In low Earth orbit, the sun sets and rises every 90 minutes, which deprives a person of full sleep due to the lack of the usual cycles of day and night. To avoid this, on the ISS, administrators set up the astronauts' schedule for 24 hours and, as far as possible, try to maintain the Earth's schedule.
2. You will get taller
In the absence of gravity, the spine stretches, making you taller. As a rule, astronauts grow by 5-8 cm. Unfortunately, the extra height can cause complications such as back pain and mental problems.
3. You can stop snoring
Research has shown that astronauts who snored on the ground slept silently in space. Gravity plays a dominant role in the generation of sleep apnea syndrome and, as a result, snoring. Of course, there are astronauts who snore in space, but the effect of zero gravity significantly reduces snoring.
4. Some condiments require adding water to them before use.
In space, free-flowing condiments such as salt and pepper can only be consumed in liquid form. Astronauts cannot sprinkle food with salt or pepper, any specks are immediately lifted into the air, which creates the danger of them entering the ventilation system, and then into the eyes, nose and mouth of the crew.
5. The longest human stay in space was 438 days
Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent 438 days or 14 months on board the Mir station during the 1995 expedition. At the moment, this is an absolute record.
6. 3 famous astronauts died in space
The Soyuz 11 crew, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Viktor Patsaev and Vladislav Volkov died after undocking from the Salyut-1 space station. The valve of their ship turned out to be open after undocking the module.
7. Almost every astronaut is familiar with space sickness
In the absence of gravity, the signals from the vestibular apparatus and pressure are erroneous. This effect usually leads to disorientation: many astronauts suddenly begin to feel upside down, or cannot determine the position of their arms and legs, etc. Disorientation is the main cause of the so-called adaptation syndrome in space. More than half of space travelers suffer from space disease, which brings with it headaches, distraction, nausea and vomiting. Usually, problems disappear after a few days - this means that the astronaut has adapted.
8. The most difficult thing after returning from space is again to get used to the fact that the objects that you let go are falling
After returning from space, astronauts undergo readaptation. A number of Russian astronauts who have been in space for a long time say that some time after their return, they are sincerely surprised by the fact that a mug or other object released in the air falls to the floor.
9. Instead of a bath, a wet wipe
Despite the fact that the Mir station was equipped with a shower, most of the astronauts used a damp towel or wet wipes. This method significantly reduces the level of water consumption. Each astronaut also has a toothbrush, toothpaste, razor and other personal hygiene products.
10. Cosmic radiation makes you see dazzling flashes
Looking out of their capsules, the astronauts saw strange flares. Cosmic radiation acts on the human eye, causing a false signal, which the brain interprets as flashes of light. As it turned out, such radiation has a detrimental effect on eye health. At least 39 former astronauts suffer from cataracts in one form or another.
No related links found
Question # 1: Which of the cosmonauts and when was the longest in space orbit?
Answer: Valery Vladimirovich Polyakov holds the record for the duration of work in space. From January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995 he made a second space flight as a doctor-cosmonaut-researcher on a spacecraft and the Mir orbital complex lasting 437 days 18 hours. For the successful implementation of the flight on April 10, 1995, he was awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
Valery Polyakov (04/27/1942 [Tula]) Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Russia, instructor-cosmonaut-researcher of the cosmonaut detachment of the State Scientific Center of IBMP. 66 cosmonaut of the USSR and Russia, 207 cosmonaut of the world. He made his first space flight from August 29, 1988 to April 27, 1989 as the first cosmonaut-researcher of the Soyuz TM-6 TC together with A. Ahad Momand under the EP-Z program, as well as as part of the EO-Z together with B. A. Titov and MX Manarov and EO-4 together with, and J.-L. Chretien (France). Call sign: "Proton-2", "Donbass-3". Flight duration 240 days 23 hours 35 minutes 49 seconds.
Soyuz TM-18 emblem |
For the successful implementation of a long space flight, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (1989), with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal. He was also awarded the title of Hero of the Republic of Afghanistan with the Order of the Sun of Freedom (1988, DRA), and was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor Officer (1989, France).Question No. 2: Representatives of which countries have visited the International Space Station (ISS)?
