Tatar-Mongols

Genghis Khan created a very strong, warlike and wealthy state. His warriors possessed surprisingly very hardy qualities, they could spend the winter in their yurt, in the midst of snow and winds. They had a thin physique and a thin beard. They shot accurately and were excellent riders. During attacks on states, he was punished for cowards. If one soldier escaped from the battlefield, the whole ten was shot. If a dozen leaves the battle, then they shoot the hundred to which she belonged.

Mongolian feudal lords closed a tight ring around the Great Khan. Having elevated him to the leader, they planned to receive a lot of riches and jewelry. Only the unleashed war and uncontrolled plunder of the conquered countries could lead them to the desired goal. Soon after the creation of the Mongolian state, the campaigns of conquest began to bring the expected results. The looting continued for about two centuries. The Mongol-Tatars longed to rule the whole world and own all the riches.

Conquest campaigns of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

• In 1207, the Mongols were enriched with large volumes of metal and valuable rocks. Attacking the tribes located to the north of the Selenga and in the valley of the Yenisei. This fact makes it possible to explain the emergence and expansion of weapons property.
• Also in 1207, the Tangut state from Central Asia was attacked. The Tanguts began to pay tribute to the Mongols.
• 1209 Were in the seizure and plunder of the land of the Khigurs (Turkestan).
• 1211 year. A grandiose defeat of China took place. The troops of the emperors were routed in collapse. The state was plundered and left in ruin.
• Date 1219-1221 the states of Central Asia were defeated. The result of this three-year war was no different from the previous campaigns of the Tatars. The states were defeated and plundered, the Mongols took talented artisans with them. Leaving behind only burnt houses and poor people.
• By 1227, vast territories in the east of the Pacific Ocean to the west of the Caspian Sea had passed into the possession of the Mongol feudal lords.

The consequences of the Tatar-Mongol invasion are the same. Thousands of killed and the same number of enslaved people. Destroyed and plundered countries, which need to recover for a very, very long time. By the time the Tatar-Mongol yoke approached the borders of Russia, its army was extremely numerous, gained experience in fighting, endurance and the necessary weapons.

Conquests of the Mongols

Mongol invasion of Russia

The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia has long been considered 1223. Then the experienced army of the Great Khan approached the borders of the Dnieper. At that time, help was provided by the Polovtsians, since the principality in Russia was in disputes and disagreements, defensive abilities were significantly reduced.

• Battle on the Kalka River... May 31, 1223. The Mongolian army, numbering 30 thousand, broke through the Polovtsians, and faced the army of Russia. The first and only to take the blow were the princely troops of Mstislav the Bold, who had every chance to break through the dense chain of Mongol-Tatars. But he did not receive support from other princes. As a result, Mstislav died, surrendering to the enemy. The Mongols received a lot of valuable military information from Russian prisoners. There were very heavy losses. But the enemy's onslaught was held back for a long time.
• The beginning of the invasion December 16, 1237... Ryazan was the first on the way. At that time, the death of Genghis Khan took place, and his grandson, Batu, took his place. The army under the command of Batu was no less fierce. They swept away and robbed everyone and everyone who met them along the way. The invasion was purposeful and carefully planned, so the Mongols quickly penetrated deep into the country. The city of Ryazan lasted five days under siege. Despite the fact that the city was surrounded by strong high walls, under the onslaught of the enemy's weapons, the walls of the city fell. The Tatar-Mongol yoke plundered and killed the people for ten days.
• Battle of Kolomna... Further, Batu's army began to move towards Kolomna. On the way, they met an army of 1,700 people, subordinate to Evpatiy Kolovrat. And despite the fact that the Mongols outnumbered the army of Evpatiy many times over, he did not shy away and with all his might repulsed the enemy. As a result, significantly damaging him. The army of the Tatar-Mongol yoke continued to move and set off along the Moskva River, to the city of Moscow, which lasted five days under siege. At the end of the battle, the city was burned down, and most of the people were killed. You should know that before getting to the city of Vladimir, the Tatar-Mongols conducted defensive actions against the hidden Russian squad all the way. They had to be very attentive and always be ready for a new battle. On the way, there were many battles and skirmishes with the Russians.
• The Grand Duke of Vladimir, Yuri Vsevolodovich, did not respond to requests for help from the Ryazan prince. But then he himself was under the threat of attack. The prince competently disposed of the time that was between the Ryazan battle and Vladimir. He gathered a large army and armed it. It was decided to determine the city of Kolomna as the site of the battle. On February 4, 1238, the plan of Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich began to be implemented.
• It was the most ambitious battle in terms of the number of troops and a hot battle between the Tatar-Mongols and the Russians. But he was also lost. The number of Mongols was still significantly higher. The Tatar-Mongol invasion of this city lasted exactly a month. Ending March 4, 1238, the Russians were defeated and also plundered. The prince fell in a heavy battle, inflicting a great hijacking against the Mongols. Vladimir became the last of the fourteen cities conquered by the Mongols in North-Eastern Russia.
• In 1239 the cities of Chernigov and Pereslavl were defeated... A trip to Kiev is planned.
• December 6, 1240. Captured Kiev... This further crippled the already shattered structure of the country. Powerfully fortified Kiev was defeated by huge battering guns and thresholds. The way was opened to Southern Russia and Eastern Europe.
• 1241. Galicia-Volyn principality fell... After that, the actions of the Mongols were temporarily suspended.

In the spring of 1247, the Mongol-Tatars reached the opposite border of Rus and entered Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary. Batu put the created "Golden Horde" on the borders of Russia. In 1243, they began to accept and approve the princes of the regions in the horde. There were also large cities that stood against the Horde, such as Smolensk, Pskov and Novgorod. These cities tried to express their disagreement and to resist the rule of Batu. The first attempt was made by the great Andrei Yaroslavovich. But his efforts were not supported by most of the ecclesiastical and secular feudal lords, who, after so many battles and attacks, finally established relations with the Mongol khans.

To put it briefly, after the established order, the princes and church feudal lords did not want to get off their seats and agreed to recognize the power of the Mongol khans and the established collection of tribute from the population. The plundering of Russian lands will continue.

More and more attacks of the Tatar-Mongol yoke fell on the country. And it was harder and harder to give a worthy rebuff to the robbers. In addition to the fact that the country was already pretty tired, the people, impoverished and downtrodden, also the princely showdown did not give the opportunity to get up from their knees.

In 1257, the Horde started a population census in order to reliably establish the yoke and impose an unbearable tribute on the people. To become the unshakable and indisputable ruler of the Russian lands. Russia managed to defend its political system and retained the right to build a social and political stratum.

The Russian land was subjected to endless painful invasions of the Mongols, which would last until 1279.

Overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia came in 1480. The Golden Horde began to disintegrate gradually. Many large principalities were divided and lived in constant skirmishes with each other. The liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongol yoke is the service of Prince Ivan III. He ruled from 1426 to 1505. The prince united the two large cities of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod and went to the goal of overthrowing the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

In 1478, Ivan III put forward a refusal to pay tribute to the Horde. In November 1480, the famous "standing on the Ugra River" took place. The name is characterized by the fact that neither side did not dare to start a battle. After staying on the river for a month, the deposed Khan Akhmat turned his camp and went to the Horde. How many years did the Tatar-Mongol rule last, which ravaged and destroyed the Russian people and Russian lands, now we can answer with confidence. Mongol yoke in Russia

50 famous mysteries of the Middle Ages Zgurskaya Maria Pavlovna

So was there a Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia?

A passing Tatar. Hell will truly envelop them.

(She passes.)

From the parody theatrical play by Ivan Maslov "Elder Paphnutius", 1867

The traditional version of the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia, the "Tatar-Mongol yoke", and the liberation from it is known to the reader from school. In the account of most historians, the events looked something like this. At the beginning of the 13th century, in the steppes of the Far East, the energetic and brave tribal leader Genghis Khan gathered a huge army of nomads, welded together by iron discipline, and rushed to conquer the world - "to the last sea." Having conquered the closest neighbors, and then China, the mighty Tatar-Mongol horde rolled westward. Having traveled about 5 thousand kilometers, the Mongols defeated Khorezm, then Georgia and in 1223 reached the southern outskirts of Russia, where they defeated the army of Russian princes in the battle on the Kalka River. In the winter of 1237, the Tatar-Mongols invaded Russia with all their countless army, burned and ravaged many Russian cities, and in 1241 they tried to conquer Western Europe by invading Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary, reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, but turned back, therefore that they were afraid to leave in their rear the ruined, but still dangerous for them Russia. The Tatar-Mongol yoke began.

The great poet AS Pushkin left heartfelt lines: “Russia was assigned a high mission ... its boundless plains absorbed the power of the Mongols and stopped their invasion at the very edge of Europe; the barbarians did not dare to leave enslaved Russia in their rear and returned to the steppes of their East. The resulting enlightenment was saved by a torn apart and dying Russia ... "

The huge Mongol power, stretching from China to the Volga, hung over Russia like an ominous shadow. The Mongol khans issued labels to the Russian princes for reigning, they attacked Russia many times in order to rob and plunder, and repeatedly killed Russian princes in their Golden Horde.

Having strengthened over time, Russia began to resist. In 1380, the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Horde Khan Mamai, and a century later, the troops of the Grand Duke Ivan III and the Horde Khan Akhmat met in the so-called "standing on the Ugra". The opponents camped for a long time on different sides of the Ugra River, after which Khan Akhmat, finally realizing that the Russians had become strong and he had little chance of winning the battle, gave the order to retreat and took his horde to the Volga. These events are considered “the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke”.

