Gennady, meanwhile, this is not a blunder. 🙂
Four years earlier, in 1824, the poet had jotted down three lines with the same epithet:
Ivan Tsarevich through the woods
And over the fields over the mountains
I once chased a brown wolf
(II, 473, 995)
Here is what S.A. writes about this. Reiser is a literary critic and bibliographer
Simple worldly observation, an appeal to a fairy tale, to a fable, to an epic, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" indicate that the wolf is always gray. “Brown” is invariably explained by dictionaries as “dark brown with a grayish or reddish tint”1 or as “dark reddish”,2 which would seem completely unnatural for a wolf.
From the point of view of ordinary word usage, we have an error or a typo that almost needs an editorial correction. But the double, chronologically close use of the word “brown” in the same context excludes a typo and, confirming the stability of this epithet, forces one to look for an explanation for it.3
Folklore naturally suggests itself as a source, and first of all, what Pushkin could hear from Arina Rodionovna.
Since the publication of P. V. Annenkov (Works of Pushkin; St. Petersburg, 1855, vol. I, p. 438), Pushkin’s notes in the prose of the fairy tales told by Arina Rodionovna have been known. 4 In one of them, by the way, we read: “What a miracle , says the stepmother, this is a miracle: by the sea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe sea, there is an oak tree, and on that
158
there are golden chains on the oak tree, and a cat walks along those chains: it tells tales upstairs, it sings songs downstairs.”5
This entry could have been made from August 9, 1824, to September 4, 1826, i.e., during the period of the poet’s forced stay in Mikhailovsky.
The sketch refers to The Tale of Tsar Saltan, written in 1831. But the above passage was removed from this semi-dictation several years earlier for Ruslan and Lyudmila. This note was with Pushkin in St. Petersburg, as evidenced by the gendarme mark in red ink on the manuscript.
There is no “brown wolf” in the surviving fragment; although it is presumed, it can be attributed with a sufficient degree of probability to the same story of the nanny.
But then another question immediately arises: where did this word usage come from?
We have the opportunity to document our response.
Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva (1758-1828), a native of the village of Suida, Koporsky district, Petersburg province, spent most of her life in the Pskov region, in Mikhailovsky, with her former owners (she received her freedom in 1799, but remained forever in the Pushkin family).
Appeal to dialect dictionary The Pskov region (fortunately, there is one) gives unexpected results. "Brown" in the meaning of "gray", "dark" was registered in the village of Miginovo, Ostrovsky district.6
“Min had a master, like a fist, he worked at the field like a brown wolf” - a similar turnover was recorded six (!) times in the following places: Krutsy, Novorzhevsky district, Bolotnitsa, Bezhanitsy district, Cherteny, Dnovsky district, Kopylok, Pustyshkinsky district, Pakhomovo, Velikolutsky district and , which is especially important for us - Kameno Opochetsky district, that is, in the immediate vicinity of Mikhailovsky!
As you can see, Pushkin could learn this usage not only from his nanny, but also in live communication with the peasant environment of the Pskov province.
We do not know how this turnover came about. The fact is that in the same Pskov dictionary there is a very close one: “How to work a brown ox”, which seems more “meaningful”. Has the "ox" turned into a "wolf"? This assumption (not essential for our purposes), however, is refuted. The point is that in Polish there is the word “bury”, which in historical language dictionaries is explained as “ciemno-szaro-brunatni” or “koloru ciemnoszarego z plamami”. , not to mention that in the most authoritative dictionary of M. Fasmer, the Polish “bury” is also translated as “dark gray”.9
159
Thus, it becomes obvious that, by introducing the expression “brown wolf” into his poems, Pushkin once again had “a direct encounter with live folk speech.”10 He did not make any mistake; he was probably attracted by the destruction of the usual permanent epithet.
In Russian journalism in 1825, a controversy arose unexpectedly about the existence of wolves of an unusual (not gray) color. Journalist A.F. Voeikov in the article “A walk in the village of Kuskovo” mentioned, among other things, that in this estate, c. P. B. Sheremetev “before there lived skewbald and black wolves.”11
In the journal Son of the Fatherland, the author, hiding under the cryptonyms D. R. K. - that is, Grech12 or, according to S. A. Fomichev, F. V. Bulgarin, - polemically noted that in this article they named black wolves, which we have never heard or seen before.”13
Voeikov immediately responded to this attack in Russky Invalid with the article “Proof that there are black and piebald wolves in the world and that they were found in the village of Kuskovo.”14 The article was unsigned, but the authorship of the editor of the newspaper Voeikov is indisputable. In the article, he even referred to Buffon.