For 10 years and 5 months, representatives of 12 states:
Russia:
1.Sergey Krikalev (Flight Engineer, ISS-1 Long-Term Crew; Commander, MKS-11),
2. Yuri Gidzenko (Commander, ISS-1 Long-Term Crew),
3. Yuri Usachev (Commander, ISS Long-Term Crew - 2),
4.Mikhail Tyurin (Flight Engineer, ISS-3 Long-Term Crew, ISS-14),
5. Vladimir Dezhurov (Pilot, ISS-3 Long-Term Crew),
6. Yuri Onufrienko (Commander, ISS-4 Long-Term Crew),
7. Valery Korzun (Commander, pilot, ISS-5 long-term crew),
8.Sergey Treschev (Flight Engineer-2, ISS-5 Long-Term Crew),
9. Nikolay Budarin (Flight Engineer-1, ISS-6 Long-Term Crew)
10. Yuri Malenchenko (Commander, ISS-7 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer, ISS-16),
11.Alexander Kaleri (Flight Engineer, ISS-8 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer 4, MKS-25),
12. Gennady Padalka (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-9, ISS-19, ISS-20),
13. Yuri Shargin (Member of the visiting expedition program),
14. Salizhan Sharipov (Flight Engineer, ISS-10 Long-Term Crew)
15. Valery Tokarev (Flight Engineer, ISS-12 Long-Term Crew),
16. Pavel Vinogradov (Commander, ISS-13 Long-Term Crew),
17. Fedor Yurchikhin (Commander, ISS-15 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-24; Flight Engineer 3, ISS-25),
18.Oleg Kotov (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-22; Commander, ISS-23),
19.Sergey Volkov (Commander, ISS-17 Long-Term Crew),
20.Oleg Kononenko (Flight Engineer, ISS-17 Long-Term Crew),
21. Yuri Lonchakov (Flight Engineer, ISS-18 Long-Term Crew),
22. Roman Romanenko (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-20 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer 1, ISS-21),
23.Maxim Suraev (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-21 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer, ISS-22),
24. Alexander Skvortsov (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-23 Long-Term Crew; Commander, ISS-24),
25. Mikhail Kornienko (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-23 Long-Term Crew; Flight Engineer 1, ISS-24),
26. Oleg Skripochka (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-25 Long-Term Crew).
1. William Shepherd (Commander, ISS-1),
2. Susan Helms (flight engineer, ISS-2),
3. James Voss (Flight Engineer, ISS-2),
4. Frank Culbertson (Commander, ISS-3),
5. Daniel Bursh (Flight Engineer, ISS-4),
6. Karl Walz (Flight Engineer, ISS-4),
7. Peggy Whitson (Flight Engineer, ISS-5; Commander, Flight Engineer, ISS-16),
8. Kenneth Bowersox (Commander, pilot, ISS-6),
9. Donald Pettit (Flight Engineer-2, ISS-6),
10. Edward Lu (Flight Engineer, ISS-7),
13. Lera Chiao (Commander, ISS-10),
14. John Phillips (Flight Engineer, ISS-11),
15. William MacArthur (Commander and Scientist, ISS-12),
16. Gregory Olsen (space tourist)
17. Jeffrey Williams (Flight Engineer, ISS-13; Flight Engineer 3, ISS-21 Commander, ISS-22),
19. Sunita Williams (Flight Engineer, ISS-14; Flight Engineer, ISS-15),
20. Anoushe Ansari (First female space tourist),
21. Clayton Anderson (, ISS-15; flight engineer, ISS-16),
22. Charles Simonyi (space tourist),
23.Daniel Thani (Flight Engineer, ISS-16),
24. Garrett Reisman (Flight Engineer 2, MKS-16, Flight Engineer 2, ISS-17),
25. Greg Shamitoff (Flight Engineer, ISS-17; ISS-18),
26.Sandra Magnus (Flight Engineer, ISS-17; ISS-18),
28. Timothy Kopra (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20),
29. Nicole Stott (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20; Flight Engineer 5, ISS-21),
30. Timothy Creamer (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-22; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-23),
31. Tracy Caldwell (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-23; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-24),
32.Shannon Walker (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-24; Flight Engineer 1, ISS-25),
33. Wheelock Douglas (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-24; Commander, ISS-25),
34. Scott Kelly (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-25).
Canada:
1.Robert Tersk (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-20; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-21).
Germany:
1.Thomas Reiter (Flight Engineer, ISS-13; ISS-14).
France:
1. Leopold Eyartz (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-13)
Italy:
1. Roberto Vittori (Member of the visiting expedition program).
Holland:
1. André Kuijpers (Member of the expedition program).
Belgium:
1. Frank De Winne (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-20; Commander, ISS-21).
Japan:
1.Koichi Wakata (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-18; Flight Engineer MKS-19; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20),
2. Soichi Noguchi (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-22; Flight Engineer, ISS-23).
1. Lee So Young (Member of the visiting expedition).
Brazil:
1. Marcos Pontes (Space Tourist).
Malaysia:
1. Sheikh Muzafar (Member of the Space Expedition).
ISS in touch
Work on a station in open space
Launch of the Shuttle to ISS
ISS-1 long-term crew
From left to right: S. Krikalev, W. Sheperd, Y. Gidzenko.
