The test will help you determine your type of temperament.
Take a piece of paper. Write the numbers of questions from 1 to 20, in front of them mark the letter of the answer ("a", "b", "c", or "d"). After going through, count the total number of letters.
Temperament test
Of the four statements, you need to choose the one that is most suitable for you.
a) fussy and restless;
b) cheerful and cheerful;
c) are cold-blooded and calm;
d) shy and shy.
a) hot-tempered and unrestrained;
b) businesslike and energetic;
c) thorough and consistent;
d) in a new environment you are lost.
a) are straightforward and harsh in relation to other people;
b) tend to overestimate themselves;
c) know how to wait;
d) doubt your abilities.
a) are unforgiving;
b) if something ceases to be of interest, you cool down quickly;
c) strictly adhere to the system in work and daily routine;
d) you involuntarily adapt to the character of the interlocutor.
a) you are the owner of impulsive, abrupt movements;
b) fall asleep quickly;
c) it is difficult for you to adapt to the new environment;
d) submissive.
a) intolerant of shortcomings;
b) are efficient, hardy;
c) are constant in their interests;
d) easily vulnerable, sensitive.
a) impatient;
b) you give up what you have started;
c) reasonable and careful;
d) it is difficult to establish contact with new people.
a) you have expressive facial expressions;
b) fast, loud speech with lively gestures;
c) slowly get into work;
d) are very touchy.
a) you have a fast, passionate speech;
b) you get involved in a new job quickly;
c) you restrain the impulse easily;
d) very impressionable.
a) work in jerks;
b) you take up any new business with enthusiasm;
c) you do not waste your energy;
d) you have a quiet, weak speech.
a) you have a lack of assembly;
b) persistent in achieving the goal;
c) sluggish, inactive;
d) seek the sympathy of others.
a) quickly decide and act;
b) in a difficult situation, keep your composure;
c) equal relations with everyone;
d) uncommunicative.
a) proactive and decisive;
b) quickly grasp new things;
c) do not like to chat in vain, are silent;
d) tolerate loneliness easily.
a) strive for something new;
b) you are always in a cheerful mood;
c) love neatness;
d) timid, inactive.
a) stubborn;
b) interests and inclinations are not constant;
c) you have a calm, even speech with stops;
d) in case of failures, you feel confused and depressed.
a) have a tendency to fervor;
b) burden yourself with monotonous painstaking work;
c) little susceptible to censure and approval;
d) you have high demands on others and yourself.
a) risk appetite;
b) you easily adapt to different circumstances;
c) bring the work started to the end;
d) you are fatigued quickly.
a) sudden mood swings;
b) tend to be distracted;
c) have endurance;
d) too susceptible to censure and approval.
a) you are aggressive, bully;
b) responsive and sociable;
c) are gentle;
d) suspicious, suspicious.
a) resourceful in an argument;
b) failures are easy to experience;
c) patient and restrained;
d) have a tendency to withdraw into themselves.
Count how many times you chose the answer "a", how many "b", how many "c" and how many "d". Now multiply each of the received 4 digits by 5. You will get the percentage of answers.
For example:
"A" - 7 times * 5 = 35%
"B" - 10 times * 5 = 50%
"C" - 2 times * 5 = 10%
"G" - 1 time * 5 = 5%
Four types of answers correspond to 4 types temperament.
"A" - type of choleric
"B" - type of sanguine person
"C" - phlegmatic type
"G" is a type of melancholic.
In our example, type "b" dominates - sanguine (50%). Determine your dominant type.
Types of temperament
Choleric.
Unbalanced type. Stormy emotions, flashes. Speech is uneven, inconsistent. A sharp change in mood. With people he is quarrelsome, straightforward. Can't wait, is impatient. Strives for new things constantly, unstable in interests.
Sanguine.
"Lively", sociable, maintains composure in a difficult environment. Easily enters into a new team, is not constrained. Quickly switches from one job to another. The solutions are often not assembled. Speech is clear, loud, fast.
Phlegmatic person.
Balanced. Reasonable, careful, sociable in moderation. Inactive, inert. Steady in the interest. Adheres to a strict routine in the workplace. Slowly switches from one job to another.
Melancholic.
Sedentary, unbalanced. All emotions are inside. Indecisive, does not believe in himself, very sensitive. Closed, prone to loneliness. Steady in the interest. Contacts are difficult.
This test will help you determine what type of temperament you are.
Neither temperament can be said to be "good" or "bad." Therefore, your task is not to try to change your temperament (this is impossible), but to competently use its positive aspects and try to neutralize negative manifestations.
In addition, no person has any kind of pure temperament. Usually it is a mixture of different types, but some still prevails. Try to determine what type of temperament you have.
We suggest you take a little test.
Mark next to each statement: + (matches you) or - (does not match).
