In this form of NGN, simple sentences form a kind of chain: From the main sentence we ask the second clause, from the second we ask the third question.
In the following examples, questions for the next subordinate clause will be put in parentheses.
And Nikolai went to the service (why?) So that no one would say that he did not like his work (which?), Which he really did not like.
SPP with a comma at the junction of 2 unions has a sequential submission.
He said that when father comes, let's go to the park. (Offer parsed below.)
Analysis: He said (what?) -\u003e let's go to the park (when?) -\u003e when father comes.
Union offer
Unionless compound sentences
Union-free compound sentence- this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [Habit above us given]: [replacementto happiness it] (A. Pushkin).
The semantic relationship between simple sentences in allied and unionless complex sentences are expressed differently. Unions take part in allied sentences in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so thatexpresses a consequence because- the reason if a- condition however- opposition, etc.
Types of complex non-union sentences.
The most widespread classification of types of union-free sentences according to lexical meaning. In accordance with this, the following SBPs are distinguished:
- explanatory SBP:
Something strange was happening on the street: suddenly an incredible noise was heard.
- SBP with sequence value:
The spring sun peeked out from behind the clouds, it quickly became warmer.
- additional UPSs:
He decided to go to work: it was necessary to go out instead of a sick partner.
- SBP with condition value:
I'll be back home - I’ll drive everyone out.
- SBP with a reason value:
There was the sound of a door opening: Vika returned from school.
- SBP with time value:
The sun has risen - the birds began to cheer cheerfully.
- SBP with matching value:
Cause time - fun hour.
- SBP with a consequence value:
The TV is broken: a power surge has occurred.
Direct speech and its design on the letter.
Direct speech design
1. Direct speech must be enclosed in quotation marks.
3. If direct speech precedes the author’s words, then a comma and a dash should be placed after it. In the event that the direct speech contains an exclamation or question, then after it should be put a question or exclamation mark and a dash. Moreover, in all cases, the words of the author should begin with a capital letter. Direct Speech Suggestions:
“I won’t give you to anyone,” Anton whispered excitedly.
"Who's there?" Asked Pashka, frightened.
"Run soon!" - shouted Seryozha.
2. If it is supposed to put a dot in the place where the direct speech is torn, then after the direct speech it is necessary to put a comma and a dash, and after the author’s words - a dot and a dash. In this case, the second part should be written with a capital letter. The design of direct speech in this case looks like this.
The subordinate clause in NGN does not have to be one. There may be several. Then it is worth considering all the options for what kind of relationship is formed between subordinate clauses and the main one.
It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal), as in the examples above. In order to clearly demonstrate the dependent relationship between the main sentence and several subordinate clauses, flowcharts are better suited ( vertical).
So, for several subordinate clauses such cases are possible:
Uniform submission. All subordinate sentences relate to the main thing (or to some word in its composition). In addition, they answer one question. And the subordinate clauses are interconnected by the same principle as the homogeneous members of the sentence.
The children stamped their feet in impatience and could not wait when it was time to leave, when they finally saw the sea, when everyone could run around on the coast.
Parallel submission. All subordinate sentences relate to the main thing. But they answer different questions.
When it was her turn to choose, Olga took the box that first came into her arm.
Sequential submission. One subordinate clause is added to the main one (it is called the subordinate clause of the first degree). Another subordinate clause of the second degree joins the clause of the first degree. By the way, with this type of subordination, one subordinate clause can be included in another.
The guys decided that together they would cope with the difficult task that Misha courageously decided to shoulder on his shoulders.
Complex sentence parsing scheme
A reasonable question may arise, why are all these schemes of NGN needed? They have at least one applied purpose - a compulsory part of the parsing of a complex sentence is the compilation of its scheme.
In addition, just the scheme of a complex sentence will help to correctly analyze it for analysis.
NGN parsing scheme includes the following items, tasks:
Determine whether the sentence is for the purpose of utterance: narrative, interrogative or incentive.
Which - according to the emotional coloring: exclamation or non-exclamation.
To prove that the sentence is complex, you need to define and designate the grammatical basis.