But in recent decades, this classic version has been called into question. Geographer, ethnographer and historian Lev Gumilyov convincingly showed that relations between Russia and the Mongols were much more complicated than the usual confrontation between cruel conquerors and their unfortunate victims. Deep knowledge in the field of history and ethnography allowed the scientist to conclude that there was a kind of "complementarity" between the Mongols and the Russians, that is, compatibility, the ability to symbiosis and mutual support at the cultural and ethnic level. The writer and publicist Alexander Bushkov went even further, "twisting" Gumilyov's theory to its logical conclusion and expressing a completely original version: what is commonly called the Tatar-Mongol invasion was actually the struggle of the descendants of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest (son of Yaroslav and grandson of Alexander Nevsky ) with their rival princes for the sole power over Russia. Khans Mamai and Akhmat were not alien raiders, but noble nobles who, according to the dynastic ties of the Russian-Tatar families, had legally justified rights to the great reign. Thus, the Battle of Kulikovo and the "standing on the Ugra" are not episodes of the struggle against foreign aggressors, but pages of the civil war in Russia. Moreover, this author promulgated a completely "revolutionary" idea: under the names "Genghis Khan" and "Batu" in history there are ... Russian princes Yaroslav and Alexander Nevsky, and Dmitry Donskoy - this is Khan Mamai himself (!).

Of course, the conclusions of the publicist are full of irony and border on postmodern "banter", but it should be noted that many facts of the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the "yoke" really look too mysterious and need more close attention and unbiased research. Let's try to consider some of these mysteries.

Let's start with a general comment. Western Europe in the 13th century presented a disappointing picture. Christendom was experiencing a certain depression. The activity of Europeans shifted to the borders of their area. German feudal lords began to seize the border Slavic lands and turn their population into powerless serfs. The Western Slavs, who lived along the Elbe, resisted the German pressure with all their might, but the forces were unequal.

Who were the Mongols who approached the borders of the Christian world from the east? How did the powerful Mongolian state come about? Let's make an excursion into its history.

At the beginning of the XIII century, in 1202-1203, the Mongols first defeated the Merkits, and then the Kerait. The fact is that the Kerait were divided into supporters of Genghis Khan and his opponents. The opponents of Genghis Khan were led by the son of Wang Khan, the legitimate heir to the throne - Nilha. He had reason to hate Genghis Khan: even at the time when Wang Khan was an ally of Genghis, he (the leader of the Kerait), seeing the indisputable talents of the latter, wanted to transfer the Kerait throne to him, bypassing his own son. Thus, the collision of a part of the Kerait with the Mongols occurred during the life of Wang Khan. And although the Kerait were outnumbered, the Mongols defeated them, as they showed exceptional mobility and took the enemy by surprise.

In the collision with the Kerait, the character of Genghis Khan was fully manifested. When Wang Khan and his son Nilha fled from the battlefield, one of their noyons (military leaders) with a small detachment detained the Mongols, saving their leaders from captivity. This noyon was seized, brought before the eyes of Chinggis, and he asked: “Why, noyon, seeing the position of your troops, didn’t leave yourself? You had both the time and the opportunity. " He replied: "I served my khan and gave him the opportunity to escape, and my head is for you, about the victor." Genghis Khan said: “Everyone should imitate this man.

Look how brave, loyal, valiant he is. I cannot kill you, noyon, I offer you a place in my army. " Noyon became a thousand-man and, of course, faithfully served Genghis Khan, because the Kerait horde disintegrated. Wang Khan himself died while trying to escape to the Naimans. Their guards at the border, seeing the Kerait, killed him, and the severed head of the old man was brought to their khan.

In 1204, the Mongols of Genghis Khan and the powerful Naiman Khanate clashed. And again the Mongols won the victory. The defeated were included in the Chinggis horde. In the eastern steppe, there were no more tribes capable of actively resisting the new order, and in 1206, at the great kurultai, Chinggis was re-elected as a khan, but already throughout Mongolia. This is how the all-Mongolian state was born. The only hostile tribe to him remained the old enemies of the Borjigins - the Merkits, but even those by 1208 were forced out into the valley of the Irgiz River.

The growing power of Genghis Khan allowed his horde to quite easily assimilate different tribes and peoples. Because, in accordance with Mongolian stereotypes of behavior, the khan could and should have required obedience, obedience to orders, performance of duties, but forcing a person to abandon his faith or customs was considered immoral - the individual had the right to make his own choice. This state of affairs was attractive to many. In 1209, the Uighur state sent ambassadors to Genghis Khan with a request to accept them into his ulus. The request, of course, was granted, and Genghis Khan gave the Uighurs huge trade privileges. A caravan route passed through the Uyguria, and the Uyghurs, being part of the Mongol state, became rich due to the fact that they sold water, fruits, meat and "pleasure" to starving caravan men at high prices. The voluntary union of the Uyguria with Mongolia turned out to be useful for the Mongols as well. With the annexation of the Uyguria, the Mongols went beyond the boundaries of their ethnic range and came into contact with other peoples of the oikumene.

In 1216, on the Irgiz River, the Mongols were attacked by the Khorezmians. Khorezm by that time was the most powerful of the states that arose after the weakening of the power of the Seljuk Turks. The rulers of Khorezm from the governors of the ruler of Urgench turned into independent sovereigns and took the title of “Khorezmshahs”. They turned out to be energetic, adventurous and belligerent. This allowed them to conquer most of Central Asia and southern Afghanistan. The Khorezmshahs created a huge state in which the main military force was made up of the Turks from the adjacent steppes.

But the state turned out to be fragile, despite the wealth, brave warriors and experienced diplomats. The military dictatorship relied on tribes alien to the local population, which had a different language, different customs and customs. The mercenaries' cruelty caused discontent among the residents of Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv and other Central Asian cities. The uprising in Samarkand led to the destruction of the Turkic garrison. Naturally, this was followed by a punitive operation by the Khorezmians, who cruelly dealt with the population of Samarkand. Other large and wealthy cities of Central Asia also suffered.

In this situation, Khorezmshah Muhammad decided to confirm his title “ghazi” - “conqueror of the infidels” - and become famous for another victory over them. The opportunity presented itself to him in the same year 1216, when the Mongols, fighting with the Merkits, reached Irgiz. Upon learning of the arrival of the Mongols, Muhammad sent an army against them on the grounds that the steppe inhabitants should be converted to Islam.

The Khorezm army attacked the Mongols, but in the rearguard battle they themselves went on the offensive and severely wounded the Khorezmians. Only the attack of the left wing, commanded by the son of the Khorezmshah, the talented commander Jalal-ad-Din, straightened the situation. After that, the Khorezmians withdrew, and the Mongols returned home: they were not going to fight with Khorezm, on the contrary, Genghis Khan wanted to establish contacts with the Khorezmshah. After all, the Great Caravan Route went through Central Asia and all the owners of the lands along which it ran got rich at the expense of the duties paid by merchants. Merchants willingly paid duties, because they passed their expenses on to consumers, while losing nothing. Wishing to preserve all the advantages associated with the existence of caravan routes, the Mongols strove for peace and tranquility on their borders. The difference of faith, in their opinion, did not give a pretext for war and could not justify the bloodshed. Probably, the Khorezmshah himself understood the episodic nature of the clash on Irshze. In 1218, Muhammad sent a trade caravan to Mongolia. Peace was restored, especially since the Mongols were not up to Khorezm: shortly before that, the Naiman prince Kuchluk began a new war with the Mongols.

The Mongol-Khorezm relations were again violated by the Khorezmshah himself and his officials. In 1219, a rich caravan from the lands of Genghis Khan approached the Khorezm city of Otrar. The merchants went to the city to replenish food supplies and bathe in the bathhouse. There the merchants met two acquaintances, one of whom informed the governor of the city that these merchants were spies. He immediately realized that there was a great reason to rob the travelers. The merchants were killed, their property was confiscated. The ruler of Otrar sent half of the loot to Khorezm, and Muhammad took the spoil, which means he shared responsibility for what he had done.

Genghis Khan sent ambassadors to find out what caused the incident. Muhammad was angry when he saw the infidels, and ordered some of the ambassadors to kill, and some, stripping naked, drive them out to certain death in the steppe. Two or three Mongols finally got home and talked about what had happened. Genghis Khan's anger had no limits. From the Mongolian point of view, there were two most terrible crimes: deceiving those who confided in and killing guests. According to custom, Genghis Khan could not leave unavenged neither the merchants who were killed in Otrar, nor the ambassadors whom the Khorezmshah insulted and killed. The khan had to fight, otherwise his fellow tribesmen would simply refuse to trust him.

In Central Asia, the Khorezmshah had at their disposal a regular army of four hundred thousand. And the Mongols, as the famous Russian orientalist V.V.Bartold believed, had no more than 200 thousand. Genghis Khan demanded military assistance from all allies. Warriors came from the Turks and Kara-Kitays, the Uighurs sent a detachment of 5 thousand people, only the Tangut ambassador boldly replied: "If you do not have enough troops, do not fight." Genghis Khan considered the answer an insult and said: "Only dead could I bear such an insult."

