Main article: Plain
Flat plains
If a piece of land has a flat surface, then they say that it is a flat plain (Fig. 64). Some areas of the West Siberian Lowland can serve as an example of a flat plain. There are few flat plains on the globe.
Hilly plains
Lowlands
Hills
Plateau
There are plains, the surface of which is more than 500 m above sea level. Such plains are called plateaus. So, the vast plain between the Yenisei and Lena rivers is called the Central Siberian plateau. There are many plateaus in southern Asia, Africa and Australia. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru
Plains by external processes
Pictures (photos, drawings)
Log is high or low
The surface of which of the plains of russia is flatter
The plain is hilly and flat in russia
What plains are in appearance
Plains below 200 m above sea level
Questions for this article:
Reply left Ser012005
1. PLAINS - the most common type of relief on the earth's surface. On land, plains occupy about 20% of the area, the most extensive of them are confined to platforms and plates. -All plains are characterized by small fluctuations in altitude and slight inclines (slopes reach 5 °). The following plains are distinguished by absolute height:
- lowlands - their absolute height is from 0 to 200 m (Amazonian);
- heights - from 200 to 500 m above sea level (Central Russian);
- upland, or plateaus - over 500 m above ocean level (Central Siberian plateau);
- the plains below the sea level are called depressions (Caspian).
2. By the general nature of the surface of the plains are horizontal, convex, concave, flat, hilly.
and p 3. According to the origin of the plains, the following types are distinguished:
Marine accumulative (see.
Accumulation). Such, for example, is the West Siberian Lowland with its sedimentary cover of young marine strata;
Continental accumulative. They were formed as follows: at the foot of the mountains, the products of rock destruction carried out from them by water flows are deposited.
Such plains have a slight slope to sea level. These most often include the marginal lowlands;
River accumulative. They are formed as a result of the deposition and accumulation of loose rocks brought by the river (Amazon);
Abrasive plains (see. Abrasion). They arose as a result of the destruction of the coast by the wave-breaking activity of the sea.
The largest plains in Russia: names, map, borders, climate and photos
These plains appear the faster, the weaker the rocks and the more frequent the waves, the stronger the winds;
Structural plains. They have a very complex origin. In the distant past, they were mountainous countries. Over the course of millions of years, the mountains were destroyed by external forces, sometimes to the stage of almost plains (peneplains), then, as a result of tectonic movements in the earth's crust, cracks appeared, along which magma poured onto the surface; it, like armor, covered the previous irregularities of the relief, while its own surface remained flat or stepped as a result of the outpouring of traps.
These are structural plains.
(taken from the internet)
Plains, their classification. Division of plains by absolute height. Landforms associated with continental glaciation.
Plain- This is an area of \u200b\u200bland or the seabed with a slight variation in heights (up to 200 m) and a slight slope (up to 5º).
They are found at different heights, including at the bottom of the oceans. A distinctive feature of the plains - clear, open horizon line, straight or wavy, depending on the surface relief.
Another feature is that it is the plains that are the main territories inhabited by people.
Since the plains occupy a vast territory, there are practically all natural zones. For example, tundra, taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, steppes and semi-deserts are represented on the East European Plain. Most of the Amazonian lowland is occupied by jungle, and on the plains of Australia there are semi-deserts and savannas.
Plains
In geography, the plains are divided according to several criteria.
The absolute height is distinguished:
low-lying. Height above sea level does not exceed 200m. A striking example is the West Siberian Plain.
Exalted- with a difference in height from 200 to 500 m above sea level. For example, the Central Russian Plain.
Nagorny plains, whose level is measured by marks over 500 m. For example, the Iranian Highlands.
Depressions - the highest point is below sea level.
Example - Caspian lowland.
Separately distinguish underwater plainswhich include the bottom of the basins, shelves and abyssal areas.
By origin, the plains are :
Accumulative (marine, river and mainland) - formed as a result of the impact of rivers, ebb and flow. Their surface is covered with alluvial sediments, and in the sea - marine, river and glacial sediments. From the sea can be cited as an example the West Siberian Lowland, and from the river - the Amazon. Among the mainland, the accumulative plains include the marginal lowlands, which have a slight slope to the sea.
Abrasive - formed as a result of the impact of surf on land.
In areas where strong winds prevail, sea waves are frequent, and the coastline is formed from weak rocks, this type of plains is more often formed.
Structural- the most difficult in origin.
Mountains once stood in the place of such plains. As a result of volcanic activity and earthquakes, the mountains were destroyed. Magma flowing out of cracks and splits bound the land surface like armor, hiding all the unevenness of the relief.