Questionnaire text
1. You are restless.
2. You are hot-tempered and impulsive.
3. You are usually impatient.
4. You are proactive and decisive.
5. You are stubborn and even stubborn.
6. You are resourceful, quickly navigate the dispute.
7. The rhythm of your activity is uneven, spasmodic.
8. You like to take risks.
9. You easily forgive offenses.
10. Your speech is fast and emotional.
11. You often suffer from your imbalance.
12. You do not tolerate anyone's shortcomings.
13. You are attracted by everything new.
14. Your mood often changes.
15. You are a cheerful and cheerful person.
16. You are always collected, and the energy is in full swing.
17. You often give up halfway through what you started.
18. You do not always correctly assess your strength.
19. Your interests and hobbies change frequently.
20. You easily get used to new circumstances.
21. It is not difficult for you to be distracted from your affairs, and you quickly deal with someone else's problem.
22. Painstaking work that requires patience is not for you.
23. You are sociable and responsive.
24. You have a clear and loud speech.
25. You have excellent composure and do not panic even in difficult situations.
26. You fall asleep easily and wake up quickly.
27. It is difficult for you to concentrate and make an informed decision.
28. You are absent-minded and inattentive.
29. You are restrained and cold-blooded.
30. You are consistent in words.
31. You are careful and reasonable.
32. Endurance is characteristic of you, you know how to wait.
33. You are not too talkative and do not like empty chatter.
34. You have a measured and calm speech.
35. You distribute your strength correctly and never give your best.
36. You plan your business adhere to a clear daily routine.
37. You calmly accept criticism.
38. It is difficult for you to immediately switch to other activities.
39. You have an even, good relationship with people.
40. You are accurate even in small things.
41. It is difficult for you to adapt to the new environment.
42. You are very slow.
43. You are shy.
44. The new environment confuses you.
45. You are not confident in yourself, in your abilities.
46. Loneliness does not bother you.
47. Failures and troubles unsettle you for a long time.
48. In difficult periods of life, you withdraw into yourself.
49. You are not too hardy, you get tired quickly.
50. You have a quiet, sometimes slurred speech.
51. You automatically adopt the character traits of the interlocutor and his manner of speaking.
52. You are very impressionable and sensitive.
53. You have high demands on yourself and the world around you.
54. Some suspiciousness and suspicion are inherent in you.
55. It's easy to offend you.
56. You are pleased when others empathize with you.
Well, did you answer the questions? Let's deal with the test results then.
The test has 4 groups of questions, each group contains 14 statements. In the first group (from 1 to 14 statements), a description of the choleric is given. In the second group (from 15 to 28 statements) - the characteristic of a sanguine person. In the third group (from 29 to 42 statements) - a portrait of a phlegmatic. In the fourth group (from 43 to 56 statements) - a description of a melancholic.
If in one of the groups you received more than 10 pluses, then this type of temperament prevails in you. If the number of pluses is 5-9, then these traits are expressed in you to a significant extent. And if there are less than 4 positive answers, then the features of this type of temperament are poorly expressed.
Hello dear readers of the blog site. Who are they - phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric and sanguine? Have you met these words often? In fact, these are 4 possible types of human temperament used in most of the currently available theories (Pavlova, Eysenck).
I wonder who is who? How does a phlegmatic person differ from a choleric person and who, for example, is better to be - a melancholic or a sanguine person? And it’s even more interesting to understand who you are. After that, you start looking at the world with different eyes.
Temperament, after all, determines the characteristics of a person's behavior. It's a bit like a horoscope when you read about your zodiac sign and find similarities. But here the opposite is true. You need to read the description of all temperaments and understand which one you are closest to (pass the simplest logical test).
Today we will just talk about the psychological characteristics of people with different temperaments, about their capabilities and purpose. We will also find out how to understand which type your personality is closest to(according to the simplest test) and we will give a visual psychological portrait of each of these temperaments, in which you will definitely find the features inherent in you personally.
Types of temperament according to Hans Eysenck (test)
Hans Eysenck's classification is currently the most famous. This scientist is for to carry a person to one of the 4 main types of temperament (choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic or melancholic) used only two scales:
- Neuratism(emotionality) - it characterizes the degree of emotional instability of a given person, his inherent anxiety and a tendency to depressive states. Simply put, this indicator indicates whether this person is self-possessed or, on the contrary, extremely nervous and inclined to go to extremes. A person with a high level of neuroticism will be impressionable, anxious and insecure. Moreover, all these features are manifested not only in stressful situations, but also in everyday life. High neuroticism does not mean that this person is neurotic, but the chances of becoming one for him are very high with prolonged stress.
- Extraversion and introversion... A high indicator for extraversion implies that this person is aimed at the outside world, at other people and at interacting with them (always with the people). Extroverts are impulsive, optimistic, take risks easily and are not afraid to interact with other people, while introversion, on the contrary, characterizes people who are withdrawn, immersed in their thoughts or emotions. However, introverts themselves are emotionally reserved, have a small circle of friends, and prefer to keep their distance from those around them. If you have already read my publication, then you know that introverts never take risks, they think everything over.