Genghis Khan threw the assembled Mongol, Uyghur, Turkic and Kara-Chinese troops on Khorezm. Khorezmshah, having quarreled with his mother Turkan-Khatun, did not trust the military leaders who were related to her. He was afraid to gather them into a fist in order to repel the onslaught of the Mongols, and scattered the army across the garrisons. The best generals of the shah were his own unloved son Jalal-ad-Din and the commandant of the Khujand fortress Timur-Melik. The Mongols took the fortresses one after another, but in Khojent, even taking the fortress, they could not capture the garrison. Timur-Melik put his soldiers on rafts and escaped pursuit along the wide Syr Darya. Scattered garrisons could not hold back the advance of Genghis Khan's troops. Soon all the major cities of the Sultanate - Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv, Herat - were captured by the Mongols.

Regarding the capture of Central Asian cities by the Mongols, there is a well-established version: "Wild nomads destroyed the cultural oases of agricultural peoples." Is it so? This version, as shown by L. N. Gumilev, is based on the legends of the court Muslim historians. For example, the fall of Herat was reported by Islamic historians as a disaster in which the entire population was exterminated in the city, except for a few men who managed to escape in the mosque. They hid there, afraid to take to the streets littered with corpses. Only wild beasts roamed the city and tormented the dead. After sitting out for some time and coming to their senses, these "heroes" went to distant lands to rob caravans in order to regain their lost wealth.

But is it possible? If the entire population of a large city was exterminated and lay on the streets, then inside the city, in particular in the mosque, the air would be full of cadaveric miasma, and those who were hiding there would simply die. No predators, except jackals, live near the city, and they very rarely enter the city. It was simply impossible for exhausted people to move to rob caravans several hundred kilometers from Herat, because they would have to walk, carrying heavy loads - water and provisions. Such a "robber", having met a caravan, could no longer rob it ...

Even more surprising is the information reported by historians about Merv. The Mongols took it in 1219 and also supposedly exterminated all the inhabitants there. But already in 1229 Merv revolted, and the Mongols had to take the city again. And finally, two years later, Merv sent a detachment of 10 thousand people to fight the Mongols.

We see that the fruits of fantasy and religious hatred gave rise to the legends of Mongol atrocities. If we take into account the degree of reliability of the sources and ask simple but inevitable questions, it is easy to separate the historical truth from literary fiction.

The Mongols occupied Persia almost without a fight, driving out the son of the Khorezmshah Jelal ad-Din to northern India. Muhammad II Gazi himself, broken by struggle and constant defeats, died in a leper colony on an island in the Caspian Sea (1221). The Mongols made peace with the Shiite population of Iran, which was constantly offended by the Sunnis in power, in particular the Baghdad Caliph and Jalal ad-Din himself. As a result, the Shiite population of Persia suffered significantly less than the Sunnis of Central Asia. Be that as it may, in 1221 the state of the Khorezmshahs was finished. Under one ruler - Muhammad II Gazi - this state reached its highest power and perished. As a result, Khorezm, Northern Iran, and Khorasan were annexed to the Mongol empire.

In 1226 the hour of the Tangut state struck, which at the decisive moment of the war with Khorezm refused to help Genghis Khan. The Mongols rightly viewed this move as a betrayal, which, according to Yasa, required revenge. The capital of Tangut was the city of Zhongxing. It was besieged by Genghis Khan in 1227, defeating the Tangut troops in the previous battles.

During the siege of Zhongsin, Genghis Khan died, but the Mongol noyons, on the orders of their leader, concealed his death. The fortress was taken, and the population of the "evil" city, on which the collective guilt for betrayal fell, was subjected to execution. The Tangut state disappeared, leaving behind only written evidence of the past culture, but the city survived and lived until 1405, when it was destroyed by the Chinese of the Ming dynasty.

From the capital of the Tanguts, the Mongols took the body of their great ruler to their native steppes. The funeral rite was as follows: the remains of Genghis Khan were lowered into the dug grave, along with many valuable things, and all the slaves who performed the funeral work were killed. According to custom, exactly one year later, it was required to celebrate the commemoration. In order to find the burial place later, the Mongols did the following. At the grave, they sacrificed a little camel just taken from the mother. And a year later, the camel herself found in the boundless steppe a place where her cub was killed. Having killed this she-camel, the Mongols performed the prescribed ceremony of commemoration and then left the grave forever. Since then, no one knows where Genghis Khan is buried.

In the last years of his life, he was extremely concerned about the fate of his state. The khan had four sons from his beloved wife Borte and many children from other wives, who, although they were considered legitimate children, did not have the right to the father's throne. Sons from Borte differed in inclinations and character. The eldest son, Jochi, was born shortly after the Merkit captivity of Borte, and therefore not only evil tongues, but also the younger brother Chagatai called him a “Merkit geek”. Although Borte invariably defended Jochi, and Genghis Khan himself always recognized him as his son, the shadow of his mother's merkit captivity fell on Jochi with the burden of suspicion of illegitimacy. Once, in the presence of his father, Chagatai openly called Jochi illegitimate, and the case almost ended in a fight between the brothers.

It is curious, but according to the testimony of contemporaries, there were some persistent stereotypes in Jochi's behavior that greatly distinguished him from Chinggis. If for Genghis Khan there was no concept of "mercy" in relation to enemies (he left life only to young children, who were adopted by his mother Hoelun, and to the valiant Bagatura who passed on to the Mongol service), then Jochi was distinguished by his humanity and kindness. So, during the siege of Gurganj, the Khorezmians, completely exhausted by the war, asked to accept the surrender, that is, in other words, to spare them. Jochi spoke in favor of showing mercy, but Genghis Khan categorically rejected the request for mercy, and as a result, the garrison of Gurganj was partially cut, and the city itself was flooded by the waters of the Amu Darya. The misunderstanding between the father and the eldest son, constantly fueled by the intrigues and slander of relatives, deepened over time and turned into the sovereign's distrust of his heir. Genghis Khan suspected that Jochi wanted to gain popularity among the conquered peoples and secede from Mongolia. It is unlikely that this was so, but the fact remains: at the beginning of 1227, Jochi, hunting in the steppe, was found dead - his spine was broken. The details of the incident were kept secret, but, without a doubt, Genghis Khan was a man interested in the death of Jochi and quite capable of ending his son's life.

In contrast to Jochi, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chaga-tai, was a strict, executive and even cruel man. Therefore, he was promoted to the "keeper of the Yasa" (something like the attorney general or the supreme judge). Chagatai strictly observed the law and treated its violators without mercy.

The third son of the great khan, Ogedei, like Jochi, was distinguished by kindness and tolerance towards people. The character of Ogedei is best illustrated by the following incident: once, on a joint trip, the brothers saw a Muslim washing himself by the water. According to Muslim custom, every believer is obliged to perform namaz and ritual ablution several times a day. Mongolian tradition, on the other hand, forbade a person to bathe during the entire summer. The Mongols believed that washing in a river or lake causes a thunderstorm, and a thunderstorm in the steppe is very dangerous for travelers, and therefore "calling a thunderstorm" was viewed as an attempt on people's lives. The nukers-vigilantes of the ruthless adherent of the Chagatai law seized a Muslim. Foreseeing a bloody denouement - the unfortunate man was threatened with cutting off his head - Ogedei sent his man to tell the Muslim to answer that he had dropped the gold one into the water and was just looking for it there. The Muslim said so to Chagatay. He ordered to look for a coin, and during this time Ogedei's vigilante threw a gold coin into the water. The found coin was returned to the "rightful owner". At parting, Ogedei, taking out a handful of coins from his pocket, handed them to the rescued person and said: "The next time you drop a gold coin into the water, don't go after it, don't break the law."

The youngest of the sons of Chinggis, Tului, was born in 1193. Since then Genghis Khan was in captivity, this time Borte's infidelity was quite obvious, but Genghis Khan and Tuluya recognized as his legitimate son, although outwardly he did not resemble his father.

Of the four sons of Genghis Khan, the youngest had the greatest talents and showed the greatest moral dignity. A good commander and an outstanding administrator, Tului was also a loving husband and distinguished for his nobility. He married the daughter of the deceased head of the Kerait, Wang Khan, who was a devout Christian. Tului himself had no right to accept the Christian faith: like Chinggisid, he had to profess the Bon religion (paganism). But the son of the khan allowed his wife not only to perform all Christian rituals in a luxurious "church" yurt, but also to have priests with them and receive monks. The death of Tului can be called heroic without any exaggeration. When Ogedei fell ill, Tului voluntarily took a strong shamanic potion, trying to "attract" the disease to himself, and died saving his brother.

All four sons had the right to inherit Genghis Khan. After the elimination of Jochi, three heirs remained, and when Chinggis was gone, and the new khan had not yet been elected, Tului ruled the ulus. But at the kurultai of 1229, the gentle and tolerant Ogedei was chosen as the great khan, in accordance with the will of Chinggis. Ogedei, as we have already mentioned, had a kind soul, but the kindness of the sovereign is often not good for the state and subjects. Under him, the administration of the ulus was mainly due to the strictness of Chagatai and the diplomatic and administrative skills of Tului. The great khan himself preferred nomadic wanderings and feasts in Western Mongolia to state concerns.

Genghis Khan's grandchildren were allocated various areas of the ulus or high positions. The eldest son of Jochi, Orda-Ichen, received the White Horde, located between the Irtysh and the Tarbagatai ridge (the area of ​​present-day Semipalatinsk). The second son, Batu, began to own the Golden (big) Horde on the Volga. The third son, Sheibani, went to the Blue Horde, roaming from Tyumen to the Aral Sea. At the same time, the three brothers - the rulers of the uluses - were allocated only one to two thousand Mongolian soldiers each, while the total number of the Mongol army reached 130 thousand people.

The children of Chagatai also received a thousand warriors, and the descendants of Tului, being at the court, owned all of their grandfather's and paternal ulus. So the Mongols established a system of inheritance, called a minorat, in which the youngest son inherited all the rights of his father, and the older brothers - only a share in the common inheritance.