Lakes - are formed in the place of dried up lakes.
Such plains are usually small in area and are often bordered by coastal ramparts and ledges. An example of a lake plain is Jalanash and Kegen in Kazakhstan.
3. Plains are distinguished by the type of relief:
flat or horizontal - The Great Chinese and West Siberian Plains.
wavy- are formed under the influence of water and water-glacial flows.
For example, the Central Russian Upland
hilly - in the relief there are individual hills, hills, ravines. An example is the East European Plain.
stepped - are formed under the influence of the internal forces of the Earth.
Example - Central Siberian Plateau
concave - they include the plains of intermontane depressions. For example, the Tsaidam Basin.
There are also rugged and ridged plains... But in nature most often occurs mixed type... For example, the Pribelskaya ridged undulating plain in Bashkortostan.
The land surface has been repeatedly subjected to continental glaciation.
During the era of maximum glaciation, glaciers covered more than 30% of the land area.
The main centers of glaciation in Eurasia were located on the Scandinavian Peninsula, Novaya Zemlya, the Urals and Taimyr. In North America, the centers of glaciation were the Cordillera, Labrador, and the area west of Hudson Bay (Kivatinsky Center).
In the relief of the plains, traces of the last glaciation (which ended 10 thousand years ago) are most clearly expressed: Valdai - on the Russian plain, Wurmsky - in the Alps, Wisconsin - in North America.
The moving glacier changed the relief of the underlying surface. The degree of its impact was different and depended on the rocks that made up the surface, on its relief, on the thickness of the glacier.
The surface, composed of soft rocks, was smoothed out by the glacier, destroying sharp ledges. He destroyed fractured rocks, breaking off and carrying away their pieces. Freezing into the moving glacier from below, these pieces contributed to the destruction of the surface.
Meeting on the way the hills, composed of hard rocks, the glacier polished (sometimes to a mirror-like shine) the slope facing towards its movement.
The frozen chunks of hard rock left scars, scratches, and complex glacial hatching. By the direction of the glacial scars, one can judge the direction of movement of the glacier. On the opposite slope, the glacier broke out pieces of rock, destroying the slope. As a result, the hills have acquired a characteristic streamlined shape. "Lamb foreheads"... Their length varies from several meters to several hundred meters, their height reaches 50 m. Clusters of "sheep's foreheads" form the relief of curly rocks, well-expressed, for example, in Karelia, on the Kola Peninsula, in the Caucasus, on the Taimyr Peninsula, and also in Canada and Scotland.
At the edge of a melting glacier, moraine.
If the end of the glacier, due to melting, was delayed at a certain boundary, and the glacier continued to supply sediments, ridges and numerous hills appeared terminal moraines. Moraine ridges on the plain often formed near the protrusions of the subglacial bedrock relief.
The ridges of terminal moraines reach hundreds of kilometers in length at an altitude of up to 70 m.When the glacier advances, the terminal moraine and loose sediments deposited by it move in front of it, creating moraine pressure - wide asymmetric ridges (steep slope facing the glacier).
Many scientists believe that most of the end-moraine ridges were created by the pressure of the glacier.
When the body of the glacier melts, the moraine in it is projected onto the underlying surface, greatly softening its irregularities and creating a relief main moraine. This relief, which is a flat or hilly plain with swamps and lakes, is a property of the areas of ancient continental glaciation.
In the area of \u200b\u200bthe main moraine one can see drumlins - oblong hills, elongated in the direction of movement of the glacier.
The slope facing the moving glacier is steep. The length of drumlins ranges from 400 to 1000 m, width - from 150 to 200 m, height - from 10 to 40 m. On the territory of Russia, drumlins exist in Estonia, on the Kola Peninsula, in Karelia and in some other places. They are also found in Ireland and North America.
The streams of water that arise during the melting of the glacier wash out and carry away mineral particles, depositing them where the speed of the current slows down.
With the accumulation of melt water deposits, strata of loose sedimentsdiffering from the moraine in the sorted material.
Landforms created by melt water flows as a result erosionand as a result of sediment accumulation are very diverse.
Ancient drainage valleys melt glacial waters - wide (from 3 to 25 km) hollows, stretching along the edge of the glacier and crossing the preglacial river valleys and their watersheds.
Glacial water deposits filled these hollows. Modern rivers use them in part and often flow in disproportionately wide valleys.
Kams- rounded or oblong hills with flat tops and gentle slopes, outwardly resembling moraine hills. Their height is 6-12 m (rarely up to 30 m). The depressions Between the hills are occupied by swamps and lakes.