That is, according to Hans Eysenck temperament is formed from just two variables- the degree of neuratism and the degree of extraversion inherent in each individual personality. As a result, this whole thing can be represented in the form of a graph, when neuratism (excitability of the psyche) is deposited along the vertical axis, and extraversion (degree of unsociability) along the horizontal axis:
Different people have different degrees of these parameters, but already from their combination, the temperament of a particular personality (person) is formed.
Enough it will be difficult to find sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic or melancholic in pure form but this is usually not required. It is enough just to understand which signs in a person are more and to which of these 4 types of temperament it will be more likely to be attributed.
Just by looking at the above graph, it's safe to say that:
- this is a person who is characterized by high degrees of both neuratism and extraversion (a kind of "city madman", if you approach it with humor). He has the highest level of excitability and the lowest level of mental inhibition.
This makes him active, hot-tempered(sometimes even aggressive) with a constantly changing mood. The choleric person speaks quickly and, as a rule, with active gestures and facial expressions. At the same time, he is not able to control his emotions.
- this is a person who is characterized by a high degree of neuroticism, but low extraversion (such people are not very sociable).
Melancholic people are extremely susceptible and sensitive in relation to the external environment. Because of this, they, unlike choleric people, do not show their emotions (of which they have a lot due to high neuratism), but keep them in themselves (they often have problems with that). They closed and conservative.
- this is a balanced person who is able to control his emotions (calm choleric). He can quickly change his plans and adapt quickly to external circumstances. If some activity is interesting to him, then he is able to show very great activity.
A sanguine person is a sociable and cheerful person, but to some extent frivolous and incapable of any long occupation (work or relationship).
- this is a person who is distinguished by excellent calmness. Its very hard to piss off and disturb his inner emotional balance. Associated with this are its low adaptation to changes and the difficulty in switching the type of activity. From the outside it seems that phlegmatic people are slow and very restrained.
Everything is the same, but in the format of a video medley on entertaining psychology:
This is precisely the classification given in the theory of Hans Eysenck and I like it, because it is easier to apply it in everyday life. In this case Eysenck temperament test will look utterly simple:
There are other versions of the theory of temperaments. For example, as many as sixteen types of them are considered, but this is already a topic for a separate article.
Sanguine - who is he and what are his characteristics
This type of temperament is, in fact, average representative of humanity and, as it were, an unofficial norm (in any case, Academician Pavlov thought so, considering all other types of temperament to be deviations from this norm).
Choleric - who is this
Phlegmatic - his personality characteristics
Melancholic - who is he
There is only one type of temperament left to consider.
- The melancholic has a rather weak nervous system (prone to emotional outbursts). This means that he is incapable of long-term stress and has a high distraction. In this regard, they, by the way, do not lend themselves very well to hypnosis - they are too distracted and unable to concentrate.
- In this case, the nervous system of the melancholic is stuck. Therefore, know that if you offend such a person with something, he will remember this for you for the rest of your life.
- It would seem that such a nervous system should allow one to counter on any target (stick), but the problem is that with any failure, the melancholic gives up and does not make any more attempts.
- people are the most sensitive of all personality types to the external environment, so they see subtleties that no other person (with a different temperament) will never notice. Including subtleties in the behavior of other people.
- The melancholic is much better than others at distinguishing the shades of emotions and the behavior of people, although at the same time he himself sometimes seems unemotional and is often confused with a phlegmatic person.
- The speed of the nervous system in a melancholic is quite high, which, however, does not particularly manifest itself outside (all emotions are seething inside a person).
- Outwardly, the melancholic looks inhibited, but unlike the phlegmatic, he is also emotionally loaded.
- Thought processes in a melancholic proceed rapidly and one thought quickly replaces another.
- A melancholic is an introvert (an internal idea is more important than external stimuli), but he is already for the most part immersed in his emotions, and not thoughts, like a phlegmatic person. At the same time, his facial expressions and gestures are not expressive, because he tries not to show his feelings outside (and, as a rule, there are many of these feelings).
- Such people have a rather weak ego. They, in principle, are able to restrain their expression, but they are not able to restrain their urges and emotions. For example, it is very difficult for such a person to get up in the morning on an alarm clock.
- Melancholic is the most maladaptive personality type. He, as a rule, cannot find a common language with anyone and practically does not adhere to social norms and rules.
- A person with such a temperament takes a very long time to adapt to this or that activity or environment. This is connected again with a weak nervous system and the anxiety that gives rise to this weakness.
- That is, the melancholic is at the same time a very disturbing type. Any insignificant external stimulus already causes tension in him. In this regard, it is these people most often.
- He is not interested in communicating with other people (he is an introvert), and he does not accept splashing out his emotions like a choleric. There are exceptions, though. A melancholic can communicate for a long time on a topic that is interesting to him. If the topic is not his, then he will be silent. In this regard, silence and shyness are not deservedly attributed to this temperament, which in fact is completely wrong.
- Melancholic people are more rational than choleric people, because they suppress their emotions. In this regard, a person with such a temperament is best suited for individual work (not in a team), but where some kind of hard tension is not required (this is a battlefield for phlegmatic people) and clear deadlines.