The great khan Ogedei also had a son - Guyuk, who claimed the inheritance. The increase in the clan during the lifetime of Chinggis's children caused the division of the inheritance and enormous difficulties in managing the ulus, stretching from the Black to the Yellow Sea. These difficulties and family accounts concealed the seeds of future strife, which destroyed the state created by Genghis Khan and his associates.

How many Tatar-Mongols came to Russia? Let's try to deal with this issue.

Russian pre-revolutionary historians mention the "half-million Mongolian army." V. Yan, the author of the famous trilogy "Genghis Khan", "Batu" and "To the Last Sea", calls the number four hundred thousand. However, it is known that a warrior of a nomadic tribe sets out on a campaign with three horses (at least two). One carries luggage ("dry rations", horseshoes, spare harness, arrows, armor), and on the third one needs to change from time to time so that one horse can rest if suddenly it is necessary to engage in battle.

Simple calculations show that for an army of half a million or four hundred thousand fighters, at least one and a half million horses are needed. Such a herd is unlikely to be able to effectively advance a long distance, since the leading horses will instantly consume the grass over a huge area, and the hind horses will die from lack of food.

All the main invasions of the Tatar-Mongols into Russia took place in winter, when the remaining grass is hidden under the snow, and you cannot take a lot of forage with you ... The Mongolian horse really knows how to get food from under the snow, but ancient sources do not mention the Mongolian horses that were "In service" of the horde. Horse-breeding experts prove that the Tatar-Mongolian horde rode the Turkmens, and this is a completely different breed, and looks different, and is unable to feed itself in winter without human help ...

In addition, the difference between a horse that was allowed to roam in winter without any work, and a horse forced to make long journeys under a rider, and also participate in battles, is not taken into account. But they, in addition to the horsemen, had to carry also heavy prey! Convoys followed the troops. The cattle that pulls the carts also need to be fed ... The picture of a huge mass of people moving in the rearguard of a half-million army with carts, wives and children seems rather fantastic.

The temptation for the historian to explain the campaigns of the Mongols of the 13th century by "migrations" is great. But modern researchers show that the Mongol campaigns were not directly related to the displacement of huge masses of the population. Victories were won not by hordes of nomads, but by small, well-organized mobile detachments, returning to their native steppes after campaigns. And the khans of the Jochi branch - Batu, Horde and Sheibani - received, according to the will of Chinggis, only 4 thousand horsemen, that is, about 12 thousand people who settled in the territory from the Carpathians to Altai.

In the end, historians settled on thirty thousand warriors. But even here unanswered questions arise. And the first among them will be this: is it not enough? Despite the disunity of the Russian principalities, thirty thousand horsemen is too small a figure to arrange “fire and ruin” all over Russia! After all, they (even the supporters of the "classical" version admit it) did not move in a compact mass. Several detachments scattered in different directions, and this reduces the number of "innumerable Tatar hordes" to the limit, beyond which begins an elementary mistrust: could such a number of aggressors conquer Russia?

It turns out to be a vicious circle: for purely physical reasons, a huge Tatar-Mongol army could hardly have retained its combat capability in order to move quickly and deliver the notorious "indestructible blows." A small army would hardly have been able to establish control over most of the territory of Russia. To get out of this vicious circle, one has to admit: the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols was actually just an episode of the bloody civil war going on in Russia. The forces of the opponents were relatively small, they relied on their own stocks of fodder accumulated in the cities. And the Tatar-Mongols became an additional external factor used in the internal struggle in the same way as the troops of the Pechenegs and Polovtsians were previously used.

The chronicles that have come down to us about the military campaigns of 1237-1238 paint the classically Russian style of these battles - battles take place in winter, and the Mongols - steppe people - operate with amazing skill in the forests (for example, the encirclement and subsequent complete destruction of the Russian detachment on the City River under the command of the great Prince Vladimirsky Yuri Vsevolodovich).

Having cast a general glance at the history of the creation of a huge Mongolian state, we must return to Russia. Let us take a closer look at the situation with the battle of the Kalka River, which is not fully understood by historians.

At the turn of the 11th – 12th centuries, it was not the steppe inhabitants that represented the main danger for Kievan Rus. Our ancestors were friends with the Polovtsian khans, married the “red Polovtsian girls”, accepted the baptized Polovtsians into their midst, and the descendants of the latter became Zaporozhye and Slobod Cossacks, not without reason in their nicknames the traditional Slavic suffix of belonging “ov” (Ivanov) was replaced by the Turkic one - “ Enko "(Ivanenko).

At this time, a more formidable phenomenon emerged - a fall in morals, a rejection of traditional Russian ethics and morality. In 1097, a princely congress took place in Lyubech, which marked the beginning of a new political form of the country's existence. There it was decided that "let everyone keep his fatherland." Russia began to turn into a confederation of independent states. The princes vowed to keep the proclaimed inviolably and in that they kissed the cross. But after the death of Mstislav, the Kiev state began to quickly disintegrate. Polotsk was the first to postpone. Then the Novgorod "republic" stopped sending money to Kiev.

A striking example of the loss of moral values ​​and patriotic feelings was the act of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. In 1169, having seized Kiev, Andrew gave the city to his warriors for a three-day plunder. Until that moment, it was customary in Russia to do this only with foreign cities. Under no civil strife, this practice has never been extended to Russian cities.

Igor Svyatoslavich, a descendant of Prince Oleg, the hero of The Lay of Igor's Regiment, who became Prince of Chernigov in 1198, set himself the goal of cracking down on Kiev, a city where rivals of his dynasty were constantly strengthening. He agreed with the Smolensk prince Rurik Rostislavich and called for the help of the Polovtsi. In defense of Kiev - “the mother of Russian cities” - the prince Roman Volynskiy came forward, relying on the Tork troops allied to him.

The plan of the Chernigov prince was implemented after his death (1202). Rurik, prince of Smolensk, and the Olgovichi with the Polovtsy in January 1203, in a battle that went mainly between the Polovtsy and the torques of Roman Volynsky, prevailed. Having captured Kiev, Rurik Rostislavich subjected the city to a terrible defeat. The Church of the Tithes and the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra were destroyed, and the city itself was burned. “They did a great evil, which was not from baptism in the Russian land,” the chronicler left a message.

After the fateful year 1203, Kiev has not recovered.

According to L. N. Gumilyov, by this time the ancient Russians had lost their passionarity, that is, their cultural and energetic "charge". In such conditions, a clash with a strong adversary could not but become tragic for the country.

Meanwhile, the Mongol regiments were approaching the Russian borders. At that time, the main enemy of the Mongols in the west was the Polovtsy. Their enmity began in 1216, when the Polovtsians accepted Chingis' blood enemies - the Merkits. The Polovtsians actively pursued the anti-Mongol policy, constantly supporting the Finno-Ugric tribes hostile to the Mongols. At the same time, the steppe-Polovtsians were as mobile as the Mongols themselves. Seeing the futility of cavalry clashes with the Polovtsy, the Mongols sent an expeditionary corps to the rear of the enemy.

The talented commanders Subatei and Jebe led a corps of three tumens across the Caucasus. The Georgian king George Lasha tried to attack them, but was destroyed along with the army. The Mongols managed to capture the guides who showed the way through the Darial Gorge. So they went to the upper reaches of the Kuban, to the rear of the Polovtsy. Those, finding the enemy in their rear, retreated to the Russian border and asked for help from the Russian princes.

It should be noted that the relationship between Russia and the Polovtsians does not fit into the scheme of irreconcilable confrontation "sedentary - nomads". In 1223 the Russian princes became the allies of the Polovtsians. The three strongest princes of Russia - Mstislav Udaloy from Galich, Mstislav of Kiev and Mstislav of Chernigov - gathered troops and tried to protect them.

The collision on Kalka in 1223 is described in some detail in the annals; in addition, there is another source - "The Tale of the Battle of Kalka, and about the Russian princes, and about seventy heroes." However, the abundance of information does not always clarify ...

Historical science has not denied for a long time the fact that the events on Kalka were not the aggression of evil aliens, but an attack from the Russians. The Mongols themselves did not strive for a war with Russia. The ambassadors who arrived to the Russian princes quite friendly asked the Russians not to interfere in their relations with the Polovtsy. But, true to allied commitments, the Russian princes rejected the peace proposals. In doing so, they made a fatal mistake that had bitter consequences. All the ambassadors were killed (according to some sources, they were not even simply killed, but "tortured"). At all times, the murder of an ambassador, a parliamentarian was considered a grave crime; according to the Mongolian law, the deceit of the trusting person was an unforgivable crime.

Following this, the Russian army sets out on a long campaign. Having left the borders of Russia, it was the first to attack the Tatar camp, take prey, steal cattle, after which it moves out of its territory for another eight days. A decisive battle takes place on the Kalka River: an 80,000-strong Russian-Polovtsian army fell on a 20,000th (!) Detachment of Mongols. This battle was lost by the Allies due to the inability to coordinate actions. The Polovtsi left the battlefield in panic. Mstislav Udaloy and his "younger" prince Daniel fled across the Dnieper; they were the first to reach the shore and managed to jump into the boats. At the same time, the prince chopped up the rest of the boats, fearing that the Tatars would be able to cross after them, "and, fearful, he made his way to Galich." Thus, he doomed to death his comrades-in-arms, whose horses were worse than the prince's. The enemies killed everyone they overtook.