The kams are located near the border of the glacier, on its inner side and usually form groups, creating a characteristic kama relief.
Kams, in contrast to moraine hills, are composed of coarsely sorted material. The varied composition of these deposits, and especially the thin clays found among them, suggest that they accumulated in small lakes that appeared on the surface of the glacier.
Ozy - ridges that resemble railroad embankments. The length of the lakes is measured in tens of kilometers (30-40 km), the width is tens (less often hundreds) of meters, the height is very different: from 5 to 60 m. The slopes are usually symmetrical, steep (up to 40 °).
Ozy stretches regardless of the modern topography of the area, often crossing river valleys, lakes, watersheds.
Sometimes they branch out, forming ridge systems, which can be dissected into separate hills. The basins are composed of diagonally layered and, less often, horizontally layered deposits: sand, gravel, pebbles.
The origin of the lakes can be explained by the accumulation of sediments carried by streams of melt water in their channels, as well as in cracks inside the glacier. When the glacier melted, these deposits were projected to the surface.
Zandry - spaces adjacent to terminal moraines, covered with melt water deposits (washed moraine). At the end of the valley glaciers, the zandras are insignificant in area, composed of medium-sized rubble and poorly rounded pebbles.
At the edge of the ice cover on the plain, they occupy large areas, forming a wide strip of outwash plains. Outwash plains are made up of vast flat fans of subglacial flows, merging and partially overlapping each other.
Wind-driven landforms often appear on the surface of outwash plains.
An example of outwash plains can be a strip of "woodlands" on the Russian plain (Pripyat, Meshcherskaya).
In areas that have experienced glaciation, there is a certain regularity in the distribution of relief, its zoning In the central part of the glaciation area (Baltic Shield, Canadian Shield), where the glacier arose earlier, remained longer, had the greatest power and speed of movement, an erosive glacial relief was formed.
The glacier demolished preglacial loose sediments and had a destructive effect on the bedrock (crystalline) rocks, the degree of which depended on the nature of the rocks and the preglacial relief.
The cover of a shallow moraine, which fell on the surface during the retreat of the glacier, did not obscure the features of its relief, but only softened them. The accumulation of moraine in deep depressions reaches 150-200 m, while there is no moraine in the adjacent areas with bedrock protrusions.
In the peripheral part of the glaciation area, the glaciers existed for a shorter time, had less thickness and slower movement. The latter is explained by a decrease in the head with distance from the center of the glacier feeding and its congestion with detrital material.
In this part, the glacier was mainly unloaded from clastic material and created accumulative relief forms. Outside the boundary of the glacier, directly adjacent to it, there is a zone, the features of the relief of which are associated with the erosion and accumulative activity of melted glacial waters.
The plains of our planet
The formation of the relief of this zone was also affected by the cooling effect of the glacier.
As a result of repeated glaciation and the spread of the ice sheet in different glacial epochs, as well as as a result of movements of the edge of the glacier, forms of glacial relief of different origins were superimposed on each other and strongly changed.
The glacial relief of the surface, freed from the glacier, was affected by other exogenous factors. The earlier the glaciation was, the more, naturally, the processes of erosion and denudation changed the relief. At the southern boundary of maximum glaciation, morphological features of the glacial relief are absent or very poorly preserved.
Evidence of glaciation is the boulders brought by the glacier and the remnants of highly altered glacial deposits preserved in places.
The relief of these areas is typically erosional. The river network is well formed, the rivers flow in wide valleys and have a developed longitudinal profile.
To the north of the border of the last glaciation, the glacial relief has retained its features and is a chaotic accumulation of hills, ridges, closed hollows, often occupied by shallow lakes. Moraine lakes are relatively quickly filled with sediment, and rivers often drain them. The formation of the river system at the expense of lakes "strung" by the river is typical for regions with glacial relief.
Where the glacier has survived the longest, the glacial relief has been relatively little changed. These areas are characterized by an incompletely formed river network, an undeveloped profile of rivers, and lakes “not drained” by rivers.
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Main article: Plain
Plains in structure
Plains are classified as flat or hilly by structure.
Flat plains
If a piece of land has a flat surface, then they say that it is a flat plain (Fig. 64). Some areas of the West Siberian Lowland can serve as an example of a flat plain.
There are few flat plains on the globe.
Hilly plains
Hilly plains (Fig. 65) are found more often flat.
What plains are there in Russia
From the countries of Eastern Europe to the Urals stretches one of the largest hilly plains in the world - the East European, or Russian. On this plain, you can find hills, ravines, and flat areas.