Designate what type of connection parts of a complex sentence are present: allied connection, intonation.
Indicate the type of compound sentence: compound sentence.
Indicate how many simple sentences are included in the complex, by what means the subordinate clauses are attached to the main one.
Designate the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, they should be indicated by numbers (degrees of subordination).
Indicate with which word in the main sentence (or with the whole sentence) the subordinate clause is associated.
To note the way in which the predicative parts of a complex sentence are connected: union or union word.
If available, indicate index words in the main section.
Indicate the type of adverbial: explanatory, definitive, connecting, circumstantial.
And finally, make a diagram of a complex sentence.
Combining sentences using subordinate unions or allied (relative) words. Makar had not noticed before that it was as if light began to grow on the plain (Korolenko).
If different, then this is a parallel submission. From one sentence are questions to the subordinate or from different? Among proposals 712, find the COMPLEX SENTENCE with homogeneous subordinate clauses (7) The artist, who has entered the stage, himself becomes a working tool. Among sentences 6 to 7, find a compound sentence with a serial link. Find NGN with consistent subordination of subordinate clauses 1. The whole difficulty is that the grain appears and that it falls into favorable conditions.
Complex sentence
NGN is a proposal, parts of which are connected by subordinate unions. Subordinate unions - what, because, if, though, to, how, when, in order to, since so many others. SPP with a comma at the junction of 2 unions has a sequential submission. From the main sentence to the subordinate clause, we always give a question. 3. The subordinate clause is always separated by a comma.
Combined submission. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main sentence. It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, skipping the union or union in the second (third) subordinate clause is possible.
1.Determine the type of sentence for the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive). 2. Indicate the type of sentence for emotional coloring (exclamation or non-exclamation).
Complicated sentences of a complicated structure
Much more often in the texts there are sentences of three or more parts, in which several subordinate clauses are used. By arrows we show where exactly we are asking the question to the subordinate clause (from the end of the previous part, from the beginning or from the middle). From this diagram it can be seen that the second part breaks the first, since the question is asked from the middle of the main sentence. In this example, the homogeneity of the parts is established simply: between them there is a union AND, while in both parts the union AS is repeated. Pay attention to punctuation with homogeneous clauses. In previous sentences, subordinate units were joined using the same alliances.
And on this day, when the count had already left, Alexander tried to take a moment to talk in private with Nadya (A. Goncharov). Having greeted, dad said that he would beat us in the village with bucks, that we had ceased to be small and that it was time for us to study seriously (L.N. Tolstoy).
It consists of three ordinary sentences: the first is the main thing, the others are additional clauses. In this proposal there is a combination of subordinate unions at the junction of proposals 2 and 3 (which in that case). In addition, the compositional alliance a, which relates to Proposition 6, faces Proposition 5, forming a combination of alliances with a subordinate union in that case (and in that case). As a general rule, they should be divided by commas, but then the second part of the double union follows in the event ... What are the rules for setting punctuation in a complex sentence? What are the conditions for the indissoluble dismemberment of a compound union in a complex sentence? Where can I find exercises on the subject of "Complicated sentences"?
Carefully read the sentence, identify the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences). To establish semantic connections between the parts: for this, first find the main thing, then ask her question (s) to the subordinate clause (s). 2. The proposal consists of five parts, connected by a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. 13. Analyze complex polynomial sentences with subordination. I am trying to instill a love of complex sentences and children. I say that it is possible to give one sentence for analysis and to understand how well the student knows the Syntax.
First, we will train in drawing up schemes of NGN with one subordinate part. The prefixes in the word "position" already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate part in the sentence. Let us explain that complex sentences in the text can have various cases of complications, and if you do not recognize them, you can get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. If there were more than two additional parts with a similar structure, then one of the LI unions would be omitted to avoid repetition. Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as she ... And Vorotov felt a terrible abyss between himself and this circle. Four books have already been translated, and Vorotov knows nothing but the word “memoires”, and when asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering a question, starts talking about the weather.