The other princes are left alone with the enemy, they beat off his attacks for three days, after which, believing the assurances of the Tatars, they surrender. Another mystery lurks here. It turns out that the princes surrendered after a certain Rusich named Ploskinya, who was in the enemy's battle formations, solemnly kissed the pectoral cross that the Russians would be spared and not shed their blood. The Mongols, according to their custom, kept their word: having tied the captives, they laid them on the ground, covered them with a deck of planks and sat down to feast on the bodies. Not a drop of blood was really spilled! And the latter, according to Mongolian views, was considered extremely important. (By the way, the fact that the captured princes were put under the boards is only reported by “The Tale of the Battle of Kalka.” Other sources write that the princes were simply killed without mockery, and still others - that they were “taken prisoner.” So the story with a feast on bodies is just one of the versions.)

Different peoples have different perceptions of the rule of law and the concept of honesty. The Rusichi believed that the Mongols, having killed the captives, had broken their oath. But from the point of view of the Mongols, they kept the oath, and execution was the highest justice, because the princes committed the terrible sin of murdering the one who trusted. Therefore, it is not a matter of treachery (history gives a lot of evidence of how the Russian princes themselves violated the "kiss of the cross"), but in the personality of Ploskini himself - a Russian Christian, who somehow mysteriously found himself among the soldiers of the "unknown people".

Why did the Russian princes surrender after listening to the persuasions of Ploskini? "The Tale of the Battle of Kalka" writes: "There were also the Rogues along with the Tatars, and Ploskinya was their commander." Brodniks are Russian free warriors who lived in those places, the predecessors of the Cossacks. However, the establishment of Ploskini's social position only confuses the matter. It turns out that the roaming people in a short time managed to come to an agreement with the "unknown peoples" and became so close to them that they jointly struck at their brothers in blood and faith? One thing can be stated with certainty: part of the army with which the Russian princes were fighting on Kalka was Slavic, Christian.

Russian princes in this whole story do not look the best. But back to our riddles. The Tale of the Battle of Kalka, which we have mentioned, for some reason is not able to definitely name the enemy of the Russians! Here is a quote: “... Because of our sins, nations came unknown, godless Moabites [symbolic name from the Bible], about whom no one knows exactly who they are and where they came from, and what their language is, and what kind of tribe they are, and what faith. And they call them Tatars, and some say - Taurmen, and others - Pechenegs. "

Amazing lines! They were written much later than the events described, when it seemed like it was supposed to know exactly with whom the Russian princes fought on Kalka. After all, part of the army (albeit a small one) nevertheless returned from Kalka. Moreover, the victors, in pursuit of the defeated Russian regiments, chased them to Novgorod-Svyatopolch (on the Dnieper), where they attacked the civilian population, so that among the townspeople there should have been witnesses who had seen the enemy with their own eyes. And yet he remains "unknown"! This statement further confuses the matter. After all, by the time described in Russia they knew the Polovtsians very well - they lived side by side for many years, fought, then became related ... The Taurmen - a nomadic Turkic tribe that lived in the Northern Black Sea region - was again well known to the Russians. It is curious that in the "Lay of Igor's Regiment" some "Tartars" are mentioned among the nomadic Türks who served the Chernigov prince.

One gets the impression that the chronicler is hiding something. For some reason unknown to us, he does not want to directly name the enemy of the Russians in that battle. Perhaps the battle on Kalka was not a clash with unknown peoples at all, but one of the episodes of the internecine war waged between Russian Christians, Polovtsian Christians and the Tatars who got involved in the cause?

After the battle on Kalka, part of the Mongols turned their horses eastward, trying to report on the fulfillment of the assigned task - on the victory over the Polovtsians. But on the banks of the Volga, the army was ambushed by the Volga Bulgars. Muslims, who hated the Mongols as pagans, unexpectedly attacked them during the crossing. Here the victors at Kalka were defeated and many people lost. Those who managed to cross the Volga left the steppes to the east and united with the main forces of Genghis Khan. Thus ended the first meeting of the Mongols and the Russians.

LN Gumilev has collected a huge amount of material that clearly indicates that the relationship between Russia and the Horde CAN be designated by the word "symbiosis". After Gumilyov, they write especially a lot and often about how Russian princes and "Mongol khans" became brothers-in-arms, relatives, sons-in-law and father-in-law, how they went on joint military campaigns, how (let's call things by their proper names) they were friends. Relations of this kind are unique in their own way - in no other country they conquered did the Tatars behave like that. This symbiosis, brotherhood in arms leads to such an interweaving of names and events that sometimes it is even difficult to understand where the Russians end and the Tatars begin ...

Therefore, the question of whether there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia (in the classical sense of this term) remains open. This topic is waiting for its researchers.

This text is an introductory fragment. the author

7.4. The fourth period: the Tatar-Mongol yoke from the battle of the City (1238) to the "standing on the Ugra" (1481) - the official end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia KHAN BATY since 1238 YAROSLAV VSEVOLODOVICH, 1238-1248, ruled for 10 years, the capital is Vladimir . Came from Novgorod, s. 70. According to

From the book Russia and the Horde. Great empire of the middle ages the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2. The Tatar-Mongol invasion as the unification of Russia under the rule of the Novgorod = Yaroslavl dynasty of George = Genghis Khan and then his brother Yaroslav = Batu = Ivan Kalita

From the book Russia and the Horde. Great empire of the middle ages the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

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12. There was no foreign "Tatar-Mongol conquest" of Russia. Medieval Mongolia and Russia are just one and the same thing. No foreigners conquered Russia. Russia was originally inhabited by peoples who originally lived on their land - Russians, Tatars, etc.

the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

7.4. The fourth period: the Tatar-Mongol yoke from the battle of the City in 1238 to the "standing on the Ugra" in 1481, which is considered today the "official end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke" KHAN BATY since 1238. YAROSLAV VSEVOLODOVICH 1238-1248, ruled for 10 years the capital is Vladimir. Came from Novgorod

From the book Book 1. New Chronology of Russia [Russian Chronicles. "Mongol-Tatar" conquest. Battle of Kulikovo. Ivan the Terrible. Razin. Pugachev. The defeat of Tobolsk and the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2. The Tatar-Mongol invasion as the unification of Russia under the rule of the Novgorod = Yaroslavl dynasty of George = Genghis Khan and then his brother Yaroslav = Batu = Ivan Kalita

From the book Book 1. New Chronology of Russia [Russian Chronicles. "Mongol-Tatar" conquest. Battle of Kulikovo. Ivan the Terrible. Razin. Pugachev. The defeat of Tobolsk and the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

3. The Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia - this is the period of military rule in the United Russian Empire 3.1. What is the difference between our version and Millerovo-Romanovskoy Millerovsko-Romanovskoy history paints the era of the XIII-XV centuries in the dark colors of a fierce foreign yoke in Russia. WITH

the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

4 period: the Tatar-Mongol yoke from the battle of the City in 1237 to the "standing on the Ugra" in 1481, which is considered today "the official end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke" Batu Khan since 1238 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich 1238-1248 (10), the capital - Vladimir, came from Novgorod (, p. 70). By: 1238-1247 (8). By

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The Tatar-Mongol invasion as the unification of Russia under the rule of the Novgorod = Yaroslavl dynasty of George = Genghis Khan and then his brother Yaroslav = Batu = Ivan Kalita

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The Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia = the period of military rule in the united Russian empire What is the difference between our version and the traditional one? Traditional history paints the epoch of the XIII-XV centuries in the dark colors of a foreign yoke in Russia. On the one hand, we are encouraged to believe

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TATAR-MONGOL IGO But perhaps the sacrifices were justified, and the "alliance with the Horde" saved the Russian land from the worst misfortune, from the treacherous papal prelates, from the merciless knight-dogs, from enslavement not only physical, but also spiritual? Maybe Gumilev is right, and Tatar help

From the book Reconstruction of True History the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

12. There was no foreign "Tatar-Mongol conquest" of Russia. Medieval Mongolia and Russia are just one and the same thing. No foreigners conquered Russia. Russia was originally inhabited by peoples who originally lived on their land - Russians, Tatars, etc.

the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

From the book Rus. China. England. Dating of the Nativity of Christ and the First Ecumenical Council the author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

From the book The Great Alexander Nevsky. "The Russian Land will stand!" the author Pronina Natalia M.