Plains in height above sea level
Lowlands, hills and plateaus are distinguished according to the absolute height.
In order to determine the absolute height of any part of the earth's surface, an elevation scale is placed on physical maps.
The coloring on the physical map shows at what height different parts of the earth's surface are from the sea level.
Lowlands
If the plain is not higher than 200 m from the ocean level, then it should be called lowland (Fig. 66). Some lowlands are below ocean level. For example, the Caspian lowland is located 26-28 m below sea level, and the Amazon lowland is no higher than 200 m above sea level.
To display the elevation of the plains on the physical map, different colors are used: the lowlands should be painted green.
Moreover, the lower the absolute height of this territory, the darker the green color. A dark green color denotes lowlands below ocean level.
Hills
Those plains that are at an altitude of more than 200 m above sea level, but not higher than 500 m, are usually called heights.
Thus, the Central Russian Upland is more than 200 m higher than the Baltic Sea level.
Hills on maps are indicated in yellowish tones.
Plateau
There are plains, the surface of which is more than 500 m above sea level.
Such plains are called plateaus. So, the vast plain between the Yenisei and Lena rivers is called the Central Siberian plateau. There are many plateaus in southern Asia, Africa and Australia.
Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru
Highlands are indicated on maps with different shades of brown. The higher the plateau, the darker the color.
Plains by external processes
Accumulation and denudation plains are distinguished by external processes. Accumulation plains are formed due to accumulations and deposits of rocks. Denudation plains - on the contrary, due to the destruction of other forms of relief, for example, mountains.
Pictures (photos, drawings)
On this page material on topics:
Flat and hilly plains
What is hill and examples
The name of the large plains of Russia is flat and hilly
What are the plains names
Flat plains titles
Questions for this article:
How do plains differ in height above sea level?
Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru
Main article: Plain
Plains in structure
Plains are classified as flat or hilly by structure.
Flat plains
If a piece of land has a flat surface, then they say that it is a flat plain (Fig.
64). Some areas of the West Siberian Lowland can serve as an example of a flat plain. There are few flat plains on the globe.
Hilly plains
Hilly plains (Fig. 65) are found more often flat. From the countries of Eastern Europe to the Urals stretches one of the largest hilly plains in the world - the East European, or Russian. On this plain you can find hills, ravines, and flat areas.
Plains in height above sea level
Lowlands, hills and plateaus are distinguished according to the absolute height.
In order to determine the absolute height of any part of the earth's surface, an elevation scale is placed on physical maps.
The coloring on the physical map shows at what height different parts of the earth's surface are from the sea level.
Lowlands
If the plain is not higher than 200 m from the ocean level, then it should be called lowland (Fig.
66). Some lowlands are below ocean level. For example, the Caspian lowland is located 26-28 m below sea level, and the Amazon lowland is no higher than 200 m above sea level.
To display the elevation of the plains on the physical map, different colors are used: the lowlands should be painted green. Moreover, the lower the absolute height of this territory, the darker the green color. A dark green color denotes lowlands below ocean level.
Hills
Those plains that are at an altitude of more than 200 m above sea level, but not higher than 500 m, are usually called heights.
Plains: characteristics and types
Thus, the Central Russian Upland is more than 200 m higher than the Baltic Sea level.
Hills on maps are indicated in yellowish tones.
Plateau
There are plains, the surface of which is more than 500 m above the sea level. Such plains are called plateaus. So, the vast plain between the Yenisei and Lena rivers is called the Central Siberian plateau.
There are many plateaus in southern Asia, Africa and Australia. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru
Highlands are indicated on maps with different shades of brown. The higher the plateau, the darker the color.
Plains by external processes
Accumulation and denudation plains are distinguished by external processes.
Accumulation plains are formed due to accumulations and deposits of rocks. Denudation plains - on the contrary, due to the destruction of other forms of relief, for example, mountains.
Pictures (photos, drawings)
On this page material on topics:
Plains names up to more than 500 m
Types of plains in height
Lowland and elevation size
By height and classified ... ..
What is the flattest plain in Russia
Questions for this article:
How do plains differ in height above sea level?
Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru
Examples of the use of the word plateau in the literature.
On the outskirts of the Alashan Desert, at the bend of the Yellow River, Ordos was located, a loess fertile plateau, and nearby existed, replacing each other, the capitals of medieval China - Chang'an, Luoyang, Xian and further into the depths of China - Kaifeng.