You will learn about all this in a lesson. Exercises, tests and simulators need to be performed not only in order to learn the topic, but also as a means of repeating the section “Complicated sentences”. We ask a question from the main part: sad to think about what? that youth was given to us in vain. 1st subordinate clause - explanatory. Another question from the main thing: what thirst? which burns me - the relative definitive. But the question is already being asked from an additional measure and degree. We ask questions: which one? who in their youth did not bind themselves with strong ties to an external and wonderful deed, or at least honest and useful work, is an adverbial pronoun-definitive. The next question: can consider his youth completely lost despite what? no matter how much fun she went through - the relative clause.
Complicated sentences may have not one but several subordinate clauses.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types:
1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main sentence;
2) the first subordinate clause joins the main sentence, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.
I. The subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main sentence can be uniform and heterogeneous.
1. Complicated sentences with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word in the main sentence or to the whole main clause, answer the same question and belong to the same type of subordinate clauses. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by means of conjunctive unions or as a union (only with the help of intonation). The relations of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main sentence and among themselves resemble the bonds of homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example:
[I came to you with greetings to tell], (that the sun has risen), (that it fluttered with sheets of hot light) (A. Fet.)
[That, (who lives real life), (who is used to poetry since childhood), always believes in life-giving, mind-full Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)
[At the end of May, a young bear was pulled to her native places], (where she was born) and ( where the childhood months were so memorable).
In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination in the second subordinate clause there may be no subordinate union.
For example: ( If there will be water) and ( it will not have a single fish), [i will not believe the water ]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Startle], (if a bird suddenly flies up) or ( elk trumpet in the distance) (Yu. Drunina.)
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With this subordination, the subordinate clauses include:
a) to different words of the main sentence or one part to the whole main, and the other to one of his words;
b) to one word or to the whole main sentence, but they answer different questions and are different types of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [i feel], (that something alive, speaking, wonderful has entered my life) (M. Gorky.)
(If we turn to the best examples of prose), [then make sure], (that they are full of genuine poetry) (K. Paustovsky.)
[From the world (which is called a nursery), the door leads into space], (where they have lunch and drink tea) (Chekhov).
II. Complicated sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
This type of compound sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses make up the chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second clause relates to the clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) etc.
For example: [ Young Cossacks rode dimly and held back tears], (since they were afraid of father), (which was also somewhat embarrassed), (although I tried not to show it) (N. Gogol)
The specificity of the subordinate parts in this case is that each of them is the subordinate clause in relation to the previous one and the main one in relation to the next.
For example: Often in the fall I kept a close eye on the falling leaves to catch that inconspicuous fraction of a second when the leaf separates from the branch and begins to fall to the ground (Paustovsky).
With successive subordination, one subordinate clause may be inside another; in this case, two subordinate unions may appear nearby: what and if, what and when, what and how, etc.
For example: [ Water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them raging streams already flew) (M. Bulgakov).
There are also complex sentences with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and seemed to be peering, wanting to find out), (where the guest will go) (Gogol)
This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
Punctuation marks in a compound sentence with several subordinate clauses
Comma between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by creative unions.
For example: I understood that I was in bed , I'm sick , that I was only raving. (Cupr.)
I envy those who spent their lives in battle , who defended a great idea.(EU.)
We remember the great hour when the guns were silent for the first time , when all the people met victory in the cities and in every village. (Isak.)
Comma not setbetween homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single conjunctive conjunction (regardless of whether there is a subordinate conjunction or an allied word in both subordinate clauses or only in the first)
For example: I believe that nothing passes without a trace and that every little step of ours matters for the present and future life. (Ch.)
Militias brought Prince Andrew to the forest, where the wagons stood and where there was a dressing station. (L. T.)
When the rain started and everything sparkled around, we walked along the path ... out of the forest. (M.P.).
When repeating the conjunctive conjunctions, a comma is placed between the subordinate subordinate clauses.
For example: Everyone found out that the lady arrived, and that Kapitonitch let her go. , and that she is now in the nursery ... (L.T.).
Unions whether ... or when connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence, they are considered as repeating, and homogeneous subordinate sentences are separated by a comma, which is placed before or.