Chapter IV. The internal crisis of Russia and the Tatar-Mongol invasion And the point was that by the middle of the XIII century the Kiev state, like most of the early feudal empires, suffered a painful process of complete fragmentation and disintegration. Actually, the first attempts to break

From the book Türks or Mongols? The era of Genghis Khan the author Olovintsov Anatoly Grigorievich

Chapter X "Tatar-Mongol yoke" - as it was There was no so-called yoke of the Tatars. The Tatars never occupied the Russian lands and did not keep their garrisons there ... It is difficult to find parallels in history to such generosity of the victors. B. Ishboldin, Honorary Professor

In the 12th century, the Mongol state expanded, their military art improved. The main occupation was cattle breeding, they raised mainly horses and sheep, they did not know agriculture. They lived in felt tents, yurts, and it was easy to transport them during distant wanderings. Every adult Mongol was a warrior, from childhood he sat in the saddle and wielded weapons. The cowardly, unreliable did not get into the warriors, became an outcast.
In 1206, at the congress of the Mongol nobility, Temuchin with the name Genghis Khan was proclaimed a great khan.
The Mongols managed to unite hundreds of tribes under their rule, which allowed them to use alien human material in the troops during the war. They conquered East Asia (Kyrgyz, Buryats, Yakuts, Uighurs), the Tangut kingdom (southwest of Mongolia), North China, Korea and Central Asia (the largest Central Asian state, Khorezm, Samarkand, Bukhara). As a result, by the end of the 13th century, the Mongols owned half of Eurasia.
In 1223, the Mongols crossed the Caucasian ridge and invaded the Polovtsian lands. The Polovtsi turned to the Russian princes for help. Russians and Polovtsians traded with each other, entered into marriages. The Russians responded, and on the Kalka River on June 16, 1223, the first battle of the Mongol-Tatars with the Russian princes took place. The army of the Mongol-Tatars was a reconnaissance, small, i.e. The Mongol-Tatars had to find out what kind of land lay ahead. The Russians came simply to fight, they had little idea of ​​what kind of enemy was in front of them. Before the Polovtsian request for help, they had not even heard of the Mongols.
The battle ended with the defeat of the Russian troops because of the betrayal of the Polovtsians (they fled from the very beginning of the battle), and also because the Russian princes were unable to combine their forces, underestimated the enemy. The Mongols offered the princes to surrender, promising to save their lives and release them for ransom. When the princes agreed, the Mongols tied them up, put boards on them, and sat down on top, began to feast on the victory. Russian soldiers, left without leaders, were killed.
The Mongol-Tatars retreated to the Horde, but returned in 1237, already knowing what kind of enemy was in front of them. Batu Khan (Batu), the grandson of Genghis Khan, brought with him a huge army. They preferred to attack the most powerful Russian principalities - Ryazan and Vladimir. They defeated and subjugated them, and in the next two years - all of Russia. After 1240, only one land remained independent - Novgorod. Batu had already achieved his main goals, there was no point in losing people near Novgorod.
The Russian princes could not unite, so they were defeated, although, according to scientists, Batu lost half of his army in the Russian lands. He occupied Russian lands, offered to recognize his power and pay tribute, the so-called "exit". At first, it was collected "in kind" and made up 1/10 of the harvest, and then it was transferred to money.
The Mongols established a yoke in Russia, a system of total suppression of national life in the occupied territories. In this form, the Tatar-Mongol yoke lasted 10 years, after which Prince Alexander Nevsky offered the Horde a new relationship: Russian princes entered the service of the Mongol khan, were obliged to collect tribute, take it to the Horde and receive a label for the great reign there - a leather belt. At the same time, the prince who pays more received the label for the reign. This order was ensured by the Baskaks - Mongolian commanders, who with the army bypassed the Russian lands and watched whether the tribute was being collected correctly.
This was the time of the vassalage of the Russian princes, but thanks to the act of Alexander Nevsky, the Orthodox Church was preserved, and the raids stopped.
In the 60s of the 14th century, the Golden Horde split into two warring parts, the border between which was the Volga. In the left-bank Horde there were constant strife with a change of rulers. In the right-bank Horde, Mamai became the ruler.
The beginning of the struggle for liberation from the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia is associated with the name of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1378, feeling the weakening of the Horde, he refused to pay tribute and killed all the Baskaks. In 1380, the commander Mamai went with the entire Horde to the Russian lands, and a battle with Dmitry Donskoy took place on the Kulikovo field.
Mamai had 300 thousand "sabers", and since The Mongols had almost no infantry, he hired the best Italian (Genoese) infantry. Dmitry Donskoy had 160 thousand people, of which only 5 thousand were professional soldiers. The main weapons of the Russians were cudgels bound with metal and wooden spears.
So, the battle with the Mongol-Tatars was a suicide for the Russian army, but the Russians still had a chance.
Dmitry Donskoy crossed the Don on the night of September 7-8, 1380 and burned the crossing, there was nowhere to retreat. It remained to win or die. In the forest, he hid 5 thousand vigilantes behind his army. The role of the squad was to save the Russian army from a detour from the rear.
The battle lasted one day, during which the Mongol-Tatars trampled down the Russian army. Then Dmitry Donskoy ordered the ambush regiment to leave the forest. The Mongol-Tatars decided that the main forces of the Russians were marching and, without waiting for everyone to come out, turned and began to flee, trampling the Genoese infantry. The battle turned into a pursuit of a fleeing enemy.
Two years later, a new Horde came with Khan Tokhtamysh. He captured Moscow, Mozhaisk, Dmitrov, Pereyaslavl. Moscow had to resume paying tribute, but the Battle of Kulikovo was a turning point in the struggle with the Mongol-Tatars, since dependence on the Horde was now weaker.
100 years later, in 1480, Dmitry Donskoy's great-grandson, Ivan III, stopped paying tribute to the Horde.
The Khan of the Horde, Akhmed, came out with a large army against Russia, wishing to punish the rebellious prince. He approached the border of the Moscow principality, to the Ugra River, a tributary of the Oka. Ivan III also went there. Since the forces were equal, they stood on the Ugra River in spring, summer and autumn. Fearing the approaching winter, the Mongol-Tatars left for the Horde. This was the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, because Akhmed's defeat meant the collapse of the Batu state and the acquisition of independence by the Russian state. The Tatar-Mongol yoke lasted 240 years.

Today we will talk about a very "slippery" from the point of view of modern history and science, but also an equally interesting topic.

This is the question that ihoraksjuta raised on the order table in May “Now we went on, the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke, I don’t remember where I read it, but there was no yoke, these were all the consequences of the baptism of Rus, the bearer of the faith of Christ fought with those who did not want, well, as usual, with sword and blood, remember the cross hikes, can you tell us more about this period? "

Disputes about the history of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the consequences of their invasion, the so-called yoke, do not disappear, probably will never disappear. Under the influence of numerous critics, including Gumilyov's supporters, new, interesting facts began to be woven into the traditional version of Russian history. Mongol yoke that I would like to develop. As we all remember from the school history course, the point of view still prevails, which is as follows:

In the first half of the XIII century, Russia was subjected to the invasion of the Tatars, who came to Europe from Central Asia, in particular, China and Central Asia, which they had already conquered by that time. Our historians of Russia know exactly the dates: 1223 - the Battle of Kalka, 1237 - the fall of Ryazan, in 1238 - the defeat of the combined forces of the Russian princes on the banks of the City River, in 1240 - the fall of Kiev. Tatar-Mongol troops destroyed individual squads of the princes of Kievan Rus and subjected it to a monstrous defeat. The military power of the Tatars was so irresistible that their domination continued for two and a half centuries - until the "Standing on the Ugra" in 1480, when the consequences of the yoke were finally completely eliminated, the end came.

For 250 years, that's how many years, Russia paid tribute to the Horde in money and blood. In 1380, Russia, for the first time since the invasion of Batu Khan, gathered strength and gave battle to the Tatar Horde on the Kulikovo field, in which Dmitry Donskoy defeated Temnik Mamai, but this defeat did not happen to all Tatars-Mongols, this is, so to speak, a won battle in lost war. Although even the traditional version of Russian history says that there was practically no Tatar-Mongol in Mamai's army, only local nomads and mercenaries from the Don Genoese. By the way, the participation of the Genoese suggests the participation of the Vatican in this matter. Today, in the well-known version of the history of Russia, they began to fit in, as it were, fresh data, but intended to add credibility and reliability to the already existing version. In particular, there are extensive discussions about the number of nomadic Tatar-Mongols, the specifics of their martial art and weapons.

Let's evaluate the versions that exist at the moment:

I propose to start with a very interesting fact. Such a nationality as the Mongolo-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. The Mongols and Tatars are related only by the fact that they wandered across the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is large enough to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity not to intersect on the same territory at all.

The Mongol tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often hunted in raids on China and its provinces, which is often confirmed by the history of China. Whereas other nomadic Türkic tribes, called Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria) from the Pokonese centuries in Russia, settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. In those days in Europe they were called Tatars, or Tat Aryans (the most powerful of the nomadic tribes, unbending and invincible). And the Tatars, the closest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of ​​Lake Buir-Nor and up to the borders of China. There were 70 thousand families, which made up 6 tribes: Tatars-tutukulyut, Tatars-alchi, Tatars-chagan, Tatars-Kuin, Tatars-terat, Tatars-barkuy. The second parts of the names, apparently, are the self-names of these tribes. There is not a single word among them that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more consonant with the Mongolian names.

Two kindred peoples - Tatars and Mongols - fought for a long time with varying success for mutual extermination, until Genghis Khan seized power in all of Mongolia. The fate of the Tatars was a foregone conclusion. Since the Tatars were the murderers of Genghis Khan's father, they exterminated many tribes and clans close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, “then Genghis Khan (Tei-mu-Chin) ordered to carry out a general beating of the Tatars and not to leave one alive to the limit determined by the law (Yasak); to kill women and small children, and to cut the wombs of pregnant women in order to completely destroy them. … ”.

That is why such a nationality could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European ones, “sinned” to name all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, Tat'Aryans, or simply TatArie in Latin.
This can be easily traced from ancient maps, for example, Map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or Maps of Russia and TarTaria Ortelius.

One of the fundamental axioms of Russian historiography is the assertion that for almost 250 years the so-called "Monglo-Tatar yoke" existed on the lands inhabited by the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples - Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Allegedly, in the 30s - 40s of the XIII century, the ancient Russian principalities were subjected to the Mongol-Tatar invasion under the leadership of the legendary Khan Batu.

The fact is that there are numerous historical facts that contradict the historical version of the "Mongol-Tatar yoke".