- And, of course, creative work is well suited, and not acting like choleric people, but the creation of something new, such as a designer, director, scientist.
- Melancholic people are the most trainable personality type. That is, they learn the fastest and their skills remain for a long time. At the same time, melancholic people teach others quite well, for they always delve deeply into the topic. And it is this type of people that is the main engine of science. Genius is most often inherent in melancholic people, well, also in phlegmatic people.
- The melancholic converges with people for a very long time, but he can part almost instantly. That is, such people are sometimes characterized by a sharp change in opinion.
- People belonging to this type of temperament communicate most often with phlegmatic people (they are the least burdensome for them). They hate choleric people, unless it is a being of the opposite sex (options are possible here). However, they are monogamous and capable of long-term relationships.
- It is very difficult to say about the leadership qualities of melancholic people. He has all the data for this (intelligence, the ability to quickly grasp everything), but communication overstrains their nervous system, and often it is simply not interesting. Therefore, he quickly burns out all the motivation for some kind of leadership.
- Melancholic people react to conflicts in different ways. Basically, they slow down and fall into a stupor, not allowing emotions to come out.
Conclusions on determining the type of temperament
It is important to understand that although temperament is a certain innate structure of the psyche, one should not take the above description as a dogma. There are types that are pure enough to distinguish one from the other. But any temperament is always refracted through social constructs in which a person lives.
And in general, the more adult a person becomes, the more socially adapted he becomes and the more certain boundaries between temperaments are blurred.
On the other hand, I do not believe in initial equality and the ability to become who you want to be. You need to understand that, for example, from a melancholic, the same work with people will require much greater mental costs than from a sanguine person. And at the same time, the sanguine person will be much happier due to his natural social adaptation.
Well, in conclusion I can't resist not showing a picture from my childhood (there was Bidstrup's album at home) that perfectly shows the relationship of diametrically opposed temperaments (in this case, phlegmatic and choleric):
P.S. I am a phlegmatic person, so I always liked this drawing. We can say that he became 🙂
Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
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Variants of answers to questions: "yes", "no". The first answer that comes to your mind is correct. Your answers - "yes" - plus, "no" - minus - write down on a piece of paper.
- 1) Do you often have a craving for new experiences in order to experience strong sensations?
- 2) Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand you, encourage you, express sympathy?
- 3) Do you consider yourself a careless person?
- 4) Is it true that it is very difficult for you to say no?
- 5) Do you think about your business slowly and do you prefer to wait before acting?
- 6) Do you always keep your promises, even if it is not beneficial for you?
- 7) Do you often have ups and downs of mood?
- 8) Do you usually act and speak quickly, and do you spend a lot of time thinking?
- 9) Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, even though there was no good reason for this?
- 10) Is it true that you are capable of making up your mind on a bet?
- 11) Are you embarrassed when you want to meet someone of the opposite sex who you like?
- 12) Do you ever lose your temper when you get angry?
- 13) Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?
- 14) Do you often feel disturbed by thoughts that you shouldn't do or say something?
- 15) Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?
- 16) Is it easy to offend you?
- 17) Do you like to be in the company often?
- 18) Do you sometimes have such thoughts that you would like to hide from other people?
- 19) Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything burns in your hands, and sometimes you feel very lethargic?
- 20) Do you prefer to have smaller friends, but especially close to you?
- 21) Do you often dream?
- 22) When someone yells at you, do you respond in kind?
- 23) Do you often feel anxious about guilt?
- 24) Are all your habits good and desirable?
- 25) Are you able to give vent to your own feelings and have fun with might and main in a noisy company?
- 26) Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?
- 27) Do they consider you a lively and cheerful person?
- 28) After the job is done, how often do you return to it mentally and think that you could have done better?
- 29) Are you usually taciturn and reserved when you are around people?
- 30) Do you gossip sometimes?
- 31) Does it happen that you can't sleep because different thoughts come into your head?
- 32) Is it true that it is more pleasant and easier for you to read about what interests you in the book, although it is faster and easier to learn about it from your friends?
- 33) Do you have a strong heartbeat?
- 34) Do you like work that requires constant attention?
- 35) Do you ever get "shivering"?
- 36) Is it true that you always say only good things about people you know, even when you are sure that they will not know about it?
- 37) Is it true that you are not pleased to be in a company where they constantly make fun of each other?
- 38) Are you irritable?
- 39) Do you like work that requires quick action?
- 40) Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts of various troubles and "horrors" that could have happened, although everything ended well?
- 41) Do you walk slowly and unhurriedly?
- 42) Have you ever been late for a date, work or school?
- 43) Do you often have nightmares?
- 44) Is it true that you are such a lover of conversation that you never miss an opportunity to talk with a stranger?
- 45) Do you have any pains?
- 46) Would you be upset if you could not see your friends for a long time?
- 47) Can you call yourself a nervous person?
- 48) Are there any among your acquaintances that you obviously do not like?
- 49) Can you say that you are a confident person?
- 50) Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?
- 51) Is it hard to get real party fun?