The Apurimac River, originating in the high mountain plateau in the Andes off the west coast of South America, many geographers are considered the source of the Amazon.
It gradually dried up, just as the Caspian Sea will dry up over time, thanks to the high concentration of sunlight on huge areas stretching from the Aral Sea to the Pamir plateau.
When the Copper Baboon crossed plateau, Tranto saw him and sounded a greeting.
At the bottom of the slope, he saw that the valley turned into a wide rocky plateau - dry, ominous, from which here and there protruded leafless gazana trees of an ancient species, which had a usual, bizarrely curved shape.
At the heart of the territory of the Russian Federation are large tectonic formations - shields, platforms, folded belts, the impact of which is expressed in the versatility of the relief of our state. Thus, Russia is characterized by numerous lowlands, hills, and mountain systems.
Russian and Siberian plain
Most of the territory of the state, which is located on two platforms, formed in the Precambrian period (Russian and Siberian), is occupied by plains. In the Russian Federation, there are three flat areas - the Central Siberian Plateau, the West Siberian Plain and the East European Plain. The elevation level of the plains does not reach 200 m above sea level, however, there are some elevations within them, in particular: the Smolensk-Moscow, Middle-Russian, Volga Uplands and the Timan Ridge. An interesting fact is that in the south of the Russian Federation, the plain turns abruptly into the mountain system of the Caucasus, which was formed in the modern cycle of alpine mountain building.
East European and West Siberian Plain
The East European and West Siberian plains are separated by the Ural Mountains, which stretch in the north-south direction for more than 2.5 thousand km. From the southeast side, the West Siberian Plain is framed by the Altai mountain system.
The Central Siberian plateau reaches an altitude of 500-700 m above sea level. In the south, this platform is adjacent to the ancient Baikal folding. The territory between the Lena coast and Chukotka is located on the Mesozoic folding, which explains the presence of mountain formations here - the Verkhoyansk, Chersky, Kolyma highlands.
The Pacific folding belt, which runs in the extreme northeast, includes Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. These islands are the peaks of the sea mountains that continue to grow to this day, as evidenced by the intense earthquakes in the region.
The northwestern territory of Russia, between the White Sea and the border with Finland, is located on the Baltic crystal shield. The relief here has its own characteristics - the presence of denudation uplands, sea and lake plains. Low mountains in this area are bordered by swampy lowlands.
Mountain systems of Russia
In the south of the state, there is the Greater Caucasus mountain system, which forms a natural border with Azerbaijan and Georgia. Mount Elbrus is the highest point of the Caucasus, its height reaches 5600 m. The Caucasus Mountains are part of the Carpathian - Crimea - Pamir mountain belt.
The Altai Mountains are located in the south of Siberia (the highest point is Mount Belukha, 4500m.). The Altai mountain system includes subparallel ridges, passing into the Sayan mountain system. The mountains that surround Lake Baikal are mostly low, but their growth continues. The highest is the Daursky vault with a height of about 2500 m.
The oldest and longest, but at the same time low are the mountains of the Urals, the average height of which is 400m. The highest point of the Ural mountain system is Mount Narodnaya, the height of which is 1895 m.
|
Mainland |
Plain |
A country |
|
Great Chinese | ||
|
Eastern European |
RF, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova. |
|
|
Deccan plateau | ||
|
Dzungarian lowland | ||
|
West Siberian lowland | ||
|
Indo-Gangetic lowland |
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |
|
|
Mesopotamian lowland |
Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait. |
|
|
Caspian lowland |
RF, Kazakhstan |
|
|
Central Siberian plateau | ||
|
Tarim (Kashgar) | ||
|
Turan lowland |
Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan |
|
|
East African plateau |
Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia. |
|
|
South America |
Guiana highlands |
Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Guiana |
|
Brazilian highlands |
Brazil |
|
|
Amazonian lowland |
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru |
|
|
North America |
Mississippi lowland | |
|
Atlantic lowland | ||
|
Pre-mexican lowland | ||
|
Great plains |
USA, Canada |
|
|
Central plains |
USA, Canada |
World ocean floor relief
The following parts are distinguished in the bottom relief:
Shelf (continental shelf) - the submarine edge of the continent, adjacent to the coast of the land. The shelf width is up to 1500 km, the depth is from 50 - 100 to 200 m (2000 m South Kuril Basin of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk), accounting for 8% of the world's ocean area. The shelf is the most productive part of the world ocean, where there are fishing areas (90% of seafood) and the largest deposits of minerals.