First of all, even in the canonical version, the fact of the conquest of the northeastern Old Russian principalities by the Mongol-Tatar invaders is not directly confirmed - allegedly these principalities were in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde (a state formation that occupied a large territory in the southeast of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia, founded Mongolian prince Batu). They say that the army of Khan Batu made several bloody predatory raids on these very northeastern ancient Russian principalities, as a result of which our distant ancestors decided to go "arm in arm" of Batu and his Golden Horde.

However, historical information is known that the personal guard of Khan Baty consisted exclusively of Russian soldiers. A very strange circumstance for the lackeys-vassals of the great Mongol conquerors, especially for the people they had just conquered.

There is indirect evidence of the existence of Batu's letter to the legendary Russian prince Alexander Nevsky, in which the almighty khan of the Golden Horde asks the Russian prince to take his son into the upbringing and make him a real warrior and commander.

Also, some sources claim that Tatar mothers in the Golden Horde frightened their disobedient children with the name of Alexander Nevsky.

As a result of all these discrepancies, the author of these lines in his book “2013. Memories of the Future "(" Olma-Press ") puts forward a completely different version of the events of the first half and middle of the 13th century on the territory of the European part of the future Russian Empire.

According to this version, when the Mongols at the head of the nomadic tribes (later called the Tatars) came to the northeastern Russian principalities, they really entered into rather bloody military clashes with them. But the only thing was that Batu Khan did not succeed in a crushing victory; most likely, the case ended in a kind of "combat draw". And then Batu offered the Russian princes an equal military alliance. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why his guards consisted of Russian knights, and with the name of Alexander Nevsky, Tatar mothers frightened their children.

All these terrible stories about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" were written much later, when the Moscow tsars had to create myths about their exclusivity and superiority over the conquered peoples (the same Tatars, for example).

Even in the modern school curriculum, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: “At the beginning of the 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a large army of nomadic peoples, and subjecting them to strict discipline, he decided to conquer the whole world. Having defeated China, he sent his army to Russia. In the winter of 1237, the Mongol-Tatars invaded the territory of Russia, and after defeating the Russian army on the Kalka River, they set out further, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, having reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and without completing its task turns back. From this period the So-called " Mongol-Tatar yoke"Over Russia.

But wait, they were going to conquer the whole world ... so why not move on? Historians replied that they were afraid of an attack from the back, broken and plundered, but still strong Russia. But this is just ridiculous. Plundered state, will run to defend other people's cities and villages? Rather, they will rebuild their borders, and wait for the return of the enemy troops, so that they can fight back fully armed.
But the oddities don't end there. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the House of Romanov, dozens of chronicles describing the events of the “times of the Horde” disappear. For example, "The Lay of the Death of the Russian Land", historians believe that this is a document from which everything was carefully removed, which would testify to the Yoke. They left only fragments telling about some kind of "misfortune" that befell Russia. But there is not a word about the "Mongol invasion".

There are many more oddities. In the story "About the Evil Tatars" the khan from the Golden Horde orders the execution of the Russian Christian prince ... for refusing to worship the "pagan god of the Slavs!" And some chronicles contain amazing phrases, such as: "Well, with God!" - said the khan and, crossing himself, galloped to the enemy.
So what really happened?

At that time, a “new faith” was flourishing in Europe, namely, the Faith in Christ. Catholicism was widespread everywhere, and ruled everything from the way of life and order, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades against gentiles were still relevant, but along with military methods, "tactical tricks" were often used, akin to bribery of powerful persons and persuading them to their faith. And after gaining power through the purchased person, the conversion of all his "subordinates". It was precisely such a secret crusade that was then carried out to Russia. Through bribery and other promises, the ministers of the church were able to seize power over Kiev and surrounding areas. Just relatively recently, by the standards of history, the baptism of Russia took place, but history is silent about the civil war that arose on this basis immediately after the forced baptism. And the ancient Slavic chronicle describes this moment as follows:

« And Vorogi came from the Overseas, and they brought faith in alien gods. With fire and sword, they began to plant an alien faith to us, Sprinkle gold and silver on the Russian princes, bribe their will, and lead astray. They promised them an idle life, full of riches and happiness, and forgiveness of any sins, for their dashing deeds.

And then Ros broke up, into different states. The Russian clan retreated to the north to the Great Asgard, And they named their state after the names of the gods of their patrons, Tarkh Dazhdbog the Great and Tara, his Sister Light-wise. (They named it the Great Tartaria). Leaving foreigners with princes bought in the principality of Kiev and its environs. Volga Bulgaria, too, did not bow before the enemies, and did not begin to accept their faith as hers.
But the principality of Kiev did not live in peace with TarTaria. They began to conquer the Russians with the fire and sword of the earth and impose their alien faith. And then the army of war rose to a fierce battle. In order to keep their faith and win back their lands. Both old and young then went to Ratniki in order to restore order to the Russian Lands. "

So the war began, in which the Russian army, the land of Great Aria (Tat'Aria) defeated the enemy, and drove him from the lands of the primordial Slavic. It drove the alien army, with their fierce faith, from their stately lands.

By the way, the word Horde is translated by drop caps Old Slavic alphabet, means Order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a system. "Political" system of the Golden Order. Under which Princes reigned on the ground, planted with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Army, or in one word they called him KHAN (our defender).
This means that there was not more than two hundred years of oppression, but there was a time of peace and prosperity for Great Aria or Tartaria. By the way, modern history also confirms this, but for some reason no one pays attention to it. But we will definitely reverse, and very intent:

The Mongol-Tatar yoke is a system of political and tributary dependence of the Russian principalities on the Mongol-Tatar khans (until the early 60s of the 13th century, the Mongol khans, after the khans of the Golden Horde) in the 13th-15th centuries. The establishment of the yoke became possible as a result of the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237-1241 and took place for two decades after it, including in non-ravaged lands. In North-Eastern Russia it lasted until 1480. (Wikipedia)

Battle of the Neva (July 15, 1240) - a battle on the Neva River between the Novgorod militia under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich and the Swedish army. After the victory of the Novgorodians, Alexander Yaroslavich received the honorary nickname "Nevsky" for his skillful management of the campaign and bravery in battle. (Wikipedia)

Doesn't it seem strange to you that the battle with the Swedes takes place right in the midst of the invasion of the "Mongolo-Tatars" to Russia? Blazing in fires and plundered by the Mongols, Russia is attacked by the Swedish army, which is safely drowning in the waters of the Neva, and the Swedish crusaders never encounter the Mongols. And the Rusichi, who defeated the strong Swedish army, lose to the Mongols? In my opinion, this is just nonsense. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if we turn to the ancient Slavic chronicle, then everything becomes clear.

Since 1237 Rat Great TarTaria began to recapture their ancestral lands back, and when the war came to an end, the representatives of the church who were losing the lay asked for help, and the Swedish crusaders were sent into battle. Since it was not possible to take the country by bribery, then they will take it by force. Just in 1240, the army of the Horde (that is, the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic family) faced in battle with the army of the Crusaders, which had come to the rescue of its henchmen. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of Nevsky prince and remained to reign Novgorod, and the army of the horde went on to expel the foe from the Russian lands completely. So she persecuted "the church and the alien faith" until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring her original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and again left the north. By setting 300 years of the world.

Again, confirmation of this is the so-called end of the Iga " Battle of Kulikovo»Before which 2 knights Peresvet and Chelubey took part in the match. Two Russian knights, Andrei Peresvet (transcending the light) and Chelubey (beating with his forehead, Telling, narrating, asking) Information about which was cruelly cut out from the pages of history. It was Chelubey's loss that foreshadowed the victory of the army of Kievan Rus, rebuilt with the money of the same "Churchmen" who nevertheless penetrated from under the counter into Russia, albeit more than 150 years later. This is only later, when all of Russia plunges into the abyss of chaos, all sources confirming the events of the past will be burned. And after the Romanov family came to power, many documents will acquire the form we know.

By the way, it is not the first time that the Slavic army defends its lands, and expels the infidels from their territories. Another extremely interesting and confusing moment in History tells us about this.
Army of Alexander the Great, consisting of many professional warriors, was defeated by a small army of some nomads in the mountains north of India (Alexander's last campaign). And for some reason no one is surprised by the fact that a large trained army, which passed half the world and redrawn the world map, was so easily broken by the army of simple and uneducated nomads.
But everything becomes clear if you look at the maps of that time and just even think about who the nomads who came from the north (from India) could have been.This is exactly our territory, which originally belonged to the Slavs, and where to this day, the remains of the EtRuss civilization are found ...

The Macedonian army was pushed aside by the army Slavyan-Ariev who defended their territories. It was at that time that the Slavs "for the first time" went to the Adriatic Sea, and left a huge mark on the territories of Europe. Thus, we are not the first to conquer "half of the globe."

So how did it happen that even now we do not know our history? Everything is very simple. Trembling with fear and horror, the Europeans did not cease to be afraid of the Rusichi, even when their plans were crowned with success and they enslaved the Slavic peoples, they were still afraid that one day Russia would rise and again shine with its former strength.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded by Peter the Great. For 120 years of its existence, there were 33 academic historians at the historical department of the Academy. Of these, only three were Russian (including MV Lomonosov), the rest were Germans. It so happens that the history of Ancient Rus was written by the Germans, and many of them did not know not only ways of life and traditions, they did not even know the Russian language. This fact is well known to many historians, but they do not make any effort to carefully study the history that the Germans wrote and get to the bottom of the truth.
Lomonosov wrote a work on the history of Russia, and in this field he often had disputes with his German colleagues. After his death, the archives disappeared without a trace, but somehow his works on the history of Russia were published, but under the editorship of Miller. At the same time, it was Miller who oppressed Lomonosov in every possible way during his lifetime. Computer analysis confirmed that Lomonosov's works on the history of Russia published by Miller were falsifications. Little remains of Lomonosov's works.