Question number 3. What animals were involved in space experiments?
https://pandia.ru/text/78/362/images/image008_13.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: C: \\ Users \\ Tatiana \\ Desktop \\ belka-strelka-1.jpg" align="left" width="184" height="281 src=">Собаки !}
The first experiments with sending dogs into space began in 1951. Suborbital flights were performed by the dogs Gypsy, Dezik, Nippers, Fashionista, Booger, Unlucky, Chizhik, Lady, Brave, Baby, Snowflake, Teddy Bear, Ryzhik, ZIB, Fox, Rita, Bulba, Button, Minda, Albina, Redhead, Joyna, Palm, Brave, Motley, Pearl, Malok, Fluff, Belyanka, Zhulba, Button, Squirrel, Arrow and Star. On November 3, 1957, Laika the dog was launched into orbit. On July 26, 1960, an attempt was made to launch the dogs Leopard and Fox into space, but 28.5 seconds after the launch, their rocket exploded. The first successful orbital flight with a return to Earth was made by the dogs Belka and Strelka on August 19, 1960. The last test launch of an artificial Earth satellite (the fifth unmanned spacecraft-satellite "Vostok") with a dog Zvezdochka and a dummy cosmonaut, which the future conquerors of space named Ivan Ivanovich, was the last before the flight of Yu. A. Gagarin. The "dress rehearsal" was successful - after the circumnavigation of the world, the expedition returned safely to Earth: the dog was returned, the dummy was ejected and returned by parachute. Three days later, at a conference at the Academy of Sciences, all the eyes of those present were fixed on Belka, Strelka and Zvezdochka, and then no one paid attention to Gagarin, who was sitting in the front row.
Laika's heroic mission made her one of the most famous dogs in the world. Her name is indicated on a commemorative table with the names of the deceased cosmonauts, installed in November 1997 in the Star City.
February 2010 "href \u003d" / text / category / fevralmz_2010_g_ / "rel \u003d" bookmark "\u003e February 2010, two turtles made a successful suborbital flight on a rocket launched by Iran.
October 12 "href \u003d" / text / category / 12_oktyabrya / "rel \u003d" bookmark "\u003e October 12, 1982. On September 24, 1993 the system was officially put into operation.
Owner "href \u003d" / text / category / vladeletc / "rel \u003d" bookmark "\u003e owner of GLONASS navigator or other equipment.
Vehicle monitoring using this satellite system is a reliable way to protect your vehicle from theft. After all, thanks to GLONASS, you can easily establish the direction of movement or the location of the vehicle.
The signals that come from satellites make it possible not only to almost instantly receive information about where the car is located, but also to promptly respond to any changes that have occurred to the vehicle, and in case of theft, up to remote engine blocking.
GLONASS, it should be noted, is a high-tech system that is reliably protected from any failures and malfunctions. And all because initially this satellite monitoring system was created for the needs of defense, and that is why such a factor as reliability was given special attention.
Despite the fact that in the modern world market GPS monitoring of vehicles is leading, the GLONASS system is not inferior in any one parameter.
The GLONASS system will allow you to plot a route through absolutely any unfamiliar area. In this case, the once laid route will be saved in the memory of the equipment and / or navigator and, if necessary, you can repeat it. Once you have made a choice in favor of the GLONASS system, you will not have to regret your decision under any circumstances.
Question # 5: When studying which planets were spacecraft used?
October 4 "href \u003d" / text / category / 4_oktyabrya / "rel \u003d" bookmark "\u003e October 4, 1957 - the first artificial satellite is launched The earthSputnik-1. (USSR)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/362/images/image019_11.gif "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 168 "height \u003d" 126 "\u003e In 1974 the Mariner 10 space station was pointed towards Mercury. Having flown at a distance of 700 km from the surface of the planet, he took photographs by which one can judge the relief of this small and closest planet to the Sun. Until then, astronomers had at their disposal photographs taken from Earth using powerful telescopes.
Note:
The most important in space discoveries is the Hubble telescope.
Important observations:
- For the first time, maps of the surface of Pluto and Eris were obtained. For the first time, ultraviolet auroras were observed on Saturn, Jupiter and Ganymede. Additional data were obtained on planets outside the solar system, including spectrometric data.
The first cosmonaut of the planet was a citizen of the USSR Yuri Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, it was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on the Vostok-1 satellite spacecraft. During the flight, which lasted 1 hour 48 minutes (108 minutes), Gagarin made one orbit around the Earth.
After Gagarin, American astronauts Alan Shepard Jr. made suborbital flights on spaceships. - 15 minutes 22 seconds (May 5, 1961 on a Mercury MR-3) and Virgil Grissom - 15 minutes 37 seconds (July 21, 1961 on a Mercury MR-4).
First female astronaut
The first woman in the world to fly into space was Valentina Tereshkova (USSR) - on June 16-19, 1963, she flew on the Vostok-6 spacecraft (2 days 22 hours 51 minutes).
During this time, the ship made 48 turns around the Earth, flying a total distance of about 1.97 million km.
Tereshkova is not only the first woman cosmonaut, but also the only woman to make a solo space flight.
The youngest and oldest astronaut at the time of launch
The youngest is German Titov (USSR). I started my first flight at the age of 25 years 10 months 26 days. The flight took place on August 6-7, 1961 on the Vostok-2 spacecraft.