- 52) Are you worried about the feeling that you are somehow worse than others?
- 53) Would you be able to bring excitement to a boring company?
- 54) Do you ever talk about things that you don't understand at all?
- 55) Are you worried about your health?
- 56) Do you like to play a trick on others?
- 57) Do you suffer from insomnia?
TEST PROCESSING
If the "key" answer matches your answer, you add yourself one point. If it does not match, zero points.
1. Scale of reliability.
The answer is "yes" to questions: 6, 24, 36.
The answer is "no" to questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.
Count the amount. If the result is from 5 or more points, it means that you answered not as it really is, but as you would like or as it is accepted in society. In other words, your answers are not reliable.
2. Scale of extraversion.
The answer is "yes" to questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 37, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56.
The answer is "no" to questions: 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 41, 51.
Count the amount.
3. Scale of emotional stability.
The answer is "yes" to questions: 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.
Having received the sums according to the values of the "Scale of extraversion" and "Scale of emotional stability" mark them, respectively, on the horizontal axis "Introversion-extraversion" and the vertical axis "Emotional stability". The intersection point will show your type of temperament.
Draw the axes of coordinates: the horizontal axis is the "scale of extraversion", the vertical axis is the "scale of emotional stability". Each scale, from 1 to 24, intersects at point 12. Mark your numbers on the axes. Find the intersection point. The point can lie on the axis if one of the scales is 12.
The result you got is your predominant temperament type. On the scale of extraversion, you can see the type of orientation of the personality: extrovert or introvert.
Four types of melancholic
Pure, pronounced melancholic: introversion (intr.) - from 1 to 9, emotion. stability (em. ust.) - 16 to 24 points.
Phlegmatic melancholic: intr. - from 1 to 9, uh. mouth - 12 to 16 points.
Mild melancholic: intr. - 9 to 12, uh mouth - 12 to 16 pts.
Choleric Melacholic: Intr. - 9 to 12, uh mouth - 16 to 24 bp.
Four types of phlegmatic
Pure, pronounced phlegmatic: introversion (intr.) - from 1 to 9, emotion. stability (em. ust.) - 1 to 9 points.
Phlegmatic sanguine: intr. - 9 to 12, uh mouth - 1 to 9 points.
Phlegmatic weak: intr. - 9 to 12, uh mouth - 9 to 12 pts.
Phlegmatic melancholic: intr. - from 1 to 9, uh. mouth - 9 to 12 bp.
Four types of choleric people
Pure, pronounced choleric: introversion (intr.) - from 16 to 24, emotion. stability (em. ust.) - 16 to 24 points.
Choleric melancholic: intr. - 12 to 16, uh mouth - 16 to 24 points.
Choleric mild: intr. - 12 to 16, uh mouth - 12 to 16 pts.
Choleric sanguine: intr. - from 16 to 24, uh. mouth - 12 to 16 bp.
The four types of sanguine people
Pure, pronounced sanguine person: introversion (intr.) - from 16 to 24, emotion. stability (em. ust.) - 1 to 9 points.
Choleric sanguine: intr. - from 16 to 24, uh. mouth - 9 to 12 points.
Sanguine weak: intr. - 12 to 16, uh mouth - 9 to 12 pts.
Phlegmatic sanguine: intr. - 12 to 16, uh mouth - 1 to 9 pts.
General concepts of temperament
Each person has their own characteristics of mental activity.
Temperament is a characteristic of a person, namely:
Temperament determines and ensures the speed, strength and balance of our reactions. It manifests itself in thinking, speech, manner of communication.
At the same time, temperament does not affect interests, success, intelligence, business qualities - here we are able to independently develop our inclinations, turn them into abilities or forget about them.
The ability to make a choice and take responsibility for it are indicators of a developed personality, and not a manifestation of temperamental characteristics. Knowledge of one's own type of temperament greatly simplifies the process of knowing oneself, accepting one's manifestations and, as a consequence, choosing one's own style of life.
Temperament a person - a biological quality, innate, not acquired. Temperament can be corrected only by 25% out of 100%. And this correction is our adjustment to the requirements of society (the world around us, society ...). For what? With the aim of a more efficient and successful existence.
Pure temperaments are rare. Every person has something of a choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. The question of who is better to be does not make sense, just like the question of which season is better. Each has its own pros and cons. You need to know them and act, choosing an effective model of behavior depending on the situation. That is, not to be led by natural qualities, but to develop them.
Features of temperament must be taken into account when choosing a profession, but temperament should not be confused with character.
all these are character traits that are not laid down by nature, but are formed throughout life.
there can be a person with any temperament. The success of a person does not depend on his temperament, but on the abilities, knowledge, skills and personality orientation.
The main components of temperament
Analysis of the internal structure of temperament leads to the allocation of three main, leading components. Each of these components has a complex multidimensional structure and different forms of psychological manifestations.
The sphere of the general mental activity of a person.
- the desire of the individual for self-expression, effective development and transformation of external reality;
- intellectual and characterological features, a complex of relationships and motives
Motor skills.