For example: Whether weddings took place in the city, or who cheerfully celebrated name days, Pyotr Mikhailovich always gladly talked about it. (Scripture).
In case of heterogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are separated or separated by commas.
For example: As soon as the heat had fallen, the forest began to cool and dark so quickly that I did not want to stay in it. (T.)
He who has not experienced the excitement of the barely audible breathing of a sleeping young woman will not understand what tenderness is. (Paust.).
In sequential and mixed subordination, a comma is placed between the subordinate parts according to the same rules as between the main and subordinate parts.
For example: To be our wanderers under their own roof , if they could know , what happened to Grisha.(Necr.)
Helen smiled with such a look , who spoke , that she did not allow the opportunity , so that someone can see her and not be delighted. (L. T.)
Any , who in life fought for the happiness of being yourself , knows , that the strength and success of this struggle depends on confidence , with which the seeker goes to the goal (M.P.)
Comma between two adjacent subordinate unions or between a union word and a subordinate union, as well as at a meeting of composing and subordinate unions, if the second part of the double alliance does not follow the inner subordinate part one way or another.
For example: The bear is so fond of Nikita that , whenhe went away somewhere, the beast anxiously sniffed the air. (M. G.)
We were warned that , if a the weather will be bad, the tour will not take place.
The night is over and , when the sun rose, all nature came to life.
The removal of the second (inner) part here does not require the restructuring of the first subordinate part.
If the clause follows the second part of a complex union then so, then the comma between the previous two unions is not put.
For example: The blind man knew that the sun was looking into the room and that if he extended his hand through the window, dew would fall from the bushes. (Cor.)
I thought that if at this decisive moment I did not argue with the old man, then later on it would be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship. (P.).
The removal or rearrangement of the accessory part (if he reaches out the window and if this moment does not argue with the old man) is impossible, since there will be parts of the double alliance nearby.
Dash in a complex sentence
Between the subordinate part (subordinate group) and the subsequent main part of the sentence can put a dash if the subordinate part or group of subordinate parts preceding the main sentence is pronounced with a logical emphasis on an informatively important word and with a deep pause before the main part (usually the auxiliary explanatory parts are distinguished this way, less often conditional, concessive, etc.).
For example: Where did Nelidova go - Natasha did not know (Paust.); And if you look at them for a long time - the rocks began to move, crumble (Ast.); Did he call them, did they come by themselves - Nezhdanov did not recognize ...(T.).
Dash is set also between the subordinate and the main parts in similarly constructed parallel complex sentences.
For example: Who is cheerful - he laughs, who wants - he will achieve, who is looking for - he will always find! (L.-K.).
Dash is set after the subordinate part facing the main one, if there are words in it, this, here, and also if the subordinate part is an incomplete sentence.
For example: That she is honest nature - it is clear to me. (T.)
What he found in her is his business.
Where is he now, what is he doing - these are the questions that I could not answer.
I answered something that - I myself do not know (compare full - what i answered).
Dash is set between subordinate subordinate parts in the absence of an opposing union or the second part of a comparative union between them.
For example: Artistry is so that every word is not only a place - that it was necessary, inevitably and as few words as possible (Black).
A dash is set with the clarifying nature of the subordinate part.
For example: Only once she perked up - when Mika told herthat yesterday’s wedding was sung by ditties.(R. Zernova)
Dash is set to strengthen the interrogative nature of the sentence while emphasizing the unusual location of the subordinate part in front of the main or intonational separation of the main part from the subsequent subordinate part.
For example: And what is the effect - you know?; Are you sure - is this necessary?
A dash is also set with an abundance of commas, against which a dash appears as a more expressive sign.
For example: But we gained experience , but for experience , as they say , no matter how much you pay, you won’t overpay.
A comma and a dash in a compound sentence
Comma and dash as a single punctuation mark, they are placed in a complex sentence in front of the main part, which is preceded by a series of homogeneous subordinate parts, if the division of the complex sentence into two parts with a long pause in front of the main part is emphasized.