Oldest Astronaut - John Glenn Jr. (USA). At the time of the launch of the shuttle Discovery ("Discovery") on October 29, 1998 (the flight lasted until November 7, 1998) he was 77 years old 3 months 11 days.
Among women, the youngest is Valentina Tereshkova (USSR). At the time of launch into space on June 16, 1963, she was 26 years old 3 months 11 days old.
The oldest is US astronaut Barbara Morgan. She flew on August 8, 2007 at the age of 55 years 8 months 12 days. She was a member of the crew of the shuttle Endeavor ("Endeavor"), the flight lasted until August 21.
First multi-seat spacecraft
The first multi-seat spacecraft was Voskhod (USSR), on which on October 12-13, 1964 (24 hours 17 minutes), a crew of three cosmonauts - Vladimir Komarov, Konstantin Feoktistov, Boris Yegorov - flew.
Records in outer space
The first ever spacewalk was performed on March 18, 1965 by the USSR pilot-cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who flew on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft together with Pavel Belyaev. Spent 12 minutes 9 seconds outside the ship.
The first woman to go into outer space was Svetlana Savitskaya (USSR). The exit was made on July 25, 1984 from the Salyut-7 station and was 3 hours 34 minutes.
The longest exit in the history of world cosmonautics - 8 hours 56 minutes - was performed on March 1, 2001 by American astronauts James Voss and Susan Helms from the International Space Station.
The largest number of exits - 16 - belongs to the Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov. In total, he spent 78 hours and 48 minutes in outer space.
Among women, Sunita Williams (USA) went into outer space most of all - she made 7 exits (50 hours 40 minutes).
First docking of manned spacecraft
On January 16, 1969, the first docking of two manned spacecraft (carried out in manual mode) was carried out - the Soviet Soyuz-4 (launched on January 14, 1969; pilot - Vladimir Shatalov) and Soyuz-5 (January 15, 1969; crew - Boris Volynov, Evgeny Khrunov, Alexey Eliseev). The ships were docked for 4 hours and 35 minutes.
Lunar records
The first person to set foot on the lunar surface on July 21, 1969 was American astronaut Neil Armstrong. After 15-20 minutes, Edwin Aldrin left the lander after him.
Armstrong stayed on the lunar surface for about 2.5 hours, Edwin Aldrin about 1.5 hours. Each astronaut traveled a distance of about 1 km, the farthest distance from the lunar module was 60 m.
The lunar landing was carried out during the American lunar expedition on July 16-24, 1969, the crew, in addition to Armstrong and Aldrin, included Michael Collins.
The longest exit to the lunar surface (7 hours 36 minutes 56 seconds) was made on December 12, 1972 by US astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt. They were part of the crew of Apollo 17 ("Apollo 17"), the flight took place on December 7-19, 1972.
First space station in orbit
On April 19, 1971, the first space station, the Soviet Salyut-1, was launched into orbit. The launch was carried out from the Baikonur cosmodrome by the Proton-K carrier rocket.
The station was in an orbit with an altitude of 200-222 km for 174 days - until October 11, 1971 (it was de-orbited, most of it burned up in the dense layers of the atmosphere, part of the debris fell into the Pacific Ocean).
The International Space Station is the longest-serving space orbital project; it has been in orbit since November 20, 1998, that is, for more than 17 years.
Largest crew
The most numerous crew of the spacecraft is the 9th flight of the Challenger shuttle with a crew of 8 astronauts in October-November 1985.
Longest flights
The longest flight (437 days 17 hours 58 minutes 17 seconds) in the history of cosmonautics was carried out by the Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov in January 1994 - March 1995, working at the Russian Mir station.
The longest flight among women (199 days 16 hours 42 minutes 48 seconds) belongs to Samantha Cristoforetti (Italy), who worked on the International Space Station from November 2014 to June 2015.
Most people in orbit
The largest number of people simultaneously in orbit - 13, was recorded on March 14, 1995. Among them - three people from the Russian station "Mir" (at that time the manned spacecraft "Soyuz TM-20" was docked to it), seven from the American Endeavor (Endeavor, 8th shuttle flight March 2-18, 1995) and three from the Soyuz TM-21 spacecraft (launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on March 14, 1995).
Record holders in the number of flights
The world record for the total duration of a person's stay in orbit belongs to the Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka - 878 days 11 hours 29 minutes 36 seconds (for 5 flights). It was registered by the International Aeronautical Federation (FAI, FAI) in September 2015.
In terms of the maximum number of flights - 7 - the record holders are American astronauts Franklin Chang-Diaz (total duration - 66 days 18 hours 24 minutes) and Jerry Ross (58 days 54 minutes 22 seconds).
Among women, Peggy Whitson (USA) spent the most time in space - 376 days 17 hours 28 minutes 57 seconds (for two flights).