In the very next issue of Son of the Fatherland, the controversy continued. Now Voeikov was caught in the fact that his article in the "Russian invalid" and, in particular, the statement about black and piebald wolves is a "paraphrase" from an anonymous brochure published in Moscow in 1787 " Short description the village of Spasskoe, Kuskovo, too.”15 The fact is, wrote Voeikov’s opponent, that this pamphlet says that rare wolves of black and piebald color lived in the menagerie (p. 18), but this does not mean at all that they were “lived”, because ie lived in freedom, as follows from the title of Voeikov's note. However, D. R. K. admitted that “on the Don sometimes, although very rarely, dark-haired wolves with gray hair come across (italics of the magazine. - S. R.).”16
There is no doubt that Pushkin, who closely followed contemporary journalism, knew all these articles. It is possible that they played a role in his use of the expression "brown wolf". The usual epithet "gray" was thus shaken.17
S. A. Racer
An oak tree was cut down near the seashore,
The cat was chopped up for meat,
The mermaid was salted in a barrel,
And they wrote - cucumbers.
There on unknown paths, traces of the broken Zhiguli.
There's a Mercedes on chicken legs, standing without windows, without doors.
And 33 heroes in the trash are looking for three rubles,
And their uncle, Chernomor, stole 10 rubles from them!
Reworked verse about Lukomorye: Version No. 2
By the seaside, a green oak,
There is Internet on the oak
There hangs in the "ICQ" cat scientist, discarding songs for later
There, on unseen paths, Megafon catches perfectly.
There in a barrel of honey "Old Miller",
Prince Gvidon himself rushes across the sea.
The princess writes SMS to everyone,
BUT grey Wolf looking for your player.
There, the king of Koschey is languishing on the site,
There is a wonderful spirit, there "Rolton" smells.
Altered verse at Lukomorye: Version No. 3
An oak tree was cut down near Lukomorye
The golden chain was taken down to the museum
They let the cat into the animal house
They put a mermaid in a barrel
And they wrote "Cucumbers"
And let the sea...
There on unknown paths
Potatoes have been growing for a long time,
Skeletons roam in sandals
Traces of broken Zhiguli
And a Mercedes on chicken legs
Stands without windows, without doors
There are thirty-three heroes
In the garbage they are looking for 3 rubles,
And their beloved Chernomor
Yesterday they stole fifty kopecks,
And he shouts that everyone is a thief!
There Bab-Yaga wanders around the market
And breeds speculation
There, Tsar Koschey languishes over a glass ...
But there is no smell of Russian vodka
Who will fit - a bottle of **** no!
Well, you are an alcoholic, Koschey,
It would be better to have a chowder
What vodka you whip without measure!
Yes, well, you in your chimeras
We don't trust you anymore!
Ivan Tsarevich in depression -
There are flies on the Gray Wolf.
And the hero on all show-offs
Still flying in the clouds.
And instills fear in children
The work “Green Oak at Lukomorye” was conceived by Pushkin as an introduction to the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, work on which he began in 1817, while still a young lyceum student. The first output of the literary brainchild was presented without stanzas about the learned cat. The idea about him came to Alexander Sergeevich a little later. Only in 1828, when the poem was published in a new edition, did the reader get acquainted with an unusual poetic introduction. The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, closer to the astrophic one. At that time, it was precisely this style of writing that was inherent in poetic forms.
Thoughts about fairy-tale characters, about a magic oak, did not come to the author by chance. His nanny Arina Rodionovna knew a huge number of fairy tales that she shared with her pupil. He heard something similar from her.
35 magic lines to this day attract literary critics and researchers of Pushkin's heritage. They are trying to unravel the mystery of whether a land called Lukomorye really existed. Some have concluded that such territories actually existed on maps. Western Europe in the 16th century. It was a place in Siberia, on one side of the Ob River. Pushkin has always been fascinated by history. In his work, the old names of cities and villages are often mentioned. He reminds contemporaries that our roots go back to the distant past, and we must not forget about them.