- In the motor (motor) component, the leading role is played by the qualities associated with the function of the motor (and special speech motor apparatus). Among the dynamic qualities of the motor component -
- rapidity,
- force,
- sharpness,
- rhythm,
- amplitude and
- a number of other signs of muscle movement.
Emotionality.
- This is a large complex of properties and qualities that characterize the peculiarities of the emergence, flow and cessation of various feelings, affects and moods.
- Impressionability- a person's susceptibility, his sensitivity to emotional influences, his ability to find a ground for an emotional reaction where there is no such ground for others.
- Impulsiveness- the speed with which emotion becomes the motivating force of actions and actions without their preliminary deliberation and a conscious decision to carry them out.
- Emotional lability- the speed with which a given emotional state stops or one experience is replaced by another.
This component is the most difficult. It has a branched structure of its own:
From the history of the doctrine of types of temperament
For the first time, Hippocrates spoke about temperaments (5th century BC). He argued that people differ in the ratio of 4 main "juices" of life that make up its composition:
Claudius Galen (II century BC) continued. He developed the first typology of temperaments (treatise "De temperamentum") According to his teachings, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body. They were allocated temperaments that are widely known in our time:
I.P. Pavlov hypothesized that the differences in behavior are based on some fundamental properties of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition. These properties include:
reflects the performance of the nerve cell. It manifests itself in functional endurance, i.e. in the ability to withstand prolonged or short-term, but strong excitement, without passing into the opposite state of inhibition
is understood as the functional efficiency of the nervous system during the implementation of inhibition. It manifests itself in the ability to form various inhibitory conditioned reactions, such as extinction and differentiation
balance of processes of excitation and inhibition. The ratio of the strengths of both processes decides whether a given individual is balanced or unbalanced when the strength of one process exceeds the strength of the other.
manifests itself in the rapidity of the transition from one nervous process to another. The mobility of nervous processes is manifested in the ability to change behavior in accordance with changing living conditions. A measure of this property of the nervous system is the speed of transition from one action to another, from a passive state to an active one, and vice versa. The nervous system is the more inert, the more time or effort it takes to move from one process to another.
I.P. Pavlov, distinguished between the power of excitation and the power of inhibition, considering them to be two independent properties of the nervous system.
The 4 types of the nervous system identified by I.P. Pavlov correspond to 4 classic types of temperament in terms of their main characteristics:
Description of types of temperament.
Types of temperament according to I.P. Pavlov
I.P. Pavlov understood the type of the nervous system as innate, relatively weakly subject to changes under the influence of the environment and upbringing. According to Ivan Petrovich, the properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, which is a mental manifestation of the type of the nervous system.
Two things should be noted:
A strong nervous system is more successful in coping with some life tasks (for example, in work associated with large and unexpected loads).
A weak nervous system copes more successfully with others (for example, in conditions of monotonous work). A weak nervous system is a highly sensitive nervous system, and this is its advantage over a strong one.
Hans Eysenck studied the works of K. Jung, R. Woodworth, I.P. Pavlova, E. Kretschmer and other well-known psychologists, psychiatrists and physiologists. He proposed three basic dimensions of personality:
- neuroticism
- extra / introversion
- psychoticism
characterizes emotional stability / instability (stability / instability).
High rates of neuroticism are expressed in nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods, strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them.
Low indices for neuroticism are expressed in the preservation of organized behavior, situational purposefulness in ordinary and stressful situations. It is characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety.
Extrovert- a person turned outward, sociable, optimistic, with a wide circle of acquaintances, impulsive, acting under the influence of the moment. He needs contacts like air. He prefers to act, move forward, rather than reason.
Introvert- a person turned inward, prefers to communicate only with close people, and distances himself from others. He is withdrawn, not sociable, shy, restrained, keeps his feelings under control, prone to introspection. An introvert loves to reflect on his actions.
Extroverts are much more tolerant of pain than introverts; they take more breaks during work to chat and drink coffee than introverts; arousal increases the efficiency of their actions and actions, while it only hinders introverts.
Introverts tend to favor theoretical and scientific pursuits (eg, engineering and chemistry), while extroverts tend to prefer people-related jobs (eg, commerce, social services).
Introverts are more likely to admit to the practice of masturbation than extroverts; however, extroverts have sex at an earlier age, more frequently, and with more partners than introverts.
Introverts are more successful academically than extroverts. Also, students leaving college for psychiatric reasons are more introverted; while those students who leave for academic reasons are more likely to be extroverts.
Introverts feel more alert in the morning, while extroverts feel more alert in the evening. What's more, introverts work better in the morning and extroverts work better in the afternoon. In crisis situations, extroverts prefer to seek help and support from people, in communication with family and friends, in companies. Introverts go into their closet and hide from people.
an indicator of a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inadequacy of emotional reactions, high conflict, egocentricity.
People with a high degree of psychoticism are egocentric, impulsive, indifferent to others, tend to resist social foundations. They are often restless, have difficult contact with people and do not meet with their understanding, deliberately cause trouble to others.