The maximum for women is 5 flights. Several representatives of the United States flew into space so much, among them Shannon Lucid (total flight time - 223 days 2 hours 57 minutes 22 seconds), Susan Helms (210 days 23 hours 10 minutes 42 seconds), Tamara Jernigan (63 days 1 hour 30 minutes 56 seconds ), Marsha Ivins (55 days 21 hours 52 minutes 48 seconds), Bonnie Dunbar (50 days 8 hours 24 minutes 41 seconds), Janice Voss (49 days 3 hours 54 minutes 26 seconds).
Leading countries by the number of flights
More American astronauts flew into space - 335, followed by Russia (including the USSR) - 118 cosmonauts (this number does not include Alexei Ovchinin, who is still in flight).
In total, since the beginning of manned flights, 542 people (including 59 women) have visited space - representatives of 37 states (36 currently existing and Czechoslovakia). Two more people are currently making their first flights: the Englishman Timothy Peak has been on the ISS since December 2015, the Russian Alexei Ovchinin since March 19, 2016.
TASS-Dossier / Inna Klimacheva
The duration of a person's continuous stay in space flight conditions:
During the operation of the Mir station, absolute world records were set for the duration of a person's continuous stay in space flight conditions:
1987 - Yuri Romanenko (326 days 11 hours 38 minutes);
1988 - Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov (365 days 22 hours 39 minutes);
1995 - Valery Polyakov (437 days 17 hours 58 minutes).
The total time spent by a person in space flight conditions:
Absolute world records have been set for the duration of the total time spent by a person in space flight conditions at the Mir station:
1995 - Valery Polyakov - 678 days 16 hours 33 minutes (for 2 flights);
1999 - Sergey Avdeev - 747 days 14 hours 12 minutes (for 3 flights).
Spacewalks:
On OS Mir, 78 spacewalks (including three exits to the depressurized Spektr module) were performed with a total duration of 359 hours and 12 minutes. The exits were attended by: 29 Russian cosmonauts, 3 US astronauts, 2 French astronauts, 1 ESA astronaut (citizen of Germany). Sunita Williams, a NASA astronaut, has become the world record holder for women for the duration of work in outer space. The American woman worked on the ISS for more than six months (November 9, 2007) together with two crews and made four spacewalks.
Cosmic long-liver:
According to the authoritative scientific digest New Scientist, Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev spent 748 days in orbit as of Wednesday August 17, 2005, thereby breaking the previous record set by Sergei Avdeev - during his three flights to Mir station (747 days 14 hours 12 min). The various physical and mental stresses endured by Krikalev characterize him as one of the most resilient and successfully adapting astronauts in the history of astronautics. Krikalev's candidacy has been repeatedly elected to carry out rather complex missions. University of Texas physician and psychologist David Masson describes the astronaut as the very best one can find.
Duration of space flight among women:
Among women, world records for the duration of space flight under the Mir program were set by:
1995 - Elena Kondakova (169 days 05 hours 1 minutes); 1996 - Shannon Lucid, USA (188 days 04 hours 00 minutes, including at the Mir station - 183 days 23 hours 00 minutes).
The longest space flights of foreign citizens:
Among foreign citizens, the longest flights under the Mir program were made by:
Jean-Pierre Higniere (France) - 188 days 20 hours 16 minutes;
Shannon Lucid (USA) - 188 days 04 hours 00 minutes;
Thomas Reiter (ESA, Germany) - 179 days 01 h 42 min.
Astronauts who have completed six or more space walks
at the Mir station:
Anatoly Solovyov - 16 (77 hours 46 minutes),
Sergey Avdeev - 10 (41 hours 59 minutes),
Alexander Serebrov - 10 (31 hours 48 minutes),
Nikolay Budarin - 8 (44 hours 00 min),
Talgat Musabayev - 7 (41 hours 18 minutes),
Victor Afanasyev - 7 (38 h 33 min),
Sergey Krikalev - 7 (36 hours 29 minutes),
Musa Manarov - 7 (34 h 32 min),
Anatoly Artsebarsky - 6 (32 hours 17 minutes),
Yuri Onufrienko - 6 (30 h 30 min),
Yuri Usachev - 6 (30 h 30 min),
Gennady Strekalov - 6 (21 hours 54 minutes),
Alexander Viktorenko - 6 (19 h 39 min),
Vasily Tsibliev - 6 (19 hours 11 minutes).
First manned spacecraft:
The first manned space flight registered by the International Federation of Aeronautics (IPA was founded in 1905) was made on the Vostok spacecraft on April 12, 1961 by the USSR pilot-cosmonaut Major of the USSR Air Force Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin (1934 ... 1968). From the official documents of the IPA, it follows that the ship launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome at 06.07 GMT and landed near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region. USSR in 108 minutes. The maximum flight altitude of the Vostok spacecraft with a length of 40868.6 km was 327 km with a maximum speed of 28260 km / h.