We offer you the text of the verse:
Near the seaside there is a green oak;
Golden chain on an oak tree:
And day and night the cat is a scientist
Everything goes round and round in a chain;
Goes to the right - the song starts,
To the left - he tells a fairy tale.
There are miracles: the goblin roams there,
The mermaid sits on the branches;
There on unknown paths
Traces of unseen beasts;
Hut there on chicken legs
Stands without windows, without doors;
There the forest and valleys of visions are full;
There, at dawn, waves will come
On the sandy and empty shore,
And thirty beautiful knights
A series of clear waters emerge,
And with them their uncle is sea;
There is a queen in passing
Captivates the formidable king;
There in the clouds before the people
Through the forests, through the seas
The sorcerer carries the hero;
In the dungeon there the princess is grieving,
And the brown wolf faithfully serves her;
There is a stupa with Baba Yaga
It goes, wanders by itself,
There, King Kashchei languishes over gold;
There is a Russian spirit ... there it smells of Russia!
And there I was, and I drank honey;
I saw a green oak by the sea;
Sitting under it, and the cat is a scientist
He told me his stories.
The great storyteller Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, starting to write his poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", most likely did not suspect that even small children would read its first lines about the magical "Lukomorye" with pleasure. “At the seaside, there is a green oak, a golden chain on that oak,” you read, and before your eyes there is an image of a majestic hundred-year-old oak with spreading branches bound by a chain. And a fabulous cat walks along them, and purrs his fairy tales, in which beloved children and adults participate. fairy-tale heroes- and Baba Yaga, and Koschey the Immortal, a sorcerer and a talking wolf, and other wonderful characters. And most importantly, the poem is saturated with love for the motherland and pride that the author, A. Pushkin, was born and lives in Russia. Together with Pushkin, let's dive into the fabulous seaside!
A.S. Pushkin
Green oak by the seaside
From the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
Near the seaside there is a green oak;
Golden chain on an oak tree:
And day and night the cat is a scientist
Everything goes round and round in a chain;
Goes to the right - the song starts,
Left - tells a fairy tale.
There are miracles: the goblin roams there,
The mermaid sits on the branches;
There on unknown paths
Traces of unseen beasts;
Hut there on chicken legs
Stands without windows, without doors;
There the forest and valleys of visions are full;
There, at dawn, waves will come
On the sandy and empty shore,
And thirty beautiful knights
A series of clear waters emerge,
And with them their uncle is sea;
There is a queen in passing
Captivates the formidable king;
There in the clouds before the people
Through the forests, through the seas
The sorcerer carries the hero;
In the dungeon there the princess is grieving,
And the brown wolf faithfully serves her;
There is a stupa with Baba Yaga
It goes, wanders by itself,
There, King Kashchei languishes over gold;
There is a Russian spirit ... there it smells of Russia!
And there I was, and I drank honey;
I saw a green oak by the sea;
Sitting under it, and the cat is a scientist
He told me his stories.
Near the seaside there is a green oak;
Golden chain on an oak tree:
And day and night the cat is a scientist
Everything goes round and round in a chain;
Goes to the right - the song starts,
Left - tells a fairy tale.
There are miracles: the goblin roams there,
The mermaid sits on the branches;
There on unknown paths
Traces of unseen beasts;
Hut there on chicken legs
Stands without windows, without doors;
There the forest and valleys of visions are full;
There, at dawn, waves will come
On the sandy and empty shore,
And thirty beautiful knights
A series of clear waters emerge,
And with them their uncle is sea;
There is a queen in passing
Captivates the formidable king;
There in the clouds before the people
Through the forests, through the seas
The sorcerer carries the hero;
In the dungeon there the princess is grieving,
And the brown wolf faithfully serves her;
There is a stupa with Baba Yaga
It goes, wanders by itself,
There, King Kashchei languishes over gold;
There is a Russian spirit ... there it smells of Russia!
And there I was, and I drank honey;
I saw a green oak by the sea;
Sitting under it, and the cat is a scientist
He told me his stories.