For example: Wherever I am, no matter what I try to have fun , - all my thoughts were occupied with the image of Olesya. (Cupr.)
Who is to blame for them, who is right , - not for us to judge.(Cr.)
The same sign is also placed before the word repeated in the same part of the sentence in order to associate with it a new sentence or the next part of the same sentence.
For example: I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new man unknown to me, but a good man , - my husband, whom I knew as myself. (L. T.)
And the thought that he can be guided by this interest, that he will seek reconciliation with his wife for the sale of this forest , This thought offended him. (L. T.)
Dash is set after the decimal point covering the subordinate part, including the word before it.
For example: The best thing he could do , - leave on time; The only thing I like here , - This is an old shady park.
Parsing a complex sentence with multiple subordinate clauses
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1.Determine the type of sentence for the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence for emotional coloring (exclamation or non-exclamation).
3. Identify the main and subordinate sentences, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause (if it is an adjective), describe the means of communication (unions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. To determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).
Sample parsing of complex sentences with multiple subordinate clauses
1) [Take a look at the pale green starry sky(on which there is no cloud, no spot), and you will understand], (why summer warm air is motionless), (why natureon guard) (A. Chekhov).
[... n., ( on which…), and verb.], ( why…), (why…).
(Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex subordination with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - adjective definitive clause (the dependent clause depends on the noun skyanswers the question which on which); 2nd and 3rd adverbial clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you will understandanswer the question what?, join in the union word why)).
2) [Any personknows], (what does he need to do wrong, (what disconnects him from people), and then), (what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).
[... verb], ( what…., (what…), and then), (what…).
(Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex subject with three subordinate clauses, with consecutive and parallel subordination: 1st clause - subjunctive explanatory (depends on the verb knowsanswers the question what?, joins the union what), 2nd and 3rd subjunctive - subjunctive pronoun-definitive (each of them depends on the pronoun thenanswers the question which (then)?, joins in the union word what).
Among complex sentences with several subordinate clauses in structure distinguish complex sentences
- with consistent submission,
- with uniform submission
- with parallel submission.
Subordination is when two or more subordinate clauses obey one main clause.
- With uniform submission subordinate clauses not only explain the main part, but also are clauses of one kind.
In the case of homogeneous subordination of subordinate commas, they are placed in the same way as in the case of homogeneous parts of the sentence. If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by repeating unions, then a comma is placed between them, and not put if unions are not repeating.
- When, in complex sentences, different subordinate clauses belong to one member of the main part, or in which identical clauses explain different words in the main part, they are sentences with parallel submission.
Example: To a man, when he is overly tired, it seems that he will sleep how many.
- Sequential submission- this is a sequence of subordinate parts in which each subsequent subordinate clause is associated with the preceding part, and only the first subordinate clause is associated with the main part.
With the successive subordination of the subordinate clauses, unions may appear next to what and if, what and when, etc. A union is placed between unions, if there is no second part of the union, then or so, for example: He warned that if the fire is not extinguished now, the flame will spread to the roof. It is permissible that before the second subordinate clause there is no subordinate union.
Combined submission - These are various combinations of subordinate relationships in one complex sentence.
Types of subordinate parts in a complex sentence
- Definitive
Refers to a noun or a combination of a noun with indicative words, that one. Answers the question of what?
- Pronoun
That, everyone, everyone refers to pronouns; everything, such, is that. Answers the questions; Who? which one? what?
- Explanatory
Refers to the verb of thought, speech, perception or to the noun in combination with the index word that. Answers case questions.
- Joining
Refers to the entire main part.
- Compassionate
Refers to the entire main part
Punctuation Mark Rules
If in the incomplete clause there is one conjunctive word, then it is not separated from the main comma, for example: I want to help you, but I don’t know how.
If the subordinate clause at the end of a complex sentence is an indirect question, the question mark is not put (unless, of course, the main thing is not interrogative), for example: Indicate which of the definitions are being isolated.
A comma is not set if homogeneous clauses are connected by connecting or dividing unions, for example: As condemned to death and confident in the impossibility of pardon.