First woman in space:
The first woman to fly around the Earth in space orbit was a junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now Lieutenant Colonel Engineer Pilot Cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937), who took off on the Vostok 6 spacecraft from the Baikonur Kazakhstan USSR cosmodrome, at 9:30 mines GMT on June 16, 1963 and landed at 8 hours 16 minutes on June 19 after the summer, which lasted 70 hours 50 minutes. During this time, it made more than 48 complete revolutions around the Earth (1971000 km).
Oldest and Youngest Astronauts:
The oldest among the 228 cosmonauts of the Earth was Carl Gordon Henice (USA), who at the age of 58 took part in the 19th flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger on July 29, 1985. The youngest was a Major of the USSR Air Force (currently Lieutenant General, pilot cosmonaut of the USSR) German Stepanovich Titov (born September 11, 1935) which was launched on the Vostok 2 spacecraft on August 6, 1961 at the age of 25 years 329 days.
First spacewalk:
On March 18, 1965, Lieutenant Colonel of the USSR Air Force (now Major General, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR) Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov (born May 20, 1934) was the first to leave the spacecraft Voskhod 2 from the Voskhod 2 spacecraft. m and spent 12 minutes 9 seconds in open space outside the airlock.
The first spacewalk of a woman:
In 1984, Svetlana Savitskaya was the first woman to go into outer space, having worked outside the Salyut-7 station for 3 hours and 35 minutes. Before becoming an astronaut, Svetlana set three world records in parachuting in group jumping from the stratosphere and 18 aviation records on jet aircraft.
The record for the duration of spacewalks among women:
NASA astronaut Sunita Lyn Williams has set the record for the duration of spacewalks for women. She spent 22 hours 27 minutes outside the station, exceeding the previous achievement by more than 21 hours. The record was set during operations on the outside of the ISS on January 31 and February 4, 2007. Williams worked with Michael Lopez-Alegria to prepare the station for continued construction.
The first autonomous spacewalk:
US Navy Captain Bruce McCandles II (born June 8, 1937) was the first person to work in open space without a tether. propulsion system. The development of this space suit cost $ 15 million.
Longest manned flight:
Colonel of the USSR Air Force Vladimir Georgievich Titov (born January 1, 1951) and flight engineer Musa Hiramanovich Manarov (born March 22, 1951) took off on the Soyuz-M4 spacecraft on December 21, 1987 to the Mir space station and landed on the Soyuz-TM6 spacecraft (together with the French cosmonaut Jean-Loup Chretien) at an alternate landing site near Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, USSR, on December 21, 1988, having spent 365 days 22 h 39 min 47 s in space.
Furthest travel in space:
Soviet cosmonaut Valery Ryumin spent almost a year in a spacecraft, which made 5750 revolutions around the Earth during these 362 days. At the same time, Ryumin covered 241 million kilometers. This is equal to the distance from Earth to Mars and back to Earth.
Most Experienced Space Traveler:
The most experienced space traveler is Colonel of the USSR Air Force, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko (born in 1944), who spent 3 flights in space for 430 days 18 hours 20 minutes in 1977 ... 1978, 1980 and 1987 biennium
Largest crew:
The largest crew consisted of 8 cosmonauts (it included 1 woman), launched on October 30, 1985 on the Challenger reusable spacecraft.
Largest number of people in space:
The largest number of cosmonauts ever simultaneously in space is 11: 5 Americans aboard the Challenger, 5 Russians and 1 Indian aboard the Salyut 7 orbital station in April 1984, 8 Americans aboard the Challenger and 3 Russians aboard the Salyut 7 orbital station in October 1985, 5 Americans aboard the space shuttle, 5 Russians and 1 Frenchman aboard the Mir orbital station in December 1988.
Fastest speed:
The fastest speed at which a person has ever moved (39897 km / h) was developed by the main Apollo 10 module at an altitude of 121.9 km from the Earth's surface when the expedition returned on May 26, 1969. The spacecraft was accompanied by the crew commander, Colonel USAF (now Brigadier General) Thomas Patten Stafford (born in Weatherford, Oklahoma, USA, September 17, 1930), Captain 3rd Rank, US Navy Eugene Andrew Cernan (born in Chicago, Illinois, USA, 14 March 1934) and Captain 3rd Rank United States Navy (now Captain 1st Rank Ret.) John Watte Young (born in San Francisco, California, USA, September 24, 1930).
Of the women, the highest speed (28115 km / h) was reached by the junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now Lieutenant Colonel-Engineer, Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937) on the Soviet Vostok 6 spacecraft on June 16, 1963.
The youngest astronaut:
The youngest astronaut to date is Stephanie Wilson. She was born on September 27, 1966 and 15 days younger than Anyusha Ansari.
The first living creature to be in space:
Laika the dog, which was launched into orbit around the Earth on the second Soviet satellite on November 3, 1957, was the first living thing in space. Laika died in agony from suffocation when the oxygen ran out.