Continental slope lies below the shelf boundary at a depth of up to 2000 m (sometimes up to 3600 m), accounting for 12% of the world's ocean area. This part of the bottom is characterized by seismicity.
Bedthe world's oceans are located at a depth of 2500 to 6000 m, occupying up to 80% of the world's ocean area The productivity of this part of the ocean is low. The bed has a difficult relief. Examples of these forms are:
a) mid-oceanic ridges (Mid-Atlantic ridge, Central Indian with Arabian-Indian, Gakkel ridge), which arose as a result of the movement of lithospheric plates. The tops of the mid-oceanic ridges reaching the surface form islands (Iceland, St. Helena, Easter);
b) deep-water trenches - narrow depressions with steep slopes (Table 6).
The ocean floor is covered with marine sediments, which cover 75% of the ocean floor and their thickness reaches 200 m.
Table 6
Deep sea trenches of the world's oceans
|
Gutter name |
Depth, m |
Ocean |
|
Mariana | ||
|
Tonga (Oceania) | ||
|
Philippine | ||
|
Kermaden (Oceania) | ||
|
Izu-Ogasawara | ||
|
Kuril-Kamchatsky | ||
|
Puerto Rico |
Atlantic |
|
|
Japanese | ||
|
South-Sandwich |
Atlantic |
|
|
Chilean | ||
|
Aleutian | ||
|
Sunda |
Indian |
|
|
Central American |
Processes affecting the formation of the earth's crust.
The processes contributing to the formation of the relief are divided into:
external (exogenous) forces of attraction of the Moon and the Sun, the activity of flowing waters (fluvial processes), wind (aeolian processes), glacier activity (glacial processes), expressed in action. External processes can manifest themselves in the following:
mudflow - a stream of water, mud, stones, merged into a viscous single mass;
landslides - displaced masses of loose rocks sliding under the influence of gravity;
landslides - the collapse of large blocks and slopes of mountain systems;
avalanches - masses of snow falling from mountain slopes;
weathering is the process of destruction and chemical alteration of rocks.
External processes form small landforms (for example, ravines).
Such forms of relief as shields, "sheep's foreheads" (low cliffs in the Polar Urals), moraine hills, sandy plains - zandras, troughs, were formed during the movement of the glacier. About a million years ago, a noticeable cooling of the climate occurred on the globe. The last ice age of the Earth by the English naturalist Charles Layol in 1832 was called pleistocene.This glaciation covered North America and Eurasia (Scandinavian Mountains, Polar Urals, Canadian Arctic Archipelago).
internal (endogenous) ones raise individual parts of the earth's crust and form large landforms (mountains).
The main sources of these processes are internal heat in the bowels of the Earth, which causes the movement of magma, volcanic activity, and earthquakes.
Self-control tests:
Exogenous processes include:
Weathering
Volcanism
Earthquake
Glacier activity
2. Determine the mountain range within which the peak with the highest absolute height is located:
Pyrenees 2. Andes 3. Cordilleras 4. Alps
3. In one era of folding formed:
Cordillera and Pyrenees 2. Atlas and Sikhote-Alin
3. Andes and Scandinavian mountains 4. Altai and the Great Dividing Range
4. Plains with absolute heights of more than 500 m are called:
highlands 2) lowlands 3) hills 4) depressions.
5. The Philippine Trench is an element:
young platform
geosynclinal zone
mid ocean ridge
the central part of the oceanic basin
6. Are the following statements correct (yes, no):
sedimentation is slower in the central parts of oceanic basins than near continents
volcanic eruptions can occur both on land and at the bottom of the oceans
The Antarctic Peninsula was formed in the Ordovician.
7. The longest mountains ___________________________________
8. The highest peak of Antarctica ____________________________
9. The highest heights and the degree of dissection of the relief are characteristic:
Central Siberian plateau
The East European Plain
West Siberian Plain
Amazonian lowland
10. Find a logical connection between the listed pairs and insert the missing:
Middle Russian Upland - Precambrian;
Ural - Paleozoic;
Verkhoyansk ridge - Mesozoic;
The middle ridge of Kamchatka is the Cenozoic;
Siberian Uvaly - _________________.
11. Moraine hills and ridges were formed as a result of geological activity ...
flowing waters
12. On all continents, with the exception of Antarctica, there are landforms created by geological activity ...
permafrost and flowing waters
flowing water and wind
wind and glaciers
glaciers and permafrost
13. In South America east of the Andes, dominated by
high and medium-altitude mountains
lowlands and highlands
lowlands and highlands
low and medium-altitude mountains
14. In terms of general features of their relief, they are most similar ...
Africa and South America
South America and North America
North America and Australia
Australia and Eurasia
one of the largest plains on our planet (the second largest after the Amazonian plain in Western America). It is located in the eastern part. Since most of it is located within the borders of the Russian Federation, it is sometimes called Russian. In the northwestern part, it is limited by the mountains of Scandinavia, in the southwestern part - and other mountains of central Europe, in the southeastern - and in the East -. From the north, the Russian Plain is washed by the waters and, and from the south - and.