The combination of high and low levels of introversion and extraversion with high or low levels of stability and neuroticism resulted in the four categories of people described by Eysenck. A high level of neuroticism (emotional instability / instability) is characteristic of melancholic and choleric people. Low level - for sanguine and phlegmatic people. But introversion is characteristic of melancholic and phlegmatic people, while extraversion is characteristic of choleric and sanguine people.
Description of types of temperament.
Types of temperament according to G. Eysenck
Characteristics of types of temperament according to G. Eysenck
G. Aysenck gave the characteristics of "pure" types of temperament (that is, in the extreme angular positions of the quadrant). And we have already realized that such types are extremely rare. Adjust accordingly when you receive test results. Moreover, the closer one type of temperament is to another, the more characteristics have something in common.
For example, if you got the result: neuroticism 13, extraversion 17 - then you are Sanguine Choleric. Then you have the characteristics of both choleric and sanguine, but not as pronounced as in pure Choleric, Sanguine. In different conditions, in different situations, you can show both those and other characteristics.
Remember that the literature often gives characteristics of "pure" types of temperaments.
Pure temperament types
Phlegmatic person
Unhurried, unperturbed, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the expression of emotions and feelings. Has a logical judgment. He has a strong, balanced, efficient nervous system, a stubborn, persistent worker, he brings things to the end. Most often, he is calm, restrained and constant in feelings, the mood is even, rarely loses his temper.
Capable of deep, stable and permanent feelings. The phlegmatic is peaceful, attentive, caring. Moderately talkative, does not like to talk about trifles. Saves energy, does not waste it. Facial expressions, speech, gestures and actions are slow and calm, restrained, emotionally inexpressive. Solid, reliable, distinguished by the depth and constancy of thoughts.
But a phlegmatic person has difficulty switching from one job to another, "sways" for a long time, does not adapt well to a new environment, is passive (low level of activity), it is difficult to develop new habits and behavior patterns, but they become persistent. He is characterized by lethargy, laziness, indifference to others, lack of will. Has a tendency to do the usual work in a familiar, familiar environment.
Choleric
Fast, passionate, impetuous, open-minded, with quick mood swings. The choleric person is active, mobile, optimistic, impulsive, but at the same time easily excitable and restless. The choleric person also has a strong nervous system, but he is unbalanced, quick-tempered, irritable, impatient, touchy, vulnerable.
He may have emotional breakdowns. Because of the conflict, he gets along badly with other people. The choleric person easily switches from one case / topic of conversation to another case / topic, he is characterized by sharp changes in mood. He is highly excitable, he has pronounced emotional experiences, he is not able to control his emotions.
The choleric's movements and speech are fast, intermittent, abrupt, impulsive, impulsive. It is prone to exhaustion, since with enthusiasm for work, it acts with all its might. In the interests of society, he is proactive, principled, active, energetic.
In the absence of spiritual and personal growth, he is affective, irritable, quick-tempered, aggressive, unrestrained, and conflicted.
Sanguine
A lively, hot, agile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events happening around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. The sanguine person is cheerful, friendly, talkative, flexible, sympathetic.
He has a strong, balanced nervous system, high working capacity, while he is active and mobile, he easily experiences setbacks. He easily communicates with people, quickly converges with people, easily switches, easily and quickly reacts to what is happening around. At the same time, he strives for novelty, a change of impressions, is restless, insufficiently regulates his impulses. He has a rich, mobile facial expressions, fast, expressive speech.
A sanguine person cannot do things that require concentration, attention, perseverance, patience. He has a quick change of feelings, but the feelings are shallow, prone to inconstancy, superficiality.
Melancholic
A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. The melancholic is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable, touchy, but at the same time sensitive and sensitive, easily gets along with different people, is non-conflict.
He has a weak nervous system, increased fatigue, low mental activity, and slowness. He is highly emotional, but tends to experience problems within himself, which leads to self-destruction. His feelings are deep, constant, stable, but at the same time weakly expressed. It is difficult for him to focus on something for a long time.
The melancholic experiences setbacks hard and acutely (he often gives up), he is timid, shy, anxious, indecisive, unstable to stress, his speech is quiet, slow. He is withdrawn, uncommunicative, quiet, pessimistic, his mood easily changes, but at the same time he is melancholic and judicious.
In a healthy environment, he is efficient, can perform monotonous work that requires attention, perseverance, patience, and concentration. The person is deep, meaningful. But under unfavorable circumstances, it becomes anxious, withdrawn, fearful, vulnerable.
This online Hans Eysenck temperament test also measures two personality parameters:
Extraversion / Introversion and Neuroticism / Stability, which give a great variety in the manifestation of individual characteristics. The test includes 57 non-repetitive questions with a yes-no answer. The test includes a lie scale that detects biases in the answers. The test objects are Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism-Stability.
When filling out Eysenck's online temperament test, you get three scales:
- "Scale of lies" - maximum includes 9 points. Measures how socially desirable your answers are. Those who scored 5 or more points on this scale may try to avoid honest answers because of the desire to be socially acceptable.