Pushkin's poem near the seashore, the green oak was conceived as an introduction to the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", on which he began work in 1817, while still a young lyceum student. The first output of the literary brainchild was presented without stanzas about the learned cat. The idea about him came to Alexander Sergeevich a little later. Only in 1828, when the poem was published in a new edition, did the reader get acquainted with an unusual poetic introduction. The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, closer to the astrophic one. At that time, it was precisely this style of writing that was inherent in poetic forms.
Thoughts about fairy-tale characters, about a magic oak, did not come to the author by chance. His nanny Arina Rodionovna knew a huge number of fairy tales that she shared with her pupil. He heard something similar from her.
35 magic lines to this day attract literary critics and researchers of Pushkin's legacy. They are trying to unravel the mystery of whether a land called Lukomorye really existed. Some have concluded that such territories did indeed exist on maps of Western Europe in the 16th century. It was a place in Siberia, on one side of the Ob River. Pushkin has always been fascinated by history. In his work, the old names of cities and villages are often mentioned. He reminds contemporaries that our roots go back to the distant past, and we must not forget about them.
Literary analysis of the poem "Lukomorye has a green oak ..."
I started my work on the project by deciding to literary analysis poems “Lukomorye has a green oak ...” - an excerpt from the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, which everyone knows from childhood. Reading these lines, you involuntarily imagine yourself in the world of fairy tales, in the world of fairy tale characters.
“There is a green oak near Lukomorye ...” this is how the narrative begins, during which the sea bay appears, on the shore there is a hundred-year-old oak, girded with a golden chain. A “scientist cat” walks along the chain, which “starts a song”. The first stanza is small, but very significant, because it, like a gate, opens the entrance to fairy world poems. The reader is eager to continue, he is interested to know what extraordinary heroes live in this fabulous country.
Miracles... What is a fairy tale without miracles? Goblin, mermaid, unseen animals...
The second stanza tells us about the miracles that await on "unknown paths." Why "unknown", probably, the author was mistaken? How can paths be unknown? But this is a fairy tale! Paths may lead to no one knows where, or they may simply be unfamiliar to the reader, since he first came across them. We are waiting for traces of "unseen animals", that is, which we have never seen. Adventures begin from the moment you meet a hut on chicken legs, which stands without windows and without doors. Who lives in this mysterious hut? Of course, Baba Yaga. How does she get into a hut? The answer is simple: with the help of magic, so she does not need any windows or doors.
In the third stanza, the author before us draws the beauty of Russian nature, talking about the forest, about the share and that they are full of "visions". Maybe it was about views - landscapes. What are these visions? Visions, therefore, they were not seen, they were not known, and, having got into this fairy tale, we can find out how many interesting things await us on the way.
The dawn, the surf, the waves crashing on the empty shore - all this is just the beginning. And out of the waters, in succession, one after another, thirty beautiful knights come out, and with them their commander in heavy armor with a spear in his hands. Why did they appear? What is guarded? These warriors defend their homeland even in a fairy tale! The enemy has always attacked the Russian land, he wanted to exterminate the Orthodox people, to conquer Russia. This brave army guards the fairy tale from uninvited guests.
In the fourth stanza, events are rapidly unfolding. into Russian folk tale both the evil king and the all-powerful sorcerer encroach. The prince comes to our aid, who fights with the evil king, and a real hero who keeps the sorcerer and does not allow him to do evil before the people. Then we get into the dungeon to the princess. It can be assumed that they want to forcibly marry her unloved. But the princess is firm in her decision, and the gray wolf faithfully serves her, fulfills all orders. Then an unknown path leads us to Baba Yaga. Hunchbacked, with a long nose, in rags, she moves her hands over her stupa, uttering a spell. Her stupa “walks, wanders by itself” and leads us to Koshchei the Deathless. Thin, pale with a greenish tint of face, he bent over his chest of wealth and rakes it with trembling hands, fearing that someone might take it away. For him, this will be the end, because I think that Koschei will then lose the meaning of his life.
And what is the meaning of the life of a Russian person? What is the mystery of the Russian spirit? The ringing of bells, the smell of the stove in the villages, a trio of horses running along a snowy road, a large family at the table - all this is the history, tradition, culture of the Russian people, which the author so carefully conveyed in his poem. Russian spirit!