Record time spent on the moon:
The Apollo 17 crew collected a record weight (114.8 kg) of rock samples and pounds while working outside the spacecraft for 22 hours and 5 minutes. The crew included US Navy Captain Eugene Andrew Cernan (born in Chicago, Illinois, USA, March 14, 1934) and Dr. Harrison Schmitt (born in Sita Rose, New Mexico, USA, July 3 1935), who became the 12th person to visit the moon. The astronauts were on the lunar surface for 74 hours 59 minutes during the longest lunar expedition, which lasted 12 days 13 hours 51 minutes from December 7 to 19, 1972.
First person to visit the moon:
Neil Alden Armstrong (born in Wopakoneta, Ohio, USA, August 5, 1930, ancestors of Scottish and German descent), commander of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, became the first person to set foot on the lunar surface in the Sea of \u200b\u200bTranquility region at 2 o'clock 56 min 15 s GMT on July 21, 1969. US Air Force Colonel Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. (born in Montclair, New Jersey, USA, January 20, 1930) followed him from the Eagle lunar module.
Highest space flight altitude:
The crew of Apollo 13 reached the highest altitude, being in the aposet (that is, at the farthest point of its trajectory) 254 km from the lunar surface at a distance of 400187 km from the Earth's surface at 1 h 21 min but Greenwich on April 15, 1970. The crew included US Navy Captain James Arthur Lovell Jr. (born in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, March 25, 1928), Fred Wallace Hayes, Jr. (born in Biloxi, Missouri, USA, November 14, 1933. ) and John L. Swidget (1931 ... 1982). The altitude record for women (531 km) was set by the American astronaut Catherine Sullivan (born in Paterson, New Jersey, USA, October 3, 1951) during a flight on a reusable spacecraft on April 24, 1990.
Fastest spacecraft speed:
The first spacecraft to reach the 3rd space speed, allowing it to go beyond the solar system, was Pioneer-10. The Atlas-SLV ZS launch vehicle with a modified 2nd stage "Centaur-D" and the 3rd stage "Tiokol-Te-364-4" on March 2, 1972, left the Earth with an unprecedented speed of 51682 km / h The spacecraft speed record (240 km / h) was set by the US-German solar probe "Helios-B", launched on January 15, 1976.
The maximum approach of the spacecraft to the Sun:
On April 16, 1976 the automatic research station "Helios-B" (USA - Germany) approached the Sun at a distance of 43.4 million km.
The first artificial Earth satellite:
The first artificial Earth satellite was successfully launched on the night of October 4, 1957 into an orbit with an altitude of 228.5 / 946 km and at a speed of more than 28565 km / h from the Baikonur cosmodrome, north of Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, USSR (275 km east of the Aral Sea). The spherical satellite was officially registered as an object "1957 alpha 2", weighed 83.6 kg, had a diameter of 58 cm and, having existed for an estimated 92 days, burned out on January 4, 1958. The launch vehicle, modified by the P 7, 29.5 m long was developed under the leadership of Chief designer S.P. Korolev (1907 ... 1966) who also directed the entire project of the IS3 launch.
The most distant man-made object:
Pioneer-10, launched from Cape Canaveral, Space Center. Kennedy, Florida, USA, crossed Pluto's orbit 5.9 billion km from Earth on October 17, 1986. By April 1989. it was beyond the farthest point of Pluto's orbit and continues to retreat into space at a speed of 49 km / h. In 1934 n. e. it will approach the minimum distance to the star "Ross-248", 10.3 light years away from us. Even before 1991, the Voyager 1 spacecraft, moving at a higher speed, will be farther away than the Pioneer 10.
One of the two space Voyagers, launched from Earth in 1977, moved 97 AU from the Sun in 28 years of flight. e. (14.5 billion km) and is today the most remote man-made object. Voyager-1 crossed the border of the heliosphere, that is, the region where the solar wind meets the interstellar medium, in 2005. Now the path of the vehicle, flying at a speed of 17 km / s, lies in the zone of the shock wave. Voyager-1 will be operational until 2020. However, it is very likely that information from Voyager-1 will cease to come to Earth at the end of 2006. The fact is that NASA plans to cut the budget by 30% in terms of research on the Earth and the Solar System.
Heaviest and largest space object:
The heaviest object put into low-earth orbit was the 3rd stage of the American Saturn 5 rocket with the Apollo 15 spacecraft, which weighed 140512 kg before entering the intermediate selenocentric orbit. The American radio astronomy satellite Explorer-49, launched on June 10, 1973, weighed only 200 kg, but its antenna span was 415 m.
Most powerful rocket:
The Soviet space transport system "Energia", first launched on May 15, 1987 from the Baikonur cosmodrome, has a full load weight of 2,400 tons and develops a thrust of more than 4,000 tons. The rocket is capable of placing a payload weighing up to 140 m into a near-earth orbit, with a maximum diameter - 16 m. Basically a modular installation used in the USSR. Attached to the main module are 4 accelerators, each of which has 1 RD 170 engine running on liquid oxygen and kerosene. A modification of the rocket with 6 boosters and an upper stage is capable of injecting a payload weighing up to 180 tons into a near-earth orbit, delivering a cargo weighing 32 tons to the Moon and 27 tons to Venus or Mars.