- The Extroversion scale has a maximum of 24 points and measures the degree of your extroversion.
- The scale of Neuroticism includes a maximum of 24 points and changes the degree of yours.
To interpret the scores, the E and N scales are plotted on a chart from which you can read your personality characteristics. The closer you are outside the circle, the more striking the personality traits. Please note that this online test is a very simplified scale. Therefore, if it turned out that the test showed something completely different from what you thought, then you are probably right, and the test is wrong.
Instructions
These are questions about behavior, reaction and feeling. Each question has two possible answers - Yes or No. Try to determine if your usual reaction is closer to Yes or to No. Answer quickly, do not spend too much time on each question, the first spontaneous reaction in the answer is usually the most accurate. It will take you no more than a few minutes to complete the test completely. Make sure not to miss any of Eysenck's 57 temperament test questions. Get started now, fill out quickly and try not to miss! There are no right or wrong answers, and this is not a test of intelligence or ability, but simply a test of how you behave.
Theoretical basis
G. Eysenck, having analyzed the materials of a survey of 700 neurotic soldiers, came to the conclusion that the entire set of traits describing a person can be represented by two main factors: extraversion (introversion) and neuroticism.
The first of these factors is biopolar and represents a characteristic of the individual psychological makeup of a person, the extreme poles of which correspond to the orientation of the individual either to the world of external objects (extraversion), or to the subjective inner world (introversion). It is generally accepted that extroverts are characterized by sociability, impulsiveness, flexibility of behavior, high initiative (but low persistence) and high social adaptability. Introverts, on the other hand, are characterized by uncommunicativeness, isolation, social passivity (with sufficiently great persistence), a tendency to introspection and difficulties in social adaptation.
The second factor - neuroticism (or neuroticism) - describes a certain property-state that characterizes a person in terms of emotional stability, anxiety, self-esteem and possible autonomic disorders. This factor is also bipolar and forms a scale, on one pole of which are people characterized by extreme stability, maturity and excellent adaptation, and on the other - an extremely nervous, unstable and poorly adapted type. Most people are located between these poles, closer to the middle (according to the normal distribution).
The intersection of these 2 bipolar characteristics allows you to get an unexpected and rather curious result - a fairly clear assignment of a person to one of the four types of temperament.
Interpreting test results
Extraversion / Introversion:
- more than 19 - a bright extrovert,
- more than 15 - extrovert
- 12 - average value,
- less than 9 - introvert,
- less than 5 is a deep introvert.
Neuroticism / Stability:
- more than 19 - a very high level of neuroticism,
- more than 14 - a high level of neuroticism,
- 9 - 13 - average value,
- less than 7 - a low level of neuroticism.
Lie:
- more than 4 - insincerity in the answers, which also testifies to some demonstrative behavior and orientation of the subject towards social approval,
- less than 4 is the norm.
Presentation of results by scales extraversion and neuroticism is carried out using a coordinate system. The interpretation of the results obtained is carried out on the basis of the psychological characteristics of the personality, corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of expression of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained.
Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types, by Pavlov are very close to extroverted and introverted personality types. The nature of introversion and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
Thus, using the survey data on the scales of extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, it is possible to derive temperament indicators personality according to Pavlov's classification, who described four classical types:
- sanguine(according to the main properties of the central nervous system, it is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile),
- choleric(strong, unbalanced, agile),
- phlegmatic person(strong, balanced, inert),
- melancholic(weak, unbalanced, inert).
Definitions of temperament types
Sanguine
"Clean" sanguine quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, is sociable. Feelings easily arise and change, emotional experiences, as a rule, are shallow. The facial expressions are rich, agile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not regulate his impulses enough, does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, system in work. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out a task that requires an equal expenditure of energy, prolonged and methodical tension, perseverance, stability of attention, patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
Choleric
Choleric characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. This type of temperament is characterized by sharpness and impetuosity of movements, strength, impulsivity, bright expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by business, he is inclined to act with all his might, to be depleted more than he should. Having public interests, the temperament manifests itself in initiative, energy, adherence to principles. In the absence of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, incontinence, irascibility, inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.
Phlegmatic person
Phlegmatic person characterized by a relatively low level of activity of behavior, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. A persistent and stubborn "worker of life", he rarely loses his temper, is not inclined to affect, calculating his strength, brings the matter to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy, does not waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person can be characterized by "positive" traits - endurance, depth of thought, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to fulfill only habitual actions.
Melancholic
Melancholic... His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, there is a depth and stability of feelings with their weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in the melancholic (hands drop). He is characterized by restraint and muffledness of motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecision. Under normal conditions, a melancholic is a deep, meaningful person, can be a good worker, successfully cope with life's tasks. Under unfavorable conditions, it can turn into a closed, fearful, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult inner experiences of such life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.
Sources:
- Personality questionnaire EPI (Heysenck's methodology)/ Almanac of psychological tests - M., 1995. P.217-224.