The length of the plain from north to south is more than 2.5 thousand kilometers, and from west to east - 1 thousand kilometers. Almost the entire length of the East European Plain is dominated by a gentle flat. Most of the country's major cities are concentrated within the territory of the East European Plain. It was here that the Russian state was formed many centuries ago, which later became the largest country in the world in terms of its territory. A significant part of Russia's natural resources is also concentrated here.
The East European Plain almost completely coincides with the East European Platform. This circumstance explains its flat relief, as well as the absence of significant natural phenomena associated with movement (,). Small hilly areas within the East European Plain have arisen as a result of faults and other complex tectonic processes. The height of some hills and plateaus reaches 600-1000 meters. In ancient times, the shield of the East European platform was located in the center of glaciation, as evidenced by some forms of relief.
The East European Plain. Satellite view
On the territory of the Russian Plain, platform sediments lie almost horizontally, making up lowlands and hills that form the surface relief. Where the folded foundation protrudes to the surface, hills and ridges are formed (for example, the Timan ridge). The average height of the Russian Plain is about 170 meters above sea level. The lowest areas on the Caspian coast (its level is about 30 meters below the level).
Glaciation left its mark on the formation of the relief of the East European Plain. This impact was most pronounced in the northern part of the plain. As a result of the passage of the glacier through this territory, many (, Pskovskoe, Beloye and others) arose. These are the consequences of one of the most recent glaciers. In the southern, southeastern and eastern parts, which were subject to glaciation in an earlier period, their consequences were smoothed over by processes. As a result, a number of uplands (Smolensk-Moscow, Borisoglebsk, Danilevskaya, and others) and lacustrine-glacial lowlands (Caspian, Pechora) were formed.
Further south, there is a zone of uplands and lowlands stretched in the meridional direction. Among the heights, one can note the Azov, Central Russian, Volga. Here they also alternate with the plains: Meshcherskaya, Oksko-Don, Ulyanovsk and others.
Farther south are the coastal lowlands, which in ancient times were partially submerged under sea level. The flat relief here was partially corrected by water erosion and other processes, resulting in the formation of the Black Sea and Caspian lowlands.
As a result of the passage of the glacier across the territory of the East European Plain, valleys were formed, tectonic depressions expanded, and even some rocks were polished. Another example of glacier impact is the winding deep peninsulas. With the retreat of the glacier, not only lakes were formed, but also concave sandy lowlands. This happened as a result of the deposition of a large amount of sandy material. Thus, over the course of many millennia, the many-sided relief of the East European Plain was formed.
Russian plain
On the East European Plain, there are practically all types of natural zones available in Russia. Off the coast in
Plains are one of the main landforms of our planet. They occupy two or three surfaces of the planet Earth and are found even at the bottom of the oceans. To determine which plain is the largest in the world, a survey of the longest of them, stretching over four continents, will help.
Plain-giant of Eurasia
The East European Plain tops the rating of the longest on the Eurasian continent. It extends on the East European Platform, covering the region from the coast of the Baltic Sea to the foot of the Ural Mountains. Another name - "Russian" - the area received due to the fact that most of it is located within Russia.
On four sides, the area is bounded by five seas: from the south - the Azov and Black seas, and from the north - the White, Caspian and Barents seas. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe territory reaches 4 million km².
Throughout its entire length, a mostly flat-flat relief prevails, in which they successfully coexist and harmoniously alternate:
- hills - individual points reach a height of 300 meters above sea level;
- lowlands - act as a basin of "waterways".
These structural features and elevation changes have resulted from faults. They are characterized by tectonic origin.
The territory is conditionally divided into three lanes:
- North - includes the Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow Uplands, as well as the northern Uvaly.
- The central one is represented by alternating Bugulma-Belebeevskaya, Volga and Central Russian uplands, separated by the Low Trans-Volga region and the Oksko-Don lowland.
- South - includes the Stavropol Upland and Ergeni, separated by the Caspian and Black Sea lowlands.
The key influence on the appearance of the northern part of the Russian Plain was played by the large-scale icing that occurred during the last ice age. During this period, dozens of lakes appeared in the area, for example, Beloe, Pskov, Chudskoe.