Flight range record for solar powered research vehicles:
The Stardust space probe has set a kind of flight range record among all solar-powered research vehicles - it is currently 407 million kilometers from the Sun. The main purpose of the automatic apparatus is to approach the comet and collect dust.
The first self-propelled vehicle on extraterrestrial space objects:
The first self-propelled vehicle designed to operate on other planets and their satellites in automatic mode is the Soviet Lunokhod 1 (mass - 756 kg, length with open lid - 4.42 m, width - 2.15 m, height - 1, 92 m), delivered to the moon by the Luna 17 spacecraft and began to move in the Sea of \u200b\u200bRains on command from the Earth on November 17, 1970. In total, he traveled 10 km 540 m, overcoming elevations up to 30 °, until he stopped on October 4, 1971. , having worked for 301 days 6 hours 37 minutes. The cessation of work was caused by the depletion of resources of its isotope heat source "Lunokhod-1" examined in detail the lunar surface with an area of \u200b\u200b80 thousand m2, transmitted to the Earth more than 20 thousand images of it and 200 TV panoramas.
The record for the speed and distance of movement on the moon:
The record of speed and distance of movement on the Moon was set by the American wheeled lunar rover "Rover", delivered there by the "Apollo 16" spacecraft. He developed a speed of 18 km / h downhill and traveled a distance of 33.8 km.
Most expensive space project:
The total cost of the American human spaceflight program, including the last Apollo 17 mission to the moon, was about $ 25,541,400,000. The first 15 years of the USSR space program, from 1958 to September 1973, according to Western estimates, cost $ 45 billion. The cost of NASA's Shuttle program (launching reusable spacecraft) before the launch of Columbia on April 12, 1981 was 9.9 USD billion
Oldest person in space
John Glenn took part in space flight aboard the shuttle Discovery (mission STS-95) in October 1998 at the age of 77. As the first American to fly around Earth in February 1962, he next flew into space 36 years later. Another record.
The youngest astronaut in history
German Titov made a space flight on the Vostok 2 spacecraft in August 1961. He was 25 years old.
Longest continuous stay in space
Valery Polyakov spent 438 days in space aboard the Mir station from January 1994 to March 1965.
The shortest space flight
In May 1961, Alan Shepard made a 15 minute suborbital flight
The furthest distance from Earth
In April 1970, the ill-fated Apollo 13 capsule was on the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km, while the astronauts were at a distance of 400,171 km from Earth.
Record for the total time spent in space
Sergei Krikalev spent a total of 803 days in space over 6 flights.
Record for continuous spacecraft habitation
This record belongs to the ISS. People have been on board since November 2, 2000.
Longest shuttle flight
Space shuttle Columbia (STS-80 mission) began on November 19, 1996 and lasted 17 days 16 hours.
Longest time spent on the Moon
In December 1972, Apollo 17 crew members Harrison Schmidt and Eugene Cernan spent nearly 75 hours, over three days, on the lunar surface.
Fastest space flight
During the return to Earth of Apollo 10 on May 26, 1969, a speed of 39.897 km / h was reached.
Maximum number of space flights
Franklin Chang-Diaz (pictured) and Jerry Ross flew into space seven times aboard shuttles. Chang-Diaz flew between 1986 and 2002, Ross between 1985 and 2002.
The largest number of people in space at one time
In 2009, the shuttle Endeavor (mission STS-127) docked to the ISS and 7 members of its crew squatted down to 6 inhabitants of the station. Thus, 13 people were simultaneously in space. (Shown only 9.)
Longest spacewalk
On March 11, 2001, NASA astronauts Jim Voss and Susan Helms spent 8 hours and 56 minutes outside the space shuttle Discovery (mission STS-102) and the ISS, performing some maintenance work and preparing the orbital laboratory for the arrival of another module.
Most women in space at the same time
Four women were in space in April 2010. NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell-Dyson went to the ISS aboard the Soyuz She was soon joined by Stephanie Wilson, Dorothy Metcalfe-Lindenburger, Lindenburger Naoko Yamazaki, who arrived on the ISS aboard the shuttle Discovery (mission STS-131).
Most expensive spacecraft
The ISS is currently worth $ 100 billion and is not only the most expensive spacecraft, but the most expensive object ever built.
Largest spacecraft
Largest Spaceship
The International Space Station sets this record. The space station is so large that it can easily be seen by the unaided eye from the ground (under the right conditions). It measures about 357.5 feet (109 meters) across. There are huge solar arrays at each end of the truss, and they have a wingspan of 239.4 feet (73 m).
This record belongs to the ISS. The station is so large that it can be easily seen with the naked eye from Earth (under certain conditions). The ISS is about 109 meters across. The size of the huge solar panels is 73 m.