This concept can be found on the website of Omsk State University:

We will formulate our concept, hypothesis immediately, without
preliminary preparation of the reader.

Let's pay attention to the following strange and very interesting
facts. However, their strangeness is based only on the generally accepted
chronology and instilled in us from childhood version of the ancient Russian
stories. It turns out that changing the chronology removes many oddities and
<>.

One of the main points in the history of ancient Russia is this
called the Tatar-Mongol conquest by the Horde. Traditionally
it is believed that the Horde came from the East (China? Mongolia?),
captured many countries, conquered Russia, swept to the West and
even reached Egypt.

But if Russia had been conquered in the XIII century with any
there was a side - or from the east, as modern
historians, or from the west, as Morozov believed, should have
remain information about the clashes between the conquerors and
Cossacks who lived both on the western borders of Russia and in the lower reaches
Don and Volga. That is, just where they should have passed
conquerors.

Of course, in the school courses of Russian history, we are strenuously
convince that the Cossack troops appeared only in the XVII century,
allegedly due to the fact that the slaves fled from the power of the landlords to
Don. However, it is known - although this is not usually mentioned in textbooks,
- that, for example, the Don Cossack state existed STILL
XVI century, had its own laws and history.

Moreover, it turns out that the beginning of the history of the Cossacks belongs
to the XII-XIII centuries. See, for example, the work of Sukhorukov<>in the DON magazine, 1989.

Thus,<>, - wherever it comes from, -
moving along the natural path of colonization and conquest,
would inevitably have to come into conflict with the Cossack
areas.
This is not noted.

What's the matter?

A natural hypothesis arises:
NO FOREIGN
THE CONQUEST OF RUSSIA WAS NOT. BECAUSE THE HORDE WAS NOT ATTENDING WITH THE COSSACKS, THAT
The Cossacks were part of the horde. This hypothesis was
not formulated by us. It is very convincingly substantiated,
for example, A. A. Gordeev in his<>.

BUT WE MAKE SOMETHING BIGGER.

One of our main hypotheses is that the Cossack
troops were not only part of the Horde - they were regular
troops of the Russian state. Thus, the Horde - IT WAS
SIMPLY REGULAR RUSSIAN TROOPS.

According to our hypothesis, the modern terms VOISKO and WARRIOR,
- Church Slavonic in origin, - were not old Russian
terms. They came into constant use in Russia only with
XVII century. And the old Russian terminology was as follows: Horde,
Cossack, Khan.

Then the terminology changed. By the way, back in the 19th century in
Russian folk proverbs words<>and<>were
are interchangeable. This can be seen from the numerous examples given
in Dahl's dictionary. For example:<>etc.

There is still the famous city of Semikarakorum on the Don, and on
Kuban - the village of Khanskaya. Recall that the Karakorum is considered
THE CAPITAL OF CHINGIZ KHAN. Moreover, as is well known, in those
places where archaeologists are still stubbornly searching for the Karakorum, no
For some reason, there is no Karakorum.

Desperate, they hypothesized that<>... This monastery, which existed in the 19th century, was surrounded by
an earthen rampart only about one English mile long. Historians
believe that the famous capital Karakorum was entirely located on
territory later occupied by this monastery.

According to our hypothesis, the Horde is not a foreign entity,
captured Russia from the outside, but there is simply Eastern Russian regular
army, which was an integral part of the Old Russian
state.
Our hypothesis is as follows.

1) <>WAS JUST A PERIOD OF THE WAR
MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN STATE. NO ALIEN RUSSIA
CONQUERED.

2) THE SUPREME RULER WAS THE COMMANDER-KHAN = TSAR, A B
CITIES ARE SITTED BY CIVIL REGULARS - PRINCES WHO ARE OBLIGED TO
WE WERE COLLECTING Tribute FOR THE BENEFIT OF THIS RUSSIAN ARMY, ON HIS
CONTENT.

3) IN THIS WAY, THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE IS REPRESENTED
ONE EMPIRE, IN WHICH WAS A PERMANENT ARMY CONSISTING OF
PROFESSIONAL MILITARY (HORDE) AND CIVIL UNIT WITHOUT
ITS REGULAR TROOPS. BECAUSE SUCH TROOPS ALREADY INCLUDED IN
COMPOSITION OF THE HORDE.

4) THIS RUSSIAN-ORDYN EMPIRE EXISTED FROM THE XIV CENTURY
BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. HER STORY ENDED WITH A FAMOUS GREAT
CONFUSION IN RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY. AS A RESULT OF CIVIL WAR
RUSSIAN HORDE KINGS - THE LAST OF WHICH WAS BORIS
<>, - WERE PHYSICALLY EXPIRED. BEFORE RUSSIAN
THE ARMY HORDE ACTUALLY HAS BEEN DEFEATED IN THE FIGHT WITH<>... AS A RESULT TO POWER IN RUSSIA HAS COME IN PRINCIPAL
NEW PRO-WESTERN DYNASTY OF THE ROMANOVS. SHE TOOK THE POWER AND
IN THE RUSSIAN CHURCH (FILARET).

5) NEW DYNASTY REQUIRED<>,
IDEOLOGICALLY JUSTIFYING ITS POWER. THIS NEW POWER FROM THE POINT
THE VISION OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN-ORDYN HISTORY WAS ILLEGAL. THEREFORE
ROMANOV WAS REQUIRED IN THE ROOT TO CHANGE THE LIGHTING OF THE PREVIOUS
RUSSIAN HISTORY. SHOULD GIVE THEM THE DUE - IT WAS DONE
IT IS GOOD. WITHOUT CHANGING MOST OF THE FACTS IN SUBSTANCES, THEY COULD BE BEFORE
UNRECognizability to distort the entire Russian history. SO PREVIOUS
HISTORY OF RUSSIA-HORDA WITH ITS CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL AND MILITARY
CONDITION - HORDE, THEY DECLARED THE ERA<>... WITH THIS OWN OWN RUSSIAN ORDA-VOYSKO
TURNED - UNDER THE PEN OF THE ROMANIAN HISTORIANS - IN THE MYTHICAL
ALIENS FROM A FAR UNKNOWN COUNTRY.

The notorious<>familiar to us from Romanovsky
telling the story was just STATE TAX inside
Rus for the maintenance of the Cossack army - the Horde. Famous<>, - every tenth person taken to the Horde is just
state MILITARY SET. Like a call to the army, but only
from childhood - and for life.

Further, the so-called<>in our opinion
were just punitive expeditions to those Russian regions
who for some reason refused to pay tribute =
state filing. Then the regular troops were punished
civil rioters.

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Omitting scientific research and substantiation, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the basic facts that refute the big lie about the "Tatar-Mongol yoke".

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Russia, 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. The khan or "military prince" took over the reins of control during the war, in peacetime he was responsible for the formation of the horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Chinggis Khan is not a name, but the title of "military prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is about him that is usually talked about when they talk about Chinggis Khan.

In the surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but fully fits the description of the Slavic appearance (LN Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe.").

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic that would say that this country once conquered almost all of Eurasia in ancient times, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Chinggis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide ").

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi Desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their "compatriot" created the Great Empire at one time, which they were very surprised and delighted with ... The word "Mogul" is of Greek origin and means "Great". This word the Greeks called our ancestors - the Slavs. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (NV Levashov "Visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army of "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the army of "Tatar-Mongols" were Russians, the remaining 20-30% fell on other small peoples of Russia, in fact, as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of St. Sergius of Radonezh "The Battle of Kulikovo". It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did the "Tatar-Mongols" look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed in the Legnica field. The inscription is as follows: "The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, who was killed in the battle with the Tatars at Lygnitz on April 9, 1241" As we can see, this "Tatar" has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons. The next image shows "the khan's palace in the capital of the Mongol empire, Khanbalik" (it is believed that Khanbalik is supposedly Beijing). What is "Mongolian" and what is "Chinese" here? Again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, rifle caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic saber blades called "Elman". The roof on the left is almost an exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers ... (A. Bushkov, “Russia, which did not exist”).

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic studies, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very similar genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars and the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost entirely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - these are, as it were, two different worlds ...” (oagb.ru).

6. Documents during the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the period of the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has survived. But on the other hand, there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence supporting the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But on the other hand, there are many forgeries designed to convince us of the existence of an invention called the "Tatar-Mongol yoke". Here is one of these fakes. This text is called "The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land" and in each publication it is declared "an excerpt from a poetic work that has not come down to us in its entirety ... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion":

“Oh, the bright light and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, wonderful animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and by many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!..»

There is not even a hint of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke" in this text. But on the other hand, this "ancient" document contains the following line: "You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith!"

More opinions:

The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999 - 2010), Doctor of Political Sciences Nazif Mirikhanov, spoke in the same spirit: “The term“ yoke ”appeared in general only in the 18th century,” he is sure. "Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of some conquerors."

“In fact, the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Chinggis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as has already been done in China,” continued Mirikhanov. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars once frightened Europe so much that the rulers of Russia, who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from the Horde predecessors. Today is the time to restore historical justice. "

Izmailov summed up the result:

“The historical period, which is usually called the time of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels from them for reigning, but this is the usual feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white-stone churches were built everywhere. Which was quite natural: scattered principalities could not afford such construction, but only a de facto confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or Ulus Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars. "