Large cities of Russia are concentrated within the flat terrain and most of the country's population lives. The plain is famous for being a storehouse of minerals. The most popular and largest deposit is the Kursk magnetic anomaly.
Long plateau in Africa
The East African Plateau is located in the southeast of the mainland. It is the most mobile and tectonically active part of the continent. Due to this, the terrain is highly dissected: the deepest depressions of the great rift system are adjacent to mountain peaks. The total length of tectonic faults is 6000 km.
The main features of the relief terrain of this continent include:
- the greatest rift system;
- the largest lake Victoria;
- volcanoes Meru and Kilimanjaro.
The most typical and widespread landforms of the mainland are calderas. They are basins of volcanic origin. The largest caldera in diameter, referred to as Ngorongoro, is considered the giant of the planet. Volcanic activity on the continent remains intense to this day. Moreover, many volcanoes are now active.
On the plateau are the sources and watersheds of the largest rivers of the continent flowing into the Indian Ocean: Congo, Nile and Zambezi. Large masses of water in the tributaries of rivers and lakes affect the climate and vegetation of the long plateau. The vegetation cover is dominated by savannas, at the foot of the mountain ranges there are tropical forests, at an altitude of 1200 meters and above there is a park landscape.
The animal world is no less diverse. On the plateau you can find both herbivores and predators, including the "king of beasts". Dryer places are teeming with venomous snakes and lizards.
The Great Plains is a 1.2 million km² foothill plateau. On their territory there are 10 American states and 3 Canadian provinces.
The characteristic landscape of the area is separate areas, divided into vast plateaus by table-like ledges, the height of which reaches 300 meters:
- Missouri;
- Llano Estacado;
- Eduardo.
The deep rivers Missouri and Mississippi flow on the territory of the plain. Over the centuries of their existence, they managed to cut through the area with canyons, forming an extensive network of ravines. A feature of the landscape is numerous hilly areas, alternating with deep ravines and depressions - badlands. Due to the abundance of precipitation and regular weathering, their relief is extremely unstable.
Tornadoes are the main scourge of the Great Plains. The American part of the plain even falls into the "tornado alley" strip, where tornadoes are most often recorded. In the prairie region of the Great Plains, the shi-nuk wind prevails in winter. This natural phenomenon is interesting in that it is accompanied by a sudden jump in air temperature, which is accompanied by melting of snow. For this reason, the Indians living on the prairies deified shi-nuk.
One of the most abundant inhabitants of the Great Plains is the fold-lipped bats. There are millions of them in some caves.
Permanent leader of South America
The Amazonian lowland is considered to be the largest plain on the globe. Its length is 5 million km². It was formed as a result of the flooding of the deep Amazon River under the influence of the accumulation of loose rocks.
The lowland lies in the Amazon Basin, which extends to Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Guinea and Colombia. The Amazon River, which originates in the Andes and carries its waters to the Atlantic Ocean, is the silver leader in length and full flow in the world. Its waters account for about 20% of the total amount of water supplied from all rivers to the oceans.
Lowland occupies almost 40% of the continent. It is covered by tropical rainforests, referred to as the Amazon. It is conventionally divided into two parts: western and eastern.
It is a flat, wide plain with a length of 1600 km. Located on its lands, the largest tributary of the Maider, under the influence of tidal waves of the water giant - the Atlantic Ocean, during periods of flooding, almost completely floods the surface, forming one large water surface.
For this reason, the vegetation of the western Amazon is sparse and is represented mainly by palms and cocoa trees. Of the animals, the most common are those that are adapted to life in trees: sloths, monkeys, small anteaters.
The territory located to the east of the estuaries of Tapajos and Rio Negru is divided into a number of elevations reaching a height of 350 m. The rivers are cut deeper here and do not flood the valleys during periods of high water. In this part of the Amazon, an arid subequatorial climate prevails in the summer. The vegetation is rich and is represented by both evergreen and deciduous trees. The fauna is represented by species found in open spaces: armadillos, mazam deer, rodents.
Despite its length, dense forests make the Amazonian Lowland a sparsely populated part of the continent. Only a few small settlements can be found on the territory of the plain. Indigenous people live in cities along the continent's main river.
Large areas of the Amazonian forests are now cleared by local residents and are used for cattle breeding and the cultivation of soybeans. Massive deforestation is gradually turning huge concentrations of the Amazonian rainforest into an arid savanna, disrupting the fragile ecological balance not only of the continent, but of the entire planet.